You have rudders, ailerons, elevators, trim, and throttle to control.
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All the steering was left up to a series of rudders.
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But there is no "one-design" rule for daggerboards and rudders.
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It wasn't a bunch of, like, ships without rudders slamming into each other.
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"If we could shroud the daggerboards and the rudders we would," Ferguson said.
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And universities are slow to change; think of them as huge cruise ships with small rudders.
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The forward fuselage comes from Japan, the engines from England, the entry doors from France, the rudders from China.
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Ammerman recommends people use their hands in the sand as rudders, assuming it's not too hot to do so.
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Modern aircraft achieve the same results—OK, much better results—with mechanically driven flaps, slats, ailerons, spoilers, elevators, and rudders.
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They picked out a pair of boats, and an employee brought them two remote controls, with levers for sails and rudders.
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Those catamarans go fastest when they lift off the water and ride only on their foils — two rudders and two daggerboards.
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Generally, the ships are in such good repair that the images reveal intact coils of rope, rudders and elaborately carved decorations.
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Some are very detailed, depicting masts, sails, rigging, rudders, oars, and even cabins; others are simply composed of suggestive shapes and lines.
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A lack of oxygen a mile below the water's surface has preserved the mast, rudders, and rowing benches all these millennia ago.
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His boat hit what he labeled an "unidentified floating object" that tore off more than half of one of the boat's two rudders.
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The parts that would likely be attacked are the steering gear (the rudders and rudder posts) and the propulsion elements (shafts and propellers).
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The rule includes strict limitations on the number of components that can be built by each team including hulls, masts, rudders, foils and sails.
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A quad lacks rudders and flaps to control its flight; instead, it maneuvers by adjusting the speed and sometimes the angle of its propellers.
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For instance, the Spanish Air Force's planes — American-made McDonnell Douglas F/A-28503 Hornets — use rudders, fuselage components and speed brakes made by Spanish companies.
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The team's robots lit up not only masts, timbers and rudders, but intact coils of rope and elaborately carved decorations, as if touring an undersea museum.
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Inside the tent for Oracle Team USA, which won the most recent America's Cup, in 2013, workers were wet-sanding the boat's red rudders like precious stones.
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After boarding their ships, the players unfurled sails, turned rudders, and climbed riggings to move between a series of tropical islands, climbing ashore to explore the new locations.
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The 45-foot twin-hulled sailboats, known as AC45Fs, rise up on retractable hydrofoil keels and rudders and create the appearance of flying over the surface of the water.
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This tree house ship has sails, cannons, chains, rudders, it's got a captain's quarters and a crow's nest that's reportedly the highest structure in this small town in Arizona.
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We drew a small crowd of local spectators: Workmen, sea gulls and neighborhood mongrels watched quizzically as we tried on life jackets and adjusted our kayaks' seats and rudders.
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Paul Cayard, a former Team USA sailor and Cup skipper, said Team USA had made a major change to the foils on its rudders, which help elevate the boat.
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Whoever's holding the wireless remote always remains in control of the surfer, however, no matter how fast it's going, thanks to a servo-steered pair of rudders on the bottom.
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Gently tapping the stainless steel levers that control the rudders and pulling back and forth on the two throttles, Mr. Walker steered, came ahead, and stopped in the center of the chamber.
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The family of swimmer Yusra Mardini escaped from Syria by crossing the Mediterranean; when their dinghy broke down between Turkey and Greece, Mardini and her sister jumped overboard and acted as human rudders.
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A pair of ducted propellors hidden inside the TIE Advanced fighter's cockpit and fuselage power the RC toy, which flies more like a remote control airplane than a quadcopter using rudders on the wings.
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"We have a complete vessel with the mast still standing with the quarter rudders in place," said team member Kroum Batchvarov, assistant professor of maritime archaeology at the University of Connecticut's anthropology department and the Maritime Studies Program.
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Mary Schiavo, an aviation analyst with CNN, added that the pilot seemed to know some basic elements of flying such as firing both engines in tandem and using the yoke and rudders at the same time to coordinate turns.
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Wheels and wells, cranks and mills and gears and ships' masts, clocks and rudders and crop rotation: all have been crucial to human and economic development, and none historically had any connection with what we think of today as science.
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Here's some good color from the BBC about what happens when the vehicle hits specific speed thresholds: At over 400 mph, the wheels can no longer turn as fast as the car moves and act more like the rudders on a boat.
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While there is no direct parallel to Mr. Ailes in the history of television news, either in personality or current circumstances, there are examples of similar operations losing their rudders — the retirement of Roone Arledge from ABC News in 1998 or the ouster of Ted Turner from CNN in 2001.
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Pirelli and New Zealand said the tire maker's distinctive red and yellow logo will not only feature on the hull, but also on the rudders, which are visible when the catamaran's foils lift it dramatically out of the water in "flight" mode at speeds of up to 50 knots (92.6 km per hour).
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The ACWS is a showcase tour for high performance 44-foot twin-hulled sailboats known as AC45Fs, which can travel at speeds of over 37 knots (42.5 miles per hour) and rise up on retractable hydrofoil keels and rudders that reduce drag and create the appearance of flying over the surface of the water.
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In February, while preparing to defend the cup on the same scenic body of water, the Oracle Team USA grinder Graeme Spence went overboard off the front of his boat and hung on to its platform for a moment before being swept under the catamaran perilously close to one of its sharp-edged dagger boards and its two rudders.
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Small boat rudders that can be steered more or less perpendicular to the hull's longitudinal axis make effective brakes when pushed "hard over." However, terms such as "hard over," "hard to starboard," etc. signify a maximum-rate turn for larger vessels. Transom hung rudders or far aft mounted fin rudders generate greater moment and faster turning than more forward mounted keel hung rudders.
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Boat rudders may be either outboard or inboard. Outboard rudders are hung on the stern or transom. Inboard rudders are hung from a keel or skeg and are thus fully submerged beneath the hull, connected to the steering mechanism by a rudder post that comes up through the hull to deck level, often into a cockpit. Inboard keel hung rudders (which are a continuation of the aft trailing edge of the full keel) are traditionally deemed the most damage resistant rudders for off shore sailing.
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The complex is highly mobile and designed against air, ground and sea targets (e.g. destroyers). The missile reaches a speed of , and manoeuvres by air rudders and reactive rudders.
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Majority of sailing bagang is steered using large central rudder placed vertically, only few had side (quarter) rudders, but in practice the sail has more effect than the rudders.
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The rudders kick up automatically by lifting up on the tiller crossbar.
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The tail used two rudders placed in the slipstream of the engines.
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L = 427 mm (16⅞in) This section is exposed to incoming water to help cool the engine. It has a starter, a Chowaki or pressure regulator, a wet-heat chamber and a main engine. The starter starts controllers, one for vertical tail rudders, and another for roll rudders for anti-rolling in both side wing rudders. The pressure regulator is called a Chowaki or harmonizing system.
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Wing seats for hiking out and trapezing from are optional. A trapeze is also optional. The boat has a draft of with the rudders down and with rudders up. In 2007 the Getaway was redesigned with rectangular storage hatches vs.
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It has a length overall of , a beam of and displaces . The hulls have reverse raked stems. The pre-preg carbon fibre hydrofoil daggerboards and rudders are unique to this model. The daggerboards are "L"-shaped and the rudders "T"-shaped.
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The Delta's trailing edge was equally divided between outboard ailerons and inboard elevators. As on the Storch, the wing tips were cropped and carried small, roughly triangular, ply-covered fins mounting longer, rounded rectangular, fabric covered rudders. The inner surfaces of the fins and rudders were cambered as a conventional tail rudder would be but the outer surfaces were flat. The rudders operated independently, each with its own foot pedal.
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This period also saw the implementation of center-mounted rudders, controlled with a tiller.
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It displaces and has a draft of with the rudders downa and with the rudders up. The boat has a capacity of four people. A mast-top float to prevent the boat turning turtle is included as optional equipment. The Wave has a D-PN of 92.1.
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The 462nd BG painted its rudders but otherwise did not designate the group. The 468th painted two diagonal stripes on the rudders of its aircraft. When the wing and its groups transferred to Tinian in April 1945 the 58th Wing changed to a letter-symbol system.
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Pitch and roll are conventionally controlled with elevator and rudder, while roll is controlled with tip rudders.
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The ancient rudder's different parts were distinguished by the following names: ansa, the handle; clavus, the shaft; pinna, the blade. The famous ship Tessarakonteres or "Forty" is said to have had four rudders. In the Bible, Paul's ship, which was shipwrecked on Malta, had its rudders (plural) cut loose.
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The horizontal tail rudders are locked at their uppermost position while the torpedo falls to the water surface.
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Every position has an important role to play in the canoe. In an OC1, the single paddler must also steer the canoe. Some OC1s have rudders operated by foot pedals, while OC1s without rudders must be steered by drawing and paddling as needed for steering purposes while paddling to move the canoe forward.
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The rope keeps the rudder from floating off in a wave. Both rudders and lee boards have swiveling tips so the dinghy can be landed. Rudders are often arranged so the tiller folds against the rudder to make a compact package. Racing dinghies usually have a daggerboard or centreboard to better sail upwind.
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A pneumatically-sprung skid under the nacelle provided the JN 2's landing gear. At the wingtips endplate fins carried balanced rudders. Together these vertical surfaces had an elliptical profile, cropped and reinforced below the wing to protect it on the ground. The rudders could be used conventionally in unison or in opposition as airbrakes.
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Ovoid-shaped fins with rudders were fitted at the wing-tips; also skids for support when static on the ground. The use of drag rudders was also investigated with the rudders opening in similar fashion to the airbrake, increasing drag on one side and yawing the aircraft. The centre of gravity was also adjustable in flight, with a 7 kg (15 lb) weight, on a fore-aft orientated threaded rod, which could be adjusted by the pilot. The sole prototype SP-821 first flew on 29 Mar 1949 piloted by Eng.
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USPS 499-920 Early powered versions consisted simply of a motor added to the foot-launched hang glider version with control by a combination of weight shift for pitch and tip rudders for roll and yaw, with the tip rudders used together as air brakes. Because many pilots could not run fast enough to achieve take-off wheeled tricycle gear was added. The aircraft exhibited poor pitch stability so a horizontal stabilizer and elevator was added. Finally on later versions the tip rudders were replaced with a tail- mounted rudder.
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They may sport rudders, fins, bulkheads, seats, eyelets, foot braces and cargo hatches. They accommodate 1-3 or more paddlers/riders.
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It is built using smooth curved planks, with double quarter rudders, used as a frame and the ribs are placed thereafter.
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Hildur and Gerda only had a stern rudder, the other had rudders at bow and stern. Bow rudders were fitted to the older ships when they were reconstructed.Harris, pp. 30–32 The Hildurs had a pair of two- cylinder horizontal-return connecting-rod steam engines, each driving a single propeller using steam from two cylindrical boilers.
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During flight trials, these vertical surfaces evolved in stages from a rather blunt shape, with extensions below the tailplane to a surface with a smoothly curved trailing edge entirely above the tailplane. The rudders were fitted with trim tabs. Because of the inboard rudders, the elevators had three sections. The 550 was normally equipped with long, single stepped floats.
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Surabaya: Dinas Pariwisata Daerah, Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Jawa Timur. Lancang have overhanging square sterns above a sharp waterline stern. Lancang usually have 2 masts, but single and tri-masted vessels are also recorded. Historically they were steered using double quarter rudders, but in the 18th century they also used axial rudders mounted at the sternpost.
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In March 1970, she grounded at the entrance to Charleston harbor, causing extensive damage to her rudders, shafts, screws, keel, and hull.
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Historia das ilhas de Maluco, in A. B. de Sa, Documentacao para a Historia das missoes do Padroado portugues do Oriente - Insulindia, Lisboa, 1954-58, vol. III, p. 322. According to father Nicolau Pereira, the jong has 3 rudders, one on each side and one in the middle. Pereira's account is unusual, however, because other accounts only mention 2 quarter rudders.
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When introduced, the R-60 was one of the world's lightest air-to- air missiles, with a launch weight of . It has infrared guidance, with an uncooled Komar (Mosquito) seeker head. Control is by forward rudders with large rear fins. The distinctive canards on the nose, known as "destabilizers," serve to improve the rudders' efficiency at high angles of attack.
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Coat of Arms of Vågsøy The coat of arms of Vågsøy is an official symbol for Vågsøy Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The coat of arms depicts two rudders in silver on a blue background. The rudders are of the special kind that are traditionally used on boats in the area. The arms symbolize guidance or control on land and sea.
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With full fuel stores, Seydlitz could steam at a cruising speed of for . Steering was controlled by a pair of side-by-side rudders.
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55–56 A Venetian galea sottila from the late 15th century from Vittore Carpaccio's Return of the Ambassadors in the series Legend of Saint Ursula (1497–1498). Note the oars arranged in groups of three according to the alla sensile rowing method. The traditional two side rudders were complemented with a stern rudder sometime after c. 1400 and eventually the side rudders disappeared altogether.
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Karaeng Matoaja, government director of Gowa and prince of Tallo, among other things, had nine galleys, which he had built in the year in which Buton was conquered (1626). The ships are called galé. Their dimensions are 20 depah (36.6 m) long and 3 depah (5.5 m) wide. They had three rudders: Two Indonesian rudders on either side of the stern, and a European axial rudder.
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The tanks held of ethyl alcohol and of oxygen.War machine encyclopedia, Limited publishing, London 1983 p 1690–92 Captured V-2 on public display in Antwerp, 1945. Exhaust vanes and external rudders in tail section shown. The V-2 was guided by four external rudders on the tail fins, and four internal graphite vanes in the jet stream at the exit of the motor.
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Although successfully put through her paces, the boat returned to the yard for further alterations, including the installation of new diving rudders. Trouble with the Sperry gyrocompass rudder control mechanism — as well as continued modifications to engines and other machinery — kept the boat in the New York Navy Yard through the end of the year. Finally tested at sea in February 1917, the gyro stabilizer and diving rudders then failed in heavy weather. After G-4 returned to the yard, the broken rudders were repaired and the stabilizer mechanism removed by 10 March. Sailing to New London on 24 April, G-4 was attached to Division Three, Submarine Flotilla.
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Each pair of diesel engines drives a controllable-pitch propeller through a gearbox. There are two rudders, two 900 kW bow thrusters and two Mitsubishi stabilisers.
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Each pair of diesel engines drives a controllable-pitch propeller through a gearbox. There are two rudders, two 900 kW bow thrusters and two Mitsubishi stabilisers.
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Nachdruck der 3. Auflage von Westarp Wissenschaften Hohenwarsleben, 2004. Tigers have a variety of uses for their tails. When jumping, they use their tails as rudders.
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The standard Swedish Torped 42 anti-submarine torpedo warhead was replaced by a smaller explosive charge intended to merely damage submarine propellers or rudders after acoustic homing.
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Later each of these was replaced by a pair of rudders, and large fixed fins bearing a large oval rudder fitted at the stern.Robinson 1973, p. 35.
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Its fixed surfaces were plywood-covered; the elevators and rudders were fabric- covered with mass and aerodynamically balances. The rudders had trim tabs. The NC.510 had a fixed, conventional undercarriage with vertical, oleo shock absorber legs attached to the forward wing spar just inside the engines, braced with a strut to the rear spar. Legs and wheels were enclosed in fairings, and there was a sprung tail skid.
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During the 2005 Caribbean 1500 rally from Virginia to the British Virgin Islands, two 54 Hylases lost substantial portions of their rudders. The lower third of the rudders which was all foam and unattached to the partial skeg broke away under the high stress. These failures were later attributed to groundings prior to the passages. More recently, Hylas introduced a 63-foot Frers design which has been extended to 70 feet.
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Each of the three gun positions had a Lewis gun on a Scarff ring. Bombs were held in a recessed but not enclosed bay below the fuselage; more could be mounted below the inner wing. The monoplane horizontal stabiliser carried servo assisted elevators and a pair of fins with horn balanced rudders. These were also servo assisted, with the servo surfaces mounted well behind the rudders' trailing edges on outriggers.
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Recent catamarans built by Nacra Sailing have included rudders and daggerboards shaped to facilitate hydofoiling at higher speeds, among the first commercial sail boats to offer this feature.
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Vapor transport models are best suited to large-scale cavitation, like sheet cavitation that often occurs on rudders and propellers. These models include two-way interactions between the phases.
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The area includes Williston Municipal Airport (X60) and Foss Foam Products of Florida, a sailboat manufacturing company that produces more rudders than any other company in the United States.
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The Ar I was designed as a tailless aircraft, in which the ailerons also served as horizontal stabilizer. The two rudders were each placed on top of the wings.
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The Lürssen effect, used in the design of high-speed boats, is a reduction in wave-making resistance provided by two small rudders mounted on each side of the main rudder and turned outboard. These rudders force the water under the hull outward, lifting the stern, thus reducing drag, and lowering the wake height, which “requires less energy, allowing the vessel to go faster.”Saunders, Harold E. (1957). Hydrodynamics in ship design, Volume 1.
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Initially both these machines had Grebe style rudders, squared off with no balance; these were later replaced with Gamecock rudders, vertically extended to include a horn balance.Flight 24 November 1927 The final, all- metal Gorcock had the geared Lion IV; this was Gloster's first all-metal aircraft. It had a top speed of 174 mph (280 km/h) at 5,000 ft (1,525 m), some 30 mph (48 km/h) faster than contemporary fighters.
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Width of beam can affect a boat's stability, speed, and ability to bring to an edge. The amount of rocker (the curve from bow to stern) can greatly affect the ability of a boat to turn. Many have steering gear or tracking aids in the form of rudders or skegs. In most cases rudders are attached at the stern and operated by lines (wire or synthetics such as Spectra) from foot pedals in the cockpit.
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The principle is used on rudders, elevators and ailerons, with methods refined over the years. Two illustrations of aircraft rudders, published by Flight Magazine in 1920, illustrate early forms, both with curved leading and trailing edges. Both are mounted so that the area of the balancing surface ahead of the hinge is less than that of the rudder behind. Various layouts have been tried over the years, generally with smaller balance/rudder areas.
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Often rudders are shaped so as to minimize hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag. On simple watercraft, a tiller—essentially, a stick or pole acting as a lever arm—may be attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a helmsman. In larger vessels, cables, pushrods, or hydraulics may be used to link rudders to steering wheels. In typical aircraft, the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or hydraulics.
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There is an additional baggage storage compartment in front of the cabin, located beneath a hermetically-sealed hatch. The craft is controlled by a single wheel connected to twin rudders located behind the propeller. If the wheel is pulled towards the driver both rudders fold outward, forming a brake. If turned and pulled toward the driver, only one rudder folds outward, giving greater turning control over water overgrown with reeds or weeds.
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The alteration was motivated by the difficulties of pitch and yaw control encountered with the earlier arrangement. The panels swept upwards into a pair of fins and balanced rudders carrying a high set tailplane with three balanced elevators, the rudders working between them. The single wheels of the still novel retracting undercarriage were mounted on V-struts hinged at the lower, outer fuselage, retracting inwards. The completed aircraft was shipped to Newark, New Jersey.
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It has a cantilever wing. The horizontal tailplane is attached to the underside of a rear boom, with twin fins and rudders on the tips. It has a fixed tricycle undercarriage.
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Once attained, the effect rudders could be swing back to 17° outboard, and the speed could be reduced to as little as 20kn while still maintaining the benefits of the effect.
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He stayed on board in the white desert of the Arctic Ocean. In 2004, he got the aid of a Russian nuclear icebreaker Vaigach. The rudders were demolished by heavy ice.
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Type91 aerial torpedo, main roll controller Type91 aerial torpedo, roll controller movement Type91 aerial torpedo, roll rudder The anti-rolling controller is a gyro-controlled air valve system which steers the roll rudders (or ailerons) on both sides of a torpedo and is composed of a gyroscope, a main controller, and an output booster. A spinning gyroscope senses the roll angle of the torpedo, and the controller then centers the roll by steering roll-rudders on both sides at an angle in the range of ±22.5°. The main controller controls two output air valves to steer and countersteer the roll rudders, according to the roll angle and its rate of change. It countersteers to correct the angle and its time derivative.
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Retrieved: 23 July 2009. The F-22 has four empennage surfaces, retractable tricycle landing gear, and clipped delta wings with reverse trailing edge sweep and leading edge extensions running to the upper outboard corner of the inlets. Flight control surfaces include leading-edge flaps, flaperons, ailerons, rudders on the canted vertical stabilizers, and all-moving horizontal tails (stabilators); for speed brake function, the ailerons deflect up, flaperons down, and rudders outwards to increase drag.Kohn, Lt. Col.
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Other pilots noted the jet wash forced the rudders to stick, forcing the aircraft to pitch down and enter a spin akin to a "falling leaf." Wolfgang Wollenweber, a He 162 pilot, remarked that Dähne had never trusted the He 162 and as a consequence, never analysed the strengths and weaknesses of the type. Wollenweber suspected Dähne may not have been aware of the danger posed by misuse of the rudders. The supply of the He 162 was difficult.
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The Pelican has an unconventional layout, based on the Fauvel AV.36, with a low aspect ratio wing, twin rudders mounted at mid-span and a pusher configuration Solo 210 engine mounted in the rear fuselage producing . The aircraft is constructed from fibreglass, with some surfaces fabric covered. The span wing is semi-tapered, tapering outside the rudders and employs a Fauvel F4 17% airfoil. The fuselage is just in length, making the aircraft very compact.
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Generally, a rudder is "part of the steering apparatus of a boat or ship that is fastened outside the hull", that is denoting all different types of oars, paddles, and rudders.rudder.Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 8, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD More specifically, the steering gear of ancient vessels can be classified into side-rudders and stern-mounted rudders, depending on their location on the ship. A third term, steering oar, can denote both types.
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Miss England III was also unusual in being steered by twin aft rudders as well as the more common single forward rudder - each aft rudder was placed immediately behind its corresponding screw.
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With its differentially operating rudders it may have the first glider fitted with air- brakes, though of a very different type to the spoilers used a few years later on German sailplanes.
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Retrieved: 13 June 2010. The aircraft was to be solely controlled by thrust vectoring, without featuring any rudders, ailerons, or elevators. Funding for this program was halted in 2000. NASAExplores.com, 9 October 2003.
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The tail unit of this mark was a biplane structure with endplate fins and rudders. To start the rotor, elevators and tailplanes were fixed in a near vertical position and the engine started.
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The iako are usually made of wood; the iako-ama and iako-hull connections are typically done with rope wrapped and tied in an interlocking fashion to reduce the risk of the connection coming completely apart if the rope breaks. Modern OC1 hulls and amas are commonly made from glass-reinforced plastic, carbon fiber reinforced plastic, and/or Kevlar to produce a strong but light canoe. OC1 are often made with rudders operated by foot pedals. More traditional designs do not have rudders.
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A problem was caused by sideways displacement of the chain. At bends in the river there was a tendency for the chain, that was laid in a curve, to increasingly pull itself straight and so move towards the inside of the bend. In order to prevent this, chain boats were fitted, fore and aft, with large, powerful rudders. These rudders sometimes had a length of over four metres and were worked with the aid of control wheels on the deck.
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L = 530 mm (to the tip end of propelling screw hub) (20⅞in) Bevel gears drive coaxial contra-rotating double 4-bladed screws to propel the torpedo under the water and keep it running straight. The tail section has vertical and horizontal stabilizer fins in a cross. Each fin has a controlling rudder in aft. Horizontal fins and rudders have a wide span in a longitudinal direction and work proportionally, while vertical fins are small, and rudders have a very short span.
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Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 362. Also, many junks incorporated "fenestrated rudders" (rudders with holes in them, supposedly allowing for better control). Detailed descriptions of Chinese junks during the Middle Ages are known from various travellers to China, such as Ibn Battuta of Tangier, Morocco and Marco Polo of Venice, Italy. The later Chinese encyclopedist Song Yingxing (1587–1666) and the 17th-century European traveler Louis Lecomte wrote of the junk design and its use of the rudder with enthusiasm and admiration.
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The Facetmobile structure is composed of 6061 aluminum tubing fastened with Cherrymax rivets. The fuselage uses conventional fabric covering. The aircraft uses elevons and rudders for control. The landing gear is a fixed tricycle type.
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The Pearson 28 series are all small recreational keelboats, built predominantly of fiberglass, with a balsa cored deck and wood trim. They have masthead sloop rigs, internally-mounted spade-type rudders and fixed fin keels.
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By moving the stern boom and the two rudders, front and aft, from side to side it was possible to replace the chain in the centre of the river again, even when negotiating river bends.
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This allows the rudders to spring up when they hit ground, to avoid damage. The rudders are connected to two short tillers which are in turn attached via a ball and socket joint to a connecting rod called the tiller bar. The tiller attaches to the centre of the tiller bar and is typically extendable for operation while trapezing. The mainsheet has a maximum of a 6:1 purchase and has a traveller that allows movement over the entire aft crossmember of the frame.
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Prior to that, ailerons were often referred to as rudders, their older technical sibling, with no distinction between their orientations and functions, or more descriptively as horizontal rudders (in French, gouvernails horizontaux). Among the earliest printed aeronautical use of 'aileron' was that in the French aviation journal L'Aérophile of 1908. Ailerons had more or less completely supplanted other forms of lateral control, such as wing warping, by about 1915, well after the function of the rudder and elevator flight controls had been largely standardised.
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Stern-mounted rudders had been mounted on Chinese ships since the 1st century, as evidenced with a preserved Han tomb model of a ship. In the Song period, the Chinese devised a way to mechanically raise and lower rudders in order for ships to travel in a wider range of water depths. The Song arranged the protruding teeth of anchors in a circular pattern instead of in one direction. David Graff and Robin Higham state that this arrangement "[made] them more reliable" for anchoring ships.
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Both the propellers and the propeller shafts were retained in the refit. The original steering arrangement, a single center rudder mounted at the sternpost, was also retained although newer icebreakers have twin rudders for improved manoeuvrability.
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Steering was in the control of the tank commander, who operated a pair of rudders from the turret through cables. The crew included an onboard mechanic. It was the "best designed amphibious tank of the war".
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The front wheels doubled up as rudders, so steering was done with the steering wheel both on land and on water. For steering the Schwimmwagen the personnel inside the schwimmwagen could also use the aforementioned paddles.
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A stick controls the canard surface for pitch control and wing-mounted spoilers for roll control. The downwards-pointing wing tip rudders are retained and enlarged, but controlled by rudder pedals. ;Double Eagle :Two seat model.
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The Hunter 27-3 series are both small recreational keelboats, built predominantly of fiberglass. They have fractional sloop B&R; rigs, plumb stems, reverse transoms, internally-mounted spade-type rudders controlled by wheels and fixed fin keels.
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The double lateral rudders (cangkilan) generally have been replaced by a centerline rudder.Ellen (2003). p.158. Because they had no keel, stability was an issue, so they are not suited for voyage between main islands of Indonesia.
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In the main the design remained as a safe comfortable family cruiser, with longer distance capability. Hirondelle Mk III - The major change in the Hirondelle Mk III was the introduction of fixed keels and rudders in place of daggerboards and lifting rudders. Although a greater draught made for less ability to ditch crawl the boat gained in strength and many believe it to be much stiffer under sail. More space was also a good point, and a hinged full size chart table was possible, as was a better galley layout.
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A conventional tricycle undercarriage is mounted on the fuselage with spring steel cantilever legs bearing the mainwheels. The rear underside of the fuselage tapers upwards to the tail, where a constant chord tailplane carries a single piece elevator between two endplate fins. The fins and rudders are parallel edged but with rounded tips, the rudders noticeably less deep than the fins. The Robust is powered by a German 41 kW (55 hp) Hirth 2703 twin- cylinder in-line two-stroke engine, driving a three-blade propeller via reduction gearing.
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L = 1,002 mm (39½in) This rear float section has a machine oil tank, a rudder controller, an anti- rolling controller, and roll rudders on both sides. The machine oil tank is centre-mounted in the rear float section. The rudder controller is a general gyrocompass controlled system, which steers the vertical rudders to keep the longitudinal axis of the torpedo in the sensed direction straight. Both the vertical rudder controller and the anti-rolling controller had their own gyroscope, which start rotating when the torpedo is released from an aircraft.
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For surface operations the parachute is stowed in a specially designed compartment under the rear seat and the handlebars steer the wheels or the float-fitted water rudders. In flight the VX is steered either by the rudders, by foot pedals that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw, or by a combination of both. The aircraft is made from welded aluminum with the axles made from steel. It includes a fairing to provide occupant protection and a shield to keep water and stones out of the propeller during surface operations.
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Maximum speed was rated at . The ships were equipped with a pair of rudders mounted side by side, as opposed to the tandem rudders used on the Derfflinger-class ships. The ships' turbines were equipped with Föttinger gears, which significantly improved performance at cruising speeds and provided a corresponding increase in range of about 20 percent. The vessels were designed to store of coal and of oil in purpose-built storage spaces; the hull areas between the torpedo bulkhead and the outer wall of the ship were used to store additional fuel.
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The control system of the SZD-6x was designed to allow the aircraft to be flown with several different control configurations. The trailing edges of the wings carried three surfaces each, all of which could be linked to form elevons or operated individually as ailerons, elevators or flaps. The metal-skinned split ailerons, (the outboard control surfaces), also formed the airbrakes, opening out to give increased drag. The ailerons/airbrakes could be connected to the rudder pedals to be used as drag rudders, similar to the drag rudders used on the Northrop flying wings.
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Behind the cockpit and within a windowed part of the hull were crew positions and accommodation, from which a dorsal gunner's position just aft of the wings could be accessed. There was an isolated rear gunner's position at the extreme rear of the upswept rear fuselage, above the braced tailplane and between the two braced fins. Twin balanced elevators projected beyond the tailplane and the fins carried balanced rudders. Early flight trials showed the Severn to be heavy on rudder control, so separate servo-rudders were soon fixed on struts behind the main rudder surfaces.
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Sea kayaks may also have rudders or skegs (fixed rudder) and upturned bow or stern profiles for wave shedding. Modern sea kayaks usually have two or more internal bulkheads. Some models can accommodate two or sometimes three paddlers.
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Opdycke 1999 p.55 After initial flight trials during May 1909 the rudders were removed. Various configurations were experimented with, the final arrangement being an elongated triangular fin with a rectangular unbalanced rudder hinged to the trailing edge.
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There were ventral fins with rudders at the aft ends of the outer two hulls and elevons on the trailing edges of the connecting structures. The two-seat cockpit was located in the nose of the central hull.
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The Königsberg Colour-head comes in the colours black, red, white, yellow, and blue. Their rudders and heads can be of any of the above colours. Conformance standards for this breed require perfect body posture and high carriage.
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TDV uses 600 or so heat resistant silica tiles and Flexible External Insulation, nose-cap is made out Carbon-Carbon composite with SiC coating. The leading edges of twin rudders are Inconel-718, wing leading edges of 15CDV6.
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The C-2 has four vertical stabilizers, of which three are fitted with rudders. A single vertical stabilizer large enough for adequate directional control would have made the aircraft too tall to fit on an aircraft carrier hangar deck.
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The propulsion gear was upgraded by installing new rudders, steering gear, Vulkan EZR elastic couplings, KaMeWa propeller blades and propeller ducts. The total cost of the conversion was FIM 10 million.Bogserare konverterad till pusher. Svensk Sjöfarts Tidning 36/1991.
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Ailerons and slotted flaps were fitted. It had a strut braced tailplane, set slightly above the fuselage top on a short pylon. The tailplane carried almost rectangular endplate fins and rudders. The tail structure was wooden with fabric covering.
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None built. ;Manchester III BT308 :This version was powered by four Merlin engines with increased wingspan; also, the three fins and rudders of the Manchester I were retained. This variant was the first prototype of the later Avro Lancaster.
