In "Winter in Paris" (1879), a view down a crowded, snow-choked boulevard is limned by a series of sketchy, concatenated vignettes: a postage-stamp-sized scene of stick-figure skaters on the frozen Seine; a pictorial essay in different footwear, from sabots to furred boots; men warming their hands around a fire.
|
|
Brittany A sabot is a clog from France or surrounding countries such as Holland, Belgium or Italy. Sabots are either whole feet clogs or a heavy leather shoe with a wooden sole. Sabots were considered a work shoe associated with the lower classes in the 16th to 19th centuries. During this period, the years of the Industrial Revolution, the word sabotage gained currency.
|
|
It mounted the dart between three plastic sabots in a triangular plastic cartridge. When fired, the sabots were discarded early in small "sub-barrels" while the dart continued down the main barrel. Although the rounds were lightweight the weapon itself was not, at loaded, and the weapon was quickly eliminated from the contest. Winchester's design used a "soft recoil" stock which absorbed the recoil of an individual round in a spring.
|
|
Toury-Lurcy is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.Toury- Lurcy. Entre-deux-guerres. Tablier noir et sabots de bois, Jean-Louis Gonin, Impr. Barlerin, Decize, 2015.
|
|
SLAP, or saboted light armour penetrator, where a plastic sabot discards at the barrel muzzle, is one of the primary types of saboted small arms ammunition. Non-discarding jackets, regardless of the jacket material, are not perceived as sabots but as bullets. Both of the designs are, however, common in designated light armor-piercing small arms ammunition. Discarding sabots like used with M1A1 Abrams main gun are more commonplace in precision high-velocity gun ammunition.
|
|
He was introduced to the audience for the first time at the Opéra-Comique in La Gioconda. He sang the role of the chambellan in La Fiancée by Auber in February 1858 and Les Sabots de la MarquiseLes Sabots de la Marquise on Archives.org by Ernest Boulanger, in March 1858. He created the role of Chapelle in Chapelle et Bachaumont, 1 act comic opera, libretto by Armand Barthet, music by Jules Cressonois,Jules Cressonois on data.bnf.
|
|
Sailing World She was born into a sailing family, the youngest of three children of Jane and Tom Fetter; he is a former commodore of the San Diego Yacht Club.People, February 20, 1995 She began sailing Sabots when she was 7 years old.San Diego Hall of Champions She learned to sail and race in the Juniors program at the San Diego Yacht Club, sailing mostly in Sabots. An intense competitor, she disliked the fact that girls and boys were viewed differently in sailing.
|
|
A spindle sabot uses a set of at least two and upwards of four matched longitudinal rings or "petals" which have a center section in contact with a long arrow-type projectile; a front section or "bore-rider" which centers that projectile in the barrel and provides an air scoop to assist in sabot separation upon muzzle exit, and a rear section which both centers the projectile, provides a structural "bulkhead", and seals propellant gases with an obturator ring around the outside diameter. Spindle sabots are the standard type used in modern large caliber armor-piercing ammunition. Three-petal spindle-type sabots are shown in the illustrations at the right of this paragraph. The "double-ramp" and "saddle-back" sabots used on modern APFSDS ammunition are a form of spindle sabot (Drysdale 1978).
|
|
However, by using discarding sabots, many such guns fire projectiles which are much smaller than the gun bore, so the relationship of projectile size to barrel length is not as straightforward as with older ordnance.
|
|
Shotgun slugs often use a cast plastic sabot similar to the spindle sabot. Shotgun sabots in general extend the full length of the projectile and are designed to be used more effectively in rifled barrels.
|
|
The rounds are armor-piercing tungsten penetrator rounds or depleted uranium with discarding sabots. The kinetic projectiles are designed to pierce and explode an incoming missile's warhead. The ammunition handling system has two conveyor belt systems.
|
|
The Schenkl projectile, used in the American Civil War, used a papier-mâché sabot Papier-mâché was used in a number of firearms as a material to form sabots. Despite the extremely high pressures and temperatures in the bore of a firearm, papier- mâché proved strong enough to contain the pressure, and push a sub-caliber projectile out of the barrel with a high degree of accuracy. Papier-mâché sabots were used in everything from small arms, such as the Dreyse needle gun, up to artillery, such as the Schenkl projectile.
