The hummocky rugosity in lizards and snakes have correlation with true squamose skin, a hummocky rugosity is also present in tyrannosaurids suggesting the presence of lizard-like scales on the face.
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Friedman A, Pizarro O, Williams SB, Johnson-Roberson M (2012) "Multi- Scale Measures of Rugosity, Slope and Aspect from Benthic Stereo Image Reconstructions". PLoS ONE 7(12): e50440. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050440 Despite the popularity of using rugosity for two- and three-dimensional surface analyses, methodological inconsistency has been problematic. Building off recent advances, the new arc-chord ratio (ACR) rugosity index is capable of measuring the rugosity of two-dimensional profiles and three-dimensional surfaces using a single method (Du Preez 2015).
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Geology: For marine geologists and geomorphologists, rugosity is a useful characteristic in distinguishing different types of seafloors in remote sensing applications (e.g., sonar and laser altimetry, based from ships, planes or satellites). Oceanography: Among oceanographers, rugosity is recognized to influence small-scale hydrodynamics by converting organized laminar or oscillatory flow into energy-dissipating turbulence. Coral biology: High rugosity is often an indication of the presence of coral, which creates a complex surface as it grows.
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Du Preez, C. 2015. "A new arc- chord ratio (ACR) rugosity index for quantifying three-dimensional landscape structural complexity". Landscape Ecology. 30: 181-192.
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Abruzzo–Erickson syndrome is a condition that may present with deafness, protruding ears, coloboma, a cleft palate or palatal rugosity, and short stature. It was characterized in 1977.
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They proposed that tyrannosaurs probably also had bundles of sensory neurons under their facial scales and may have used them to identify objects, measure the temperature of their nests and gently pick-up eggs and hatchlings. A 2018 study however did not agree with this and rather suggested a lip condition. Extant crocodillians don't have scales but rather cracked skin. They were analyzing the rugosity of tyrannosaurids and found a hummocky rugosity which would favor squamose-like scales that appeared in life.
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The two species differ in the more upright spines on the epinotum of A. sommerfeldti. The head capsule of A. sommerfeldti is slimmer with thinner antenna segments and more complex rugosity on the rear of the capsule.
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"A new video survey method of microtopographic laser scanning (MiLS) to measure small-scale seafloor bottom roughness." Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 10:899-909. [DOI 10.4319/lom.2012.10.899]. and deriving multi-scale measures of rugosity, slope and aspect from benthic stereo image reconstructions (Friedman et al. 2012).
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The fingers are short, broad at the base but tapering to narrow, rounded tips. The toes are unwebbed. Skin is smooth, except in the post-sacral region and the hind legs where it becomes pustulose; the degree of rugosity varies greatly between individuals. Preserved specimens are dorsally light brown with some darker infuscation.
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Upon locating females, the reception of female skin lipid pheromones by tongue-flicking males is necessary for males to continue courtship and mating. Turtle-headed sea snakes are sexually dimorphic: the females of this species grow larger than males, and the rugosity of the scales is also greatly increased in males compared to females.
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Females of this species display smooth scales year round. Males, on the other hand, show a shift from smooth scales to ridged scales upon the arrival of the winter breeding season. There are multiple reasons why this trait could have been selected. Scale rugosity in males allows for a better tactile resistance during mating than non rugose scales.
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Hydrophiid snakes, otherwise known as sea snakes, have only recently evolved from terrestrial elapids. Sea snake scales differ from that of terrestrial snakes because they are rugose and wrinkled. Male sea snakes scale rugosity is more developed than that of the females snakes. The male turtle headed sea snake, Emydocephalus annulatus, provides an interesting case study because of their unique scales.
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The first symptom of this virus disease is a light green coloration between the veins of young leaves. This is followed quickly by the development of a "mosaic" or mottled pattern of light and dark green areas in the leaves. Rugosity may also be seen where the infected plant leaves display small localized random wrinkles. These symptoms develop quickly and are more pronounced on younger leaves.