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The ship is powered by four GMT Sulzer 16 ZAV and two GMT Sulzer 12 ZAV diesel-electric engines driving two controllable pitch propellers. She is fitted with two rudders (which can be individually controlled) as well as stabilizers.
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There is a fish symbol and two banners on the high prow. Above and below the hull, oars or rudders are suggested by slanting lines - a different number on each side.Coleman 1976 in Thimme, p. 116; Coleman 1985, p.
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The dual rudders are "L"-shaped, while the dual hydrofoil daggerboards are "L"-shaped. All are made from pre-preg, autoclave-cured carbon fibre. The boat's mainsail and jib are made from polyester laminate, while the gennaker is polyester.
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260 They were provided with a complete double bottom and their hulls were subdivided by 23 longitudinal and transverse bulkheads. The ships had two rudders, both on the centerline. They had a crew of 31 officers and 969 enlisted men.Giorgerini, pp.
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Hovgaard 1920, p. 39. Their steering was satisfactory against the stream, and entirely unmanageable downstream. Their rudders were ineffective while their outer propellers disturbed the steeringHovgaard 1920, p. 40. yet had no influence on the speed (and were soon removed).
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These rudders can be moved independently in harbour to assist the 1,800 kW Lips thruster located in the stern. There are also three 1,800 kW thrusters in the bow and four Wärtsilä 8L20 engines driving l7l0kVA ABB alternators for electricity supply.
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The dual rudders are "T"-shaped, while the dual hydrofoil daggerboards are "L"-shaped. All are made from pre-preg, autoclave-cured carbon fibre. The boat's mainsail and jib are made from VXM Black Technora membrane, while the gennaker is polyester.
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37 partly due to the drag of the twin screws, and their shallow draft and flat bottom meant that they were leewardly when close-hauled. The three ships, Audacious, , and , with balanced rudders were described as unmanageable under sail alone.
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The measurements are used for telemetry and an emergency protection system. The engine's powerhead fulfills two additional functions, heating helium gas for pressurization of propellant tanks and generating hydraulic power for hydraulic actuators to deflect the nozzle and aerodynamic rudders.
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Early examples used a patented system in which the wingtips pivoted to act as slab elevons providing control in pitch and roll, while later types had more conventional elevons in the wing trailing edge. Yaw stability was generally achieved by vertical fins, and control by vertical rudders, but the exact arrangement varied between types and even during the flight testing of individual machines. The Mk. I differed in having horizontal "electroscope rudders" on the trailing edge, inboard of the movable wingtips, which acted to provide differential drag. The IA had no vertical surfaces but small fixed fins were added to the IB.
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For surface operations the parachute is stowed in a specially designed compartment under the rear seat and the handlebars steer the wheels or the float-fitted water rudders. In flight the XS is steered either by the rudders, by foot pedals that actuate the canopy brakes, creating roll and yaw, or by a combination of both. The aircraft is made from welded aluminum with the axles made from steel. It includes a fairing to provide protection for the occupants and a shield to keep water and stones out of the propeller during land and water operations.
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Designed as a manned version of the Fi 157 radio-controlled drone, the Fi 158 was a low-winged monoplane built largely of wood, with retractable tailwheel undercarriage and twin fins and rudders, with the crew sat in tandem in an enclosed cabin.
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Ozark could carry about of coal. All of the machinery was built by the Franklin Foundry of St. Louis, Missouri. The ship was fitted with three rudders,Canney, pp. 110–11 and the armored pilothouse was mounted on top of the gun turret.
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An initial batch of 40 production examples was completed for Air France between October 1945 and April 1948.Chillon, 1980, pp. 32-33 The Languedoc was an all-metal four-engined low wing cantilever monoplane airliner with a twin fins and rudders.
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Propulsion is provided by three Azipods, ABB's brand of electric azimuth thrusters. These pods, suspended under the stern, contain electric motors driving propellers. Because they are rotatable, no rudders are needed to steer the ship. Docking is assisted by four transverse bow thrusters.
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The I-20 is a modernized version of the M-20. It is a sloop rigged scow with a spinnaker. The boat was first built at Melges Boat Works, now Melges Performance Sailboats. The boat has two bilgeboards and two small rudders.
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The ship is long and has a beam of . Her draft is . Keeper-class ships, including Ida Lewis, use z-drives for propulsion instead of fixed propellers and rudders. The z-drives may be synchronized to point in the same direction when underway.
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Categories are C1 and C2, for both women and men. C1s must have a minimum weight and width of and , and a maximum length of . C2s must have a minimum weight and width of and , and a maximum length of . Rudders are prohibited.
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KC-390 project is an aspect worth mentioning. In a partnership with Embraer, the company invested around 35 million euros and created 180 jobs for the development and manufacture of central fuselage, right and left sponsons, as well as its in- depth rudders.
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Zhu Yu 朱彧 萍州可談 (Talks in Ping Zhou) In the Ming Dynasty, the boat operator's responsibility was more specialized: people separately managed anchors, masts, sails, rudders. Many ships also had specific men in charge of worshiping sea gods (sixiang).
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The Conte di Cavour class was provided with a complete double bottom and their hulls were subdivided by 23 longitudinal and transverse bulkheads. The ships had two rudders, both on the centerline. They had a crew of 31 officers and 969 enlisted men.Giorgerini, pp.
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Prior to the ship's departure for China, the RAN stripped Melbourne of all electronic equipments and weapons, and welded her rudders into a fixed position so that she could not be reactivated. Her steam catapult, arresting equipment and mirror landing system were not removed.
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The electric boat consists of hulls, axes, propellers and rudders, that takes in air from the sides creating a layer of air bubbles between it and the water. X Shore currently produces two configurations of the boat, the Eelex 8000 and the Eelex 6500.
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She displaced at normal load, and at deep load. Dante Alighieri had two rudders, one behind the other, and a crew of 31 officers and 950 enlisted men.Gardiner & Gray, p. 259 The ship was propelled by four propeller shafts driven by Parsons steam turbines.
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The Flying Phantom Essentiel is a racing sailboat, built predominantly of an epoxy/glass sandwich. It has a fractional sloop rig, with an aluminum mast. The hulls have reverse-raked stems, vertical transoms, transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller and retractable hydrofoils. It displaces .
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The Urutus tested by the Brazilian Marines were fitted with trim vanes, shrouded propellers, twin rudders, and four air intake tubes to negotiate open sea. Only 6 were ordered. The Brazilian Army accounted for the remainder of Engesa's initial order, purchasing over 200 Urutus.
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The large ears, apart from the usual function in echolocation, also provide directional assistance as rudders while flying. Nyctophilus major possess the ability to enter a lengthy period of semi-hibernation in the austral winter, a state of torpor lasting up to sixty days.
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The twin rudders mainly made of carbon fiber composite material were larger on Su-30MKK in comparison to that of the original Su-30MK, but contrary to what was once erroneously claimed by some western sources, Sukhoi Design Bureau revealed later that the increased space in the rudders were used for additional fuel tanks, instead of larger communication UHF antenna. The capacity of the fuel tanks in the wings is also increased. A twin nose landing gear of size 620 mm x 180 mm has replaced the single nose landing gear of size 680 mm x 260 mm used on Su-30MK to accommodate the increased weight.
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That on the north side shows a bend charged with four horseshoes (fer-de- cheval), being the canting arms of Ferrers, overlaid by three ship's rudders in bend sinister, the badge of the Willoughby family, inherited from Cheyne, as evidenced by an appearance on the earlier Cheyne tomb at Edington Priory in Wiltshire. Further rudders are shown in the field, one in base, one in sinister. That on the south side shows the arms of Willoughby de Broke, quartered as on the tomb of Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke (d.1502) at Callington, Cornwall, with some details omitted in the wood- carving.
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Zeppelin airship, model 4 Construction of LZ 4 was started in November 1907. The design closely followed that of LZ 3, but with increased diameter and length and having 17 gasbags. A central crew cabin was added in the middle of the keel, from which a ladder ran up through the envelope to an observation platform on top of the hull, intended for making star-sightings for navigational purposes. Initially, small rectangular rudders were fitted at either end of the hull: these proved inadequate to control the airship and were removed and replaced by single rudders mounted between the tips of the biplane horizontal stabilisers at the stern.
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From the age of discovery onwards, European ships with pintle-and- gudgeon rudders sailed successfully on all seven seas.Lawrence V. Mott, The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M; University, S.118f. Many historians' consensus considered the technology of stern-mounted rudder in Europe and Islamic World, which was introduced by travelers in the Middle Ages, was transferred from China. However, Lawrence Mott in his master thesis stated that the method of attachment for rudders in the Chinese and European worlds differed from each other, leading him to doubt the spread of the Chinese system of attachment Lawrence V. Mott, p.
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Miyazaki Airplane was an aircraft parts manufacturing company based in Japan during World War II.. The company owned a factory located in Kanuma, Tochigi, Japan,. that manufactured parts, including rudders, for the Mitsubishi A6M Zero. During the war, the firm relocated to Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.Osmond, Andrew 2008.
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When > their sails are spread they are like great clouds in the sky. Their rudders > are several tens of feet long. A single ship carries several hundred men, > and has in the stores a year's supply of grain. Pigs are fed and wine > fermented on board.
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There is a door on both sides of the cabin, and there is a baggage compartment behind the rear seats. The tailplane has twin fins at the ends of the dihedral stabiliser. The elevators and rudders are fabric-covered. The tricycle landing gear is hydraulically retractable.
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Mr. Ko is now president. Other organizations sharing Allied's property are Western Machine Works (providing hydraulic tow pin units for tug boats), and Coast Engineering Works, which builds and services marine propulsion shafts and rudders. Located on site, but not owned by Allied, is Osborne Propellers.
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Steering was provided by a stick controlling two air rudders aft of the propeller and propeller guard. Counting crew and passengers, the Aircat could carry payloads of up to . A .30 caliber (7.62 mm) M1919 machine gun was mounted on a pintle mount in the bow.
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The Solent was powered by twin 110 bhp Gardner 6LX diesel engines which gave the boat a top speed of . There were twin spade rudders installed which were coupled to Mathway manual steering gear which gave this class a much better manoeuvrability than earlier classes of lifeboats.
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The twin rudders were of all-metal construction. In addition to the cockpit, the engines, fuel tanks and oil coolers were fully armoured, with a total armour weight of 1,680 kg (3,705 lb), more than twice the weight of the armour shell on an Ilyushin Il-2.
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In a review, Richard Sherwood wrote, "Bill Lapworth designs boats with long waterlines, spade rudders, and moderate to light displacement. The result is a compromise between a cruiser and a racer." The Cal 2-25 was mostly sailed as a cruising sailboat and was not widely raced.
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The pilot operated a triangular elevator hinged to the tailing edge of the large tailplane, rhomboidal ailerons hinged from the trailing edges of the wingtips, and two triangular rudders above and below the tailplane. Delivered to Réné Demanest, the Antoinette V proved easy to fly and enjoyed some success.
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The ships carried of fuel oil which gave a range of at . Two semi-balanced rudders gave the ships a tactical turning diameter of at and at . The machinery spaces were longitudinally divided into eight compartments with alternating fire and engine rooms to ensure adequate isolation of machinery components.
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In addition, the rudders of the aircraft were painted the same colours in vertical stripes, with the blue vertical stripe of the tricolors forwardmost. Similar national cockades were designed and adopted for use as aircraft roundels by the air forces of other countries, including the U.S. Army Air Service.
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The Albemarle was a mid-wing, cantilever monoplane with twin fins and rudders. The fuselage was built in three sections; the structure being unstressed plywood over a steel tube frame.Flight 27 January 1944, p. 89 The forward section used stainless steel tubing to reduce interference with magnetic compasses.
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The Nacra 20 is a racing catamaran sailboat. All models have fractional sloop rigs with rotating masts, vertical transoms, transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller and retractable daggerboards. They are normally sailed by a crew of two and the design is equipped with two trapezes for balance.
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Competitors may enter the K1, K2, White Water, Touring or Touring Canadian (open canoes paddled by one or two paddlers using single blade paddles) Classes. Touring class kayaks may have rudders and this class includes all K3s, K4s and plastic kayaks. SUPs form part of the Touring Class.
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The Sea-craft of Prehistory. New York: Routledge. . Page 191. Chinese rudders are attached to the hull by means of wooden jaws or sockets, while typically larger ones were suspended from above by a rope tackle system so that they could be raised or lowered into the water.
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On 8 June 1966, XB-70A No. 2 was in close formation with four other aircraft (an F-4 Phantom, an F-5, a T-38 Talon, and an F-104 Starfighter) for a photoshoot at the behest of General Electric, manufacturer of the engines of all five aircraft. After the photoshoot, the F-104 drifted into the XB-70's right wing, flipped and rolled inverted over the top of the Valkyrie, before striking the bomber's vertical stabilizers and left wing. The F-104 then exploded, destroying the Valkyrie's rudders and damaging its left wing. With the loss of both rudders and damage to the wings, the Valkyrie entered an uncontrollable spin and crashed north of Barstow, California.
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The rear wing was similarly constructed but fixed in place. A long trailing edge flap could be raised, but not lowered, to steepen descents. The tips carried triangular endplate fins fitted with horn balanced rudders, spring centred and only opening outwards. These vertical tails were wooden structures with fabric covering.
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The Trac 14 is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with hard-coated aluminum spars. The mainsail has seven full sail battens. The dual hulls have spooned raked stems, plumb transoms, dual transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller, equipped with a hiking extension.
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The pilots' cabin was enclosed, with side by side dual control seating. The tail unit carried twin vertical endplate fins, slightly oval on a tailplane that had strong dihedral. The balanced rudders and elevators were metal structures with the only fabric covering used on the aircraft. The elevators carried trim tabs.
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The Flying Phantom Elite is a racing sailboat, built predominantly of a pre-preg carbon fibre and Nomex honeycomb sandwich. It has a fractional sloop rig with a carbon fibre mast. The hulls have reverse-raked stems, vertical transoms, transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller and retractable hydrofoils. It displaces .
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These carried water rudders for manoeuvring afloat. The Sprat was powered by a water-cooled 275 hp (210 kW) Rolls-Royce Falcon III engine with a nose radiator, driving a four-bladed wooden propeller. As on the Velos, the upper engine cowling dropped smoothly away from the upper wing leading edge.
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The tailplane joined the rearmost inner edges of the side wings, carrying the tailwheel at its centre, and a broad elevator hinged clear of the rest of the structure. Small fins mounted over the tailplane carried balanced rudders, their overall profile almost triangular. The fins were externally braced to the tailplane.
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Prior to taking up the Irish Sea service in 1986, Belard underwent an extensive refit. Vectwin rudders were fitted to give her the manoeuvrability required at Ardrossan. A directional Elliot White Gill Jet was fitted augmenting her single propeller. The vehicle lift to her upper freight deck was replaced with an internal ramp.
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Pryor refers to claims that stern rudders evolved by the Byzantines and Arabs as early as the 9th century, but refutes it due to lack of evidence. Anderson (1962), pp. 59–60; Pryor (1992), p. 61. It was also during the 15th century that large artillery pieces were first mounted on galleys.
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The fuselage cross section was based on the Heath Parasol design. The fuselage was constructed from welded steel tubing, with wooden wing spars from a J-3 Cub, the ailerons were made from 1929 Douglas O-38 rudders and the engine cheeks cowlings were made from Fairchild 24 wheelpants. The cockpit is enclosed.
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In 2004 she was refitted with two V-12 Electro-Motive Division (EMD)12-645F7B diesels rated at each. Coho has twin stainless propellers with twin rudders. Her overall length is with a service speed of . The ship's vehicle clearance is with a carrying capacity of 110 vehicles and up to 1,000 passengers.
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The Toucan design features a strut-braced high wing built from aluminum covered with aircraft fabric. The wing's leading edge is of "D" cell construction and has fiberglass wing tips. Flight controls are conventional three-axis with full-span flaperons and twin rudders. The fuselage is constructed from welded 4130 steel tube.
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The M Scow is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig with tapered or untapered aluminum or wooden spars. The hull is a reverse sheer scow design, with dual internally-mounted rudders controlled by a tiller and a dual retractable bilgeboards. It displaces .
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One of the steel wire control lines intended to control the ship parted, seriously injuring two crewmen in the process. The ship sustained damage to her rudders, screws, and controllable prop pitch systems. Harry W. Hill is unique for being the only Spruance-class destroyer to never carry the Tomahawk cruise missile.
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A wave coming from one side would tend to roll the Howell rather than deviate it. The roll was easily corrected by the rudders. Depth control was regulated by a pendulum as in the 'secret' pioneered by Robert Whitehead. The Howell was the first torpedo to use the gyroscope effect, which Howell patented.
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The B-2 was a large fabric-covered biplane aircraft. Its two engines sat in nacelles between the wings, flanking the fuselage. It had a twin set of rudders on a twin tail, a configuration which was becoming obsolete by that time. At the rear of each nacelle was a gunner position.
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In addition, the azimuthing propulsion units give the vessel superior maneuverability to traditional icebreakers with shaftlines and rudders. The vessel is also fitted with an air-bubbling system that reduces friction between the hull and ice.Kirov Group Will Supply Equipment for World's Largest Diesel-Electric Icebreaker. JSC Kirovsky Zavod, 13 May 2013.
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These in turn drive 5m diameter Lips CP propellers. This arrangement gives a service speed of 25 knots at 85% MCR. Stability is afforded by a pair of ACH fin stabilizers controlled by a digital Pinfabb Stabilizers System. Steering is carried out by twin Becker flap rudders, controlled by Porsgrunn steering gear.
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The Nacra 5.2 is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with a rotating mast, anodized aluminum spars and nine full mainsail sail battens. The symmetrical hulls have plumb stems, reverse transoms, transom-hung fiberglass rudders controlled by a tiller and retractable fiberglass daggerboards. The boat displaces .
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Such a rotation could be caused by an abduction of the thighbone, meaning that the legs would be spread. This would also turn the feet into a vertical position. They then could act as rudders to control yaw. Some specimens show membranes between the toes, allowing them to function as flight control surfaces.
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Peter Russell. Prince Henry 'the Navigator': A Life. (Yale University Press, United States: 2001)p. 227 Atlantic sailors tended to utilize a stouter, heavier Baltic cog, lapstrake, planked cargo ship with a single square sail that had axial stern rudders that was meant to help in the stormy waters they were accustomed to.
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The SQ2000 features a cantilever mid-wing with tip rudders and a canard, a four-seat enclosed cabin accessed via doors, fixed or optionally retractable tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration. The aircraft is made from composites. Its span wing has a wing area of . The cabin width is .
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It is steered using double quarter rudders. Under favorable conditions, they may reach 9-10 knots (16.7-18.5 km/h) in speed. A vessel with 30 ft waterline could carry nearly 400 pikul (22.7-25 tons). In 1920-1930's palari, the crew sleep in narrow shelf hung by rope under the deck.
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Its span wing, mounted wing-tip rudders and had a wing area of . The cabin width was . The design power range was and the standard engine used was the Subaru EA82 automotive-conversion powerplant. The aircraft had a typical empty weight of and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of .
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Maritime Southeast Asia to 1500. M.E. Sharpe. The vessel was similarly pointed at both ends, and carried two oar- like rudders and lateen-rigged sails (actually tanja sail),Tanja sails, in the early European reports, are called lateen sail. Also, this type of sail may looked like triangular sail when sighted from afar.
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In a Mediterranean context, side-rudders are more specifically called quarter-rudders as the later term designates more exactly the place where the rudder was mounted. Stern-mounted rudders are uniformly suspended at the back of the ship in a central position.William F. Edgerton: “Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear”, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 255-265R. O. Faulkner: Egyptian Seagoing Ships, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 26. (1941), pp. 3-9 Although some classify a steering oar as a rudder, others argue that the steering oar used in ancient Egypt and Rome was not a true rudder and define only the stern-mounted rudder used in ancient Han dynasty China as a true rudder. The steering oar has the capacity to interfere with handling of the sails (limiting any potential for long ocean- going voyages) while it was fit more for small vessels on narrow, rapid-water transport; the rudder did not disturb the handling of the sails, took less energy to operate by its helmsman, was better fit for larger vessels on ocean- going travel, and first appeared in ancient China during the 1st century AD.Tom, K.S. (1989).
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The Walrus-class submarines are unusual in that instead of a cross-shaped assembly of stern diving planes and rudders, they mount four combined rudders and diving planes in an "X" configuration. This tail configuration was first tested in 1960 on the United States Navy's , and has since been used by the Walrus class, all Swedish Navy submarines since the , the Royal Australian Navy's , the German Navy Type 212A and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force's . The X configuration is a complex system and therefore not implemented by many other navies around the world. The submarines of the Walrus-class are invisible when submerged, silent and therefore difficult to detect by ships, planes and other submarines once they go into hiding.
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The arms are derived from matters with which Ware is associated — the barge rudders reference the bargemen of Ware, with the red and white striping on the rudders being the livery colours of the City of London, associating the Ware bargemen's free entry rights to that City (q.v.); the crossed coach horns reference the town's long history as a coaching town; and the sheaves of barley reference the malting history of Ware. The motto of the town, "cave" (Latin for "beware") was suggested by the College of Heralds, with the intent of its being a pun on the town's name. With the River Lea flowing through the centre of Ware, transport by water was for many years a significant industry.
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Higham 1961, p. 44 The design of the control surfaces, based on a design by Short Brothers and adopted after experiments by the National Physical Laboratory, consisted of quadruple rudders and triple elevators attached to the trailing edges of the cruciform tail surfaces, supplemented by forward mounted triplane elevators and small triple rudders behind the aft gondola. The two gondolas were constructed of mahogany using the Consuta process to make them watertight so that the craft could be operated off water.Robinson 193, p Each contained a Wolseley 160 hp water- cooled V-8 piston engine, that in the front gondola drove a pair of 11 ft 10 in (3.61 m) diameter four-bladed propellers mounted on outriggers and geared to rotate at half engine speed.
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The Storch V had a straight edged wing with about 17° of sweep on the leading edge and with only slight taper and dihedral. It was built around a plywood skinned D-box leading edge spar and a second spar near mid-chord and was fabric covered. Broad, lobate ailerons were hinged at right angles to the line of flight, protruding beyond the trailing edges and carrying small trim tabs not fitted to the Storch IV. Broad, low endplate fins and rudders of about equal area, cambered on their inner surfaces provided directional stability and control. Their profiles were lower and simpler than those on the Storch IV. The rudders could work together for steering and in opposition for braking.
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Madura, 1601. Notice the 'balai' (raised fighting platform), three forward facing cetbang, and at least one cetbang located near the aft of the ship. Lancaran is swift, local ship propelled by oars and sails with two quarter rudders, one on either side of the stern. Lancarans were taller than galley but equalled them in length.
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The Tartan 33 line are all small recreational keelboats, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. They have internally-mounted spade-type rudders and fixed keels. All models have a length overall of , a waterline length of , displace and carry of ballast. The boats were all factory-fitted with a Universal 5242 diesel engine of .
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This configuration, which can be stable without a horizontal tailplane and a conventional vertical rudder, is now a standard in later stealth unmanned aerial vehicles such as the X-45 and X-47, tailless aircraft which use drag rudders (asymmetrically-used wingtip airbrakes) for rudder control. The aircraft was made public on October 18, 2002.
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The dagger board is molded glass 44" x 15" wide, handle cutout and integral trunk-stop. The dagger board trunk is molded to the hull/deck. The barn door style rudder is like Finn. Early rudders had a tang mounted to the forward edge that prevented the rudder from detaching should the boat capsize.
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Like other ichthyosaurs, Temnodontosaurus was a fast cruiser or swimmer. Jurassic ichthyosaurs such as Temnodontosaurus swam via the lateral oscillation of their caudal fluke on a flexible tail stock. T. trigonodon had a highly flexible, long, thin body with a high vertebral count and modest regional differentiation. It used its large limbs as rudders.
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These rudders made Icarus I much more maneuverable than other hang gliders. Pitch was controlled by the pilot shifting his body weight fore and aft. The pilot flew in a reclining position, rather than the prone position used by other hang gliders. Icarus I is now at the Smithsonian Institution awaiting restoration and display.
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Icarus V had hanging winglet rudders and was flown in a reclining position. Many Icarus Vs were built from plans sold by Kiceniuk and it was also commercially produced by Free-Flight Systems, Inc. of Sylmar, California. The Icarus series, especially Icarus V, were instrumental in the development of the modern 'rigid wing' hang glider.
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The outer wing panels fold or can be removed, the fuselage cage is detachable and the tip rudders are quickly removed. The A-10 can be transported on a small trailer, in a pickup truck or in and on top of a station wagon. Construction time for the supplied plans is estimated at 500 hours.
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The compartment under the trailing edge of the wing contained a luggage store, accessed via a watertight hatch. Its ply-covered tailplane, mounted above the fuselage on a short pylon, was in-flight adjustable. Twin ply-covered, ground-adjustable fins were externally braced to it. Both elevator and rudders were balanced and fabric covered.
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Roberts, pp. 68–69 An additional solution was to fit twin balanced rudders behind each inner shaft, in contrast to the single central rudder used on earlier ships. This greatly increased the effectiveness of the rudder and substantially decreased the turning circle of the Invincibles in comparison to earlier ships of their size.Roberts, pp.
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The deck above the steering gear and rudders was thick. The thickness of the armored deck ranged from on the flat and on the slope. The sides of the conning tower were 100 millimeters thick while its roof was thick. The main gun turrets had of armor on all sides and on the roof.
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For example, aircraft may use triple modular redundancy for flight computers and control surfaces (including occasionally different modes of operation e.g. electrical/mechanical/hydraulic) as these need to always be operational, due to the fact that there are no "safe" default positions for control surfaces such as rudders or ailerons when the aircraft is flying.
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241 She was built of green timber, caulked with cotton and leaked like a sieve. Despite her three rudders, her stern wheel made her difficult to steer.Still, pp. 148–149 The casemate had eight gun ports, two in the bow face and three on each side, although only three guns were mounted in the ship.
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The front of the submarine would tend to dive first, hitting the bottom, so that the submarine would glide forward. Pumps were installed to compensate for the tilt, but proved too slow to be effective. The installation of longitudinal rudders would have improved stability as later demonstrated by the Gymnote and Gustave Zédé submarines.
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It was discovered in Guangzhou in an archaeological excavation carried out by the Guangdong Provincial Museum and Academia Sinica of Taiwan in 1958. Within decades, several other Han Dynasty ship models featuring rudders were found in archaeological excavations.Deng, Gang. (1997). Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 B.C.-1900 A.D. Westport: Greenwood Press. .
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The XM-1 in its "D" configuration with the single central fin and rudder ;XM-1-A :Initial configuration with wing tip fins and rudders. ;XM-1-B :with minor improvements over the XM-1-A ;XM-1-C :Modified with a central fin only. ;XM-1D :Final configuration with a central fin and rudder.
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The Gs.I had a twin finned, strutted biplane tail. The lower, rectangular plan tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage with rectangular fins at its tips supporting a wider span upper tailplane with slightly angled tips. The elevators were also rectangular but the rudders were cut away at the top for elevator movement.
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The British Air Ministry placed an order for two Seamews in 1925, to meet Specification 29/24.London 2003, pp. 92, 94. The Seamew featured a wooden hull and two bay folding biplane wings with mainplanes utilizing a wood and metal composite construction with fabric covering and braced tail unit with twin fins and rudders.
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These vessels are capable of employing their weapons systems in conditions up to Sea State 5. The hull and superstructure are constructed primarily of steel, with some aluminium-magnesium being used in the upper superstructure. They are equipped with fin stabilizers and twin rudders, and can use either gas turbines or diesel for propulsion in a CODOG configuration.
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The ship had five submerged 14-inch-diameter torpedo tubes, and carried 18 Mark II torpedoes. With a range of just 600 yards, these had a 26-pound guncotton charge and a speed of 18 knots, only marginally faster than Polyphemus. HMS Polyphemus ram and bow rudders. A torpedo tube ran down the centre of the ram.
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Essers moved to Berlin where she worked in the aerodynamics department of the Aviation Research Institute. While there Essers discovered how the balance on flaps and rudders affected wing vibrations. She was the first woman awarded a doctorate in mechanical engineering there for her research in 1929. Essers married Ernst Essers in 1929 and had four children after 1930.
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The First 260 Spirit is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a plumb stem, a reverse transom, dual transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller and a centreboard. It displaces and carries of ballast. The boat has a draft of with the centreboard extended and with it retracted.
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The Hobie Fox was designed by Hobie Cat Europe to meet the Formula 20 racing class rules. The hull shape was designed by world champion A-Class sailor Nils Bunkenberg. It is a modern wave-piercing hull. It has a double trapeze, asymmetrical spinnaker with snuffer retrieval system, high performance daggerboards, race rudders, and sails designed by Giorgio Zuccoli.
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400, footnote 1 The device of a Rudder in stained glass windows was recorded by John Leland (1503–1552) when he visited Brook. It survives today in Edington Church, and Aubrey noted the presence in a chapel south of the chancel in Westbury Church "in one window some rudders of ships or".Aubrey, ed. Jackson, pp.
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Stena Britannica has four main MAN diesel engines, producing between them , and providing for a maximum speed of . Two of the engines are rated at and the other two at . The engines are connected via two gearboxes to two controllable pitch propellers. The two rudders, one behind each propeller, are of the Becker flap type with twisted leading edges.
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The Hobie Wave is a recreational sailboat, with its hulls made from rotomolded polyethylene and an aluminum mast. It has a catboat single sail rig, or, optionally a fractional sloop rig. The mainsail is fully battened and does not employ a boom. It has plumb stems, reverse transoms, transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller and no keel.
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Behind the seats is a separate baggage space, accessed externally from either side through its own doors. The short rear fuselage carries a broad tailplane with octagonal endplate fins that have rudders mounted on them. The first prototype had another central, ventral underfin with its own rudder. A ballistic parachute is installed in the tail cone.
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The uropods allow the shrimp to swim backward, and function like rudders, steering the shrimp when it swims forward. Together, the telson and uropods form a splayed tail fan. If a shrimp is alarmed, it can flex its tail fan in a rapid movement. This results in a backward dart called the caridoid escape reaction (lobstering).
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Aloha 27 The Aloha 27 series are all small recreational keelboats, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. They all have fractional sloop rigs, internally- mounted spade-type rudders and fixed fin keels. They are fitted with a tiller, although a wheel was a factory option. They all displace and carry of ballast encapsulated inside a fibreglass keel.
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The supersonic flight regime is of primary interest during the boost phase of a flight, and the subsonic mode when gliding. There are separate upper and lower rudders, and elevons. These are controlled using aviation-style stick and pedals. In supersonic mode the trim tabs are controlled electrically, whereas the subsonic mode uses mechanical cable-and-rod linkage.
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Iranian personnel prepare a Mohajer-2 for launch. The Mohajer-2 has a bullet-shaped fuselage, mid-mounted, untapered wings, twin tailbooms, twin rudders, belly skids, and a horizontal tail. The belly skids are non-retractable, but can compress on landing to reduce shock. Apart from the skids, it is essentially a refinement of the Mohajer-1 design.
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In 1906 the Wright brothers obtained a patent not for the invention of an airplane (which had existed for a number of decades in the form of gliders) but for the invention of a system of aerodynamic control that manipulated a flying machine's surfaces, including lateral flight control, although rudders, elevators and ailerons had previously been invented.
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Rudders were fitted on the stern by 1200 rather than the quarters as previously. In 1416 the king's ship "Anne" had two masts while the "Edward" was built in 1466 with three. Topsails were added by 1460, then a spritsail under a bowsprit. By 1510 a large warship had 12 sails but usually there were four.
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At the rear the booms were linked by a rectangular tailplane carrying a single elevator. The booms mounted small fins with deep, balanced rudders. The Sch-10M appeared at the Paris Aero Show in December 1924 and flew for the first time in March 1925; only one was built. There are few contemporary reports on it after the Show.