|
|
This leaves the projectile traveling at high velocity with a smaller cross-sectional area and reduced aerodynamic drag during the flight to the target (see external ballistics and terminal ballistics). Germany developed modern sabots under the name "treibspiegel" ("thrust mirror") to give extra altitude to its anti-aircraft guns during the Second World War. Before this, primitive wooden sabots had been used for centuries in the form of a wooden plug attached to or breech loaded before cannonballs in the barrel, placed between the propellant charge and the projectile. The name "sabot" (pronounced in English usage)Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (2007) 6th Ed. p.
|
|
Newport Harbor Yacht Club is home to multiple fleets, many of which race regularly. There are fleets of Naples Sabots, FJs, Stars, Harbor 20s, Finns, Lehman 12s and an adult women's Sabot fleet. Most of the larger boats race outside of Newport Harbor in the Pacific Ocean.
|
|
Evans was born in 1961 and grew up in Devonport. He is a member of the Wakatere Boating Club. He started sailing Frostbites before earning several National Championships in Sabots, Starlings and Lasers. He then moved to sailing in a Europe before moving to the 470 Olympic class.
|
|
The Sabot is a sailing dinghy that is sailed and raced singlehandedly usually by young sailors in various parts of the world. Sabots returning to the clubhouse after a race The boat is suitable for amateur production. Early models were usually made in plywood. More recent models have been made in fibreglass.
|
|
Joey Newton (born 16 December 1977) is an Australian sailor who has competed in multiple America's Cups. Newton originally sailed Sabots, 420s and Lasers in Australia. He then joined Syd Fischer's Young Australia Challenge for the 2000 Louis Vuitton Cup with skipper Jimmy Spithill. He has competed on every America's Cup campaign since with Spithill.
|
|
An alleged etymology describes the actions of disgruntled workers who willfully damaged workplace machinery by throwing their sabots into the works. In truth, sabotage is derived from the noise and clumsiness associated with the wooden sabot shoe. During World War II, 45,000 pairs of sabot were made in Jersey during the occupation of the island from 1940–45.
|
|
These new extensions were formally opened on 13 September 1997. The Port Curtis Sailing Club has been proactive in organising a number of significant sailing activities and events in Queensland. In 1960 the club commenced "learn to sail" classes for local children and in 1961 it purchased ten sabots and initiated the South Queensland Sabot Association.
|
|
The word Sabotage is found in 1873–1874 in the Dictionnaire de la langue française of Émile Littré. Here it is defined mainly as “ making sabots, sabot maker”.It is at the end of the 19th century that it really began to be used with the meaning of "deliberately and maliciously destroying property" or "working slower".
|
|
The Naples Sabot is used mainly in Southern California, where it is used primarily to train young sailors. Adult women and men also race these boats. Regattas are held by International Naples Sabot Association (INSA) and the Southern California Women's Sailing Association (SCWSA) in various locations in harbors throughout Southern California. Sailors of Naples Sabots can range from ages 5 or 6, as beginners, to older teens.
|
|
She once had to dress for a race in a yacht's club's parking lot. Her horizons expanded in high school, when she started racing boats other than Sabots, particularly 420s. She was recruited by several colleges, and chose Yale because they promised her she could compete on the varsity team, not just the women's team. At Yale she was the first woman captain of the sailing team.
|
|
He also composed the music for a drame-lyrique by Alexandre Dumas, fils in 1848 entitled Atala. His opéra comique La ferme de Kilmoor (first performance 27 October 1852 at the Théâtre- Lyrique) was savaged by the critics.Walsh TJ, op cit. Other stage works by Varney include Le moulin joli (1849), L'opéra au camp (1854), La polka des sabots (1859) and Un leçon d'amour (1868).
|
|
A cup sabot supports the base and rear end of a projectile, and the cup material alone can provide both structural support and barrel obturation. When the sabot and projectile exit the muzzle of the gun, air pressure alone on the sabot forces the sabot to release the projectile. Cup sabots are found typically in small arms ammunition, smooth-bore shotgun and smooth-bore muzzleloader projectiles.