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A 2017 analytical study proposed that tyrannosaurids had large, flat scales on their snouts instead of lips. However, there has been criticsms where it favors the idea for lips. Crocodiles don't really have flat scales but rather cracked keratinized skin, by observing the hummocky rugosity of tyrannosaurids, and comparing it to extant lizards they found that tyrannosaurids had squamose scales rather than a crocodillian-like skin.
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The surfaces of the premaxillae are rugose with the edges elevated above the body of the bone, suggesting that a keratinous shield would have been supported by the rugosities at the tip of the snout. Along the interpremaxillary suture, the area where the two premaxillae meet, the surface is smooth, giving the paired rugosity of the premaxillae the resemblance of a moustache in anterior view.
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Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is a Potyvirus of the family Potyviridae that causes diseases in cruciferous plants, among others. The virus is usually spread by 40-50 species of aphids in a non-persistent manner. Infected plants, especially the natural hosts, show symptoms such as chlorotic local lesions, mosaic, mottling, puckering or rugosity. TuMV is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus, consisting of a non-enveloped, helical capsid that is filamentous and flexuous, with an average length of 720 nm.
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Rugosity is most severe in plants grown in temperatures of around 18 °C, while general symptoms are less severe at 24-25 °C. Temperature also influences the incubation period and the time between infection and symptom appearance that ranges from 4 days at 29.5 °C to 14 days at 18.5 °C. Additionally, SMV appears to have a synergistic interaction with Bean Pod Mottle Virus (BPMV) as plants infected with both viruses show drastically more severe symptoms than plants infected with only one virus.
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A study in 2017 study about a new tyrannosaurid named Daspletosaurus horneri was published in the journal Scientific Reports. Paleontologist Thomas Carr analyzed the texture on the facial bones of Daspletosaurus horneri and observed a hummocky rugosity which compared to crocodillian skulls and suggesting Daspletosaurus horneri including all tyrannosaurids having flat sensory scales and integumentary sensory organs. But a 2018 study rejected the idea of a facial sensory system in tyrannosauroids. Crocodilians don't really have flat sensory scales but only cracked dense epidermis.
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Rugosodon is represented by a nearly complete fossilized skeleton, including a skull, that bears a strong resemblance to a small rat or a chipmunk. The mammal is estimated to have weighed between 65-80 g, about that of an average chipmunk. The generic name Rugosodon (Latin for "wrinkly tooth") refers to the rugosity, or wrinkliness, of the distinctively shaped teeth. Its teeth indicate that the animal was an omnivore, well-adapted to gnawing both plants and animals, including fruits and seeds, worms, insects and small vertebrates.
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Sphecodes gibbus is a relatively large Sphecodes species with a body length of around 10mm. Like other blood bees they are mainly black and red in colour. S. gibbus is one in three species of similar sized blood bees in which the females have punctures, instead of merely rugosity, to the posterior of the ocelli. The female S. gibbus may be separated from the similar S. monilicornis by its wider, less square shaped head, the darker pubesence on the hind tibiae and thinner propodeum.
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It was assigned to P. macromerus based on its large size, similar to those of P. westburyensis and P. funkei. Tarlo (1959b) described the lectotype as "somewhat roughened", while Lydekker (1889a) described it as being "very coarse and rough" in reference to its ventral rugosity, resembling that of P. brachyspondylus. Tarlo (1959b) also erected a new generic name for P. macromerus, Stretosaurus, due to the unusual scapular morphology of a specimen he described and referred to it, CAMSM J.35990. It was found at Stretham, southwest of Ely in Cambridgeshire, probably from the early Kimmeridgian Aulacostephanus mutabilis ammonite zone.
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The symptoms of viruses, no matter what host or strain, mainly cause mosaic and rugosity; therefore, there is no accurate way to determine what virus may be the cause of the disease just by looking at the symptoms. Viruses are so small and most farmers don't have the right equipment, it makes it hard for them to determine what virus is responsible for the disease in their field. Because of this, companies that have developed kits that are able to identify the WMV-2 virus as well as other viruses . One of such kits, called ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA uses an antibody that specifically recognizes the virus of interest by binding to the antigen created by the plant that is specific to the virus.
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