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Beneteau Yachts joined forces in 2010 with ASA in creating a small keelboat specifically designed for teaching. The ASA 22 is the product of Beneteau design and engineering combined with ASA’s deep knowledge of efficient and safe teaching. It has an extended cockpit for group learning sessions and is equipped with roller furling, self-tailing winches and twin rudders.
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As with all the K-class and Manly ferries built at the time, they were double ended ferries with wheelhouses, propellers and rudders at both ends. The two ferries were among the largest and highest-capacity inner-harbour ferries operated on Sydney Harbour with only the Manly ferries and 1922's Kuttabul and Koompartoo being significantly larger.
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Access was via side doors. Its tail included a constant chord tailplane, mounted above the fuselage, which carried twin fins inboard of its rounded tips. In the early stages of this much modified airframe, the fins carried rudders as a precaution but experience of direct control allowed their removal. The PA-22 had a split axle, fixed tailwheel undercarriage.
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Letov Š.50.1, prototype, autumn 1938 The Š-50 was an all-metal twin-engined low mid-wing monoplane that first flew in 1938. It was powered by two 420 hp (313 kW) Avia Rk.17 radial engines. It had a fixed landing gear and twin fins and rudders. Following the German occupation, development was stopped.
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The rudders and daggerboards are made from pre-preg carbon fibre. The spinnaker is made from nylon. ;Nacra F20 Carbon FCS (Flight Control System) :This sailing hydrofoil model commenced production in 2014. It shares most of its parts with the Nacra F20 Carbon, including hulls built predominantly from a carbon fibre foam sandwich with epoxy resin.
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Rudders are typically retractable for beach landings. Skegs are typically retractable straight blades that drop from a well in the stern of the boat. Both devices assist in paddling when a strong wind or waves are coming from a direction other than directly in front. Some Skegs may be more effective at countering pitch, roll and yaw.
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The Arbalète II's cockpit was large enough to hold three. The mid- span fins were different, slightly straight tapered, mounted on the trailing edge and extending below it. Below the rudders they carried airbrakes. The slight sweep on the centre wing section trailing edge has led to a description of the wing plan as "crescent" rather than delta.
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The barge dug in, and caused the Keno to swing in the river which brought her stern in contact with the far bank. The consequent impact smashed the Keno paddlewheel and broke off her rudders. Again she was repaired and re-entered service. SS Keno continued to operate in commercial service within the Yukon watershed for almost 30 years.
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Developed in the mid-1940s, the MH.52 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with twin fins and rudders and a fixed tricycle landing gear. It had a cockpit with side-by-side seating for the pilot and trainee or passenger. The canopy was framed with forward-opening transparent sliding doors. The prototype first flew on 21 August 1945.
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Full span flaperons provide roll control. The vertical surfaces are made in a similar way and extend both above and below the wing, incorporating rudders for yaw control. The canard fore wing is again similarly made but is unswept; it has constant chord with rounded tips and has no dihedral or washout. It carries slotted elevators for pitch control.
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These booms, one > gathers, will later be replaced by steel tubes in order to provide a more > rigid structure. The undivided elevator is hinged to the trailing edge of a > fixed, non-lifting, stabilising plane, under the ends of which are mounted > the twin rudders. Two small metal floats support the tail planes when the > machine is at rest.
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The Pluton-class ships had an overall length of and a length between perpendiculars of . They had a beam of , and a draft of . The ships displaced at normal load and at deep load. Pluton and Cerbère were given rudders at bow and stern for the precision maneuvering deemed by the navy to be necessary for their mission.
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The Columbia 24 series are all recreational keelboats, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. They all have masthead sloop rigs, spooned raked stems, raised transoms, keel- mounted rudders controlled by a tiller and fixed fin keels. The keel is a truncated long keel design. The boat is fitted with an inboard engine for docking and maneuvering.
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It was similar to the first machine, but had metal ribbed wings of NACA M.12 section; a flat sided fuselage near the wing roots to avoid the need for filleting and water rudders on the floats. It was powered by a Cirrus III engine until August 1930, when it was replaced with a de Havilland Gipsy II.
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Its span wing cable bracing from a single kingpost. The wing incorporates downwards pointing wing tip rudders and a trailing edge that was defined only by the sailcloth edge. This latter feature caused a number of fatal accidents due to sailcloth UV deterioration. Heavier weight sailcloth was substituted and finally a steel cable was used at the trailing edge.
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The biplane featured a steel tube fuselage, and aluminum covered wings. The fuselage was fabric covered only to behind the cockpit, leaving the rest of the tail structure exposed, preventing dust buildup in the tail. The aircraft had twin rudders mounted outboard of the spray trail. Each of these were all-moving with anti-servo tabs.
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The Model 201 is a high-wing twin engine fixed tricycle gear aircraft with twin rudders. The aircraft was designed by Avia Ltd of Moscow, Russia as the Avia Accord 201. The aircraft was produced in the Sokol plant at Nizhny Novgorod. The aircraft features rear clamshell doors that can be removed, and has flown with an outrigger floats.
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A diameter rotor was attached, along with a tail fairing and fins, but no rudders. Two men were required to pilot the aircraft: one to drive it as an automobile, and one to pilot it in the air using a control column. Initially it was named the "Blitz Buggy", but that was soon dropped for the "Rotabuggy".
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Its compact single-surface span wing is supported by cables attached to a simple tube kingpost. The pilot is accommodated on a suspended sling seat. The control system is two-axis with pitch controlled by a canard elevator attached to the side-stick. Roll and yaw are controlled by wing tip rudders also controlled by the side-stick.
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Montanas machinery arrangement combined with increased power would eventually be used on the . The Montanas were designed to carry of fuel oil and had a nominal range of at . Two semi-balanced rudders were placed behind the two inboard screws. The inboard shafts were housed in skegs, which while increasing hydrodynamic drag, substantially strengthened the stern structure.
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Development of the Me 163 HWK 109-509A engine Position of the Walter HWK 109-509A-1 rocket motor Work on the design started around 1937 under the aegis of the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS)—the German Institute for the study of sailplane flight. Their first design was a conversion of the earlier Lippisch Delta IV known as the DFS 39 and used purely as a glider testbed of the airframe. A larger follow-on version with a small propeller engine started as the DFS 194. This version used wingtip-mounted rudders, which Lippisch felt would cause problems at high speed. Lippisch changed the system of vertical stabilization for the DFS 194's airframe from the earlier DFS 39's wingtip rudders, to a conventional vertical stabilizer at the rear of the aircraft.
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They also had very similar tails, with slightly sloped, straight-edged fins and nearly quadrantal rudders. Narrow, parallel chord tailplanes were mounted just above the fuselage and braced from below by a single strut on each side. The elevators were tapered and rounded toward the tips. One difference was a small elevator trim tab added on the starboard side on the R-17b.
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240 to ca. 305 AD. In 1178, the Guangzhou customs officer Zhou Qufei, wrote in Lingwai Daida about the ships of the Southern country: > The ships which sail the southern sea and south of it are like giant houses. > When their sails are spread they are like great clouds in the sky. Their > rudders are several tens of feet long.
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The fuel tank holds and the fresh water tank has a capacity of . ;Oceanis 331 :This model has a length overall of , a waterline length of , displaces and carries of ballast. The boat has a draft of with the standard fin and weighted bulb keel and with the optional shoal draft bulb keel. A lifting keel with twin rudders was also offered.
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The rectangular tail-plane and elevator was on top of them, with oval vertical tails acting as end-plates; the fins had ply covered wooden frames and the rudders had fabric covered steel frames. Its tricycle gear was fixed, all units with bungee cord shock absorbers. Both legs and wheels were enclosed in streamlined fairings. The nosewheel was steerable via the rudder pedals.
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The C&C; 40 series are all small recreational keelboats, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. They all have masthead sloop rigs and internally-mounted spade-type rudders. The C&C; 40 Crusader and 40-1 were related designs, although there were many variations produced on the basic designs. The 40-2 and its variants are a completely different design.
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The tanks were emptied in the wrong sequence for Valiants weight distribution, which was exacerbated by her full munitions load. As a result, the drydock was over-stressed at its ends, broke its back and sank. Valiants two inner screws were jammed as well as one of her rudders. Valiant had remained in steam and was able to avoid worse damage or sinking.
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Stability was increased with the addition of a conventional tail unit, including conventional elevators and a rudder for control. Because they were no longer needed the F.L.A.C.'s wing tip rudders were deleted. The landing gear is of tricycle configuration and features a steerable nosewheel. The engine is mounted above the wing, with the propeller above and in front of the windshield.
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The broad chord, roughly rectangular, warping tailplane was mounted a little below the upper girder member. Above it, a pair of rectangular rudders were separated by one third of the tailplane span. The Type B first flew on 28 January 1911. The European Circuit competition which started in June 1911 involved flights between towns in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and England.
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Designed for attacking both other submarines and surface ships with torpedoes, the submarine uses a modern teardrop-shape hull for underwater performance. The hull incorporates four rudders and is propelled by a single propeller. The engine is imported from Germany. For quieter operation, the engine was mounted with shock absorbers and the hull is plated in rubber tiles for sound deadening.
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There were three vertical cross braces on each girder but the only lateral inter-girder cross-members were near the tail, though there was wire bracing. The broad chord, roughly rectangular, warping tailplane was mounted a little below the upper girder member. Above it, a pair of blunt cornered, rectangular rudders were separated by about one third of the tailplane span.
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The ship was built by Gourlay Brothers in Dundee for the Great Eastern Railway and launched on 25 April 1900. She was launched by Miss Janie Lyon. She was built of steel and equipped with a double-ended hull, with two rudders adapted for steaming with equal facility astern or ahead. She was used on local services and coastal excursions.
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MV Pioneer resembled the three ferries, , and , (commonly known as 'the three streakers') which had been introduced on the Clyde. The passenger accommodation was forward and the open car deck aft. She sported two funnels amidships and her mainmast was a gantry right at the stern. She was fitted with twin controllable pitch propellers, twin rudders, stabilisers and bow thrusters.
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There are wing tip fins and outward opening rudders which extend a little below the wing. The short fuselage is flat sided, mostly occupied by a long canopy over the single seat cockpit. The engine, a Volkswagen 1.2 litre air- cooled flat-four, is in the rear in pusher configuration. The P.40 has a low, fixed, faired bicycle undercarriage.
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At the bow and stern of the boat the chain was led along a boom that projected well beyond the end of the deck. This prevented the chain from hitting the long rudders. The booms were movable and could be swung sideways using a hand crank. The boat could thereby be oriented at an angle to the direction of the chain.
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The empennages of the S.55 and S.63 were similar, though the latter had two vertical tails rather than three. These were wire-braced and, including balanced rudders, quadrantal in profile, with one attached to each girder. A rectangular tailplane, mounted at a high incidence, linked the girders and projected beyond them. It carried a semi-elliptical, balanced elevator.
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The Type E used the same long triangular fixed tail surfaces as the Mercury. The fixed surfaces were fabric-covered over a steel frame with ash trailing edges. The tailplane carried a single wide elevator of almost semicircular shape, and the fin carried two small triangular rudders, one above and one below the fuselage. Both were wide chord and triangular in shape.
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Piaggio designed the P.23R specifically to break speed records for commercial transport aircraft. It was a three-engine low-wing cantilever monoplane with twin tail fins and rudders. The three 671-kilowatt (900-horsepower) Isotta Fraschini Asso ("Ace") XI R V-12 engines were mounted in aerodynamically clean, sleek cowlings and each drove a three-bladed propeller. The fuselage was pencil-shaped.
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The ships had nineteen watertight compartments, with the exception of Nassau, which only had sixteen. All four ships had a double bottom for eighty-eight percent of the keel. Steering was controlled by a pair of rudders mounted side-by-side. The ships carried a number of boats, including a picket boat, 3 admiral's barges, 2 launches, 2 cutters, and 2 dinghies.
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The DC‐14 Phantom is a recreational sailboat, with its hulls built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with a rotating mast. The hulls have raked stems, vertical transoms, dual transom-hung, kick- up rudders controlled by a tiller and retractable daggerboards. The boat displaces and has a central trampoline, stretched over a frame that mounts the hulls.
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The transmission served to link the engine and lift fan so that the fan could provide lift and thrust. Twin rudders and elevators sat behind the fans. As a hovercraft, the PACV could skim over water, including shallow and reed-choked waters, flat land, and ice. The PACV/ACV was very fast compared to contemporary watercraft, being capable of speeds up to .
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Designed in 1915 by Lieutenant Linton Hope,Bruce 1957, p.3. the aircraft was of conventional biplane flying-boat configuration, and also featured a biplane tail with twin rudders. The pilot and observer sat in tandem in the nose, with the engine and pusher propeller mounted behind them, between the wings. The wings could be folded forwards to facilitate shipboard stowage.
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The broad chord, roughly rectangular, warping tailplane was mounted a little below the upper girder member. Above it, a pair of rectangular rudders were separated by about one third of the tailplane span. Two Type Cs were built and delivered to the military in November 1911. In July 1912 they were modified into sesquiplanes to ease their accommodation in field tents.
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Compared with the previous Murakumo class, the Shirakumo class was significantly larger in displacement with a somewhat more powerful engine. The main difference externally between the vessels was in the design of their rudders. With the previous class, the rudder was semi-balanced, and had a portion exposed above the waterline. This made the vessel vulnerable to disablement by stray gunfire.
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The 13-sided mainframes were apart, and were made up of diamond-shaped trusses connected by 13 main and 12 secondary longitudinal girders and a trapezoidal keel. There were two secondary ring frames between each pair of mainframes. The forward- mounted control car was directly attached to the hull. The cruciform tail surfaces were unbraced cantilevers and carried aerodynamically balanced elevators and rudders.
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In addition, they were interconnected at mid-fuselage by a pair of vertical and diagonal struts. Immediately ahead of the tail the fuselage was fabric covered, though not elsewhere. Both variants had triangular tailplanes mounted on the upper frame with elevators which were rectangular in plan apart from a cut-out for rudder movement. Their little, triangular fins carried rather angular, quadrilateral rudders.
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Moondance suffered damage to her rudders and rudder stocks. An underlying cause of the accident was insufficient manning of the bridge and engine room and lax operating procedures on board Moondance. Moondance returned to service on 16 October 2008 running between Heysham and Warrenpoint. With the arrival of , Moondance was redeployed to the newly opened Fredericia, Denmark to Moss Norway route.
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They displaced at deep load. Based on hydrodynamic research conducted for the s, the Shōkaku class received a bulbous bow and twin rudders, both of which were positioned on the centerline abaft the propellers. Their crew consisted of 1,660 men: 75 commissioned officers, 56 special duty officers, 71 warrant officers and 1,458 petty officers and crewmen, excluding the air group.
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The Be-6 was a gull-winged aircraft with twin oval vertical stabilizers on top of a deep fuselage. The aircraft was of all-metal construction except for fabric covering the rudders and ailerons. The fuselage was divided into eight watertight compartments to improve survivability. The engines were installed in the bends of the wings, with the floats on an underwing cantilever rack.
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The Ibis is a single engine pusher canard, with swept mainplanes carrying swept endplate fins and rudders. These rear wings have constant chord, so all the plywood ribs are identical for ease of construction, and are built around a constant cross section box spar. They are then filled with styrodur foam before the plywood skin is applied. There is no dihedral or washout.
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He deliberately underestimated the project's cost in order to gain approval for the ship's design and construction.James (2007), p. 65 The ship's design incorporated a number of unusual features. Crusader had a shallow draft to allow her to operate close to the shore, as well as four rudders and six engines driving six propellers to give her a high degree of manoeuvrability.
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Ballard, pp. 197–98 Provision for the hoisting frames and twin rudders forced a very unusual shape to the stern, which unintentionally greatly increased drag.Brown, location 969 The other issue was that the shallowness of her draught made her very unhandy under sail, and she was described as "drifting to leeward in a wind like a tea tray".Parkes, p.
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The boat was designed to operate underwater with a small positive buoyancy, so that without power and rudders driving it downwards it would tend to float to the surface. There were three ballast tanks, one in the centre and one either end. water could be ejected either using compressed air or electrical pumps. Continuous adjustment was needed during a dive.
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Keeper-class ships, including Anthony Petit, use z-drives for propulsion instead of fixed propellers and rudders. The z-drives may be synchronized to point in the same direction when underway. The ship is steered by changing the direction of the thrust. For fine maneuvering or station keeping while working on a buoy, the two z-drives may be pointed in different directions.
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The control system is three-axis, with the canard for pitch, twin rudders for yaw and spoilers for roll control. The XTC is very aerodynamically clean and produces a 14:1 glide ratio. Strongly built, the aircraft is rated for +8/-8g. The standard engine supplied was the twin- cylinder, two-stroke, single ignition, horizontally opposed KFM 107 aircraft engine of .
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The Nacra F18 Infusion is a racing sailboat, built predominantly of epoxy resin and vinylester fibreglass over a foam core. It has a fractional sloop rig with aluminum spars. The hulls have vertical transoms, transom-hung carbon fibre rudders controlled by a tiller and dual retractable carbon fibre daggerboards. It displaces , uses twin crew trapezes and flies an asymmetrical nylon spinnaker of .
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The Cagnet was a two-seat pusher propeller aircraft. The side-by-side seating was in an open cockpit just ahead of the strut-mounted inline engine. The low cantilever wings featured a gull shape, with twin booms mounted, one at each wing's bend point. A horizontal stabilizer and elevator ran between twin fins with rudders, one at the end of each boom.
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The 5.9 is designed to give Tornado-like performance coupled with smooth predictable handling. In many conditions the 5.9 will actually outpace the classic Tornado. The boat is equipped with kick up rudders and centreboards which ride up on impact, reducing risk of damage. The PET film main sail gives long life and low maintenance with less frequent need for replacement.
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2005 Bellevue,WA Regatta, Gary King's Tiger Sun in the starting dock. Scale model tug boats are often built to include scale drive systems. They use standard propellers and rudder(s), Becker rudders, Kort nozzles, steerable kort nozzles, Z-drives or Voith-Schneider cycloidial drives. Clubs will often host maneuvering competitions where participants are tasked to run their boats in the most realistic manner possible.
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Behind them, under the same glazing, sat the engineer and the radio operator. Further aft, at the wing trailing edge, was a dorsal gunner's turret. All crew positions were joined by a corridor. The Latécoère 550 had its tailplane mounted on top of the fuselage, strut braced from below and bearing twin inboard fins and rudders separately braced to the top of the fuselage.
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She was lengthened by 36 feet forward of the superstructure, and her passenger accommodation was raised to increase headroom in the car deck. Twin rudders and a new 4-ton bow-thrust unit were added, and her machinery was converted to be fully bridge controlled. She emerged in the new CalMac livery, but unfortunately was not re-engined, which was ultimately to lead to her premature downfall.
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Hebrides had several innovations, stabilisers and a bow-thrust propeller to assist with berthing. She was though, like her sisters not fitted with twin rudders aft of the screws, making the vessel slow to respond to the helm. Her car deck could take 50 cars. Hydraulic lifts and side-ramps allowed vehicles to drive on and off conventional piers at any state of tide.
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Kostas (2001) By the time of the Battle of the Sea Peoples, the Egyptians had become experts in constructing ships. Their ships had a single mast with a horizontal square sail on it. One bow was usually decorated with a human skull being crushed by a lion’s head.Cottrell (1968) These ships often had two rudder oars, since built in rudders were not invented at the time.
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The company had 135 employees as of April 2016 and is the largest manufacturer in Vashon, Washington. It is locally referred to as "The Bone Factory." PRL has capabilities in (R&D;) prototypes, short run production, and rapid prototyping. It is the manufacturer for Seaglider fairings, wings and rudders; Seaglider is an underwater glider autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) developed by the University of Washington.
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The chord of the outer bay of each wing was extended aft to form flexible extensions to effect lateral control: between the tips of these extensions, four balanced rudders were pivoted. The undercarriage consisted of a pair of ash skids extending forward, almost as far as the elevators. No wheels were fitted, as it was intended to use a launching rail for takeoff.Barnes 1967, p.
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Its span, single-surface wing employs a special Kasper-designed airfoil that allows both normal flight and a fully controlled, completely stalled parachutal descent mode. The wing is cable- braced from a single kingpost.The pilot is accommodated in a nylon-web swing seat. The controls are unconventional, with pitch controlled by weight shift and roll and yaw controlled by canted-outwards wing tip rudders.
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Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. p. 586. . The effect was discovered by the German shipbuilding company Lürssen Werft based in Bremen- Vegesack. The Lürssen effect is best remembered for its use during the Second World War in the various classes German "Schnellboot," or fast torpedo attack boats. The effect was noticed at speeds above 25 knots, by swinging the "effect" rudders outboard by 30°.
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The C&C; 38 series are all a small recreational keelboats, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. They all have masthead sloop rigs and internally-mounted spade-type rudders. The series includes three designs, the C&C; 38 (subsequently called the 38-1 to differentiate it from the later models), the 38-2 and the 38-3. The latter boat was an entirely new design.
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A rear- facing glazed enclosure over the wing trailing edge held the rear gunner/radio operator. A transverse metal structure within the fuselage connected it to the two pairs of wing struts. There was another metal frame aft for mounting the empennage, a braced wooden structure mounted on top of the fuselage. The tailplane had significant dihedral and carried twin oval fins and rudders.
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The Harkness family were the silent partner of John D. Rockefeller. Isherwood was created a Baronet, of Raggleswood, in the 1921 Birthday Honours in recognition of his invention of the Isherwood System. The name of his baronetcy was taken from his country home, Raggleswood, in Chistlehurst, Kent. The Isherwood Armorial at Raggleswood is recorded as Argent, a fesse dancettee azure, between three rudders proper.
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Rolls-Royce will supply the USCG OPC fleet's controllable pitch propellers (CPP), shaft lines and Promas rudders, which offer increased propulsive efficiency and improved maneuverability. The Promas rudder combined with the water-soluble polyalkylene glycol lubricant used in the CPP system delivers an efficient and environmentally friendly propulsion solution. Rolls-Royce will also supply bow thrusters, steering gear, fin stabilizers and MTU marine generator sets.
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The TC.33 first flew on 23 February 1932. Development flying showed it had good performance but suffered from elevator and rudder flutter. The former was cured with mass balancing but the rudder flutter persisted, particularly in high speed dives until the rudders were redesigned. It was exhibited at the 1932 RAF Hendon Display and then went on to RAF Martlesham Heath for trials.
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The LACV-30 was derived from the civilian Bell Voyageur air-cushion vehicle (hovercraft). It is capable of carrying 30 tons (27 tonnes). The hull is that of a large barge, but behind the deck house at the stern, there are 2 air propellers, which are followed by rudders, while under the hull there is a cushion of air which is inflated by 2 fans.
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Whaleboats generally used a dismountable mast for distance work or for towing a carcasse, but depended on oars for close-in work. Boats used strictly for whaling often used only a long steering oar, while those used as ship’s boats often had dismountable pintle-and-gudgeon rudders as well. A main sail, and occasionally a jib were used. After 1850 most were fitted with a centreboard.
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Masefield 1982, p. 165. A further consequence of the new rules for airframe stress design was that a new way of harnessing the lifting force of the gasbags had to be found. Wallis's solution to this problem later led to his innovative geodesic airframe fuselage and wing design for the Wellesley, Wellington and Windsor bombers. The elevators were aerodynamically balanced but the rudders were unbalanced.
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A total of 452 aircraft had then been built, 373 accepted into service (including 13 for the Aéronautique navale), and around 130 lost in action in Europe.Air International October 1985, p. 184. Following the Armistice, LeO 451s continued to fly, under the Vichy government. Modifications in Vichy service included fitting the aircraft with larger rudders and two more 7.5 mm machine guns in the rear turret.
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Due to the frigates' broad beams, they are equipped with fin stabilisers. The frigates are powered by a combined diesel and diesel (CODAD) system comprising four SEMT Pielstick 6 PA6 L280 BPC diesel engines driving two shafts each turning a LIPS controllable pitch propeller. The CODAD system is rated at The vessels are also equipped with one bow thruster. They also have twin rudders.
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On 25 October 2003 Hartford ran aground near La Maddalena in Sardinia with such force that rudders, sonar and other electronic equipment were severely damaged. After the accident Commander Christopher R. Van Metre, captain of Hartford, and Captain Greg Parker, Commodore of Submarine Squadron 22, were relieved of command and sent back to the United States. Six other crewmen were also charged with dereliction of duty.
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The cattle were encouraged to swim rather than come on the boat, but they could be reluctant and were sometimes taken on the ferry. At the time of the tragedy, the boats on the crossing were reported to be in a poor state of repair with frayed ropes, torn sails and defective rudders. There was no proper quay for landing and delays were frequent.
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451st Bomb Group B-24 # 44-50443 displaying 49th Bomb Wing markings over Germany 19 March 1945. The upper tail surface and circle were red in color. In June, 1944, the Fifteenth Air Force adopted a color-symbol scheme to identify its groups and wings. The 5th Bomb Wing painted the elevators and rudders of its B-17s various colors but otherwise maintained its marking scheme.
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The engines can be operated from one of three stations on the bridge, at the engine operating station, and from an aft control station looking astern. Usually controlled from the bridge by deck officers, they allow control of the engines' RPMs and propeller pitch independently. Together with twin rudders and a bow thruster, the ship is highly maneuverable at slow speeds with extremely quick engine response.
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The prototypes differed in the way this covering was applied; on one the grain ran diagonally, on the other longitudinally. They also differed in their vertical tails, one broader and lower than the other. Both had deep horn balanced rudders which extended to the keel. The horizontal tail was mounted at mid- fuselage, with a straight-edged, unswept tailplane bearing overhung, balanced elevators with outward increasing chord.
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The Phantom 14 is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of fibreglass, with a foam core. It has a stayed catboat rig or sloop rig with the additional of the optional jib. It has a rotating, watertight anodized aluminum mast and full battened Dacron mainsail. The hulls have raked stems, vertical transoms, transom-hung, kick-up rudders controlled by a tiller and retractable kick-up centreboards.
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The B-117 had a slightly tapered tailplane mounted a little above the fuselage and carrying unbalanced elevators. The twin broad-chord balanced rudders were on small fins, mounted close together over the fuselage sides. It had a conventional, fixed, tailskid undercarriage. Under each engine there was a pair of mainwheels on a single axle mounted on two vertical V-struts from the nacelle.
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Both Royal Iris of the Mersey and Snowdrop have an E-flat tone, and Royal Daffodil's is in F Sharp. When berthing the vessel, the captain uses a combination of rudder positions and engine movements. The ferries all have twin rudders and propellers, making them very maneuverable. The Mersey Ferries used to operate in fog, however currently the service is usually suspended when visibility is very poor.
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Christiansen flies the Cessna 172 at Tauranga Airport. Christiansen's introduction to aviation started with radio- controlled planes which remains a passionate hobby. He had met and was taught to fly by Phil Hooker, the Bay of Plenty Flight Centre's chief flying instructor whom Christiansen taught to fly radio-controlled planes. Christiansen flies a Cessna 172 with a portable hand control to move rudders and apply the brakes.
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Tritons, other mermen, and the Nereides can also carry rudders, oars, fish, or dolphins. Oceanus normally should not carry a trident, allowing him to be clearly distinguished from Poseidon. However, there is conflation of the deities in Romano-British iconography, and examples exist where the crab-claw headed Oceanus also bears a trident. Oceanus holding a trident has been found on Romano-British coinage as well.
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The wings carried no stagger and were of equal span, though the lower wing was narrower. There were horn balanced ailerons on all wings. The empennage was of biplane configuration with a balanced elevator on the upper plane and containing three balanced rudders. The square section fuselage placed the pilot's cockpit well forward of the engines and a third gunner's position in the extreme, slanted nose.
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The output booster or auxiliary valve has two inlets and two outlet ports. The output booster works as a pair of air shutoff valves. It is connected in cascade to the two output ports of the main controller. It switches on and off directly the two powerful high-pressure controlling air flows, one for clockwise twist and the other for counter-clockwise twist of the roll rudders.
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365, 380 These changes made her the longest wooden ship ever built.Silverstone 1989, p. 12 Dunderbergs hull was protected from biofouling by two external layers of zinc and copper. The ship was fitted with two rudders, the primary one in the usual location aft of the propeller, but she also had an auxiliary rudder placed in the deadwood above and ahead of the propeller.
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America II (US 46) sailing in Newport. Photo © Cory Silken, 2012US 42 was the first America II built and was launched in 1984. Nicknamed "Lego Boat" because the yacht (keels, rigs, rudders, bustles) could be set-up in different configurations as a 12 Meter. She portrayed Boomerang and later Platypus in the 1992 film Wind and was in the TV series "No Boundaries".
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Catamarans are harder to tack and take up more space in a marina. Cruising catamarans entail added expense for having two engines and two rudders. Tarjan adds that cruising catamarans boats can maintain a comfortable per day passage, with the racing versions recording well over per day. In addition, they do not heel more than 10-12 degrees, even at full speed on a reach.
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The boats had storage capacity for of fuel oil. As a result, cruising radius varied significantly, from at , with the first dozen boats having the least endurance. Each vessel was equipped with a pair of 110-Volt turbo- generators for electrical power. Steering was controlled with a pair of rudders; the primary at the stern, and a secondary, retractable rudder located in the bow.
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Although one was subsequently captured at the night of the landing. It was again concluded that the landing force of the main landing parties were still in dispute over the landing craft. Modified fishing craft were tested and, although superior to standard naval boats in beaching and speed, their exposed rudders and screws were wont to dig in during retracting from the beach.Hough, pp. 25-26.
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To avoid friendly attack, the rudders of RFC aircraft were painted to match the French, with the blue, white and red stripes — going from the forward (rudder hingeline) to aft (trailing edge) — of the tricolour. Later in the war, a night roundel was used for night flying aircraft, especially Handley Page O/400 heavy bombers, omitting the conspicuous white circle of the day marking.
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The aircraft is made from molded fiberglass epoxy composites, including Kevlar, carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer and high-density foam. Its span wing is built with a carbon epoxy spar, with the rest of the wing built from foam and covered with doped aircraft fabric covering. The wing features tip rudders and ailerons combined with spoilers for roll control. Pitch is controlled by the canard surface.
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The fins have inward turned tips. The Airelle's rudders have several modes of operation: used together they control yaw, as normal; they can be split on one side only, as spoilers, or both faces can separate to act as airbrakes. The Airelle's fuselage is short, with the centrally hinged, forward opening, transparent cabin doors between the wings and engines. Both two and four seat variants were planned.
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The Hobie 17 is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of polyester fiberglass with a foam sandwich core. It has a catboat rig or optional sloop rig, with a rotating mast. The dual hulls each have nearly plumb stems, vertical transoms, transom- hung rudders controlled by a tiller and retractable centerboards. The boat initially was designed to displace and can be equipped with a trapeze.
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Rudders and propellers are best serviced on dry docks. Without ABSD-2 and her sister ships, at remote locations months could be lost in a ships returning to a home port for repair. ABSD-2 had provisions for the repair crew, such bunk beds, meals, and laundry. ABSD-2 had power stations, ballast pumps, repair shops, machine shops, and mess halls to be self-sustaining.
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Gudgeon with a pintle A gudgeon is a socket-like, cylindrical (i.e., female) fitting attached to one component to enable a pivoting or hinging connection to a second component. The second component carries a pintle fitting, the male counterpart to the gudgeon, enabling an interpivoting connection that can be easily separated. Designs that may use gudgeon and pintle connections include hinges, shutters and boat rudders.