|
|
Typically, the thickness of the metal body was about a sixth of their diameter and they were about two-thirds the weight of solid shot of the same caliber. To ensure that shells were loaded with their fuses toward the muzzle, they were attached to wooden bottoms called sabots. In 1819, a committee of British artillery officers recognized that they were essential stores and in 1830 Britain standardized sabot thickness as a half-inch.Hogg p.
|
|
In 1997, she played in three TV Movies. First, "Le diable en sabots" from a novel by Claude Seignolle, in which she played Marie Fer, alongside Patrick Préjean. Then, she played the leading role in "Une mère comme on n'en fait plus", with Nathalie Boutefeu and Cécile Vassort. Finally, she played Solange Serpette in "Sans cérémonie", directed by Michel Lang, written by Claude d'Anna, and also starring Charles Aznavour and Caroline Vasicek.
|
|
Boulanger's chief work was the three-act opera of Don Quixote, which premiered at the Théâtre Lyrique in 1869; the most performed of his works was the one-act Les sabots de la marquise, which premiered in 1854 at the Opéra- Comique. In 1871, he became professor of singing at the conservatory. In 1870, he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. In 1881, he was appointed to the Académie des Beaux-Arts.
|
|
When the sabot reaches the end of the barrel, the shock of hitting still air pulls the parts of the sabot away from the projectile, allowing the projectile to continue in flight. Modern sabots are made from high strength aluminum and graphite fiber reinforced epoxy. They are used primarily to fire long rods of very dense materials, such as tungsten heavy alloy and depleted uranium. (see for example the M829 series of anti- tank projectiles).
|
|
His children, however, were violent, quarrelsome, lazy, and resolutely ignorant. Without doubt, their father's prolonged absences, cutting timber in distant forests, carving shoes, selling his sabots over a wide swath of Mayenne, deprived the Cottereau children of an authority figure. Further, since their mother was illiterate, as was common at that time, the Cottereau children were also largely unschooled. Their father died in 1778 when Jean Chouan was twenty-one years old.
|
|
Wendover Army Air Field, as part of Project Alberta in the Manhattan Project. "Fat Man" casings can be seen behind them. Oppenheimer assembled a team at the Los Alamos Laboratory to work on plutonium gun design that included senior engineer Edwin McMillan and senior physicists Charles Critchfield and Joseph Hirschfelder. Critchfield had been working with sabots, which Oppenheimer believed would be required by the Thin Man to achieve the high muzzle velocities that critical assembly would require.
|
|
Feuillet in 1700 Bourrée rhythmBlatter, Alfred (2007). Revisiting music theory: a guide to the practice, p. 28. . Another bourrée rhythm The bourrée originates in Auvergne in France. It is sometimes called the "French clog dance" or a "branle of the sabots". First mentioned as a popular dance in 1665 in Clermont-Ferrand, it still survives in Auvergne in the Massif Central and in the department of Ariège and is danced during bals folk in France and in other countries.
|
|
The chamber would then move back into firing position on a spring, where it would lock in front of a fixed breechblock. On firing, the sabot traveled down the barrel with the fléchette and was quickly "stripped" off upon exit. This was found to present a hazard in combat, where the sabots could hit other soldiers or bounce off the ground when being fired prone. Like the AAI weapon, the Steyr was limited to three round bursts.
|
|
The club has a large junior sailing programs which includes a full-time junior program director, coaches, maintenance and administrative staff. Facilities include a junior clubhouse, tool room, Sabot and Laser storage spaces, sail and boat wash areas crane and launching ramp. Members have access to the junior charter fleet that includes Sabots, Lasers, CFJ's & C420's. Also included in the fleet are the BYC Jr. race committee boat, Whaler chase boats, inflatables, and multi-boat trailers for travel to away regattas.
|
|
But the headdress was also adopted by the Breton bourgeoisie at the end of the 19th, which mitigates the peasant character of the portrayal of Anne at this time. At the end of the 19th century, Anne becomes popularly known as "la bonne duchesse". The expression "Anne of Brittany, duchess in clogs" also becomes popular, based on a nursery rhyme Les Sabots d'Anne de Bretagne. Le Fur describes the song as a parody of another one, En passant par la Lorraine.