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The tailplane and elevator were carried on the top booms, > the pair of rudders pivoting on posts below. The pointed nose nacelle, was > covered with two layers of cedar, laid up diagonally over the structure, and > was mounted on short struts between the wings. The main floats were of > similar construction, but rendered watertight, and were mounted on a steel > tube chassis, intended to be sprung later. Power: 150hp NAG (British-made) > six-cylinder inline, water-cooled driving a Normale pusher propeller direct. > Data: Span top 60ft Span bottom 53ft Chord 6ft Gap 6ft Length 30ft Area 678 > sq ft Area tailplane 39 sq ft Area elevator 33 sq ft Area rudders 32 sq ft > Weight 1,3001b Weight allup 2,550 lb Speed range 32-65mph Endurance 5hr > Hamble River, Luke H.L.1 The H.L.1 was built by Hamble River, Luke and Co., > of Hamble, Hants.
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The AT-21 proved to be unsuitable for use as a trainer due to vibration and oscillation tendencies, as well as an inherent instability caused by the short distance between the rudders and the gull wing. The aerodynamic instability resulted in unacceptable yaw when even slight rudder movements were made.Mondey 2006, p. 131. Deemed unsuitable for its original purpose, the AT-21 was evaluated as an advanced pilot trainer.
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Other recommended engines include the Rotax 447 and 2si powerplants, both also out of production. Kit options include brakes and a long-range fuel tank. The initial aircraft in the line is a scale replica of the First World War SPAD XIII. The same basic airframe has been developed, though the use of different rudders, wingtips, cowlings and other minor cosmetic differences, into replicas of other First World War fighter aircraft.
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Damage resulting from evasive manoeuvres against the Swordfish, however, was credited with slowing the ship, making it easier for Bismarck to be located and for her enemies to catch up. On 26 May, launched two Swordfish strikes against Bismarck. The first of these failed to locate the ship. The second strike scored two hits, one of which jammed the ship's rudders at a 12° port helm on position.
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Problematically for Color Line, they had already printed material advertising their new ship as the Color Festival. As result Silja Karneval became M/S Color Festival, not Color Karneval as would have been logical. After reconstruction at Cityvarvet, Gothenburg, Color Festival was initially placed on the Oslo–Hirtshals route. In 2002 she damaged one of her rudders in Hirsthals and had to be docked in Hamburg because of it.
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The wooden SAM-6 had a conventional tail on its short fuselage but its low wing had, in addition, Scheibe-type, oval wingtip fins and rudders. Sprung skids on their underside provided the lateral stability that its central undercarriage did not. It was powered by a , three cylinder M-23 radial engine mounted in the pointed nose of its deep fuselage and had a single seat, open cockpit.
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Both rudders and elevators were balanced and the tailplane incidence could be adjusted in- flight. The Falcon had a fixed conventional undercarriage with twin sprung mainwheels under the engines and a rubber sprung tailskid. The first flight - of about two minutes - was made from Friesley Field on 17 April 1921. A second equally short flight was made that day and the first public flight made the following day.
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The AG-4 was developed using wind tunnel tests. The American Gyro AG-4 Crusader is an aluminum skinned four place low-wing twin engine aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear, twin tail booms with individual rudders, and a teardrop shaped fuselage. The wing uses trailing edge flaps and 25 gallon fuel tanks are mounted in each wing root. Retractable landing gear were also tested on the model.
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All variants have a top speed of Mach 1.6, attainable with full internal payload. The powerful F135 engine gives good subsonic acceleration and energy, with supersonic dash in afterburner. The large stabilitors, leading edge extensions and flaps, and canted rudders provide excellent high alpha (angle-of-attack) characteristics, with a trimmed alpha of 50°. Relaxed stability and fly-by- wire controls provide excellent handling qualities and departure resistance.
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The name RESULTS was originally an acronym for "Responsibility for Ending Starvation Using Legislation, Trimtabbing, and Support," though the organization's name is no longer an acronym. "Trimtabbing" was a reference to trim tabs, the small surfaces that allow boat or aircraft pilots to control larger control surfaces like rudders or elevators and which were popularized as a metaphor for individual empowerment by Buckminster Fuller in a 1972 Playboy interview.
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They carry two-person parachutes with small baskets beneath them to escape in emergencies when the aero cannot reach ground. The illustrations by Parker show propellors fore and aft on the boat hull, with rudders at both ends, as well. In the story, top speeds are 140 miles per hour. Firearms have been replaced by electric guns which propel a shot without much noise and with no interfering smoke.
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The aircraft fuselage is made from welded steel tube, while the wing is of wood and foam, with doped aircraft fabric covering. Its span wing employs a modified Wortmann FX05-191 airfoil. The flight controls are unconventional; pitch and roll are controlled by elevons and yaw is controlled by the wing tip rudders. The main landing gear has suspension and the nose wheel is steerable and equipped with a brake.
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Sirius 21 The designs are all recreational keelboats, built predominantly of fibreglass, with wood trim and aluminum spars. They all have transom-hung, kick-up rudders controlled by a tiller and swing keels that can be locked down. A fixed fin keel was an option on the 21 and 22. All models displace , carry of iron ballast and are normally fitted with a small outboard motor for docking and manoeuvring.
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Ailerons provided lateral control. The empennage was supported by an open frame fuselage with longitudinal upper and lower pairs of longerons or booms, each side braced with four vertical strut pairs. At the rear, fixed and almost square horizontal tailplanes stretched between the upper and the lower pairs of booms. A pair of trapezoidal rudders were hinged on the last two verticals, assisted by another central one further forward.
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The nacelle was extended forward to carry a front-mounted elevator mounted on upswept outriggers, and the empennage, consisting of a high-mounted tailplane and elevator with a pair of rudders mounted below, was carried on wire-braced wooden booms behind the wings. A pair of rectangular-section unstepped floats were mounted below the wing, supplemented by a pair of airbags mounted at the end of each lower tailboom.
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Schneider's aim was good, and he reported the first three salvos as short, on target and over. Schneider continued firing at Rodney. King George V and a little later Rodney turned to pass Bismarcks port side, a maneuver which Bismarck couldn't counter due to the damaged rudders. Bismarck started oscillating around her center axis which threw Schneider's aim off and necessitated continuous lateral displacement corrections of the guns.
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Richard Hallion. Taking Flight. pp. 292–293 Zahm testified that earlier experimental gliders and glider designs and publications, before those of the Wrights, had included a variety of monoplane and biplane designs, with horizontal and vertical rudders, and steering concepts of ailerons and wing warping. There were complex technical issues, notably whether Curtiss's airplanes used a vertical rudder and ailerons in ways that closely matched the patented design of the Wrights.
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Stena Hollandica has four main MAN diesel engines, producing between them 33,600 kW, and providing for a maximum speed of 22 knots (25 mph). Two of the engines are rated at 9,600 kW and the other two at 7,200 kW. The engines are connected via two gearboxes to two controllable pitch propellers. The two rudders, one behind each propeller, are of the Becker flap type with twisted leading edges.
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The pterygotid telsons were flattened and expanded, likely used as rudders when swimming. Their walking legs were small and slender, without spines, and they were likely not capable of walking on land. Pterygotus is distinguishable from other pterygotids by the curved distal margin of the chelae (claws). The prosoma (head) is subtrapezoidal (a trapezoid with rounded corners), with compound eyes located near the edge of the front corners.
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The O-class ships were designed to store 1,000 tons fuel oil for the high pressure boilers, and up to 4,610 tons of diesel oil for the diesel engines. This enabled a maximum range of 14,000 nautical miles at a cruising speed of 19 knots. They were designed to steam at a maximum of 33.5 knots, but were capable of up to 35 knots. The ships had two rudders each.
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The inner structure of the split flaps was composed of duralumin and ran between the ailerons and the fuselage, being set at a 15–20 degree position for taking off and at a 60 degree position during landing.Moyes 1967, p. 4. The tailplanes employed a similar construction to that of the wings, the fins being braced to the fuselage using metal struts the elevators and rudders incorporated servo- balancing trim tabs.
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The Kiceniuk Icarus II was the second in a series of hang gliders designed by Kiceniuk. Like Kiceniuk Icarus I, Icarus II was a rigid biplane flying wing. Its most notable improvement over Icarus I was that the wings were swept back more steeply. It was steered by hand controlled rudders, unlike Rogallo wing hang gliders of the time that were steered by the pilot shifting his body weight.
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The Kiceniuk Icarus V was the fifth designed and third built in a series of hang gliders designed by Kiceniuk. Kiceniuk's Icarus I and Icarus II were revolutionary hang gliders. These were rigid biplane flying wings, with hand-controlled rudders, in which the pilot flew in a reclining position. This was at a time when most hang gliders were Rogallo wings that the pilot steered solely by shifting his body weight.
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He spent the rest of his life experimenting with balloons, generally using a combination of a hot air balloon and hydrogen balloon known as a rozière after Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier. He sought a method of steering using rudders or oars. He published a five-volume work on ballooning in London in 1803. He and his companions were rescued from the Adriatic Sea, twice, in 1803 and 1804.
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The LST had a special flat keel that allowed the ship to be beached and stay upright. The twin propellers and rudders had protection from grounding. The LSTs served across the globe during World War II including in the Pacific War and in the European theatre. The first tank-landing ships were built to British requirements by converting existing ships; the UK and the US then collaborated upon a joint design.
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The BGA was designed by Aldo Guglielmetti to meet a 1934 Italian Air Force requirement for a medium bomber. It first flew in 1936, powered by two Fiat A.80 radial engines. It had a retractable tailwheel landing gear, with the main gear retracting into the engine nacelles. It had twin elliptical fins and rudders, and had a cut-down fuselage to the rear of its ventral and dorsal gun positions.
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The Mohajer-1 had a narrow cylindrical fuselage, twin tailbooms, and straight wings mounted high and to the rear of the body. It had a single engine (unknown model) in a pusher configuration, and was guided by ailerons on the wings, an elevator on the horizontal stabilizer, and rudders on the tailbooms. The Mohajer-1 had three fixed landing gear for launch and recovery. It could also be recovered by parachute.
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The tailplane and elevator was enclosed between two large endplate fins of semicircular shape, which carried horn balanced rectangular rudders. Two substantial streamlined struts ran diagonally outwards and upwards from the extreme rear of the cabin to the ends of the booms for support. Little is known about the operational history of this aircraft, though it seems to have flown in 1933. It did not succeed in the Col.
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Hobie Getaway hull detail Hobie Getaway The Getaway is a small recreational catamaran, with the dual hulls built of rotomolded polyethylene. It has a fractional sloop rig, including a roller furling jib and a full-batten mainsail, dual transom- hung rudders and no keel or daggerboards. It displaces and can carry of occupants. A mast-top float to prevent the boat turning turtle is included as standard equipment.
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But on the filmed miniatures, the 8 1/2 foot (103") miniature had three rudders: one behind each nacelle and on the rear most portion of the skeg (see "The Ghost of Moby Dick"). This functional skeg rudder was only fitted to the 103" miniature and non-operationally inferred on the 51 1/2" miniature and not at all on the 206" version which had a fixed skeg.
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The Hobie 14 is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of fiberglass over a foam core. In its base model it has a fully battened catboat rig with a rotating mast and aluminum spars. A jib can be added to make it a fractional sloop rig and a trapeze is optional. The symmetrical hulls have spooned raked stems, vertical transoms and dual transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller.
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The Bulldogs were designated as coastal survey vessels, and were a smaller variant of the earlier designs. All four ships were built by Brooke Marine utilising merchant hulls. The resulting design was stable in a variety of sea conditions, and the class was considered to be good seakeepers, with an all-welded construction, a bulbous bow and a high flared forecastle. Anti-rolling tanks and twin rudders were also fitted.
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DCS Mini Coupe The Mini Coupe was designed to be built using simple tools and techniques, relying on extensive use of pop-riveted aluminum construction. Originally designed to take advantage of low-cost VW engines, the Mini Coupe can accept various engines of between . The ailerons and twin rudders are push-pull tube operated. The original kit was sold in 1974 for $1694 with a total parts cost of about $2400.
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The hulls have raked stems, vertical transoms, transom-hung, kick-up rudders controlled by a tiller and retractable kick-up centreboards. The boat displaces and can be fitted with a gennaker. The boat has a draft of with the centerboards extended and with them retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer or car roof rack. A two-piece mast is available to facilitate ground transport and storage.
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Though the standard seat arrangement was for twelve, two seats could be removed to allow the installation of chaises-longues for longer flights. The pilots' cabin was enclosed, with side by side dual control seating. The tail unit carried twin vertical endplate fins, slightly oval on a tailplane that had strong dihedral. The balanced rudders and elevators were metal structures with the only fabric covering used on the aircraft.
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The horizontal surfaces were straight tapered and the elevators, like the rudders had trim tabs. The vertical surfaces were almost elliptical, split roughly equally between fin and unbalanced rudder. The lower nose of the Z.515 was completely glazed, with the long cockpit largely forward of the wing leading edge. There was a low dorsal machine gun turret at mid-chord and three further lower calibre machine guns.
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The hulls have plumb stems and a draft of with the daggerboards extended and with them retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer. ;Nacra F20 Carbon :The hulls on this model are built predominantly from a carbon fibre foam sandwich with epoxy resin. It has a length overall of , a beam of and displaces . The hulls have reverse raked stems and the rudders are a "kick-up" design.
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Sharpies are a type of hard chined sailboat with a flat bottom, extremely shallow draft, centreboards and straight, flaring sides. They are believed to have originated in the New Haven, Connecticut region of Long Island Sound, United States. They were traditional fishing boats used for oystering, and later appeared in other areas. With centerboards and shallow balanced rudders they are well suited to sailing in shallow tidal waters.
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Because the battils and baqarahs contained rudders, he concludes that the elevation drawings could not have been carved earlier than 1000–1200 AD. In later carvings, the boats appeared with sails. In some of the rock carvings, sails appear without boats. Some of the ancient carvings were modified at later periods, with devices such as ropes and anchors being added. The earliest date of origin for the carvings is inconclusive.
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The aircraft complies with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category rules. It features an unusual diamond-shaped biplane, strut-braced closed wing layout, a two- seats-in-tandem enclosed or open cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration. The upper wing is swept back, while the lower wing is straight, but mounted further aft. The two wings are joined by swept tip rudders.
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Both aircraft had similar but not identical conventional empennages. They had wooden, fabric over ply covered fins and fabric covered, unbalanced rudders. Both fins had straight, slightly swept leading edges and, including the rudder, blunt tops, but the area of the IS-13's fin was increased with a dorsal fillet. Its rudder was slightly squarer at the heel and also larger in area than that of the IS-12.
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Oxygen uptake in the nests eventually stopped, but the carbon dioxide production continued. This indicates high levels of anaerobic respiration. A similar study was conducted by Nielsen and other associates with another Australian mangrove ant, Polyrhachis sokolova. This mangrove species has been known to use the front four legs as oars and the back two legs as rudders in order to swim back to the nest directly before inundation.
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The canard was operated by a side-mounted control stick. Fore-and-aft movement of the stick moved the canard and sideways movement controlled the tip-rudders. The canard was constructed with tubular spars, aluminum ribs and covered in standard aircraft fabric. :In the Early 1980s a Pterodactyl pilot named Jeff Ballas attended the Sun-N-Fun fly-in and was impressed with the mylar covering on the Lazair.
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He also returned to his monoplane. The D.6 of 1911 was a pusher type high-wing monoplane which also featured pronounced anhedral or droop to the wing tips. The control surfaces now also acted as rudders. Many of Dunne's ideas on stability remain valid, and he is known to have influenced later designers such as John K. Northrop (father of the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit stealth bomber).
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The first example was flown by Rougier on the 13 April 1910. A second aircraft built for René Métrot differed in having monoplane ailerons, two rudders and an uncovered nacelle. Others were built for various customers, differing in the engine fitted: these included the Gnome and the 4-cylinder Gobron. Six were flown at the second Reims Grande Semaine d'Aviation, but without any success in any of the competitions.
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Preliminary design studies had employed twin vertical fin/rudders. The wings, vertical stabilizer and the nose radome folded for carrier stowage. The Vigilante had a crew of two seated in tandem, a pilot and a bombardier-navigator (BN) (reconnaissance/attack navigator (RAN) on later reconnaissance versions) seated on North American HS-1A ejection seats.Aerofax Minigraph 9: North American Rockwell A3J/A-5 Vigilante; Michael Grove and Jay Miller; Aerofax, Inc.
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In 2019, a former NetJets pilot filed a lawsuit alleging that in March 2017, the company violated US Civil Right and Ohio anti-discrimination law when she was fired for being too short () to properly control the rudders of an Embraer Phenom 300. She states that male pilots who were too tall were reassigned to different aircraft, while her employment was terminated without the opportunity to fly a different plane.
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On the surface the submarine moves more rapidly and recharges its batteries and air supply. The joystick provide directional control through the rudders and dive planes. This is a slow process, turning the ship right around in a 360 degree circle takes considerable time even at full speed. The main display in the center can be switched between three modes, the map, a sonar display, and the periscope.
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Since 2005 when the full carbon one design SeaCart 30 GP (Grand Prix) (SC30 GP) offshore Trimaran was introduced performance sailors have been enjoying flying two of three hulls. Rudders on the amas (pontoons) make handling swift and precise. The ultra light strong carbon construction and a non existing interour (can be added) plus extra large sailplan make the carbon GP model a superior performance weapon offshore and inshore.
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Buttler 2004 p. 203. Accordingly, the company proceeded with the detailed design work phase of the DH.100 in early 1942. The first Vampire F.1, in 1945. Note the early squared fin and rudders and high tailplane position Internally designated as the DH.100 and originally named the "Spider Crab", the aircraft was entirely a de Havilland project, being principally worked upon at the company's facility at Hatfield, Hertfordshire.
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The Ersatz Yorcks were intended to mount a pair of rudders side by side for steering. The power plant was rated and 295 revolutions per minute, the same as the preceding Mackensen-class ships. Their slightly greater size reduced their speed somewhat, from in the Mackensen-class ships to for the new vessels. The ships were designed to store of coal and of oil in purpose- designed fuel bunkers.
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The factory brochure for the boat describes the Mark II design goals as, "A Cruiser Built For Speed, Not Rating Points". The Cal 39 Mark II and Mark III are recreational keelboats, built predominantly of fiberglass, with balsa-cored decks and wooden trim. They both have raked stems, slightly raised counter reverse transoms, spade-type rudders, controlled by a wheels and fixed fin keels. The spars are of painted aluminum.
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The aircraft had twin-rudders, and might have > been Dorniers or Jaguars [a bomber version of the Bf 110 thought to be in > use at the time]. The dives were fast but shallow, and they pulled out of > them at about 2,000 feet. It was not a dive-bombing attack proper. Soldiers > passing made inane remarks about 'nothing could live in that barrage', > although the Germans were living in it, too.
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The drag rudders of the original design were replaced with more conventional units, and the nose gear leg was relocated to the centerline. Power was to be provided by two Heinkel HeS 011 engines, and armament was to consist of four MK 108 cannons. Construction of the prototype was halted midway in favor of the Go P.60C. The Go P.60C was proposed as a night fighter variant.
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The aircraft was a large two-seater pusher > seaplane with twin wooden main floats and twin metal tail floats, moving > with the rudders. There were four pairs of interplane struts each side, with > radiators mounted on the innermost pairs. Ailerons were fitted to both top > and bottom wings, the latter having pronounced dihedral. The spruce tail > booms, to be replaced by steel tubes later, extended aft from the second > interplane struts.
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The aircraft is made from aluminum tubing, foam, fiberglass, with the wings finished in doped aircraft fabric covering. Its span wing features a laminar-flow airfoil, 50%-span elevons and wing tip rudders that can both be deployed simultaneously for use as air brakes. The aircraft has a 22:1 glide ratio. The F.L.A.C. has laminated fiberglass main landing gear legs and a nose wheel that is steerable.
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Double-ended Bugis-Makassan pajala-style ship with tripod masts and canted rectangular sails (some of them lowered and stowed on deck), as well as quarter-hung rudders. This picture is made in 1803 by artist William Westall about a Bugis prahu in the Arnhem coast. The chance comes when Flinders met with Makassan prahu fleet when they're collecting tripang. This prahu weights 25 tons and armed with small cannons.
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Conventional rudders have been essentially unchanged since Isambard Kingdom Brunel introduced the balanced rudder on the SS Great Britain in 1843 and the steering engine in the SS Great Eastern in 1866. If a vessel requires extra maneuverability at low speeds, the rudder may be supplemented by a manoeuvring thruster in the bow,Osmotech UK on Uses and advantages of bow thrusters or be replaced entirely by azimuth thrusters.
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Better performance with faster handling characteristics can be provided by skeg hung rudders on boats with smaller fin keels. Rudder post and mast placement defines the difference between a ketch and a yawl, as these two-masted vessels are similar. Yawls are defined as having the mizzen mast abaft (i.e. "aft of") the rudder post; ketches are defined as having the mizzen mast forward of the rudder post.
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Ships in continuous use during war need repair both from wear and from war damage such as naval mines, kamikaze attacks, dive bombs and torpedoes. Rudders and propellers are best serviced on dry docks. Without remote on location dry docks, months could be lost in a ship returning to a home port for repair. Most auxiliary floating drydock had provisions for the repair crew, such bunk beds, meals, and laundry.
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A newly completed LCA (assault landing craft) ready for launching, 1942. Drive was by two shafts from the pair of Ford V8 engines to two 19 inch x 14 inch 2-bladed propellers. Fuel capacity was . The craft were steered by twin rudders with steering wires that ran from the coxswain's shelter aft through the well and engine compartment, and the last three foot (unarmoured) buoyancy section in the stern.
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The chords of each frame converged at the rear, where the third transverse member carried the empennage. The tailplane was confined between the fuselage frames but the elevators projected beyond, carrying balances. There were no fins but twin roughly rectangular rudders. A forward cross-axle extending beyond the fuselage frames gave the large wheels a wide track and the upward- curving lower chords acted as skids to prevent nose-overs.
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In Zheng He's fleets, the records of specialization were slightly different. There were people called foreman (huozhang), who were specifically responsible for directions in navigation by using complicated knowledge about the compass. They usually came from coastal areas where people mainly lived near the sea and thus many of them had rich sailing experience. Rudder operators (duogong) were in charge of physically operating rudders under the instructions of foremen.
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The engines were delivered by FiatAvio in September. Forbin was launched on 10 March 2005, after part of the Scorff river was dredged to make it deep enough for her draught. She was towed out of her building dock by four tugboats at 16:15, taking advantage of the tide. On 28 October, Forbin entered dry dock and underwater equipment was installed, notably the sonar, propellers and rudders.
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Junks employed stern-mounted rudders centuries before their adoption in the West for the simple reason that Western hull forms, with their pointed sterns, obviated a centreline steering system until technical developments in Scandinavia created the first, iron mounted, pintle and gudgeon 'barn door' western examples in the early 12th century CE. A second reason for this slow development was that the side rudders in use were, contrary to a lot of very ill-informed opinion, extremely efficient. Thus the junk rudder's origin, form and construction was completely different in that it was the development of a centrally mounted stern steering oar, examples of which can also be seen in Middle Kingdom (c.2050–1800 BCE) Egyptian river vessels. It was an innovation which permitted the steering of large ships and due to its design allowed height adjustment according to the depth of the water and to avoid serious damage should the junk ground.
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For maneuvering, the vessel has twin rudders, a OmniThruster water jet thruster in the bow and an KaMeWa tunnel thruster in the stern. Onboard electricity is produced by two Caterpillar auxiliary diesel generators or a smaller Caterpillar 3404 diesel generator which is intended to be used when the vessel is at dock. In addition, the gearboxes incorporate 1,200kVA shaft alternators. At full power, Ikaluk is designed to break level ice with a speed of .
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For maneuvering, the vessel had twin rudders, a OmniThruster water jet thruster in the bow and an KaMeWa tunnel thruster in the stern. Onboard electricity was produced by two Caterpillar auxiliary diesel generators or a smaller Caterpillar 3404 diesel generator which was intended to be used when the vessel is at dock. In addition, the gearboxes incorporated 1,200kVA shaft alternators. At full power, Miscaroo was designed to break level ice with a speed of .
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It typically flies at a relatively low speed of , which makes it a better platform for the ground-attack role than fast fighter-bombers, which often have difficulty targeting small, slow-moving targets.Donald and March 2004, p. 8. The leading edge of the wing has a honeycomb structure panel construction, providing strength with minimal weight; similar panels cover the flap shrouds, elevators, rudders and sections of the fins.Air International, May 1974, p. 224.
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Instructor and pupil sat side-by-side, with the Limbach SL 1700EC1 air cooled flat four piston engine behind them, where the wing became broader to allow propeller clearance. Two slender, tapering booms ran rearwards from the wing, each ending at a straight edged fin which tapered both above and below it. A tapered, straight edged tailplane was carried on top of the fins, projecting outwards. The rudders and one piece elevator were rectangular.
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The fins bore balanced rudders; six Soviet diagrams show different profiles and no photographs of the completed Sigma are known. The Sigma was powered by a V-12 Mikulin AM-34 engine mounted ahead of the wing leading edge and driving a four blade, wooden propeller. At high speeds it was cooled with surface radiators, supplemented at low speed by a retractable radiator. The pilot sat over mid chord in an enclosed cockpit.
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In February 1918, Gothaer tested a compound tail unit with biplane horizontal stabilizers and twin rudders. The new tail unit, known as the Kastensteuerung, improved the aircraft's marginal directional control on one engine. The resulting G.Va subvariant incorporated the new tail, as well as a slightly shorter forward fuselage with an auxiliary nose landing gear. All 25 G.Va aircraft were delivered to Bogohl 3, the new designation for the former Kagohl 3.
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The only prototype first flew in Biała Podlaska in September 1931. During tests it showed quite good flight characteristics, although the rudders had to be enlarged to improve manoeuvrability and stability. However, on March 17, in 1933, the wings distorted in a dive and the prototype crashed (killing an observer). The Air Force considered ordering the PWS-19A2 powered by a Bristol Pegasus engine, but at the same time, a more modern aircraft the PZL.
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O-46A at Wright Field The Air Corps adopted a new color scheme for painting its aircraft in 1927, heretofore painted olive drab. The wings and tails of aircraft were painted chrome yellow, with the words "U.S. ARMY" displayed in large black lettering on the undersurface of the lower wings. Tail rudders were painted with a vertical dark blue band at the rudder hinge and 13 alternating red-and-white horizontal stripes trailing.
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Since then the company was owned by three individuals and was no longer a part of Cobham plc. On 8 January 2010 the UK company Marshall Aerospace bought Slingsby Advanced Composites Ltd which currently trades as Marshall Slingsby Advanced Composites.Marshall acquisition The company now designs and manufactures composite structures, ranging from large marine structures, such as submarine rudders, to lightweight helmets for helmet mounted display systems, mainly for the aerospace and defence industries.
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Swift reached a speed of during sea trials, which corresponded to a more realistic sea speed of during service use. Tandem rudders were fitted, allowing Swift to be the most manoeuvrable British torpedo boat of the time, despite being the largest, having a turning circle of . Two funnels were fitted, side-by-side, ahead of the ship's conning tower. She was designed to carry differing armament suites depending on the role she was employed in.
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The Cheshire 14 is a recreational sailboat, with the hulls built predominantly of fiberglass with internal tubular frames. The hulls are connected by three tubular aluminum cross-members, which also support the mainsheet traveler, the mast and the forestay respectively. The boat has a fractional sloop rig with a rotating mast and anodized aluminum spars. The hulls have spooned raked stems , vertical transoms, dual transom- hung rudders controlled by a tiller and dual retractable centerboards.
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Flight 7 July 1937 p.a The fixed surfaces were wooden framed and plywood covered, the tailplane attached to the top of the fuselage and braced externally from below. The split elevators were fabric covered over wood, with trim tabs and the horn balanced rudders were of fabric covered steel. The cabin was well forward of the leading edge, providing good visibility, and seated four in two rows, the front seats having dual control.
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The Flying Plank was intended to be an aircraft that could be built at home, that would be of minimum size and yet still provide reasonable soaring performance. The prototype Plank featured tip rudders and was used for drag-reduction tests conducted at Mississippi State University before it was retired. The EPB-1 designation indicates the design team's last names. The EPB-1 is constructed with a wooden structure, with doped aircraft fabric covering.
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The dual rudders, rotating mast and the mainsheet traveler were done away with in a 1999 redesign. The hull and rigging were also changed to the MC Scow hull and rigging designs. In the 2020 the MC Scow remained in production, while the M Scow was no longer offered for sale. The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 89.3 and is normally raced with a crew of two sailors.
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Obry then patented his device and sold the rights to Robert Whitehead, who incorporated the mechanism into the Whitehead torpedo. The device consisted of a bronze wheel weighing less than 1.5 pounds that was spun by an air jet. Obry's device was notable for solving many problems; how to get the gyroscope to begin rotating as quickly as possible, how to direct the vertical rudders and how to maintain the fast rotation of the rotor.
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Unlike most of Junkers' previous designs, it discarded the typical corrugated skinning in favour of smooth metal skinning which helped to reduce drag. The craft was fitted with a narrow track retractable-main gear conventional undercarriage with a fixed tailwheel, and twin fins and rudders. It was intended to be powered by Junkers Jumo 205 diesel engines, which although heavy, gave better fuel consumption than conventional petrol engines.Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 370–371.
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However, the bow propellers are not suitable for polar icebreakers operating in the presence of harder multi-year ice and thus have not been used in the Arctic. Mastera, one of the first double acting tankers, in open water. In ice, the vessel will proceed stern first. Azimuth thrusters remove the need of traditional propellers and rudders by having the propellers in steerable gondolas that can rotate 360 degrees around a vertical axis.
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The stabilisers were fitted with fixed slats, with the trailing edges of the slats positioned inside of the fins. The rudders had very narrow horn balances (the amount of rudder or active control surface forward of the rudder-stabilizer hinge) which allowed for better balance, and the trimming tabs extended the full length of the stabilizers trailing edges. The stabilizers also had the Handley-Page leading edge slots installed on the inboard side.
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The Kiceniuk Icarus I was a hang glider designed, built and flown by Kiceniuk in the early 1970s. At a time when most hang gliders used a flexible Rogallo wing, Icarus I used a rigid flying wing biplane configuration. Unlike other hang gliders of the time, the Icarus was not steered by the pilot shifting his body weight. Instead, Icarus I had two large rudders mounted near the wing tips, controlled by hand levers.
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The SCAN 20 was designed to meet a French Air Ministry requirement for a small flying-boat trainer. The SCAN 20 was a high-wing cantilever monoplane flying-boat with strut-mounted floats under each wing. It had twin fin with rudders on a raised tailplane and an enclosed cockpit with side-by-side seating for two. Built in secret during 1941 it was not flown until after the liberation of France in October 1945.
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The angle of incidence of this 'fixed' tail could be adjusted in flight for trimming. It carried three linked and balanced elevators. Two rectangular fins carried balanced rudders. The DB-70 had a fixed conventional undercarriage with double mainwheels on V-shaped shock absorbing legs mounted on the lower longerons, with bracing struts to the centre of the centre section. This arrangement produced a wide undercarriage track of 6.65 m (21 ft 10 in).
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An aircraft rudder is a flight control surface used to control rotation around its vertical axis, known as yaw, which is especially important during takeoff, landing, and emergency conditions. Rudders are typically found within the vertical stabilizer of the aircraft. Excessive use of rudder can exceed the ultimate load of the vertical stabilizer, causing structural failure. For this reason, modern airliners and fly-by-wire aircraft often include a system to prevent excessive rudder deflection.
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The later 5-AT had more powerful Pratt & Whitney engines. All models had an aluminum corrugated sheet- metal body and wings. Unlike many aircraft of this era, extending through World War II, its control surfaces (ailerons, elevators, and rudders) were not fabric-covered, but were also made of corrugated metal. As was common for the time, its rudder and elevators were actuated by metal cables that were strung along the external surface of the aircraft.