|
|
Historically, this image of the duchess in clogs was never justified, neither was it ever presented as a historical truth. Historians start to question it in 1976.Hervé Le Boterf, Histoire de la Bretagne et des Bretons: he finds the image despicable. The expression, well known in France in the early 20th century, is still used today in a number of history books as well as in children's literatureAnne- Sophie Sylvestre, Duchesse en sabots, Paris, Père Castor Flammarion, 2005 and touristic pamphlets.
|
|
The sabot of a large calibre APDS consists of a light high strength alloy full diameter pot and base unit, which is screwed together. The front part of the pot has 3-4 petals (sabots) which are covered with a centering band (often a nylon derivative). The rear half has a rubber obturator and driving band (again nylon) held in place by the screw-in base unit. The base unit, if a tracer element is attached to the sub-projectile, has a hole located at the centre.
|
|
The rounds are armor-piercing tungsten penetrator rounds or depleted uranium with discardable sabots. The Phalanx CIWS 20–mm rounds are designed to destroy a missile's airframe and make it unaerodynamic, thus keeping shrapnel from the exploding projectile to a minimum, effectively keeping secondary damage to a minimum. The ammunition handling system has two conveyor belt systems. The first takes the rounds out of the magazine drum to the gun; the second takes empty shells or nonfired rounds to the opposite end of the drum.
|
|
There are also adult classes known as Senior Sabots. Junior regattas are divided into classes according to level of ability/experience, A, B, and C; sometimes in larger regattas there are classes C2 and C3, to allow for more specific differentiation between the most advanced and the most novice. A Sabot "Junior Nationals" regatta is held by INSA every year in August. The location of the Nationals alternates every year, mainly between Balboa Bay and Newport Harbor in Orange County, Alamitos Bay in Long Beach, and Mission Bay in San Diego.
|
|
The French soldiers, dressed in rags and forced to eat their watery soupe maigre, gather round licking their lips. Two soldiers in sabots can be seen carrying a cauldron of the grey unappetising soup. The Franciscan friar who greedily rubs his finger in the fat of the beef joint, is thought to be based on Hogarth's friend John Pine. In the foreground, a Highlander, an exile from the Jacobite rising of 1745, sits slumped against the wall, his strength sapped by the poor French fare – a raw onion and a crust of bread.
|
|
During testing the weapon performed well, and only two problems were identified. One was that the plastic cases had varying strengths, which has some effect on the ballistics. This was considered to be a fairly minor problem, one they expected could be solved through better materials and quality control. The other issue was somewhat more difficult to solve: when the sabots left the barrel they were still going quite fast, and presented a danger to other soldiers as well as to the shooter if they bounced off the ground when firing prone.
|
|
Its new Malakhit (Malachite) ERA is claimed to protect against ATGMs like the FGM-148 Javelin and Missile Moyenne Portée (MMP) and 120 mm tank rounds like the German DM53/DM63 and American M829A3 APFSDS sabots. In addition to hard-kill and soft-kill APS, the developer uses a special paint that significantly reduces the vehicle's infrared signature. The floor is reinforced with an additional armor plate for counter-mine and counter-IED protection, and it has a jamming system to detonate radio-controlled anti-tank mines. The T-15 has an NBC protection system.
|
|
Around this time Bull further improved the data-collection capabilities of the system by developing a telemetry system that could fit in the models. DRB staff thought the idea was unworkable and worked against having it funded, but Bull shuffled his own department's funding and went ahead and developed it anyway. All the parts of Bull's future efforts, smooth-bore high-velocity guns, sabots for increasing performance, and hardened electronics, were now complete. Work on the Velvet Glove ended in 1956, and the DRB turned its attention to anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs).
|
|
Other dolls, teddies and Bonzo Dogs occupied various shelves and occasionally invaded the sofa. Also among Truus' prized possessions were a gramophone and a glass cabinet filled with souvenirs from the Netherlands - porcelain, little sabots and ornaments. One of her jobs on days when she wasn't shooting was to answer the piles of letters she received asking for autographs. This was an expensive sideline (she had to buy the postcards and stamps herself), but she enjoyed hearing from people all over the world, and knew that it was a vital part of building up her fanbase.