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The airship was roughly teardrop shaped and had eight small stabilizer fins, four of which had rudders. It was held together with over 3.5 million rivets,Sullivan 1988 which were applied by an innovative sewing machine-like device which produced airtight seams. Ralph Hazlett Upson holding a model of ZMC-2 The ZMC-2 was 52 feet in diameter and 150 feet long. The control car was 24 feet long by 6 feet wide.
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These were long, single stepped and fitted with water rudders, built by Short Brothers. Second prototype The first flight of the Harrow was made by Hubert Broad on 24 April 1926. A number of minor issues emerged from the early flying programme, but one consistent theme was that of engine overheating. By the end of May the Harrow was taking off and landing on HMS Furious as part of the specification competition.
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The tail vertebrae were amphicoelous, the vertebral bodies on both ends being concave. Early species had long tails, containing up to fifty caudal vertebrae, the middle ones stiffened by elongated articulation processes, the zygapophyses, and chevrons. Such tails acted as rudders, sometimes ending at the rear in a vertical diamond-shaped or oval vane. In pterodactyloids, the tails were much reduced and never stiffened, with some species counting as few as ten vertebrae.
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The number of employees grew from 200 in 1954 to 650 in 1968. In addition to the production of pumps, Pleuger also intensified the production of the manoeuvring aids "Active Rudders", which were developed according to his idea. He developed these already during the Second World War, but the patent was only registered after the war, as no resources were available in the administration during the war. Pleuger also invented the azimuth thruster.
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The nozzle also provides the steering of the pump-jets. Plates, similar to rudders, can be attached to the nozzle in order to redirect the water flow port and starboard. In a way, this is similar to the principles of air thrust vectoring, a technique which has long been used in launch vehicles (rockets and missiles) then later in military jet-powered aircraft. This provides pumpjet-powered ships with superior agility at sea.
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In 2014, the team decided to build a new, state-of-the-art yacht. In 2015, the team mounted foiling daggerboards and T-rudders on a Multi One Design 70ft to make it "fly" over water. On 17 July 2017, the 32x23-meter Maxi Edmond de Rothschild (Gitana 17) was introduced, the offshore racing's first maxi-multihull designed to fly in the open ocean. It was decorated by the street artist Cleon Peterson.
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Species of the order Trichomonadida typically have four to six flagella at the cell's apical pole, one of which is recurrent - that is, it runs along a surface wave, giving the aspect of an undulating membrane. Mixotricha paradoxa have four weak flagella that serve as rudders. It has four large flagella at the front end, three pointing forwards and one backward. The basal bodies are also bacteria, not spirochaetes but oval, pill-shaped bacteria.
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The Gougeon 32 is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of fiberglass with balsa and foam cores, with aluminum spars. It has a fractional sloop rig with a fully battened mainsail, a jib and provisions for a light wind drifter sail. The two hulls have plumb stems, vertical transoms, transom- hung rudders controlled by a central tiller and a daggerboard in each hull. It displaces and carries of flooding water ballast, in each hull.
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Louisiana was laid down in mid-October 1861 by E.C. Murray in a new shipyard just north of New Orleans. The ship had two paddlewheels and two screws, each driven by its own engine. The paddlewheels were mounted one abaft the other in a center well. The screws were not intended for propulsion, but were to aid the two rudders in steering in the confined waters and unpredictable currents of the Mississippi.
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The design of the amphibious vehicle UAZ-3907 "Jaguar" used engine, transmission and suspension units from the UAZ-469. It had a flotation body with two hermetically closed doors, underfloor, in front of the rear axle – equipped with two propellers. The amphibious car is driven due to the rotation of the front wheels that perform the function of rudders (This contributes proximity screws that hold out the water through an arch of the front wheels).
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The Mark 19 torpedo was an electric torpedo designed in 1942 by Westinghouse Electric as a follow-on development of the Mark 18 torpedo. The goal was to build a torpedo that incorporated all-electric controls in place of pneumatic controls. Its gyroscope and depth control were electrically controlled and operated, while the rudders were solenoid operated. Further development of the Mark 19 was cancelled in favor of the Mark 26 torpedo.
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From the wing roots two slender beams extend rearwards to cropped triangular fins, linked by a straight edged tailplane at about one third fin height. The unbalanced rudders are rectangular. The Toucan first flew on 6 November 1989, powered by the Hirth engine, and received its Certificate of Airworthiness on 9 December 1991. It flew at the RSA rallies in 2006 and 2007 and remains on the French Civil Aircraft Register in 2014.
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Following on from his earlier designs Vincent Burnelli designed a commercial transport version using the lifting-fuselage concept. Burnelli's designs were based on the idea that an airfoil-section fuselage would contribute to the lift generated. The Burnelli UB-14 first flew in 1934, the airfoil-section fuselage was the centre-section of the wing. The aircraft had twin tailbooms and a widespan tailplane and elevator fitted with twin fins and rudders.
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Steering was controlled by a pair of rudders, one at the stern and one in the bow; both could be fixed. Nix and Salamander were good sea boats, but they had a wide turning radius and could not be steered at all while under sail. They carried an armament of four 25-pound mortars. The design initially called for four short-barrelled 12-pounder guns in addition to the mortars, but these were never installed.
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Wing tip fins, which had a blunted triangular profile, carried slightly more rounded rudders. Ailerons occupied the outer 65% of each wing, with the rest filled with an elevon. The controls were essentially conventional, with rudder pedals and a wheel for the ailerons which, when pushed or pulled moved the elevons together to change pitch. Its fuselage was short but deep, with an enclosed cabin over the leading edge holding two seats in tandem.
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In modern shipbuilding and for powerboats of most sizes, the lazarette is the location of the steering gear equipment for the vessel. This area is particularly sensitive to flooding and damage, as the ability to steer during heavy weather is of the utmost importance to vessel safety. The lazarette also represents a vulnerability in that the large hull penetrations required for rudders and shafts for propulsion through the vessel's hull generally reside there.
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The finished prototype used 3 pairs of short seven foot span biplane wings positioned at the front, middle and rear of the vehicle. A small set of rudders on the rear wing assembly could be operated differentially to provide yaw and roll in flight. The vehicle was powered by a tractor configuration Continental A-40 engine driving a propeller. The "body" or fuselage, used spruce stringers, was fabric covered and resembled a dirigible in shape.
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Only the outer rudders were balanced, but these were directly connected to the central one, assisting it. The C.25 had fixed tailskid conventional landing gear with main wheels in pairs under each engine, assisted by another pair under the nose to prevent noseovers. The C.25 was on display at the Paris Aero Show in 1919, though it may not have flown by then. Little is recorded on its subsequent history.
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At the rear tetragonal plan, mid-mounted tailplanes with marked dihedral carried vertical endplate fins which, with their rudders, were roughly oval in profile. The trailing edges of broad chord elevators were slightly curved, with inboard trim tabs. A retractable tailwheel was positioned just ahead of the tailplane leading edge. The first prototype, the VM-16, was crewed by just a pilot and navigator/gunner/bomb-aimer, seated alongside but facing rearwards.
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The Azipod propulsion system gives the ship excellent manoeuvring capabilities. It allows full turns at high speed with a radius of less than a ship length. Almost equal speed can be achieved ahead and astern. Rudders as well as stern thrusters are obsolete if an Azipod propulsion is installed astern as it is capable of providing full thrust in all directions by setting the unit's direction angle simply with the vessel's steering control.
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Then is the pilot area. He has numerous controls including controls for the fore and aft dive planes and rudders, valves for oil, fuel and water and the periscope raise/lower controls. Behind the pilot are the main ballast tank and fuel tank. Abaft the fuel tank and ballast tank is the in-line six diesel engine, followed by the aft trim tanks, gearbox and reduction motors and finally the electric motor and propellers.
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It was originally equipped only with a stern rudder, which gave poor control. At speeds greater than the boat would become unstable. At this speed the boat would be angled down 3-5° to maintain depth, so that the bow would be lower than the stern. Further rudders were added at the centre of the boat in 1893, which as well as improving stability meant that she remained more level as it dived.
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Tandem Twin The Tandem Twin was another early example of a twin engine aircraft. It was built for Francis McClean, using parts of S.27. fitted with a short nacelle on top of the lower wing with a Gnome Omega at either end, access to the cockpit being via a hole in the nacelle floor. Tail surfaces were modified by the addition of an extra pair of rectangular rudders above the tailplane.
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At the Salon its two seats were enclosed within a rather blunt canopy or coupé with a flat windscreen and two windows on each side. This was readily detachable and it is not known if the Limousine was flown with it in place. Their empennages were conventional, with plywood covered horizontal tails on top of the fuselages. The fins were small and semi-circular and the fabric covered rudders had scalloped, rounded edges.
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The aircraft was designed to comply with the US Experimental - Amateur-built aircraft rules. It features a single main rotor, a two-seats-in tandem open cockpit with a windshield, tricycle landing gear without wheel pants, plus a tail caster. The tail consists of two vertical stabilizers and rudders. The acceptable power range is and the standard engine used is a four-cylinder, air-cooled, four- stroke, dual-ignition Lycoming O-320 in pusher configuration.
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Rutan Long-EZ Owners Manual, Second Edition - October 1983 Equipped with a rear-seat fuel tank, a Long-EZ has flown for 4,800 miles (7,700 kilometers). The pilot sits in a semi-reclined seat and controls the Long-EZ by means of a side-stick controller situated on the right-hand console. In addition to having an airbrake on the underside, the twin tail's wing-tip rudders can be deflected outwards to act as auxiliary airbrakes.
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The First 25.7 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a plumb stem, a vertical transom, dual transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller and a centreboard or optional fixed fin keel. It displaces and carries of ballast. The keel-equipped version of the boat has a draft of , while the centreboard-equipped version has a draft of with the centreboard extended and with it retracted.
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The purpose of the five year project (2014-2019), was to survey submerged ancient landscapes in the Black Sea. The international team of scientists uncovered and analyzed more than sixty shipwrecks, including possibly the world's oldest intact shipwreck (c. 400 BC) found in Bulgarian waters at a depth of more than one mile (1600 m). The seventy five foot (23 m) ship, most likely ancient Greek in origin, was discovered with its mast, rudders and rowing benches in place.
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The body width of 14 ft (4.27 m) placed the engines only 10 ft 4 in (3.15 m) apart, with about 1 in (25 mm) clearance between propeller tips. The cabin housed up to 30 passengers. At the fixed "trailing edge" of the fuselage small twin fins mounted above its sides carried balanced rudders and short, mid-fuselage mounted tailplanes carried balanced elevators. It was a single bay equal span biplane, with simple parallel interplane struts and without stagger.
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Yaw is induced by a moveable rudder-fin. The movement of the rudder changes the size and orientation of the force the vertical surface produces. Since the force is created at a distance behind the centre of gravity, this sideways force causes a yawing moment then a yawing motion. On a large aircraft there may be several independent rudders on the single fin for both safety and to control the inter-linked yaw and roll actions.
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The Lamco Eurocub is a single- engined, high-wing monoplane with two seats in side-by-side configuration. The Eurocub is manufactured with either an 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912 UL engine or a 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912 ULS engine. The engine drives the propeller, which has ground-adjustable pitch, through a gearbox with a 2.43:1 reduction ratio. The aircraft's fuselage, stabilizers, rudders and landing gear are constructed of welded steel tubes.
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The second prototype Lancaster DG595 featured the twin, enlarged fins and rudders of the Manchester IA. Manchester production continued until November of that year but some aircraft that were still in production were instead completed as Lancasters. The 193 operational Manchesters flew 1,269 sorties with Bomber Command, dropping 1,826 tons (1,657 tonnes) of bombs and lost 78 aircraft in action, flying its last operation against Bremen on 25 June 1942.Jackson 1990, p. 356.Bowyer 1974, p. 43.
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One Seagull II was rebuilt and fitted with Handley-Page leading edge slots and twin fins and rudders in 1928. This was considered to be the Mark IV, although Supermarine never designated it as such. Three ex-service aircraft were later placed on the British Civil Register. In 1930 work was started on a flying boat of similar size and layout but with a predominantly metal airframe, powered by a Bristol Jupiter IX engine in pusher configuration.
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Their hulls, rudders and propulsion systems were dimensioned according to the then-latest ice class rules of the USSR Register of Shipping. When the ships are loaded to a deeper draught, their ice class is reduced to UL which, despite being slightly lower, is still equivalent to the highest Finnish-Swedish ice class, 1A Super.The equivalence between the Finnish-Swedish ice classes and the ice classes of classification societies . Finnish Maritime Administration Bulletin No. 16/27.11.2002.
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Steering the craft by water screws alone also presented difficulties. A telegraph connected the wheelhouse to the two pontoon engine crews. But because of the vessel's broad beam, the crews had to react simultaneously to requests for changes in speed or the ferry would begin turning, a movement the rudders could barely counteract. On 31 August 1940, the new Siebel ferry was tested in the Ems estuary by the Special Command of the Merchant Shipping Division.
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Mayang has 1 mast with 1 sail of tanja, lateen, or crab claw type, with the tanja being the most common. It is steered using 1 axial rudder or 2 quarter (side) rudders. For defense, mayang has no cannon, but has 1 swivel gun and 2 snaphaunces. Modern mayang is also equipped with engine, and some of them also had keel. Modern mayang is about 10-15 m long, 2-3 m breadth, with 0.5-0.9 m high hull.
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The landing gear is a monowheel, with a nose skid. The "A" model was described in the plans sold and retained the twin tip rudders of the EPB-1, although some were built with a single fin and rudder assembly attached to the cockpit rear. At least one two-place side-by-side seating version was built in Australia, and another as a motor glider. The standard wingspan is , but versions have been built with spans up to .
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The aircraft took-off , but at the right wing dropped, caused by a control restriction, so Uygun carried out an emergency landing, with the aircraft suffering some damage. Repairs were carried out and flight tests resumed, revealing poor yaw stability and heavy rudder forces. The rudders were reduced in area shortly before the THK-13 was exhibited at the 1949 Paris Air Show. Further development of the THK-13 was abandoned when THK's priorities were re-aligned.
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Technically, the ferry is a reaction ferry, which is propelled by the current of the water. An overhead cable is suspended from towers anchored on either bank of the river, and a "traveller" is installed on the cable. The ferry is attached to the traveller by a bridle cable. To operate the ferry, rudders are used to ensure that the pontoons are angled into the current, causing the force of the current to move the ferry across the river.
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They are able to glide for distances over 140 metres. Beside the distinctive skin folds, flying phalangers also have large, forward- facing eyes, short (though pointed) faces, and long flat tails which are used as rudders while gliding. All are omnivores, and eat tree sap, gum, nectar, pollen, and insects, along with manna and honeydew. Most flying phalangers appear to be solitary, though the yellow-bellied glider and sugar glider are both known to live in groups.
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The latter had single spars and plywood covered leading edges, forming torsion-resisting D-boxes. In the absence of a conventional rudder the Habicht had drag rudders. These were leading edge flaps placed near the tips and formed by mounting the leading edge surfaces on a hinge so they could open upwards and downwards (those of the Horten H.I had extended downwards only). Their differential operational controlled yaw and they served as conventional airbrakes when opened together.
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She featured a large fore-bridge, a mast close to bridge, a turtleback bow, both torpedo tubes aft of third funnel and three equal-sized funnels. She had a Thornycroft stern and dual rudders, which made her very responsive to the helm. She carried one 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun, five 6-pounder 8 cwt naval guns and two 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes. She was propelled by four Thornycroft coal-fired water-tube boilers.
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The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . The B-10 is configured as a tailless aircraft. The aircraft's fuselage structure is made from aluminum tubing while the wing has a birch plywood D-cell leading edge and foam ribs, covered with Dacron sailcloth or doped aircraft fabric. Its span wing employs a NACA 23015 airfoil, has an area of , an aspect ratio of 8:1 and mounts external ailerons as well as wing tip rudders.
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The upper deck covering the "stable" consist of bamboo lattice.G. E. P. Collins, East Monsoon (London, I936); Makassar Sailing (London, 1937); 'Seafarers of South Celebes', The National Geographic Magazine, Washington, January I945· It is steered with 2 quarter rudders, which are fixed to a set of heavy crossbeams in a way to enable a quick emergency release. The helmsmen stood on the outboard galleries. There is a cramped cabin for the captain below the poop deck.
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MV Iona bore hardly any resemblance to a previous Ailsa car ferry like or the 1964 trio of MacBrayne ferries. The most obvious influence was her intended rival, , built in Norway for Western Ferries in 1968 – the first drive-through ferry in west coast waters. MV Iona was ten feet longer than , and of greater draft, but twin rudders gave her greater manoeuvrability than the earlier MacBrayne ferries. She was the company's first vessel without traditional teak decking.
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There were three large windows on each side. For the same reason the rear fuselage was quite short, and it lacked the normal taper, giving it a boxy look, so that the second, pusher Lycoming could be mounted in the extreme tail. This was cooled by air from rectangular intakes on the upper sides of the rear fuselage. The straight edged, tapered tailplane was mounted on the fuselage top above the engine, with small endplate fins carrying balanced rudders.
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The total output of these prime movers, some , is converted to electricity, used in hotel power for operation of the lights, elevators, electronics, galleys, water treatment plant, and all of the other systems used on the operation of the vessel, as well as propulsion. Propulsion is provided by three Azipods, ABB's brand of electric azimuth thrusters. These pods, suspended under the stern, contain electric motors driving propellers. Because they are rotatable, no rudders are needed to steer the ship.
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Punta Alta is a multipurpose ship specialized in buoy maintenance, built at the US Coast Guard shipyard, Curtis Bay, United States. Her hull is specially designed for these tasks, being highly manoeuvrable thanks to its two variable-pitch propellers, twin rudders, and bow thruster. She has a metal hull and superstructure, and a single mast and funnel. It is powered by two 16-cylinder V, 900 HP, “Caterpillar” D398 marine diesel engines driving two propellers; and two bow thrusters.
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Despite the fact that the salvaged components were remarkably preserved, in particular the two gun turrets, bow (including chrysanthemum mount) and stern (with every propeller, and intact rudders and steering gear), the entirety of the ship was broken up to farm low-radiation steel and sold to an anonymous "research institute." The salvagers retrieved 849 bodies of crewmen lost during the explosion. In 1995, the Mutsu Memorial Museum declared that no further salvage operations were planned.Williams, pp.
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Two trunk boilers, also in a single boiler room, supplied steam to the engines at . Her propulsion system was rated to produce for a top speed of . Two rudders were fitted side by side to control the vessel and ensure good maneuverability, owing to the fact that the ram was its primary offensive weapon. The ship was initially fitted with a brig sailing rig to supplement the steam engines, though this was subsequently replaced with a topsail schooner rig.
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First appearing in 1931 the H4H1 was a twin-engined high-wing monoplane flying-boat. Powered by two 500 hp (597 kW) Hiro 91-1 engines strut-mounted above the wing it was produced by the Kawanishi company and entered service in 1933. An improved version of the design, the H4H2, followed into production two years later. The H4H2 has re-designed twin fins and rudders and was powered by two 800 hp (597 kW) Myojo radial engine.
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The Heinkel company began the He 280 project on its own initiative after the He 178 had been met with indifference from the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (German, Reich Aviation Ministry, RLM). The head designer was Robert Lusser, who began the project under the designation He 180 in late 1939. It had a typical Heinkel fighter fuselage, elliptical wings and a dihedralled tailplane with twin fins and rudders. It had a tricycle undercarriage landing gear with very little ground clearance.
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Design of the T.IX was started in 1938 as the company's first all-metal bomber project. It was a mid-wing monoplane with twin fins and rudders and retractable landing gear, powered by two 1375 hp (1025 kW) Bristol Hercules radial piston engines. The T.IX first flew on 11 September 1939, but in April 1940 during testing it was damaged when it collided with a hangar door. The subsequent German invasion of the Netherlands stopped repair and further development.
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C2s must have a minimum weight and width of and , and be not more that . Rudders are prohibited. Canoes are decked and propelled by single- bladed paddles, and the competitor must kneel. In ICF wildwater canoeing athletes paddle a course of class III to IV whitewater (using the international scale of river difficulty), passing over waves, holes and rocks of a natural riverbed in events lasting either 20–30 minutes ("Classic" races) or 2–3 minutes ("Sprint" races).
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Philip Wills and Fred Slingsby negotiated the lease of the land at Sutton Bank. With the outbreak of World War II in 1939 Slingsby changed production, initially building rudders for the Avro Anson although they sold a few gliders for radar experiments. Eventually an order was received for the design and production of the Hengist troop carrying glider. In addition, Slingsby received orders for primary training gliders for the Royal Air Force's Air Training Corps (ATC).
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On February 13, 2008, Alakai went into dry dock to make repairs to her auxiliary rudders that were damaged in late January. The dry docking was extended due to hull damage caused when a tugboat moving Alakai into dry dock lost power and collided heavily with the catamaran. Alakai returned to service in early April 2008 shortly after Aloha Airlines ended service. Before resuming service the ship went through sea trials and was re-certified by the Coast Guard.
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The ferry is attached to the traveller by a bridle cable. To operate the ferry, rudders are used to ensure that the pontoons are angled into the current, causing the force of the current to move the ferry across the river. The ferry operates under contract to the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation, is free of tolls, and runs on demand between 0700 and 1820. It carries a maximum of 2 cars and 12 passengers at a time.
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When the airfoil or the body is in motion relative to the air, the VG creates a vortex,Peppler, I.L.: From The Ground Up, page 23. Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, Ottawa Ontario, Twenty Seventh Revised Edition, 1996. which, by removing some part of the slow-moving boundary layer in contact with the airfoil surface, delays local flow separation and aerodynamic stalling, thereby improving the effectiveness of wings and control surfaces, such as flaps, elevators, ailerons, and rudders.
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Divers were put over the side, but reported they could not clear the damage, as the sea was then too rough. The officers also considered using the aircraft hangar doors on board the ship as makeshift rudders but the proposals came to nothing. The crew was still able to steer Bismarck somewhat by adjusting the revolution speed of her propellers, but it reduced the ship's top speed to and effectively left it circling in the water.Ballard 1990, p. 116.
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132-133 Intended to aid river crossing and bridging operations, it was designed by Rheinmetall-Borsig of Düsseldorf. The hull was similar to that of a motor launch, resembling a tracked boat with twin rear-mounted tunnelled propellers and twin rudders. On land, it rode on steel-shod tracks with four bogies per side. By the autumn of 1940 three prototypes had been completed and were assigned to Tank Detachment 100 as part of Operation Sea Lion.
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Each X-23 was constructed from titanium, beryllium, stainless steel, and aluminium. The craft consisted of two sections—the aft main structure and a removable forward "glove section". The structure was completely covered with a Martin-developed ablative heat shield 20 to 70 mm (¾ to 2¾ inches) thick, and the nose cap was constructed of carbon phenolic material. Aerodynamic control was provided by a pair of 12-inch (30 cm) square lower flaps, and fixed upper flaps and rudders.
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Two rudders were fitted to help steer the ship. Vessels, on average, only lasted about five years due to the wooden hulls being breached, poor maintenance, fires, general wear and tear, and the common boiler explosion. Early trips up the Mississippi River took three weeks to get to the Ohio. Later, with better pilots, more powerful engines and boilers, removal of obstacles and experienced rivermen knowing where the sand bars were, the figure was reduced to 4 days.
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Vickers F.B.27 Vimy side view The Vickers F.B.27 Vimy is an equal-span twin-engine four-bay biplane, with balanced ailerons on both upper and lower wings. The engine nacelles were positioned mid-gap and contained the fuel tanks. It has a biplane empennage with elevators on both upper and lower surfaces and twin rudders. The main undercarriage consists of two pairs of wheels, each pair carried on a pair of tubular steel V-struts.
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127 Three gondolas were suspended from the keel. The forward gondola contained the control room and one engine driving a pair of swivelling propellors, a second amidships contained two engines each driving a fixed four-bladed pusher propeller on outriggers, and the aft gondola contained the fourth engine driving a single two-bladed pusher propeller and an emergency control car. Ballast and fuel were carried in tanks along the keel. Rudders and elevators were of the cruciform type.
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Its span wing is cable-braced from an inverted "V" kingpost, has 4° of dihedral and 15° of sweepback. The three-axis control system is unconventional,Berger, Alain-Yves and Norman Burr: Berger-Burr's Ultralight and Microlight Aircraft of the World, Volume 16, page 199. Haynes Publishing Group, 1983. with pitch controlled by an all-flying canard, yaw by wingtip rudders and roll by spoilerons, all actuated by a single side-stick, the aircraft lacking rudder pedals.
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The British carried out a series of attacks that were all unsuccessful; Scharnhorsts anti-aircraft guns were red-hot by the end of the action, and one 20 mm gun had burst from the strain. The ship struck another mine off Terschelling on the starboard side at 22:34. The mine briefly knocked out the power system and temporarily disabled the rudders. Two of the three turbines were jammed, and the third had to be turned off.
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The C&C; 34/36 series are all a small recreational keelboats, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. They all have masthead sloop rigs, reverse transoms and internally- mounted spade-type rudders. The line was introduced in 1989. The series includes the "+" version, which is a club racer-cruiser, the "R" version, which is a deep keel racing model and a later "XL" model, which combined the performance of the "R" with a cruising interior.
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There was no provision for lateral control. The undercarriage consisted of a pair of wheels in front of the pilot and a third behind, supplemented by a tailskid. Santos-Dumont made three flights on 17 November 1907 at Issy-les-Moulineaux. modified Type 19 Later, Santos-Dumont made a number of modifications: he repositioned the engine, placing it below the wing in front of the pilot, fitted a different propeller and removed the forward elevator and rudders.
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"Flight Control Actuation System Integrator for the B-2 Spirit." Moog, Retrieved: 11 August 2012. Northrop had investigated several means of applying directional control that would infringe on the aircraft's radar profile as little as possible, eventually settling on a combination of split brake-rudders and differential thrust. Engine thrust became a key element of the B-2's aerodynamic design process early on; thrust not only affects drag and lift but pitching and rolling motions as well.
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The aircraft was also given an elongated nacelle with the front elevator mounted on an upswept outrigger on its nose and paired rudders were fitted. The aircraft retained the original Gnome Lambda."The 70 hp Short Biplane: Drawing" Flight 7 June 1913 However its performance was disappointing and McClean had a new design, the Short S.80, built. The airframe was subsequently further modified, principally by removing the extended wings, to convert it into a Type 38.
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The Stiletto 27 is a recreational catamaran, built predominantly of fiberglass, with an epoxy and Nomex core. It has a fractional sloop rig with a full-roach mainsail, raked stems, slightly reverse transoms, transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller and a single, centrally-mounted daggerboard keel. The racing versions are heavier and incorporate extra sails, sheet winches ans a 6:1 downhaul. A spinaker and pivoting centerboard are optional for both cruising and racing versions.
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The VVIA under Bolkhovitinov was enlarged to tackle the expected problems in the design of the Bolkhovitnov S. The rear engine was geared to two high-speed shafts which passed either side of the forward engine to drive the rear propeller gearbox, whilst the forward engine and gearbox drove the forward propeller via shaft through the middle of the rear propeller gearbox. The structure of the S was predominantly light alloy stressed skin, the wing having two spars with heavy flush-rivetted upper and lower skins, and the fuselage built up from pre- formed upper, lower, and side panels attached to four longerons to give a strong but relatively simple structure to build. A total of 29 electrical actuators drove the Fowler Flaps, undercarriage, (rotating 90deg to lie flat in the wing), exit flap of the large common radiator duct, and many other services. The tail unit consisted of twin fins with rudders attached to the tips of the tailplane, variable geared elevators and separate servo and trim tabs on elevators, and rudders.
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Sail control uses friction rings instead of a mainsheet traveler and a rigid boom vang. It features a plumb stem, a slightly reverse transom with a gas strut assisted, drop-down tailgate-style swimming platform, dual internally mounted spade-type rudders controlled by two wheels and a fixed fin keel, shoal draft wing keel or lifting keel. It can also be equipped with an asymmetrical spinnaker of . The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar 3YM20 diesel engine of for docking and maneuvering.
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As designed, the hull of Delta King measured 1,150 GRT, and displaced 1,700 tons. She was long, wide, and drew , though this would have changed when the additional wooden decks and stern- wheel were added. A pair of two-cylinder compound horizontal engines (Denny's Special Order 1090-1091) were designed to produce 1,500ihp, and steering was by four rudders; the stern wheel was constructed of fir, with 28 arms and paddles. At Stockton the upper decks were completed and the ship fitted out.
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They were armed with one 12-pounder gun and three 6-pounder guns, with one fixed 18-in torpedo tube in the bow plus two more torpedo tubes on a revolving mount abaft the two funnels. Later the bow torpedo tube was removed and two more 6-pounder guns added instead. They produced from a pair of Thornycroft water-tube boilers, giving them a top speed of 27 knots. In common with subsequent early Thornycroft boats, they had sloping sterns and double rudders.
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Pride of Hull was designed as two ships in one, both a car ferry and a cargo transporter, with three large freight decks, loaded by a single stern door and a car deck, on deck 7, loaded via a side ramp. She is long with a beam of and a draught of . She is powered by four Wärtsilä 9L46C diesel engines which have a total power output of which can propel her at . She has two bow thrusters, two stabilisers and twin rudders.
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Jackson (2000), p. 121 In an extremely confusing melee, Hiei disabled two American heavy cruisers--killing two rear admirals in the process--but was hit by about 85 shells from the guns of cruisers and destroyers, rendering her virtually unmaneuverable. Abe transferred his flag to Kirishima, and the battleship was taken under tow by the same ship, but one of her rudders froze in the full starboard position. Over the next day, Hiei was attacked by American aircraft many different times.
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With new owners, aircraft on the production line were completed, and the Optica entered service. The aircraft has an unusual configuration with a fully glazed forward cabin, reminiscent of an Alouette helicopter, that provides 270° panoramic vision and almost vertical downward vision for the pilot and two passengers. The aircraft has twin booms with twin rudders and a high-mounted tailplane. It is powered by a Lycoming flat-six normally-aspirated engine situated behind the cabin and driving a fixed pitch ducted fan.
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The NiD 940 was a low cantilever wing aircraft. Its wing had a thick section and a chrome-steel tube structure and in plan was swept with straight-taper. Elevons, hinged at right angles to the line of flight, controlled both pitch and roll. Triangular wing tip fins, externally braced from tip to wing, provided yaw stability and carried generous, five-sided, angular rudders which could operate together for directional control but also be opened at right angles as air brakes.
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Torpedo room of Espadon On 13 August 1963 a fire in the torpedo room wounded and intoxicated four sailors, one of whom later died of his wounds. In May 1964, Espadon and Marsouin steamed under sea ice in the Norwegian Sea as far as 70° north. Espadon undertook significant modifications from 1966 to 1968, notably upgrading the boat's sonar, sail and rudders. Espadon has been a museum ship at the "ville-port" of Saint-Nazaire in the German-built submarine base since 1987.
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The ferry is attached to the traveller by a bridle cable. To operate the ferry, rudders are used to ensure that the pontoons are angled into the current, causing the force of the current to move the ferry across the river. The ferry operates under contract to the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation, is free of tolls, and runs on demand between 0630 and 2215. It carries a maximum of 2 cars, or one small school bus, and 18 passengers at a time.
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He sat under a canopy, which, together with a small section of fuselage, was removed for access. The undercarriage was improved by lightening the skid and including a fixed, semi-recessed monowheel. Both models had a horizontal tail mounted on a shallow pedestal slightly above the upper fuselage and forward of the rudder hinge, though the elevators of the Papero were reshaped and carried a small trim tab. Both had narrow fins and broad, curved rudders but that of the Papero was unbalanced.
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The C.570's hydraulically retractable main undercarriage had wheels on Messier oleo struts which folded backwards behind the engines, giving it a track of . The C.570 had a twin tail with its tailplane mounted at the top of the fuselage. Together with the elevators it was trapezoidal in plan; the fins were of the endplate type, oval in profile and with rudders split into two sections to allow elevator movement. Both horizontal and vertical control surfaces had Flettner-type servo tabs.
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After the failure of the rocket motor, further development of the first two prototypes ended. To protect the pilot if the aircraft was damaged in combat the XP-79 was built using a welded magnesium alloy monocoque structure with a skin thickness at the trailing edge and a thickness at the leading edge. The pilot controlled the XP-79 through a tiller bar and rudders mounted below; intakes mounted at the wingtips supplied air for the unusual bellows-boosted split ailerons.
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The S-11 was conceived as a unique single seat sport aircraft, based on the lifting body concept pioneered by NASA in the 1960s. The aircraft design derives 80% of its lift from the aircraft fuselage and associated strakes and only 20% from its straight wings. The Pursuit is a straked, low wing single or dual seat aircraft with tricycle landing gear and dual rudders. It is made from a welded steel fuselage with aluminum ribs and a composite shell.
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A third flight on 31 December revealed a number of control problems, the ailerons and elevators were effective but heavy, partly due to excessive friction in the control circuit and the rudders were seriously overbalanced.Barnes 1987 p.79 After minor modifications, the aircraft was flown to RNAS Eastchurch, where full-speed trials were made. On reaching , the tail unit began to vibrate and twist violently; the pilot immediately landed and an inspection showed severe damage to the rear fuselage structure.
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The IA 45 Querandi was designed as an executive and light transport. A twin-engined all metal high- wing cantilever monoplane with an upswept rear fuselage, it had a tailplane with two fins and rudders and retractable tricycle landing gear. Powered by two pusher configuration Avco Lycoming O-320 piston engines it had room for a pilot and four passengers. The prototype first flew on 23 September 1957 and was followed by an improved version with more powerful engines and six seats.
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The upper tips of the fins were painted different colors to identify its squadrons. The two air forces in Asia, the Tenth Air Force and Fourteenth Air Force, each had only a single bomb group. The Tenth's 7th Bombardment Group used a checkerboard pattern in either black-and-white or black-and-yellow on the rudder or part of the tail fin to identify its squadrons. The 308th Bombardment Group of the Fourteenth Air Force used colored or striped rudders.
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The Type 559 was an unorthodox canard design with a massive chin air intake, split vertically, for two reheated de Havilland Gyron engines of thrust each, placed as in the English Electric Lightning, one above the other. Two de Havilland Spectre Junior rockets were situated each side of the fuselage at wing level. Two Red Hebe or Blue Jay missiles were mounted alongside the upper part of the fuselage between the canard and the mainplane, which had endplates incorporating twin rudders.
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Restoration of E. osiliensis. The chelicerae of the pterygotids were clearly adapted to be used for active prey capture and more similar to the claws of some modern crustaceans, with well developed teeth on the claws, than to the chelicerae of other eurypterid groups. Another feature distinguishing the group from other eurypterid groups were their flattened and expanded telsons, likely used as rudders when swimming. The cheliceral morphology and visual acuity of the pterygotid eurypterids separates them into distinct ecological groups.
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As first flown in April 1909 the aircraft had vertical fixed surfaces carrying twin rudders on their trailing edges and very broad-chord ailerons. The airframe was made of wood, mainly ash, with members joined using aluminium sockets. Wing and tail surfaces were covered with a single fabric surface, with the ribs and two spars enclosed in pockets. The fixed vertical surfaces had been removed and the ailerons replaced with smaller ones by the time the aircraft appeared at Reims in August.
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Triangular outboard control surfaces were hinged on the diagonal to these sections and provided all the functions normally produced by separate elevator, aileron and rudder controls. When operated together they acted as elevators, while when operating differentially they acted as combined ailerons and rudders to bank the aircraft into a controlled turn. The front and rear wings were fixed to a long, uncovered fuselage frame, with the front wing gently tapered. The top wing was strut-braced to the structure below.
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The observer's cockpit was between these frames, the pilot sitting at the wing trailing edge. The 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome rotary engine was enclosed in a close-fitting aluminium cowling. The fuselage tapered to the tail, which in typical Coandă style comprised a nearly semicircular fixed horizontal stabiliser with a single elevator, plus a balanced rudder without a fixed fin. There was a single wide mahogany float built by Oscar Gnosspelius, with a pair of water rudders at its rear.
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The wing surfaces were of fabric. The experimental 720 hp Rolls-Royce Goshawk steam-cooled engine was specified for the "Knuckleduster," which led to many problems due to the engine's unreliability. The engines, with conspicuous condensers protruding vertically from the nacelles, were mounted at the "knuckle" between the dihedral inner and the horizontal outer wing sections. The tail unit comprised a horizontal plane braced by struts with two vertical fins and rudders, also supported by diagonal bracing to the fuselage.
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Cullen, Tony. Encyclopedia of World Sea Power, p. 68. . One CIWS mount was later removed and two 21-cell RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers were added.. Enterprise is also the only aircraft carrier to house more than two nuclear reactors, having an eight-reactor propulsion design, with each A2W reactor taking the place of one of the conventional boilers in earlier constructions. She is the only carrier with four rudders, two more than other classes, and features a more cruiser-like hull.
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Having much smaller wing size to body length ratio, the butterflies have a whirring flight, rapidly beat their wings and dart back and forth in a manner reminiscent of dragonflies, their long tails acting as rudders. Male dragontails suck up a lot of water from which the dissolved minerals are filtered and the water squirted from the anus. While feeding they vibrate their wings rapidly but pause from time to time. Occasionally, they rest on leaves of bushes with wings outspread and stationary.
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Large winglets act as vertical stabilizers and the models with an enclosed cockpit also have conventional fuselage stabilising surfaces that contribute to yaw stability. The winglets on the 1989 prototype were fixed surfaces, so the pilot effected turns using the elevons. The original Swift is now out of production, having been replaced by a refined version called the Swift'Lite. This new model has winglets that, like those on the Rutan Long-EZ, are rudders when used singly, and air-brakes when used together.
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The ship features a highly streamlined crimson or rose colored gas bag (envelope) and an enclosed control gondola suspended from a thin exposed service catwalk. Twin gasoline engines, positioned in the rear of the catwalk drive two propellers that extend outward from either side of the catwalk on a metal truss. The rudders are also suspended from the rear of the catwalk. The envelope of the ship contains stabilizer fins in the rear and front and is crisscrossed by rope netting.
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L = 733 mm (28⅞in) The front float section has a pure water tank, a fuel oil tank and a depth meter. The depth meter is placed at the bottom of the section to detect the water depth. It detects the displacement level and controls the horizontal tail rudders' (or elevators)' accordingly, so that the torpedo maintains level running under water. The horizontal tail rudder controller is operated by the rod connection mechanism from the depth meter in the front float section.
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The inside of each hull can be reached through a hatch cover located at the rear of each hull. The boat is assembled by attaching the main and rear beams to the hulls with spring-loaded retaining clips, and lacing the trampoline to the beams and hulls. The two rudders are removable without tools, retract on impact with the beach, and can be locked in the up position. The rigging consists of a rotating mast held by a forestay and two shroud wires.
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The British army was besieged in Boston after the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. They were supported and supplied by the Royal Navy under the command of Vice-Admiral Samuel Graves, who was under Admiralty instruction to suppress the burgeoning rebellion. Under his orders, vessels were searched for military stores and potential military communications. Laid-up vessels were stripped of their masts and rudders to prevent their use by privateers, and military equipment was salvaged from recent wrecks.
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The first twin- keeled sailing vessel is widely believed to be the Bluebird Observations and Thoughts on Twin Keels !!! caution !!! reference unavailable 2016-08-11 account suspended that was built by Lord Riverdale and launched in 1924. Despite being the first twin-keeled yacht, and being built without much in the way of guiding engineering and science, it was quite radical as it had twin rudders (as racers have today), and a long narrow hull with a pointed, or "canoe," stern.
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Later the bow torpedo tube was removed and two more 6-pounder guns added instead. They produced 4,200 hp from a pair of Thornycroft water-tube boilers, giving them a top speed of 27 knots, giving the range and speed to travel effectively with a battle fleet. In common with subsequent early Thornycroft boats, they had sloping sterns and double rudders. The French navy, an extensive user of torpedo boats, built its first torpedo boat destroyer in 1899, with the 'torpilleur d'escadre'.
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Instead of four rudder and elevator fins set on the airship's empennage, the Zeppelin NT uses only three identical fins; one fin being set at the top with the others offset at an angle of 120 degrees to either side of the top fin.Sträter 2012, p. 563. This arrangement not only saves weight, but as a side effect, the loss of one fin can be compensated with the remaining two. The aerodynamically balanced rudders are equipped with independent electrical actuators.
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The Pterodactyl designs have their roots in the Manta Fledge hang gliders of the 1970s. The Fledge was designed by Klaus Hill and produced by Manta Products in a series that ran from the Fledge I to the IV, with numerous sub models designated by letters. The Fledge series were of a "rigid-wing" type, as opposed to the predominantly "flex-wing" hang glider designs then common. These designs all featured weight-shift pitch control and tip-rudders for yaw and roll control.
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Ray Hilborne of Leisure Sports designed and built a full-scale S.5 replica which flew for the first time on 28 August 1975. The replica, powered by a Continental IO-360, used an all-wood construction and incorporated modifications to the wing to lower the stalling speed, water rudders, a slightly wider cockpit and overall weight reduction to an all-up weight of just 1,500 lb, less than 1/2 that of the S.5.Hall 1976, p. 576.
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The M.68 was created by making the pod in two parts, the pilot's cockpit forward and a fairing behind, between which the container could be mounted. The span and length of the M.68 were the same as those of the Aerovan. The beam aft of the pod was unchanged, bearing the same tail unit with three fins, one central and two as endplates. All three carried rudders though only the central one was horn balanced, as on the Aerovan 2.
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The F-1 was a biplane flying boat powered by two Hall- Scott A-5 liquid-cooled engines with two-bladed tractor propellers fitted between the two wings. The lower wing was attached to a fuselage nacelle and the upper wing mounted on steel interplane struts. The fuselage nacelle had room in an open cockpit for a crew of two side by side plus eight to ten passengers. Twin uncovered booms supported the tail surfaces, with two fins and three rudders.
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The Abrial's wings had the designer's own reflexed camber aerofoil. Such aerofoils are useful for tailless aircraft, because the pitching moment about the aerodynamic centre of the wing can be zero. The wings were mounted with strong dihedral and braced from above by a V-strut on each side, their apexes meeting at a faired triangular central support structure. It had control surfaces on the wings which may have operated as elevons and trapezoidal rudders mounted on triangular fins at the wing tips.
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Surmounting the Texas was the pilothouse, from which the vessel was commanded. In this configuration, the Keno gross tonnage was 553.17 tons. The SS Keno paddlewheel, with details of the driveshaft cranks, rudders and transom Motive power for the vessel was provided by a single, wood fired, locomotive-style boiler, that fed steam to two high pressure, single-cylinder, double acting steam engines, mounted longitudinally. These in turn drove the rear paddlewheel by cranks mounted at either end of its axle.
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The aircraft is based upon the Rutan Long-EZ. It features a cantilever mid-wing canard layout with tip rudders, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fully retractable tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration. The aircraft is made from E-glass. Its span wing has a wing area of and employs a Roncz R1145MS airfoil at the wing root, transitioning to an Eppler 1230 mod airfoil at the wingtip.
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Behind the engines the fuselages were rectangular in section, built around welded steel tube structures and largely fabric-covered. There were two tandem open cockpits with dual controls under the wing, which had a rounded cut-out in its trailing edge. Their tail surfaces were fabric-covered wooden framed structures. The tailplanes were mounted on top of the slender rear fuselage and strut-braced from below and their fins were small, with a cropped triangular profile and carrying full, rounded balanced rudders.
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This aids vehicle control and reduces wear that could cause difficulties in steering precisely. Worm drives are a compact means of substantially decreasing speed and increasing torque. Small electric motors are generally high-speed and low-torque; the addition of a worm drive increases the range of applications that it may be suitable for, especially when the worm drive's compactness is considered. Worm drives are used in presses, rolling mills, conveying engineering, mining industry machines, on rudders, and worm drive saws.
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A biplane tail unit with three fins and rudders spanned the gap between the two main fuselage booms.Grahame-White E.IV-Ganymede at flyingmachines.ru Accessed 13 March 2017 The two pilots and a bomb-aimer/gunner were accommodated in the central nacelle, while additional gunners cockpits were provided in each of the fuselage booms, with Scarff ring mountings for a machine gun together with a tunnel opening under the fuselages to allow the gunners to repel attacks from below.Mason 1994, p.125.
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Erco provided two aircraft to Wright Field, Dayton Ohio for evaluation. One aircraft was used for JATO testing, with modified extended rudders. Because of the modifications and damages from JATO testing the aircraft was not returned to civilian service. The remaining aircraft continued to serve at the Army Mechanics training school at Lincoln Army Airfield, Lincoln Ne. then assigned from the Lincoln Army Airfield to the Nebraska Wing of the Civil Air Patrol, on 05/29/1944, ultimately returned to civilian service.
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The British vessel Arthur Albright was blown ashore at Port Tampa, Florida. About 200 mi (320 km) southeast of Charleston, three people were rescued when the yacht Guinevere sank during the storm. Offshore Cape Hatteras, a tanker broke in two; one member of the crew died while attempting to launch lifeboats, but the remaining crew were rescued by a passing cruise ship and the Navy. Two ships - one off Cape Hatteras and another east of Virginia - sustained damage to their rudders.
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Lettera di Giovanni da Empoli, in Archivio Storico Italiano. Florence: G.P. Vieusseux. 1846. Portuguese recorded at least two encounters with large Djongs, one was encountered off the coast of Pacem (Samudera Pasai Sultanate) and the other was owned by Pati Unus, who went on to attack Malacca in 1513. Characteristics of the 2 ships were similar, both were larger than Portuguese ship, built with multiple plankings, resistant to cannon fire, and had two oar-like rudders on the side of the ship.
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The lower tailplane of the Condor's biplane tail unit was mounted on top of the fuselage with the upper one held above it by the twin fins and central struts. Its rudders were generous and balanced. The Condor had a fixed, conventional, wide track landing gear Its independent wheels, equipped with brakes, were on short vertical legs and had trailing drag struts from the engine mountings and transverse struts to the central fuselage underside. Its tailskid was tall and sprung.
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At the rear a narrow-chord, rectangular tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage and carried elevators of essentially the same plan. Fins were mounted at the ends of the tailplane and carried rudders; a third fin and rudder was mounted centrally, on the fuselage. All these had an overall rectangular profile, with greater chord than height, and projected both above and below the tailplane and fuselage. Its first, ground-towed, flight, piloted by Nowotny, was on 23 October 1931.
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The tailplane and elevator was of constant chord and did not extend beyond the fins, which had swept, straight leading edges and carried curved rudders, cut away below. The central nacelle of the LB.2 placed the seating well ahead of the wing leading edge and the engine at the trailing edge. It was a flat sided structure of mixed construction, with plywood covering around the nose and cabin and metal around the engine. Seating was enclosed, with access via fuselage side doors.
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Line release mechanism can be attached to any suitable RC boat. Instead of using fast electric RC boats, slower, but stronger and more durable RC boats should be used. Line release mechanism is mounted on the stern of the boat, so that the fishing line stays clear of propellers, rudders, antenna and any other protrusions. Also, line release mechanism can be improvised using various methods, mostly using ordinary plastic clothespin requiring some testing before such system can be actually used.
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Several different rudders were used, with early examples having a round outline, intermediate examples having a square bottom on the rudder (Harvard I) and late examples using the triangular rudder of the AT-6 series, due to a loss of control at high angles of attack with the early types.Hagedorn 1997, p. 19. Horizontal and vertical tails were initially covered in corrugated aluminum, but later examples were smooth-skinned, and the horizontal stabilizer was increased in chord near its tips on later versions.Hagedorn 1997, pp. 14–15.
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The nose had a simple, rounded, single curvature covering and formed the pilot's enclosed cockpit, with deep, almost continuous, vertical windows and another transparency in the roof. Six rows of wicker seats, separated by a central aisle, accommodated the twelve passengers in the front part of the fuselage behind the pilot, in a space wide and high. Behind this windowed cabin was a baggage store measuring wide by . The tailplane was mounted low down on the fuselage, carrying a pair of triangular fins with isosceles trapezoidal rudders.
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This complication was avoided by the combination of low wing loading and fixed leading-edge camber that varies with spanwise position along the wing. Airfoil thickness ratios vary from 6% at the root to 3% at the tip. The empennage is of metal and composite construction, with twin aluminium/composite material honeycomb structure vertical stabilizers with boron-composite skin, resulting in an exceptionally thin tailplane and rudders. Composite horizontal all-moving tails outboard of the vertical stabilizers move independently to provide roll control in some flight maneuvers.
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The FMX-4 Facetmobile shape forms 11 flat planes, plus two wingtip rudders. Three flat shapes form the bottom of the aircraft (slightly inclined front, flat middle, and sharply raised back), and eight form the top (one large downwards-sloping rear section, one thin nose section, and three inclined side panels per side). The wing section is an 18% thickness ratio, much thicker than the typical 12-15% thickness of normal light aircraft wings. At least one commercial model airplane kit of the Facetmobile is in production.
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The Boxkite was a two- bay biplane with an elevator carried on booms in front of the wings and an empennage consisting of a pair of fixed horizontal stabilisers, the upper bearing an elevator, and a pair of rudders carried on booms behind the wing. There were no fixed vertical surfaces. Lateral control was effected by ailerons on both upper and lower wings. These were single-acting, the control cables arranged to pull them down only, relying on the airflow to return them to the neutral position.
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Opinnäytetyö, Satakunnan Ammattikorkeakoulu, 2009. thrusters, driven by ABB Strömberg AC/AC propulsion motors rated at 7,500 kW, considerably improve the maneuverability of the icebreaker. This is especially useful during escort and assistance operations in difficult ice conditions when the icebreaker has to operate at close proximity to other vessels at low speeds. When delivered, she was the first large icebreaker to be equipped with such propulsion system and her maneuverability was often described to be superior to older icebreakers with traditional shaftlines and rudders.
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On 30 August 1962, the first prototype performed its maiden flight from Nagoya Airport; it was soon followed by the second prototype, flying on 28 December 1962. Early flight testing revealed several issues to troubleshoot, including poor steering, excessive vibration and noise.Odagiri, Odagiri and Akira 1996, p. 225. There was also an acute lack of safety during sideways maneuvers; the wake of the propeller produced abnormal forces that inclined the aircraft to the right; all of the rudders were ineffective; and the maneuverability was worst of all.
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Its span wing is supported by cables strung from an inverted V style kingpost. The wing is derived from the Manta Fledge hang glider wing. The control system is unconventional and uses a hang glider style control bar for weight shift control of pitch and roll, augmented with wing tip rudders for yaw, activated by hand controls on the control bar. The fuselage is an open frame structure that is attached to the wing via a flexible single point mount, to allow weight shift control.
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The small wing provided high maneuverability with greater structural strength. The empennage consisted of two vertical fins with rudders, two conventional horizontal stabilizers, and two large elevator/trim surfaces on either side of centerline on the trailing edge of the wing planform. In January 1942, BuAer requested a proposal for two prototype aircraft of an experimental version of the V-173, known as the VS-135. The development version, the Vought XF5U-1, was a larger aircraft with all-metal construction, and was almost five times heavier.
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Behind the rear seats was a panel with sliding door access to a starboard side toilet The corresponding port-side space was a baggage compartment accessible only from outside. Entry to the cabin was via an over-wing port side door. The tail unit was a cantilever structure with the tailplane an integral part of the upper fuselage, carrying endplate fins with straight swept leading edges above the tailplane and rounded below. The fixed surfaces were plywood skinned, but rudders and the elevator were fabric covered.
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The two 1,125 hp (840 kW) Hispano-Suiza 14Aa engines were conventionally mounted on the forward wing spar with long- chord cowlings, driving variable-pitch propellers of opposite handedness. The engine fairings extended further rearwards below the wing than above to house the retracted undercarriage legs with their single wheels. The tailplane and elevator narrowed only slightly, ending with vertical surfaces that extended only upwards, unlike the typical endplate fins of the period which also reached below the tailplane. Both rudders and elevators had trim tabs.
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Most other propeller-driven ships will reverse the direction the prop spins. For a paddle wheel ship, reversing the direction of the paddle will provide astern propulsion. Redirecting the thrust of a water jet driven craft, changing the cyclic pitch of a Voith-Schneider propulsor, or rotating an azimuth thruster 180 degrees has the same effect. As the efficiency of traditional rudders is greatly reduced when not located in the propeller wash, only propulsion systems with steerable thrust provide adequate maneuverability during astern operation.
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In normal operations the minehunters are powered by a Brons-Werkspoor (later Wärtsilä) A-RUB 215V-12 diesel engine turning one shaft with a LIPS controllable pitch propeller. Using the conventional system, the minehunters have a maximum speed of and a range of at . For use when minehunting the vessels have two ACEC active rudders and a bow thruster. These are energised by three Astazou IVB gas turbine alternators rated at 150 kW. A fourth diesel-driven alternator rated at 160 kW supplies power during normal operations.
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The rocket engine nozzles were slightly offset to rotate the missile - this increased accuracy by evening out the effect of any slight asymmetry in thrust. This configuration drastically limited both range and flight duration, but was used because of fears that ionised particles in the hot, rocket motor exhaust stream would interfere with the guidance radar signals; further development showed the fears were unfounded. Steering was accomplished by four rudders in a cruciform configuration. These were moved by four pairs of pneumatic servos, operated by solenoid valves.
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Steering Oar The steering oar or steering board is an over-sized oar or board, to control the direction of a ship or other watercraft prior to the invention of the rudder. It is normally attached to the starboard side in larger vessels, though in smaller ones it is rarely, if ever, attached. The steering oar was crucial in the invention of larger vessels in a time when the technology for rudders did not exist. Steering oars were the typical steering mechanism on larger Viking ships.
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The airship had a tricycle undercarriage with a non-steerable nosewheel beneath the central hull and steerable (via a connection with the rudders) wheels at the tips of the ventral fins at the aft ends of the outer hulls. The nosewheel functioned as an "internal mooring mast," with a telescopic strut that allowed the ship's angle of attack to be varied while moored (e.g. nose down to hug the ground or nose up in preparation for takeoff) and a tie-down fitting at its lower end.
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In addition to its triplane wing configuration, the Fury had a biplane tailplane with three rudders, mounted on a single vertical fin similar to the Curtiss triplane. The Fury was initially provided with servo-motors for the main flight control surfaces, designed by Major Arthur Quilton Cooper, but these were removed later without compromising the pilot's ability to control this large aircraft. At some point the engines were replaced with more powerful Eagle VIIIs. On 24 April 1919, the Fury performed a 7-hour flight.
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Piaggio designed the P.23M specifically for flights across the North Atlantic Ocean, intending it to have potential for development as a commercial transport. It was a four- engine shoulder-wing monoplane with inverted gull wings and twin tail fins and rudders. To allow an easier landing if the aircraft had to ditch at sea, its fuselage was designed like a boat hull, which Piaggio termed an avion marin ("marine aviation") design, although the aircraft was not a flying boat. The main landing gear was retractable.
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Following the end of the Second World War the company concentrated on the design of a two-seater light training/touring aircraft, the Max Holste MH.52. A low-wing monoplane with twin fins and rudders, the MH.52 first flew in 1945. The company then built a high-wing version of the MH.52 to meet a French Army requirement. Being too small this was developed into the MH.1521 Broussard and the company went on to build 370 Broussards, mainly for the French military.
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The inlet and the nozzle in combination lead to an isotropic speed reduction around the cooling fins and due to the speed-squared law to a reduction in cooling drag. ; Fin and rudder tip fairings: Fin and rudder tip fairings reduce drag at low angles of attack, but also reduce the stall angle, so the fairing of control surface tips depends on the application.Molland, Anthony F. and Turnock, Stephen R.:"Marine Rudders and Control Surfaces: Principles, Data, Design and Applications" 1st Edition, section 5.3.2.11. Butterworth- Heineman, 2007.
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The middle wing had no control surfaces, and was shorter and narrower than the two primary wings. The top and bottom wings had a chord of , and each had a surface area of about . The stabilizer and elevator surfaces were with an chord. The fins and rudders looked like a box kite, and had a surface area of . The undercarriage consisted of 10 wheels, including two wheels mounted towards the front of the aircraft (to prevent a nose-over on takeoff) and a tail skid.
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Their small motorboat had suffered engine failure placing the occupants at risk of being pulled under the chain ferry. On 16 July 2014, The Sandbanks Ferry was forced to stop crossing for two days as one of its chains was again broken by the Barfleur which passed fast and close to the moored Bramble Bush Bay, at a very low tide. The resulting movement of the smaller vessel lifted the chain into the propellers and rudders of the Barfleur, which were also slightly damaged.
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Once the torpedo rolls, the horizontal and vertical rudders lose their positions, resulting in a runaway. The specification for the launch speed of aircraft was increased from 130knots to 180knots, with the expectation that it would be increased again. The engineers and scientists of the Type 91 project concluded that any aerial torpedo needed an anti-rolling system with not only a damping stabilizer function but also an acceleration controlling function. Without these features any torpedo would be highly likely to fall into an unstable state.
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Halifax cutaway model at the London Science Museum. The Handley Page Halifax was a mostly orthodox design, a mid-wing monoplane with a tail unit featuring twin fins and rudders. The Halifax featured all-metal construction with a smooth, stressed skin covering the majority of the exterior surfaces; the flight control surfaces were an exception, being fabric-covered instead. The slab- sided fuselage contained a 22-foot bomb bay, which contained the majority of the Halifax's payload, while the cockpit was flush with the upper fuselage.
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Hayao Miyazaki was born on 5 January 1941, in the town of Akebono-cho in Bunkyō, Tokyo, the second of four sons. His father, Katsuji Miyazaki ( 1915 – 18 March 1993), was the director of Miyazaki Airplane, which manufactured rudders for fighter planes during World War II. The business allowed his family to remain affluent during Miyazaki's early life. In 1944, when Miyazaki was three years old, his family evacuated to Utsunomiya. After the bombing of Utsunomiya in July 1945, Miyazaki's family evacuated to Kanuma.
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The outer panels had no dihedral and were strongly straight tapered, with a taper ratio of 1:4.7, though the trailing edges were unswept. They were also strongly tapered in thickness. Its large area wing and consequent low wing loading meant the Obs flew slowly. The thin, narrow chord wing tips carried endplate fins; like those on some of Lippisch's Storch tailless gliders, these carried rudders that were coupled to the conventional rear rudder, assisting it and allowing the Obs to have a short fuselage.
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The end of the fuselage curved up to a low, curved step which supported a biplane, constant chord horizontal tail with balanced elevators on its upper and lower planes. The lower elevator was in two parts with a central V-shaped cut-out. Between the planes there was a central fin which carried a rounded rudder that reached down to the keel and worked in the elevator gap, together with two mid-span, finless rudders, which were approximately trapezoidal in shape to allow elevator movement.
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An overhead cable is suspended from towers anchored on either bank of the river, and a "traveller" is installed on the cable. The ferry is attached to the traveller by a bridle cable. To operate the ferry, rudders are used to ensure that the pontoons are angled into the current, causing the force of the current to move the ferry across the river. The ferry operates under contract to the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation, is free of tolls, and runs on demand between 0700 and 1820.
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At dusk on 26 May, Fairey Swordfish torpedo aircraft from HMS Ark Royal attacked. Although much of the damage was superficial, one torpedo jammed Bismarcks rudders and steering gear. Lindemann was sure the damage could be repaired, but Lütjens apparently was quick to accept the worst. As Lindemann and his engineering officers discussed ways to repair the damage Lütjens compiled a note to the German command and people just 30 minutes after the torpedo struck and before the full extent of the damage was known.
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The B.Z.308 was a four- engined civil transport developed in the late 1940s for operation over both European and transatlantic routes. A large low-wing monoplane of all-metal construction, it was powered by four Bristol Centaurus radial engines driving five-bladed propellers. It had a large tailplane with endplate fins and rudders, and had retractable landing gear. The fuselage, oval in cross- section, accommodated a flight crew of five and 55 passengers in two cabins; a high-density model was planned with seats for 80.
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The type had a degree of difficulties as to getting out of a spin, something which on 14 October 1938 led to an accident with F.200 during a training mission with a student pilot. When the student was to bring the aircraft out of its spin the rudders failed to respond and the engine ceased. At 400 metres altitude the student was ordered to parachute, while the aircraft regained control at the same moment the student, 2nd Lt. Follevåg, jumped. The instructor, 1st.
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Different types of rudder: 1, ordinary rudder; 2, hanging rudder; 3, over- balanced rudder; 4, balanced rudder; 5, unbalanced rudder (hinge line shown as axis 'A') Balanced rudders are used by both ships and aircraft. Both may indicate a portion of the rudder surface ahead of the hinge, placed to lower the control loads needed to turn the rudder. For aircraft the method can also be applied to elevators and ailerons; all three aircraft control surfaces may also be mass balanced, chiefly to avoid aerodynamic flutter.
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The interior had large windows and was carefully furnished, with wicker armchairs and tables, lighting and decorated walls; a toilet was provided. The horizontal tail was a biplane unit with the lower tailplane attached to the bottom of the fuselage and the upper one on top of a small, shallow fin. The rectangular tailplanes were braced together by two interplane struts on each side; both were rectangular and carried elevators. Three rudders occupied the gap between the elevators, the tips cut away for elevator movement.
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USS Coral Sea is in the background. 2 F-14A Tomcats of VF-111 operations aboard the aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) in 1987. Note the lighter camouflage of the F-14A with number 200 which wears the tail code "NG" of CVW-9 and the name of CVW-9's (then) parent carrier, USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63). The rudders, however, show the markings of VF-111. In 1983, CVW-15 deployed on the new Nimitz-class carrier 's first post-shakedown cruise.
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In response to a requirement from the Air Service for a bomber that was superior to the Handley Page O/400, Martin proposed the MB-1 and were rewarded with an initial production contract for six aircraft. The MB-1 was a conventional biplane design with twin fins and rudders mounted above the tailplane and a fixed tailwheel landing gear with four-wheel main gear. Powered by two 400 hp (298 kW) Liberty 12A engines, it had room for a crew of three in open cockpits.
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Opinnäytetyö, Satakunnan Ammattikorkeakoulu, 2009. thrusters, driven by ABB Strömberg AC/AC propulsion motors rated at 7,500 kW, considerably improve the maneuverability of the icebreaker. This is especially useful during escort and assistance operations in difficult ice conditions when the icebreaker has to operate at close proximity to other vessels at low speeds. When delivered, she was the first large icebreaker to be equipped with such propulsion system and her maneuverability was often described to be superior to older icebreakers with traditional shaftlines and rudders.
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Another feature distinguishing the group from other eurypterid groups is their flattened and expanded telsons, likely used as rudders when swimming. J. howelli, known from over 30 specimens, has an almost identical pattern of denticulation on the chelicerae as J. rhenaniae and also preserves a flattened posterior margin of the telson, which results in a triangular shape, as in J. rhenaniae. Its serrated telson margin and the massive elongation of the second intermediate denticle clearly distinguishes it from J. rhenaniae. Furthermore, the type A genital appendage is not bifurcated at its end.
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Fokker test flew the two-seater solo after it was assembled at the Wasserkuppe, revealing poor directional stability. Rudders with greater area were fitted to rectify this, which allowed competition flying and passenger flights to commence; Fokker soon soared the biplane two- seater for thirteen minutes with a passenger aboard. This was the world's first passenger flight using a glider aircraft. After the Rhön competition Fokker moved on to Itford Hill, on the South Downs in Kent, for the Daily Mail gliding competition, held from 16 to 21 October 1922, where various prizes were offered.