|
|
A sonnet vividly evoking the battle by the French poet José María de Heredia (1842-1905) was included in his volume Les Trophées.Poésie Française - Centaures et lapithes (José María de Heredia) La foule nuptiale au festin s'est ruée, Centaures et guerriers ivres, hardis et beaux; Et la chair héroïque, au reflet des flambeaux, Se mêle au poil ardent des fils de la Nuée. Rires, tumulte... Un cri !... L'Epouse polluée Que presse un noir poitrail, sous la pourpre en lambeaux Se débat, et l'airain sonne au choc des sabots Et la table s'écroule à travers la huée.
|
|
The safety catch is in front of the trigger guard and when activated physically blocks insertion of a finger into the trigger-guard. The rifle features a quick change lever for swapping optics, and was provided with a recommended 4x optical sight with a tritium powered graticule. Iron sights were also available and the mounting did accept other optics. As with the Steyr ACR, the sabots left the barrel at high speed, this was noted as presenting a potential danger to other soldiers, as well as to the shooter if they bounced off the ground when firing prone.
|
|
158 Such encounters exposed the poor marksmanship of Iraqi gunners, in part due to the shortage of modern night-vision and range-finder assets.Scales, page 268: "The Iraqi gunners were poor marksmen and their green tracer sabots hit nothing." The Lions were even more technologically lacking at this time, and it is not known if any improvements to the tanks were made between the Persian Gulf War and this conflict. Nonetheless, one Bradley was largely disabled by a 125 mm round from an Asad Babil tank when Iraqi armoured troops attempted to attack their American counterparts near Baghdad airport.
|
|
The boat uses a cat rigged mainsail which must be made from dacron or nylon, and the mast can be made from a variety of materials, including wood, aluminum and carbon fiber. The sabot is the traditional first boat for juniors from Long Beach, CA to San Diego, CA, with the Optimist being more popular in the rest of the country. It has been long-debated which boat is a better choice. Sabots can be more expensive and difficult to sail, but the sail plan of a Sabot is more similar to the modern sloop design, having a standard mast and boom, which is used with most larger boats.
|
|
Almost all INSA sailors are associated with a yacht club, either because they are a member or a parent is a member, or because they participate in a club's junior program, as Sabots are sailed largely by children because of their small size and simple design. In Nationals (including tryouts) there are weight guidelines, which require the lighter (younger) skippers to carry weight in their boats to make it fair for older skippers who frequently weigh more and would be at a disadvantage. Nationals begin with a two-day qualification regatta, to determine which sailors will compete in the actual competition. Skippers are divided randomly into color-coded fleets.
|
|
Mme la Marquise, however, has an older son from a previous marriage still resident in France, Ronnay de Maurel was only four years old when his father died, but an uncle brought him up. This uncle, Gaston de Maurel is a solid republican patriot, if ever there was one, with nothing of the aristo about him at all. Gaston eats peas with his knife and wears sabots and a blouse ... he even voted for the death of the king. Ronnay works in the foundries where he employs five thousand men and as a result he is now one of the richest men in France.
|
|
For published recipes using fold crimps and shot wads used as sabots, slugs can be easily reloaded using standard shotshell presses and techniques, without requiring any roll crimp tools. Whether roll crimps or fold crimps are used, cast lead slugs are commonly used in jurisdictions where rifles are banned for hunting, under the reasoning that fired slugs will not travel but over short distances, unlike rifle bullets which can travel up to several miles when fired. Use of cast lead slugs is therefore very common when hunting large game near populated areas. Similarly, cast lead buckshot is often cast by handloaders, for reloading into shotgun shells for hunting larger game animals.
|
|
Scales, page 268: "The Iraqi gunners were poor marksmen and their green tracer sabots hit nothing." The Iraqis, however, had no idea they could be detected and destroyed at a range of nearly by the M1 Abrams, and the Challenger. The Lion of Babylon T-72 was utterly outclassed by the M1 Abrams, the Challenger and by any other contemporary Western main battle tank during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The last operational Asad Babils were destroyed by the successive waves of American armored incursions on the Iraqi capital or abandoned by their crews after the fall of Baghdad, several of them without firing a single shot, after the collapse of the regime.