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The power-plant was rated at and 256 rpm; it provided a top speed of as designed. The vessels could have carried up to of diesel oil, which enabled a range of at , or at a cruising speed of . The design had one main rudder along the keel behind the center shaft and two smaller wing rudders. Electrical power was to be provided by eight 920 kW DC diesel generators at 230 volts and four 460 kW AC diesel generators at 110 volts for a total of 9,200 kW.
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All major sub-assemblies of the Canadian Lancasters were interchangeable with the British versions so that in the event of damage, spare parts were immediately at hand. Initially, all components were built at Malton except for the bomb doors, flaps, ailerons and elevators, that were produced by Ottawa Car & Aircraft Ltd. Later, more of the parts were subcontracted out with Canadian General Electric Co. Ltd. of Toronto constructing the fuel tanks, tailplane, fins and rudders, while the outer wings were subcontracted to the Fleet Aircraft Limited plant in Fort Erie, Ontario.
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Originally started under the designation 483T, the Colmar was designed as a twin-engined airliner or VIP and staff transport, based on the earlier four- engined Bréguet 482 bomber. It was an all-metal mid-wing cantilever monoplane with twin fins and rudders and retractable tailwheel landing gear. The fuselage cabin was divided into two due to the main spar, up to six passengers in the forward cabin and 17 in the rear. Work started at Montaudran on two prototypes during the German occupation which were given the designation Bréguet 500 Colmar.
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The Aristocraft was an attempt by Waco to enter the post-war market for light aircraft. The prototype first flew in March 1947 powered by a Franklin 6AL piston engine mounted at the front with a shaft driven pusher propeller at the rear. Of all-metal construction it was a high-wing monoplane with twin fins and rudders, It had a partially retractable tricycle landing gear. The company had orders for 300 aircraft but decided that the type would need costly development in a shrinking market and only the prototype was completed.
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To port in the bow is the heads - most boats were fitted with sea toilets and a small stowaway wash basin. The Mk I boat has twin daggerboards and lifting rudders, and the sail area was or 330sq ft with the widely used 150% genoa. Hirondelle Mk II - The important difference between the Hirondelle Mk I and the Mk II was in the rig, with the Mk2 mast being a little under a metre shorter. Some minor interior changes appeared, and the cabin windows became slightly larger with a different shape.
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There are six game modes: Campaign, Instant Action, Single Mission, Historical, Training, and Multiplayer. One or two players can play simultaneously on the console or up to eight players can play on the network via Xbox Live or using a PlayStation 2 with network adapter. There are two different control schemes for flying the planes, Arcade and Professional. The Arcade control scheme allows for easier control of the plane via a single joystick with automatic rudders, while the Professional controls offer separate control of the pitch, roll and yaw of the plane.
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To save weight, electric welding was used, as was aluminum in the superstructure, and a single funnel stack. New impulse geared turbine engines, driving four shafts with three-bladed propellers gave a top speed of , which was better than most contemporary cruiser designs. The Mogami class had twin balanced rudders, rather than the single rudder of previous Japanese cruiser designs. The class was designed from the start to be upgraded into heavy cruisers with the replacement of their main battery with 20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval guns in twin turrets.
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The elevator is a movable aerofoil that controls changes in pitch, the up-and-down motion of the aircraft's nose. Some aircraft employ an all-moving stabiliser and elevators in one unit, known as a stabilator or "full-flying stabiliser". The vertical tail structure (or fin) has a fixed front section called the vertical stabiliser, used to restrict side-to-side motion of the aircraft (yawing). The rear section of the vertical fin is the rudders, a movable aerofoil that is used to turn the aircraft's nose to one side or the other.
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Vane mechanism A more accurate method is to use a separate rudder vane; this is made from a plank of light wood such as balsa. The vane is operated in two principal positions, one for upwind sailing, the other for downwind. While some modelers object that the model craft will not be a plausible representation of its full-sized prototype, real long-distance cruising boats are frequently steered with dedicated windvanes of varying complexity (mechanical or electronic), occasionally with a line attached to a sheet, and never using weighted rudders.
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Airplanes are normally steered by the use of ailerons to bank the aircraft into a turn; the rudder is used to minimise adverse yaw, rather than as a means to directly cause the turn. Missiles, airships and large hovercraft are usually steered by rudder and/or thrust vectoring. Small sport hovercraft have similar rudders, but steer mostly by the pilot shifting their weight from side to side and unbalancing the more powerful lift forces beneath the skirt. Jet packs and flying platforms are steered by thrust vectoring only.
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All had a dihedral of 4°. At its tips, where the chord was , the wing turned upwards into tall, slightly swept winglets, which carried rudders. Elevons occupied much of the outer panel trailing edge and, further inboard, mid-chord mounted airbrakes were fitted. The fuselage, onto which the wings were mounted between low and mid position was a short pod with its nose a little ahead of the centre section leading edge, extending aft about as far as the trailing horizontal edge of the wing at its tip.
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Engine description The aircraft incorporated aerodynamic control principles covered by patents issued to Fred Weick, an early aeronautical engineer who went on to design and market the Ercoupe. Since it had no rudders (or rudder pedals), it was simpler to fly (it had a single control wheel, which controlled the ailerons and elevator), and was considered spin-proof. The aircraft was certified in 1941 with a placard that stated that the aircraft was characteristically incapable of spinning. It was claimed that an average person could learn to fly the Skyfarer in about an hour.
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The square twin fins and rudders proved too weak; they collapsed and the aircraft crashed after it entered an inverted spin during the testing of the terminal dynamic pressure in a dive. The crash prompted a change to a single vertical stabiliser tail design. To withstand strong forces during a dive, heavy plating was fitted, along with brackets riveted to the frame and longeron, to the fuselage. Other early additions included the installation of hydraulic dive brakes that were fitted under the leading edge and could rotate 90°.
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Behind the wings, the crew of two sat in a roomy cockpit with a semi-enclosed canopy, back to back. The rear of the cockpit canopy was open to allow the gunner to freely aim his defensive machine gun. The fixed main landing gear legs were fitted with streamlined covers and spats for the wheels. The tail section was very slender, and the tail of the first prototype, Ar 81V1, consisted of a tailplane with some dihedral that carried two outboard fins and rudders, to improve the field of fire of the tail gunner.
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The result is a simulated atmosphere: air acts as a fluid that automatically reacts to the shape of any object placed within it. Blackley gave the example that a lawn chair, if placed within the game's real- time CFDs model, would fall merely because of its shape. The game's planes fly because the interaction of their architecture with the atmosphere creates lift, as with real-world aircraft. Changes in the plane's direction are caused by the interaction of their flight control surfaces (ailerons, elevators and rudders) with the simulated atmosphere.
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There are many different poses, including "mantis", "bumblebee", and "dragon".Flight poses Flight movement is the movement or rotation of a body in the air flow in a certain direction. Flight transit is a transition from one flight pose to another (changing the areas of the body, affected by the air flow).Акробатика в трубе: аэродинамический спорт будущего — Popular Mechanics Bodyflight is accomplished via increasing/decreasing the drag of your body, using arms and legs as rudders for bodyflight motion control, as well as other techniques similar to that of an airplane.
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The original design featured four fins (or planes) and rudders set radially to the envelope: two horizontal fins, and two below the envelope in an inverted V-tail configuration; however, in some cases the two lower fins were replaced with a single central fin that carried a larger rudder.Whale (2008), p. 57.Compare photographs on the SS class and B.E.2c car web pages. The fins were identical in size and shape, and were constructed of spruce, aluminium, and steel tubing, braced with wire and covered with doped fabric.
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The ITS-8 had a narrow fin mounted centrally on the tailplane, carrying a large balanced rudder but on the ITS-8W this was replaced with twin fins and rudders on the booms. The nacelle had a sprung landing skid, a semi-retractable monowheel under the wing and a long leaf spring tailwheel. On the ITS-8W the latter was faired-in and ended with a tailwheel. The ITS-8 was first flown as a glider, towed by a car and piloted by Wieslaw Stępniewski, in late August 1936.
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Before the Type K Caudron had built two pusher floatplanes, the single seat Caudron-Fabre amphibian and a two-seat version of it for Claude Graham-White. The two seat Type K was a significantly larger aircraft with three bay wings, rather than two, and a much more powerful Anzani engine than before. Nonetheless it had shared many of the characteristics of early Caudron designs, with unequal span, two spar wings and open frame fuselages bearing twin fins and rudders. The Type K had rectangular plan wings with slightly angled tips.
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She was placed in reserve from 1946 until 1951 when she was converted to a drill ship for the Royal Naval Reserve and used for training. When moored next to the RNVR ship HMS Flying Fox in Bristol, the vessel's shallow draught (essential for navigating shallow rivers) could be seen easily, around a foot or so below the waterline. Locust had three propellors and three large-bladed shallow rudders, equally spaced across its stern. She was decommissioned in 1968 and sold on 24 May 1968 to Cashmore for breaking.
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The Nighthawk had six-bay swept quadraplane wings and a biplane tailplane with twin fins and rudders. The fuselage filled the gap between the second and third wings; the cockpit, which carried up to the top wing "turret", was enclosed and heated. Along with the intended long endurance, it was suggested it would be able to patrol at low speeds and await the Zeppelin. For armament, it had a trainable nose-mounted searchlight, a 1½-pounder (37 mm) Davis gun mounted above the top wing with 20 shells, and two .
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Additionally, these companies or authorities have CFD software and experience to simulate the complicated flow around ships and their rudders and propellers numerically. Today's state of the art does not yet allow software to replace model tests in their entirety by CFD calculations. One reason, but not the only one, is that elementization is still expensive. Also the lines design of some of the ships is carried out by the specialists of the ship model basin, either from the beginning or by optimizing the initial design obtained from the shipyard.
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Each of these lower members, which supported the aircraft on the ground as skids, carried twin, rubber sprung landing wheels. Behind the wing the upper and lower members converged to the rear; the drag on the lower members reduced the landing run. There were three vertical cross braces on each girder but the only lateral inter-girder cross-members were near the tail, though there was wire bracing. The broad chord tailplane was mounted a little below the upper girder member with a pair of round-cornered rectangular rudders above it.
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In 1967, while driving between his home and a contract at the Norton Air Force Base in San Bernardino, Drake had time to reflect on early 17th century based sail ship control. Rudders then were weak and ineffective, mostly used for trimming course. Hence with multi-masted boats, the sailors would trim the upper sails on the forward and rewards masts to steer the ship. Dismissing the idea of a design with two upright sails, Drake decided to move the sail by rotation, as moving it linearly would require a mechanical system.
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The four- wheel landing gear was intended to facilitate a later rebuild to roadability which never occurred. It was built with support from Fred Fisher of General Motors. The Skycar III of 1943 had a higher-powered Lycoming engine to enable operation at higher gross weight, but was otherwise similar to the Skycar II. The Skycar IV of 1944 was also known as the Spratt-Stout Model 8 and the Convair 103. It was similar to the Skycar III with twin tail-booms, but fitted with twin fins and rudders.
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The old poppet-valve engines were replaced by the slide valve engines from the steamer Telephone. Auxiliary rudders were installed to improve steering in the swift waters of the Columbia Gorge. Hull and cabin work was done by veteran shipbuilder Joseph Pacquet. The officers on the steamer at that time were Captain Fred Sherman, pilot Sydney Scammon, mate John Schiller, chief engineer Ruben Smith, and Dan O'Neil, purser. Smith and O'Neil were two of the most experienced officers on the Columbia river, each having worked on the early steamer Columbia in the 1850s.
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The airship was steered by forward and aft rudders and propulsion was provided by two Daimler NL-1 internal-combustion engines, each driving two propellers mounted on the envelope. Pitch control was by use of a weight suspended beneath the hull which could be winched forward or aft to control its attitude. Passengers and crew were carried in two long aluminium gondolas suspended forward and aft. Construction of the airship began on 17 June 1898, when the first sections of the framework were delivered from Berg's factory and was completed by 27 January 1900.
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However, one weakness quickly became apparent: without using the rudders but only the screw propellers, Bismarck was almost impossible to steer.Grützner 2010, p. 153. alt=A black-and-white photograph of a warship positioned 45 degrees to the left of the viewer, bow first In November 1940, Von Müllenheim-Rechberg was sent to the Naval Gunnery School at Wik to complete his heavy gun training courses, which ended his position as Lindemann's personal adjutant. Lindemann's new adjutant was the signals officer Second Lieutenant Wolfgang Reiner.Freiherr von Müllenheim-Rechberg 1980, p. 43.
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The engines were built for the Chautauqua Belle by Harry McBride in 1975. She has a mechanical steering system with cable operation of two rudders mounted on the stern ahead of her paddlewheel. Her design features many of the architectural details lost to the modern boat builder, like cambered decks to shed water from her roof and a sheer line to evenly distribute the weight of the boilers, engines and paddlewheel. Features such as her gingerbread trim and wedding cake stacked superstructure are indigenous to the Mississippi River-styled steamboat.
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During the period in which the American military had a presence on the island, it was twice used as a repair base for submarines after undersea collisions. In 1977 collided with a coral reef off Tunisia and suffered damage to the sonar dome and cracking to the hull. Ray had immediate repairs here, then made a surface transit back to the US. On 25 October 2003 ran aground with sufficient force to substantially damage its rudders, sonar and electronics.Mahony, Edmund H. "USS Hartford Involved In Collision In Strait Of Hormuz," Hartford Courant.
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The HB.5 (MB-10) originally started development as an open-sea reconnaissance/bombing flying-boat, but it was completed as a 20-seat passenger transport flying-boat. Described as grotesque it had two sets of staggered biplane wings with an unusual X-type bracing and a biplane tail with triple fins and rudders. Powered by four Salmson 9Z radial engines that were located in tandem pairs in line with the third mainplane. The H-5 had a conventional fuselage on a three-ply mahogany boat hull, which had 24 watertight compartments.
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Bayern and her sisters were stable and very maneuverable. The ships suffered slight speed loss in heavy seas; with the rudders hard over, the ships lost up to 62% speed and heeled over 7 degrees. With a metacentric height of , larger than that of their British equivalents, the vessels were stable gun platforms for the confined waters of the North Sea. The ships of the Bayern class had a standard crew of 42 officers and 1,129 enlisted men; when serving as a squadron flagship, an additional 14 officers and 86 men were required.
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Her entire stern was cut away and plated over and two jury- rigged rudders, operated manually by capstans, were installed. On 16 May, Prinz Eugen made the return voyage to Germany under her own power. While en route to Kiel, the ship was attacked by a British force of 19 Bristol Blenheim bombers and 27 Bristol Beaufort torpedo bombers commanded by Wing Commander Mervyn Williams, though the aircraft failed to hit the ship. Prinz Eugen was out of service for repairs until October; she conducted sea trials beginning on 27 October.
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Early German World War II V2 guidance systems combined two gyroscopes and a lateral accelerometer with a simple analog computer to adjust the azimuth for the rocket in flight. Analog computer signals were used to drive four graphite rudders in the rocket exhaust for flight control. The GN&C; (Guidance, Navigation, and Control) system for the V2 provided many innovations as an integrated platform with closed loop guidance. At the end of the war von Braun engineered the surrender of 500 of his top rocket scientists, along with plans and test vehicles, to the Americans.
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Successful designers of this era were Olin Stephens, Philip Rhodes, Aage Nielson, and C. Raymond Hunt. The International Offshore Racing (IOR) rule supplanted the previous rules in 1970 to provide a fairer basis for handicapping racing yachts. This rule promoted the use of fin keels and blade rudders. This rule was augmented with the International Measurement System (IMS) to assure safe designs for extreme conditions, following the disastrous 1979 Fastnet Race in which only 86 of the 303 participants finished owing to failed equipment and loss of 19 lives and five boats.
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The impact sheared two long strips of steel from the ship's hull; these were later found on the seabed from the main island. A few minutes after the impact, the head of the engine room warned the captain that the hull had an irreparable tear of through which water entered and submerged the generators and engines. Without propulsive power and on emergency electric power, the ship moved through inertia and the settings of its rudders, and continued north from Le Scole until well past Giglio Porto. Schettino has said various instruments were not functioning.
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Behind the wing the fuselage tapered to the tail, also of welded steel construction. Its rectangular plan tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage and carried a narrow chord elevator. The tailplane also carried small endplate fins with much larger, curved, balanced rudders, placed directly in the slipstream of the engines to enhance low speed rudder authority. The Twin-60 had a conventional, fixed undercarriage with the mainwheels on a single axle mounted on short, shock-absorbing legs from the lower fuselage longerons ahead of the wings and with trailing drag struts.
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The ships were launched between March 1991 and June 1997, and were commissioned between November 1993 and December 1998. The Osprey class ships are larger than the other Lerici designs: they displace 918 tons fully loaded, are long, wide, and with a draught of . The ships are fitted with two diesel motors driving two Voith Schneider Propellers; these cycloidal propellers eliminate the need for the aft two active rudders. The ships use a Raytheon/Thomson Sintra SQQ-32 VDS sonar for minehunting, and Alliant SLQ-48 remote vehicles for mine disposal.
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In 1895, with the support of the Ministry of Education, Signor Eliseo Borghi began a systematic study of the wreck site and discovered that the site contained two wrecks instead of the one expected. Among the material Borghi recovered was the bronze tiller head of one of the rudders and many bronze heads of wild animals. Borghi placed all of his finds in his own museum and offered to sell the collection to the Government. The timbers he recovered were discarded and lost while no contextual referencing was documented for any of his finds.
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Mariotte had two rudders, one above the waterline for submerged use and the other below the waterline for regular use. She had two sets of diving planes, fore and aft, to control her depth below the water. The boat was evaluated in 1914 and the commission felt that she was generally successful except for her surface speed and range. It noted that she had problems with a following sea as the superstructure rapidly filled with water, but drained slowly so that she was much heavier by the bow and would tend to wallow.
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The first water taxi tests were performed by Bert Acosta on 2 May 1921 at NAS Rockaway, resulting in larger rudders added for stability. The sheet metal formed motor mounts and tail structure required reinforcement. The engines overheated, and could only fly for 20 minutes at a time. The aircraft was demonstrated to the US Navy at the Annacostia Naval Yard and at the war college at Fort McNair, Washington, D.C. The aircraft was given the serial number A-5890, and the navy designation CT-1, for "Curtiss" "Torpedo bomber (number one)"-"variant one".
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Some 30 years after the war, surviving members of the development team raised money to privately publish a small book, Koku Gyorai Note or Aerial Torpedo Notebook.p.278, Ichikawa, Hidehiko; Postface, Koku Gyorai Note Type 91 torpedoes are currently displayed at the Etajima school of Japan Maritime Self-Defense (the Maritime Self Defense Force 1stTechnical School) and Shimofusa Base. They are missing the roll rudders. An excavated Type 91aerial torpedo is preserved at the Resource Museum in JGSDF Camp Naha, 1st Combined Brigade of The Western Army, JGSDF, located in Naha city, Okinawa.
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At its tips were fins and unbalanced rudders of combined oval shape. The fuselage was built around four spruce longerons and was plywood covered. The Delanne 20-T was powered by a Regnier 6B-01 six cylinder air-cooled inverted inline engine, driving a two blade propeller. The tandem wing design allowed the centre of gravity to be further aft than usual, so the cockpit canopy stretched from the forward wing trailing edge to above the rear wing; the profile of the rear fuselage followed that of the canopy to a pointed rear.
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A second version was crafted on the same airframe with the twin booms given greater sideplane area to augment the vertical rudders. This arrangement was removed and a final third version was fabricated that had the booms returned to normal length but the tail raised . All three tail modifications were designed by George H. "Bert" Estabrook. The final version was used for a quick series of dive tests on 7 December 1942 in which Milo Burcham performed the test maneuvers and Kelly Johnson observed from the rear seat.
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In reality only rudders and pontoons were made in Sweden, the rest of the components were secretly manufactured by Caspar in several locations in Germany, to avoid detection by the allies. During 1922 to 1923, the company moved into a former shipyard in Skärsätra on Lidingö since the company had received additional orders from the navy's airforce. The parts for those aircraft was made in Sweden by Svenska Aero, but assembled by TDS. In 1928, the navy ordered four J 4 (Heinkel HD 19) as a fighter with pontoons.
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The S-37 was a two bay sesquiplane using parallel interplane struts and bracing wires. Based on the S-35 its construction was very similar, an all metal fuselage and main wing made of Duralumin and covered with fabric. The empennage featured a triple tail with the rudders placed in the slipstream of each engine and a center vertical stabilizer that was adjustable from a lever in the cockpit. The first S-37 was initially powered by Gnome-Rhône 9A Jupiter engines with the main fuel tanks located in the fairings behind each engine.
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Behind the pilot and mounted on the rear pair of the centre-section struts was an un-cowled, pusher configuration Anzani 6-cylinder radial engine. Long cut-outs from the trailing edges of both wings were needed to clear the path of the large diameter, two blade propeller. A rectangular tailplane was mounted on a cross member between the upper girders, strengthened by outward diagonal bracing, with broad chord elevator-like surfaces extending beyond. A pair of rectangular rudders were hinged, close together, from this same cross-member.
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The empennage was of the cruciform type with vertical fins carrying separate rudders, the upper one operated by the same hand-lever that controlled the wing-warping and the lower one by a rudder bar. Another hand-lever controlled the elevator. The W.Z.II was built in Zalewski's workshop at Milanówek in only three weeks in the spring of 1912 and flight testing soon began. Initially, handling was poor but this was cured by stiffening the fuselage with extra wire bracing and by small changes to the vertical tail.
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Riverdale succeeded the Bluebird with two vessels named Bluebird of Thorne. The first was a step backwards in that it re-introduced a normal keel as a place for ballast and to collect bilgewater. It is advanced, nonetheless, as its fins were aft of the center keel, and its rudders extended from the fins. The second returned to the pure twin keeled and twin rudder model of the pioneering Bluebird, but as it was designed in the early 1960s, it had the benefit of forty more years of naval engineering development.
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In addition to providing the lift air, a portion of the airflow was bled off into two channels on either side of the craft, which could be directed to provide thrust. In normal operation this extra airflow was directed rearward for forward thrust, and blew over two large vertical rudders that provided directional control. For low-speed maneuverability, the extra thrust could be directed fore or aft, differentially for rotation. The SR.N1 made its first hover on 11 June 1959, and made its famed successful crossing of the English Channel on 25 July 1959.
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The chelicerae of the Pterygotidae were enlargened and robust, clearly adapted to be used for active prey capture and more similar to the claws of some modern crustaceans, with well developed teeth on the claws, than to the chelicerae of other eurypterid groups. Another feature distinguishing the group from other eurypterid groups were their flattened and expanded telsons, likely used as rudders when swimming. Their walking legs were small and slender, without spines,Størmer, L. 1955. Merostomata. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part P Arthropoda 2, Chelicerata, P: 30–31.
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The tip rudders were controlled by control-bar sliders which deployed one tip rudder at a time to create a yaw. The glider's swept wing then translated the yaw into a matched rolling motion. The Fledge series were considered to be high performance hang gliders during their production run in the 1970s. California inventor Jack McCornack took the Fledge IIB wing and designed a tubular assembly that replaced the Fledge's hang glider seat with a reclined pilot seat, wheeled landing gear and engine mount for a pusher powerplant.
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It was powered by a 70 hp 4-cylinder Argus engine driving a single propeller at the front of the nacelle via a 5:1 reduction gearbox. The engine also drove a pump to maintain pressure in the internal ballonet. The nacelle was a square-section wire- braced wooden structure which had been used in the unsuccessful design of 1902, and carried a pair of rudders at the rear and a pair of biplane elevators. The most novel feature of the design were the tail surfaces, which consisted of elongated tubes inflated with hydrogen.
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Higham 1961, p. 222 Passing over Hull a series of control reversals were started which the Germans would never have attempted at such a low altitude. Wann who was in the control gondola stated that the controls were never put beyond 15 degrees, while Bateman from the National Physical Laboratory who was recording pressures upon the vertical fins stated clearly that the rudders were being driven rapidly from hard over to hard over which would have been 25 degrees from one side to 25 degrees to the other.Douglas H. Robinson, and Charles L. Keller.
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If one drum was rotated faster than the other, then the rudder was activated. The other ends of the wires were connected to steam- powered winding engines, which were arranged so that speeds could be varied within fine limits, giving sensitive steering control for the torpedo. The torpedo attained a speed of using a wire in diameter but later this was changed to to increase the speed to . The torpedo was fitted with elevators controlled by a depth-keeping mechanism, and the fore and aft rudders operated by the differential between the drums.
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The design of the Swallow was started in 1970 with the prototype completed during 1971, it was test flown from 1972. The Swallow is a cantilever mid-wing monoplane, the name is derived from the distinctive tail unit, it has a pusher propeller located between twin fins and rudders. The Barking converted Volkswagen motor-car engine is mounted mid-fuselage and drives the two-bladed variable-pitch fully feathering pusher propeller using a tubular shaft. To provide cooling a retractable air-scoop is mounted above the rear fuselage.
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The third crew member, the captain, was positioned at the stern of the submarine. His job was to operate the rudders and other controls. Having arrived under the target ship the captain would reach out through a gutta percha (rubber) glove fixed to an opening of the hull, grab the mine located within reach on the hull of the submarine and fix it on the target. Had the Brandtaucher been built according to Bauer’s original designs, it would have achieved submersion by filling several tanks with sea water.
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As in the forward gondola, a machine-gun mounting was fitted either side. Further defensive armament consisted of a single machine gun in a small cockpit at the stern behind the rudders and a gun position mounting two or three machine guns on top of the hull, which was reached by a ladder from the forward gondola. The bomb load was slung from the keel girders, the bombs being electrically released from the control car. In late 1915, faced by increasingly effective defensive measures, Zeppelin introduced the Q class.
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Since they were both just within the centre-section span, they were less than apart and the propeller disks slightly overlapped; to avoid damage both engines were slightly canted to starboard. The top of the rear ends of the booms were bridged by a near-rectangular plan horizontal tail with a full span elevator. This had a pair of cut-outs for the deep rudders, mounted on near triangular fins; there was another, rudderless fin mounted at the centre of the tailplane. The de Monge 7-4 had a conventional fixed, split- axle, tailskid undercarriage.
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The 10 metre tailfin serving as the helm was made of silk and whalebone, as were the rudders on the left and right. As for the drive, Pauly had learned from his Paris flights that muscle power alone was not enough, so new to his plans was the lightest possible steam engineJ E Hodgson, The History Of Aeronautics In Great Britain . On 16 August 1816, the London Observer reported that the "Flying Dolphin" was almost complete and would soon begin regular air traffic to Paris, with fifteen to twenty passengers a time.
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The NBS-1 was a wood-and-fabric biplane without staggered wings, employing twin rudders on a twin vertical tail. Its two Liberty 12-A engines sat in nacelles on the lower wing, flanking the fuselage. Ordered under the company designation MB-2 in June 1920, the NBS-1 was an improved larger version of the Martin MB-1 bomber built by the Glenn L. Martin Company in 1918, also known as the GMB or Glenn Martin Bomber. The first flight of the MB-2 took place 3 September 1920.
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Ma Yuan, featuring the oldest known depiction of a fishing reelNeedham, Volume 4, Part 2, 100. The Chinese of the Song dynasty were adept sailors who traveled to ports of call as far away as Fatimid Egypt. They were well equipped for their journeys abroad, in large seagoing vessels steered by stern-post rudders and guided by the directional compass. Even before Shen Kuo and Zhu Yu had described the mariner's magnetic needle compass, the earlier military treatise of the Wujing Zongyao in 1044 had also described a thermoremanence compass.
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HYFLEX was an uncrewed lifting body space plane for gaining technological prowess in the design, production, and flight of hypersonic crafts, as well as technology validation of atmospheric reentry. The experimental vehicle was covered in carbon–carbon, ceramic tiles, and flexible thermal insulation, which were materials that was to be used for HOPE. Launched on 11 February 1996 (UTC) from Tanegashima Space Center by a J-I rocket, separation from the rocket was conducted at an altitude of , speed of approximately 3.8 km/s. Attitude control was performed by gas thrusters and aerodynamic rudders.
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Control theory is the basis for process control, which is widely used in automation, particularly for process industries, and for controlling ships and airplanes. Control theory was developed to analyze the functioning of centrifugal governors on steam engines. These governors came into use in the late 18th century on wind and water mills to correctly position the gap between mill stones, and were adapted to steam engines by James Watt. Improved versions were used to stabilize automatic tracking mechanisms of telescopes and to control speed of ship propellers and rudders.
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These boats is fairly shallow and beamy, and rigged with tanja rig on 1 or 2 masts, presumably in tripod mast. It is steered using double lateral rudders, and having a deckhouse. These boats is internally dowelled and contain lugs on all the planks. In the past, they are lashed together using fiber through carved lugs on the plank interior, but this technique has been disappeared in Kei islands during 1940s. They are between 4.5-14 m in length, with beam-to-length ratio varied between 1:2.33 to 1:3.
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The Beechcraft Bonanza, the most common example of V-tail empennage configuration On some aircraft, horizontal and vertical stabilizers are combined in a pair of surfaces named V-tail. In this arrangement, two stabilizers (fins and rudders) are mounted at 90 - 120° to each other,F-117 Nighthawk, 90° - Fouga Magister, 105° - Beech Bonanza, 116° giving a larger horizontal projected area than vertical one as in the majority of conventional tails. The moving control surfaces are then named ruddervators.A portmanteau of rudder & elevator The V-tail thus acts both as a yaw and pitch stabilizer.
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The defences of the anchorage were further strengthened; additional anti-aircraft guns were installed, and double anti- torpedo nets were laid around the vessel. The repairs were conducted in limited phases, so Tirpitz would remain partially operational for the majority of the overhaul. A caisson was built around the stern to allow the replacement of the ship's rudders. During the repair process, the British attempted to attack the battleship with two Chariot human torpedoes, but before they could be launched, rough seas caused them to break away from the fishing vessel which was towing them.
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Original equipment when the boat was launched at Pittsburgh in 1915, the engine consists of a single double-acting steam cylinder mounted aft of and above the engines, coupled to the rudders, with the motion of travel abeam. The steam valves of the engine are controlled by mechanical linkages which extend up to levers mounted either side of the engine order telegraph, just aft of the pilot wheel in the pilot house above. The steering engine is open to public view. A functional description is given in the 1965 book Str.
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Heraldic badge of Cheyne and Willoughby families. While earlier rudders were mounted on the stern by the way of rudderposts or tackles, the iron hinges allowed for the first time to attach the rudder to the entire length of the sternpost in a really permanent fashion.Lawrence V. Mott, The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M; University, S.2, 92f. However, its full potential could only to be realized after the introduction of the vertical sternpost and the full-rigged ship in the 14th century.
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Rudders on smaller craft can be operated by means of a tiller that fits into the rudder stock that also forms the fixings to the rudder foil. Craft where the length of the tiller could impede movement of the helm can be split with a rubber universal joint and the part adjoined the tiller termed a tiller extension. Tillers can further be extended by means of adjustable telescopic twist locking extension. There is also the barrel type rudder, where the ship's screw is enclosed and can be swiveled to steer the vessel.
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Instead, they use their wings as sails and rudders to navigate rivers, and emerge onto dry land when attacking the Mulefa. Just after he killed the first Tualapi he met, Father Gomez watches the reaction of the survivors carefully and comes to the conclusion that the creatures know about death, pain, and fear, which means they can be controlled and used for greater tasks. Father Gomez manages to get control over the rest of the swarm and starts to use the Tualapi for transport, suggesting he managed to domesticate or enslave them.
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The envelope is fabricated from polyester cloth, coated inside with saran film for gas retention and outside with polyurethane loaded with titanium dioxide for durability. The gondola is a kevlar-reinforced moulding, suspended from the top of the envelope by kevlar cables. The pilot controls elevators and rudders on the tail surfaces by fore-aft and lateral movement of a yoke, via a manual, cable-operated system. In response to Airship Industries intent to enter the military market, Marconi did start on a system using fibre optics to carry the control signals to electrical actuators.