|
|
The pumpkin is another important variable since sabots are often prohibited in competitions. The most common pumpkin varieties used are Caspers, Luminas, and La Estrellas – these varieties typically have thicker rinds and can better withstand the forces of launch. One of the core rules for competition is that the pumpkin must remain whole after leaving the device until hitting the ground for the chunk to count. Pumpkins that burst after leaving the barrel or sling — resulting in the "shot" being disqualified in the WCPC rules — are referred to as "pie" (short for "pumpkin pie in the sky"). Punkin Chunkin events, usually independently organized, are held throughout the United States, with active annual contests in Clayton, New York,Axelson, Ben (October 22, 2017).
|
|
The English word derives from the French word Saboter, meaning to “bungle, botch, wreck or sabotage”, and was originally used to refer to labour disputes, in which workers wearing wooden shoes called interrupted production through different means. A popular but incorrect account of the origin of the term's present meaning is the story that poor workers in France would throw a wooden sabot into the machines to disrupt production. One of the first appearances of Saboter and Saboteur in French literature is in the Dictionnaire du Bas- Langage ou manières de parler usitées parmi le peuple of D'Hautel, edited in 1808. In it the literal definition is to “ make noise with sabots” as well as “bungle, jostle, hustle, haste.” The word Sabotage only appears later.
|
|
Héloïse Durant Rose, A Ducal Skeleton (F. T. Neely 1899). She wrote short stories for newspapers including the New York Times,Héloïse Durant Rose, "A Danae in Sabots" New York Times (June 11, 1899): 30. via Newspapers.com and more than a dozen plays, among them a "comedietta" called Our Family Motto, or Noblesse Oblige that was produced in London in 1889 at a hospital fundraiser,"Our Omnibus-Box" The Theater (April 1, 1889): 234-235. She acted in French in her own play, Un Héros de la Vendée, in London in 1889. Her play about the life of Dante was translated into Italian"Events of the Month" The World To-day (February 1909): 133-134. and produced in Verona in 1908.
|
|
From the Caffieri workshop in rue des Canettes came an amazing amount of work, chiefly in the shape of those gilt- bronze furniture mounts which adorned furniture by the best ébénistes of Paris. Little of his achievement was ordinary; an astonishingly large proportion of it is famous. In the Wallace Collection, London,F 86 is the royal commode delivered by Antoine-Robert Gaudreau, ébéniste du Roi, in 1739 for Louis XV's bedchamber at Versailles: it is richly mounted with an integrated series of corner mounts, chutes and sabots, and the drawer-fronts and a single composition into which the handles are fully integrated. It must have been the result of close cooperation between Caffiéri and Gaudreau, who was responsible for the veneered carcase. In 1747 Caffiéri supplied gilt- bronze mounts for the marble chimneypiece in the Dauphin's bedroom at Versailles.
|
|
Most military use of depleted uranium has been as 30 mm ordnance, primarily the 30 mm PGU-14/B armour-piercing incendiary round from the GAU-8 Avenger cannon of the A-10 Thunderbolt II used by the United States Air Force. 25 mm DU rounds have been used in the M242 gun mounted on the U.S. Army's Bradley Fighting Vehicle and the Marine Corps's LAV-25. The U.S. Marine Corps uses DU in the 25 mm PGU-20 round fired by the GAU-12 Equalizer cannon of the AV-8B Harrier, and also in the 20 mm M197 gun mounted on AH-1 Cobra helicopter gunships. The United States Navy's Phalanx CIWS's M61 Vulcan Gatling gun used 20 mm armor-piercing penetrator rounds with discarding plastic sabots and a core made using depleted uranium, later changed to tungsten.
|
|
Used typically in rifled small arms (SLAP, shotguns and muzzleloaders), an expanding cup sabot has a one piece sabot surrounding the base and sides of a projectile, providing both structural support and obturation. Upon firing, when the sabot and projectile leave the muzzle of the gun, centrifugal force from the rotation of the projectile, due to barrel rifling, opens up the segments surrounding the projectile, rapidly presenting more surface area to air pressure, quickly releasing it. Although the use of cup sabots of various complexity are popular with rifle ammunition hand-loaders, in order to achieve significantly higher muzzle velocity with a lower drag, smaller diameter and lighter bullet, successful saboted projectile design has to include the resulting bullet stability characteristics. For example, simply inserting a commercially available 5.56mm (.224) bullet into a sabot that will fire it from a commercially available 7.62mm (.300) barrel may result in that 5.56mm bullet failing to achieve sufficient gyroscopic stability to fly accurately without tumbling.
|
|
Depending on the specific stack-up, a card wad is also sometimes located between the slug and the shotshell wad, depending largely on which hull is specified, with the primary intended purpose of improving fold crimps on the loaded wad slug shell that serves to regulate fired shotshell pressures and improve accuracy. It is also possible to fire a wad slug through rifled slug barrels, and, unlike with the Foster slug where lead fouling is often a problem, a wad slug typically causes no significant leading, being nested inside a traditional shotshell wad functioning as a sabot as it travels down the shotgun barrel. Published load recipes for wad slugs are available on the Hodgdon website under shotshell reloading, as well as from Lee Precision, who additionally sells molds for casting drive key slugs from pure lead. Accuracy of wad slugs falls off quickly at ranges beyond 75 yards (70 m), thereby largely equaling the ranges possible with Foster slugs, while still not reaching the ranges possible with traditional sabot slugs using thicker-walled sabots.
|
|
To make up this difference in diameter, a properly designed sabot provides less parasitic mass than if the flight projectile were made full-bore, in particular providing dramatic improvement in muzzle velocity for APDS (Armor-piercing discarding sabot) and APFSDS ammunition. Seminal research on two important sabot configurations for long rod penetrators used in APFSDS ammunition, namely the "saddle-back" and "double-ramp" sabot was performed by the US Army Ballistics Research Laboratory during the development and improvement of modern 105mm and 120mm kinetic energy APFSDS penetrators(Drysdale 1978), permitted by the significant recent advancement in the computerized Finite element method in structural mechanics at that time; and now represents the existing fielded technology standard. (See for example the development of the M829 series of anti-tank projectiles beginning with the base model M829 in the early 1980s, to the recently fielded M829A4 model, employing ever longer "double-ramp" sabots). Upon muzzle exit, the sabot is discarded, and the smaller flight projectile flies to the target with less drag resistance than a full-bore projectile.
|
|
The sabot, necessary to fill the bore of the cannon when firing a long, slender flight projectile, is parasitic weight that subtracts from the potential muzzle velocity of the entire projectile. Maintaining the in-bore structural integrity of such a long flight projectile under accelerations of tens of thousands of g's is not a trivial undertaking, and has brought the design of sabots from employing in the early 1980s readily available low cost, high strength aerospace-grade aluminums, such as 6061 and 6066-T6, to high strength and more expensive 7075-T6 aluminum, maraging steel, and experimental ultra-high strength 7090-T6 aluminum, to the current state-of-the-art and incredibly expensive graphite fiber reinforced plastics, in order to further reduce the parasitic sabot mass, that can be nearly half the launch mass of the entire projectile. The discarding sabot petals also travel at such a high muzzle velocity that, on separation, they may continue for many hundreds of metres at speeds that can be lethal to troops and damaging to light vehicles. For this reason, even in combat, tank gunners have to be aware of danger to nearby troops.
|
|
Pierre Cottereau, a lumberjack and maker of wooden shoes (sabots), lived with his wife, Jeanne Cottereau (born Jeanne Moyné), as a tenant at la Closerie des Poiriers (literally, the "pear orchard enclosure"), a farm halfway between the villages of Saint-Ouën-des-Toits and Bourgneuf-la-Forêt in Mayenne, France. (An 'enclosure' is, in fact, a small farm, usually less than twenty acres in extent, and the name comes from the need for farmers to enclose their properties with fences or hedges to prevent cattle, sheep, and other domesticated animals from running free.) Tenancy on this piece of property had been established by the Moyné family about 1750. The elder Cottereau, like his father before him, made his family's living by criss- crossing the wooded regions of western France, from the forest between Mondevert and Le Pertre to the forest of Concise, felling trees, stacking and seasoning the timber, and making wooden shoes, which he sold in the villages of Mayenne. From the local parish registers, particularly those of the parish of Olivet, where the Closerie des Poiriers was located, it is clear that this was a region deep in economic misery throughout the second half of the eighteenth century.
|
|