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Early stealth aircraft were designed with a focus on minimal radar cross section (RCS) rather than aerodynamic performance. Highly stealth aircraft like the F-117 Nighthawk are aerodynamically unstable in all three axes and require constant flight corrections from a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight system to maintain controlled flight. As for the B-2 Spirit, which was based on the development of the flying wing aircraft by Jack Northrop in 1940, this design allowed for a stable aircraft with sufficient yaw control, even without vertical surfaces such as rudders.
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Water striders vary in length ranging between and in size. Their body shape is very slender and elongated. They have six legs; the first pair is short and stubby while the other two pairs are thin and elongated which are used for moving over the water surface which we call "walking on water". The first pair of legs is used for holding its prey, the middle pair propels the bug along the surface of the water with either a rowing or jumping motion, and the hind pair of legs is used as rudders.
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The tailplane, mounted on the upper booms and bearing a full-width elevator, had a span of 18 ft 10 in (5.74 m), no less than 78% of the wingspan. A pair of fin and rudders joined the upper and lower booms, a height of about 7 ft 6 in (2.3 m). The "reversed" undercarriage of the Scout was abandoned and the mainwheels were mounted on a single axle supported by two pairs of struts to the nacelle. Though photographs show the gunport, the gun itself was probably never fitted.
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Four booms carried a fixed rectangular horizontal surface which could be warped uniformly to act as an elevator or differentially, combined with the wing-warping, to aid lateral control. A pair of small rectangular rudders were mounted above the tailplane. The upper pair of booms were attached to the upper wing, as in other contemporary designs, but the lower pair were connected to the lower wing by struts and continued forwards and curved upwards to form the skids of the undercarriage. This distinctive arrangement was to become a characteristic of later Caudron aircraft.
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Flight instruments of a Gomhouria 181 Mk6 Egyptian Air Force Gomhouria Mk.6 285 at Gilze-Rijen airbase, the Netherlands The Bü 181 aircraft was a single-engine low-wing monoplane with fixed undercarriage, split flap, twin controls and two adjustable seats arranged side-by-side. The cabin section of the fuselage was of a tubular steel frame construction whereas the rear of the fuselage had a wooden shell. The wing assembly and tail unit were also of wooden shell construction. All the rudders, elevators and ailerons had wooden ribs and are covered in fabric.
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The gap between the wings was large enough so that there were gaps both above and below the fuselage which increased diameter rapidly behind the uncowled radial engine. The crew sat side by side in an open cockpit at the highest point of the fuselage just in front of the wings, giving an excellent view. Behind them was the cargo hold with the fuselage tapering gently towards the tail which carried biplane tailplanes with balanced elevators. There were four slender finless rudders, roughly equally spaced between these two planes.
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Henriksen 1994: 64-66 The M.F.2 was the first aircraft operated by the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service that had permanent armament, or could carry a bomb load. The preceding Rumpler Etrich Taube, Maurice Farman MF.7 and Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.1 types had only been able to carry carbines and pistols.Hafsten 2003: 207-209 The wings of the M.F.2 were shorter than those of the M.F.1, and the tail section of the M.F.2 was completely different from its predecessor and included a new elevators and rudders.
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These species swim in the same way as sea turtles do (see below). Sea turtles are almost entirely aquatic and have flippers instead of feet. Sea turtles fly through the water, using the up-and-down motion of the front flippers to generate thrust; the back feet are not used for propulsion but may be used as rudders for steering. Compared with freshwater turtles, sea turtles have very limited mobility on land, and apart from the dash from the nest to the sea as hatchlings, male sea turtles normally never leave the sea.
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Ikaluk is long overall and at the waterline. She has a moulded beam of at the widest point of the hull and at the waterline. The vessel has a light displacement of 3,650 tons but when loaded to the design draught of , she displaces 5,050 tons of water. Her icebreaking hull form, developed at the Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt (HSVA) ice tank in Hamburg, Germany, features a heavy forefoot wedge to deflect ice floes and large bossings to protect propellers and rudders from damage, and is strengthened to Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations (CASPPR) Arctic Class 4 requirements.
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Miscaroo was long overall and at the waterline. She had a moulded beam of at the widest point of the hull and at the waterline. The vessel had a light displacement of 3,650 tons but when loaded to the design draught of , she displaced 5,050 tons of water. Her icebreaking hull form, developed at the Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt (HSVA) ice tank in Hamburg, Germany, featured a heavy forefoot wedge to deflect ice floes and large bossings to protect propellers and rudders from damage, and was strengthened to Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations (CASPPR) Arctic Class 4 requirements.
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The Javanese ship's hull is formed by joining planks to the keel and then to each other by wooden dowels, without using either a frame (except for subsequent reinforcement), nor any iron bolts or nails. The planks are perforated by an auger and inserted with dowels, which remains inside the fastened planks, not seen from the outside. On some of the smaller vessels parts may be lashed together with vegetable fibers. The vessel was similarly pointed at both ends, and carried two oar-like rudders and lateen-rigged sails (actually tanja sail),Tanja sails, in the early European reports, are called lateen sail.
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This requires that the rockets were originally aimed too far, as the range can only be shortened by the air brakes, not extended. A more sophisticated system makes use of radar data and one-way radio datalink to initiate a two dimensional (range and azimuth) correction of the rocket's flight-path with steering by fins or nose thrusters. The latter is more common with systems which can be used to upgrade old rockets and the IMI ACCULAR is an example. TOS-1A in action Fin- stabilised rockets also allow for easy course corrections using rudders or minute charges.
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Beneteau First 25S Beneteau First 25S showing the dual rudder arrangement Beneteau First 25S cockpit The First 25S is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig with a square-head mainsail, a plumb stem, a vertical transom, dual transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller and a centreboard or optional fixed fin keel. It displaces and carries of ballast. The keel-equipped version of the boat has a draft of , while the centreboard- equipped version has a draft of with the centreboard extended and with it retracted.
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It had two rudders: one turned to the right, the other to the left, that were moved by ropes/wires from land. After numerous experiments, this design, marked '6 m', finally performed but not well enough. He nicknamed it 'Salvacoste', Italian for "Coastsaver".1st international Conference on the occasion of 150th anniversary of the Whitehead torpedo factory in Fiume and preservation of industrial heritage In 1860, after Luppis had retired from the Navy, he managed to demonstrate the '6 m' design to the Emperor Franz Joseph, but the naval commission refused to accept it without better propulsion and control systems.
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The retractable tricycle landing gear featured dual-wheel main units. The empennage had twin fins and rudders and a vestigial central fin. The prototype was powered by four SNECMA 14R-24 radial engines.Stroud Flight 10 April 1953, p. 458. The Bréguets serving with Air France had up to 107 seats and an elevator between the two floors. The prototype was followed by three Br.761S pre-production aircraft powered by 2,020 hp (1506 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-B31 radial engines. These were fitted with 12 ft 1½in (3.70 m) diameter Hamilton Standard propellers. The aircraft successfully completed their trials incident-free.
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It carried swept, oval tail fins taken from the SNCASE SE-100 twin engine fighter at its tips, which were externally braced to the tailplane underside. The fins were fitted with rudders and, more unusually, wheels; the SE.100 had fin mounted tail wheels but the SE.700 had tricycle gear so these became the main wheels, tidily faired into the bottom of the fins. Its nosewheel retracted backwards, placing the wheel partly in the fuselage and its leg within a small ventral fairing. The first prototype, piloted by Stakenburg, flew with a Renault 6Q-01 six cylinder, inverted air- cooled inline engine.
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A further design of tailplane is the V-tail, so named because that instead of the standard inverted T or T-tail, there are two fins angled away from each other in a V. The control surfaces then act both as rudders and elevators, moving in the appropriate direction as needed. Roll is controlled by movable sections on the trailing edge of the wings called ailerons. The ailerons move in opposition to one another—one goes up as the other goes down. The difference in camber of the wing cause a difference in lift and thus a rolling movement.
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Although most of the cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder were erased due to the long span of time in which the accident occurred, there were several findings as to the cause of the accident. The aircraft probably had a stress fracture in the tail that went unnoticed for several flights prior to the accident flight and the A310 does not have a mechanism in the tail that suspends the growth of the fracture(s). The Transportation Safety Board found that inspection program of composite rudders was inadequate. In particular, the durability of the rudder was questioned.
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Mladenov (2016), Third Generation - 'Flogger' Air-to-Air Missiles In the west these were known as the AA-7A and AA-7B, respectively. An inert training round, the R-23UT, was also developed. The airframe featured four delta wings arranged cruciform just behind the midpoint of the fuselage, and cropped-delta control surfaces at the extreme rear in-line with the wings. Smaller cropped-triangular surfaces are mounted in-line near the nose : known as "destabilizers", they serve to improve the rudders' efficiency at high angles of attack (the R-60 missile uses the same feature).
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Developed from his Michelin Cup winning machine of 1910 and using the same Green engine the Cody Circuit of Britain biplane was a pusher biplane with a single frontal elevator supported by booms at the centre and either end and two rear-mounted rudders, each supported by a boom at top and bottom and fitted with a small horizontal fixed stabiliser. The tail was the most obvious difference between this aircraft and its predecessor. Like the Michelin Cup aircraft, it had a tricycle undercarriage with an added long rear skid and distinctive wheels mounted on each lower wingtip.Lewis 1962.
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MSC Fantasia is powered by two shaft-driven propellers from three 12-cylinder and two 16-cylinder Wärtsilä 46 diesel-electric engines, producing a total output of . The ship's electric motors come from Converteam, which drive the propellers located aft of two Becker Marine System flap rudders and stern thrusters. Aboard MSC Fantasia was also the first "MSC Cruises' Yacht Club" concept, a special VIP space dedicated to passengers paying a premium for cabins and upgraded amenities within the Yacht Club cabin category. Other notable features include an expansive spa, a 4D cinema, musical fountains, and a race car simulator.
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During test runs with S-2, the first boat from series production, it was then accidentally discovered that the boat stopped responding to the rudder at high speed and full rudder positions but started to display the effects described above. When investigating what caused this behaviour, the basic principles of the Lürssen effect were discovered. Starting with S-2, the following boats were then equipped with the two small rudders on either side of the main rudder which could be angled outboard up to 30°. A wedge was added under the rear of the hull from S-18.
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Development of the naval trainer, called the Su-27KUB (Russian for "Korabyelny Uchebno-Boyevoy" - "Shipborne Trainer-Combat"), began in 1989. The aim was to produce an airframe with dual roles for the Navy and Air Force suitable for a range of other missions such as reconnaissance, aerial refuelling, maritime strike, and jamming. This concept then evolved into the Su-27IB (Su-34 "Fullback") for the Soviet Air Force. The naval trainer had a revised forward fuselage to accommodate a side-by-side cockpit seating arrangement with crew access via a ladder in the nose-wheel undercarriage and enlarged canards, stabilisers, fins and rudders.
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The cause was the round bilge midship section and a considerable reserve of stability, the effect of which was to impart a powerful righting moment if the boat was pushed over in a seaway. This, coupled with the round bilged hull and lack of bilge keels, would set up a rapid and violent rolling. One of the design criteria was that the boat had to be capable of turning inside the turning circle of a submerged submarine. To achieve this, HDMLs were fitted with two very large rudders and, to reduce resistance to turning, the keel ended before the stern.
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The hull was also changed to accommodate a larger passenger/load capacity. The M29 was somewhat amphibious, but with a very low freeboard; the M29C Water Weasel was the more amphibious version, with buoyancy cells in the bow and stern as well as twin rudders. The M29C could not operate in other than inland waterway conditions, so its use in surf or rough water was very limited but did see action in the Pacific theatre. An easy way to distinguish the difference from an M28 and M29 is to look at the side track arrangement of bogie wheels.
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Lake 2002, p. 90. While the Manchester was designed with a twin tail, the first production aircraft, designated the Mk I, had a central fin added and twenty aircraft like this were built. They were succeeded by the Mk IA which reverted to the twin-fin system but used enlarged, taller fin and rudders mounted on a new tailplane, with span increased from 22 ft (6.71 m) to 33 ft (10.06 m). This configuration was carried over to the Lancaster, except for the first prototype, which also used a central fin and was a converted, unfinished Manchester.
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The General Aircraft Corporation was established to build an aircraft designed by Doctor Otto C. Koppen from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The aircraft was the G1-80 Skyfarer, a two-seat cabin high-wing braced monoplane with a light alloy basic structure and a mixed steel tube and fabric covering. It had an unusual tail unit, a cantilever tailplane with the elevator mounted on the upper surface of the tail with aluminum endplate fins and no movable rudders. It was powered by a 75 hp (56 kW) Avco Lycoming GO-145-C2 geared air-cooled four-cylinder engine.
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This would imply that echidnas evolved from water-foraging ancestors that returned to living completely on the land, even though this put them in competition with marsupials. Further evidence of possible water-foraging ancestors can be found in some of the echidna's phenotypic traits as well. These traits include hydrodynamic streamlining, dorsally projecting hind limbs acting as rudders, and locomotion founded on hypertrophied humeral long-axis rotation, which provides a very efficient swimming stroke. Consequently, oviparous reproduction in monotremes may have given them an advantage over marsupials, a view consistent with present ecological partitioning between the two groups.
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They differed in the increasing width of their cockpits and the more refined canopies of their enclosed, tandem, dual control cockpits. The high mounting of the horizontal tail on the tall, narrow integral fin also changed with the M-30C, which had a lower tail on a long dorsal step. The M-30C also introduced a broader rudder, otherwise like the curved, deep rudders of the earlier versions which reached down to the keel. All variants had similar horizontal tails, trapezoidal in plan out to rounded tips and with elevators requiring only small cut-outs for rudder movement because of their forward position.
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The aircraft-style controls of earlier autogyros depended on airflow past ailerons, rudders and elevators; during the slow forward speed phases of takeoff and landing, these were ineffective, and accidents resulted. The C.19 Mk V lacked the small wing and all-moving control surfaces, relying instead on a tilting rotor head. Using a long control arm that reached to the rear cockpit, the pilot could direct the aircraft by tilting the plane of rotation of the rotor. After a period of experimentation, the C.19 Mk V flew with a small fixed tailplane and a two- bladed rotor.
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37Schreir 10:44 Where this is a possibility, zinc anodes may be used. Zinc and aluminium are generally used in salt water, where the resistivity is generally lower. Typical uses are for the hulls of ships and boats, offshore pipelines and production platforms, in salt-water-cooled marine engines, on small boat propellers and rudders, and for the internal surface of storage tanks. Zinc is considered a reliable material, but is not suitable for use at higher temperatures, as it tends to passivate (the oxide formed shields from further oxidation); if this happens, current may cease to flow and the anode stops working.
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David Patton reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "While this game lacks too many features to be called a true flight simulator (it has no attitude indicator, no "weather problems", no runways, no player control over ailerons and rudders, etc. . .), the excellent aerial dogfight action and Korean war setting make it worthy purchase for both the war gamer who is looking for a good arcade experience and for the arcader who is ready to go to war." In 1996, Computer Gaming World declared MiG Alley Ace the 129th-best computer game ever released.
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The forward-most engine room powered the starboard outer shaft, the second turbine drove the outer screw on the port side, the third engine supplied power to the inner starboard propeller, and the fourth turbine drove the port-side inner screw. All four screws had four blades; the two outer propellers were in diameter and the inner pair were wide. Steering was controlled by a pair of rudders. At the time of their commissioning, the ships had a top speed of , though by 1945, with the addition of other equipment, such as anti-aircraft weaponry, their maximum speed was reduced to .
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In mid-May 2002, only a few days after Finnjets 25th anniversary cruise, Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat reported the ship was for sale. At the time the information was thought to be false but later reports indicate the Finland- based Eckerö Line did consider buying her around that time. In April 2004, Finnjet called in to Helsinki for the last time, after which she left for another refit at Aker Finnyards Rauma shipyard in preparation for her new Saint Petersburg – Tallinn–Rostock route. During the refit most of her interiors were entirely rebuilt, new rudders were installed and bridge wings covered.
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The cockpit was enclosed, but there were open gunners' positions at nose and tail. Like the cockpit, the long main cabin was heated and soundproofed. There was a large hatch in the floor for heavy loads with an integral hoist mounted above it, plus a smaller roof hatch through which loads could be lowered by crane. The biplane tail unit had conventional fabric covered endplate fins and rudders, but the tailplanes had an unusual configuration with the upper tailplane and elevator strut mounted above the fuselage and the much narrower chord lower part fixed to the lower fuselage.
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Behind the wing the upper and lower members converged to the rear, the drag on the lower members reducing the landing run. There were three vertical cross braces on each girder but the only lateral inter-girder cross-members were near the tail, though there was wire bracing. The broad chord, roughly rectangular, warping tailplane was mounted just below the upper girder member. Above it and instead of the earlier rectangular rudders there was a pair of small triangular fins, each mounting a broad rudder with a gently rounded leading edges and a straight, vertical trailing edge.
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The IA 35 Huanquero was the first aircraft design from the DINFIA organisation (Argentina) to enter production. A twin-engined all-metal (except for fabric- covered ailerons) low-wing cantilever monoplane, it had a high-mounted tailplane with two fins and rudders and retractable tricycle landing gear. It was powered by two I.Ae. 19R El IndioClub IAME - Productos de la Fábrica IAME, IAe R19 motor “El Indio” radial engines. The design team was led by professor Kurt Tank, former Focke-Wulf designer who also designed the Pulqui II jet fighter based on the Focke-Wulf Ta 183 of the World War II era.
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The Cracksman 20 is an early fibreglass-hulled Fractional rigged sloop sailing catamaran used for 'day boat' trips and longer cruises. Designed by Michael Henderson in the early 1960s and built by Newbridge Boats Ltd from 1963, the boat's shallow draft (when sailing) of less than three feet allows the boat to sail with versatility in even the shallowest of waters. When under motor, the dagger boards and twin rudders can be lifted, reducing the draft to just 8 inches. This allows the boat to operate easily in tidal areas and beach for quick loading and unloading of crew and equipment.
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This allowed the British to triangulate the approximate position of Bismarck and aircraft were dispatched to hunt for the German battleship. She was rediscovered in the late morning of 26 May by a Catalina flying boat from No. 209 Squadron RAF and subsequently shadowed by aircraft from Force H steaming north from Gibraltar. The final action consisted of four main phases. The first phase late on the 26th consisted of air strikes by torpedo bombers from the British aircraft carrier , which disabled Bismarcks steering gear, jammed her rudders in a turning position and prevented her escape.
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Cropped-delta elevators were also used, although featuring a much greater 50 degree leading sweep. The large canopy extended a fair distance above the fuselage midline, in relative terms, so twin rudders were used on either side to provide clean airflow. All of the controls were strictly mechanical, using pushrods. In order to deal with the increasing control stiffness with increased speed, the design initially specified two control sticks, a small side-stick with limited leverage for low speeds, and a full-sized one mounted in front of the seat with much more leverage for high speeds.
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19th Century: Shows the agitation that occurred in nineteenth century Cartagena, dealing with political issues, military campaigns to Cuba, and remains of the bombing suffered in Cartagena in 1873. Submarine room: Exhibits models of almost all the submarines that participated in the navy, objects such as: batteries, submarine planes, recovery bells, rescue, torpedoes of the Spanish submarine Narciso Monturiol (S-35) . History of the submarine weapon: Exhibits objects that show the development of the Spanish submarine fleet: torpedoes, propellers, pictures, crockery, cutlery, periscopes, rudders. Armament room: This room displays the armament of the Navy, including weapons, ammunition and ammunition.
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A Mohaher-6 with a Qaem missile under the wing The Mohajer-6 has a rectangular fuselage, an upwards-sloping nose, twin tailbooms, a top-mounted horizontal stabilizer, uncanted wingtips, straight wings mounted high and to the rear of the body, and air intakes on the top and bottom of the engine. The Mohajer-6 is controlled by two elevators on the horizontal stabilizer, rudders on the vertical stabilizers, and two flaps per wing. Unlike other Mohajer variants, it has a three-bladed propeller. The Mohajer-6 has a wingspan of 10 meters and is 5.67 meters long.
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As Tallapoosa was being fitted out, Confederate cruiser Tallahassee was cruising off the Atlantic coast destroying Union shipping from the Virginia Capes to Nova Scotia. Hence, the Union double-ender got underway late in October and spent her first days at sea in seeking the Southern commerce raider. Her quest took her from New York City to Halifax, then south to the Virginia Capes, then back north again to the coast of Nova Scotia. On 4 November, Tallapoosa encountered a southeasterly gale, which battered the ship for the next two days, disabled both her rudders, and caused other damage.
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The last aircraft, an M-4-2 fuel tanker, was withdrawn from service in 1994. The three VM-T heavy lift aircraft were converted from 3MN-2 tankers, with very large loads carried piggy-back above the fuselage. The single vertical fin/rudder was replaced with two large rectangular fin/rudders at the tips of the horizontal stabilizers to improve control due to the turbulence caused by the cargo pod. With the withdrawal of the Myasishchev bombers and tankers the vast majority of the retired airframes were broken up under the terms of the relevant arms limitation treaty.
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During this time she was commissioned CSS Stonewall while still at sea and Page assumed command of the ship. High seas in the Bay of Biscay damaged her rudders while en route for the island of Madeira, Portugal, and forced the ship to seek refuge in Ferrol, Spain. Permanent repairs took several months and provided time for the Union to be notified of the ship's location.Canney, p. 115Stonewall In February and March, the Union steam frigate and steam sloop kept watch from a distance as Stonewall lay anchored off A Coruña, waiting for Stonewall to finish her repairs.
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The result was a completely new design. A tractor monoplane became a pusher biplane with large balanced fore-elevators, similar in basic layout to the Wright Flyer, but with a fully covered fuselage. Ailerons were fitted to the top wing, and twin balanced rudders were mounted behind the propeller, but out of its immediate slipstream. The only obvious component of the Blériot that found its way into the new design was its 60 hp (45 kW) E.N.V. Type F engine. The S.E.1 made its first flight, a straight mile in the hands of its designer Geoffrey de Havilland on 11 June 1911.
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Jarrett 1999, p. 15. Cody's previous designs were pusher canard biplanes, but the new aircraft was a tractor high-winged monoplane powered by a single 120 hp (89 kW) Austro- Daimler engine which had been fitted to an Etrich Taube which had crashed during the 1911 Circuit of Britain, which Cody had purchased after the race. It had a deep fuselage that accommodated the crew of two side-by-side. The tail arrangement was unusual, with two elevators and two rudders carried on four bamboo booms that led back from the fuselage, the all moving tail surfaces forming a box shape.
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After sustaining heavy losses fighting the Germanic tribes, they moved back to the Ems, where they were taken back on board the Classis Germanica. One year later under the command of legate Silius, Anteius and Caecina a fleet of a thousand ships were sent to dock at Kiel. The fleet included special innovations such as landing craft with flat bottoms and rudders at the stern and bow (naves actuariae), ballista transporters, wide arks for cavalry horses, bridge material and food and gear. This transport fleet struck in spring 16 AD with Germanicus and an 8,000-strong army.
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The glider was constructed predominantly from wood with a single spar built from laminated wood supporting wooden built up ribs covered with a relatively thick plywood skin, which resulted in a smooth surface with minimal distortion. The wing had three distinct sections, comprising a constant-chord, unswept centre section flanked by swept tapered outer sections. Primary flight controls consisted of elevons on the trailing edges of the outer wing sections for pitch and roll, with fins and rudders on the wing-tips for yaw stability and control. Trim in pitch was achieved by adjusting the incidence of movable wing tips using screw jacks.
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The fs26 Moseppl is a cantilever high-wing monoplane with a monocoque nacelle fuselage and a glassfibre/balsa sandwich wing structure, fitted with airbrakes but no flaps or ailerons. To make room for the engine the Moseppl has twin fins and rudders attached to the wing trailing edge with an all-moving tailplane between the tops of the vertically surfaces. The pilot sits in an enclosed cockpit with a transparent canopy and the landing gear is a retracting rear monowheel and non-steerable nosewheel. The rear-mounted engine is a Solo-Hirth engine with a variable pitch pusher propeller.
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Both the horizontal stabilizer and the vertical stabilizer were composed of twin aerodynamic surfaces. The wings were fitted with ailerons and had a conventional structure, with tubular plywood spars and wooden ribs supporting a fabric covering. Between the interplane struts that connected the two wings (which, together with wires, provided structural rigidity) were some vertical surfaces that improved the stability of the aircraft. The tail assembly was composed of two vertical surfaces which acted as rudders and as stabilizers and of two horizontal surfaces whose fixed portion had a lifting and a stabilizing function, while a movable section acted as an elevator.
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On June 30, 2005, at about 10:10 a.m. (17:10 UTC), the vessel Queen of Oak Bay, on the Nanaimo–Horseshoe Bay (Trans-Canada Highway) ferry route, lost power four minutes before it was to dock at the Horseshoe Bay terminal. The vessel became adrift, unable to change speed but able to steer with the rudders. The horn was blown steadily, and an announcement telling passengers to brace for impact was made minutes before the ship slowly ran into the nearby Sewell's Marina, where it destroyed or damaged 28 pleasure crafts and subsequently went aground a short distance from the shore.
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The Oeffag G was developed as each aircraft was built, but the major differences involved the powerplants and the tail unit. ;G.1 and G.3:powered by Hiero 6 cylinder water-cooled inline piston engines, built with the original biplane tail unit mounted on struts above the fuselage, fitted with triple rudders. ;G.4 to G.7 :powered by Austro-Daimler 6 cylinder engines, with the original biplane tail unit ;G.8 and G.9:powered by Hiero 6 engines, introducing a monoplane strut mounted tailplane with a single fin and rudder mounted on the fuselage and tailplane. ;G.
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He decided that his ideal secondary glider should use a similar wing but also have a conventional tail which enabled him to dispense with the wing tip fins and rudders of the Storch and to reduce the wing sweep to about 12°. The inner part of the Falke's wing had constant chord but it became a little narrower outboard where the trailing edge sweep decreased. The ailerons increased the chord again to about its inboard value. It was a two spar structure with plywood covering from the forward spar around the leading edge, forming a D-shaped torsion box.
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The wide gap biplane wings were of two-bay form though in the absence of a fuselage between the wings there were further interplane struts. Two tail booms, each based on a cross-braced pair of members joined to the upper and lower wings, supported a biplane tail. Between the tailplanes were a pair of linked rudders. The Type B had no fuselage: the 60 hp (45 kW) Green four-cylinder inline water-cooled engine was flexibly mounted below the lower wing and drove a pair of pusher propellers, mounted at lower wing level, via a pair of chains.
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The Skyvan is a twin-engined all-metal, high- wing monoplane, with a braced, high aspect ratio wing, and an unpressurised, square-section fuselage with twin fins and rudders. It was popular with freight operators compared to other small aircraft because of its large rear door for loading and unloading freight. Its fuselage resembles the shape of a railroad boxcar for simplicity and efficiency. Skyvan 3 converted for survey work by Questor Surveys, 1975 Construction started at Sydenham Airport in 1960, and the first prototype first flew on 17 January 1963, powered by two Continental piston engines.
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China acquired the Royal Australian Navy's decommissioned aircraft carrier in February 1985, when it was sold to the China United Shipbuilding Company to be towed to China and broken up for scrap. Prior to the ship's departure for China, the RAN stripped Melbourne of all electronic equipment and weapons, and welded her rudders into a fixed position so that she could not be reactivated. However, her steam catapult, arresting equipment and mirror landing system were not removed. At this time, few western experts expected that the Chinese Government would attempt to develop aircraft carriers in the future.
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The aircraft was a compact twin-engined, high-winged monoplane of all-metal construction, with a conventional flying boat hull, a planing bottom and two stabilising floats, carried under the wings on long struts. It was powered by two Bristol Hercules radial engines and initially had twin fins and rudders. For defence, the Lerwick was equipped with three powered gun turrets. The nose turret had a single 0.303 inch Vickers K gun; the other two had 0.303 Browning machine guns, two guns in the Nash & Thompson FN.8 turret in the dorsal position and four in the Nash & Thompson FN4.
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The Arbalète had a fixed tricycle undercarriage. The first version of the Arbalète was the Pa.60 which made its first flight on 5 June 1965. It was powered by a Hirth HM 504 air-cooled, four cylinder, inverted inline engine, which was totally enclosed within the flat sided fuselage with no side-scoops for cooling air, an arrangement which led to overheating. Its swept, straight edged fins were placed with their leading edges on the wing leading edges; they extended beyond the wing trailing edge via rounded tips to rudders with swept, curved trailing edges and trim tabs.
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Just as daggerboards and rudders are foils that enhance the control of a boat, assisting hydrofoils provide lift to the hull to reduce the wetted area without actually lifting the boat completely out of the water. Monohull boats typically employ a "ladder" arrangement of hydrofoils splayed out with a dihedral angle of 50 degrees, with a stabilizing rudder foil. One of the earliest examples is the Monitor boat from 1957. This design offers the advantages of maximum lifting foil area at slow speeds and less at higher speeds, with rolling resistance arising from the dihedral support of the outboard ladder foils.
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The 2013 America's Cup featured daggerboard catamarans. Under the terms of the protocol, these daggerboards could not feature trim tabs, could not exceed the beam of the boat when raised and could not be adjusted when lowered, but a loophole exploited by three teams was to create T-shaped rudders and L-shaped daggerboards of which the leeward appendage serves as a hydrofoil on all points of sailing conditions in winds over 10 knots. On September 6, 2012 in Auckland, during Team New Zealand's fifth day of trials, their boat achieved with a level trim and no heeling in 17 knots of breeze.
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It is assumed that the Phocaean Greeks had 60 pentekonters (ships with 48 oars and two rudders for steering),Casson, Lionel, The Ancient Mariners, p 79 not the trireme that would become famous at the Battle of Salamis, and the allied fleet was twice as large, also composed of pentekonters. Details of the battle are sketchy, but it is known that although the Greeks had driven the allied fleet off, they had lost almost two-thirds of their own fleet in doing so: a Pyrrhic victory, according to Herodotus.Herodotus, Histories, I, 166. The rams of the surviving ships had been severely damaged.
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The second aircraft was modified from the original XV-1 in an attempt to reduce parasitic drag during high-speed forward flight. To achieve this end, the rotor pylon was reduced and the undercarriage was streamlined as well as strengthened. The second XV-1 also featured two small tail rotors mounted on the outboard side at the end of each tailboom. These were a result of the hover test flights by Noll who remarked on the lack of yaw authority when using rudders only. The original XV-1 would later be modified with the tail rotors.
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It also had a lower angle of attack: viewing this tandem wing aircraft as a biplane with a large negative stagger of c, the decalage was -3°. Due to its smaller area, lower angle of attack and more symmetrical airfoil, the rear wing generated less lift than the front; the interaction between the two wings also reduced the lift coefficient of the rear one compared with that of the same surface in isolation. Oval end plate fins recovered some of these losses and also carried rudders. Both wings carried pairs of control surfaces which acted together to control pitch.
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This arrangement was chosen for ease of maintenance as well as to simplify the process of installing other engines. Two pilots would occupy the pressurized cockpit in a staggered prone position. The nose gear was offset to the left of the cockpit and retracted rearward. Yaw control was to have been provided by a pair of retractable drag rudders near the tip of each wing. Three armament configurations were proposed, a high altitude fighter (Höhenjäger) with four MK 108 cannons, a heavy fighter (Zerstörer) with two MK 103 cannons, and a reconnaissance fighter (Aufklärer) with two MK 108 cannons and two cameras.
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Onboard electricity was generated by four Caterpillar D399 auxiliary generating sets. For maneuvering, Robert Lemeur had twin rudders with a maximum turning angle of 45 degrees and two transverse bow thrusters. For icebreaking operations, Robert LeMeur had an extensive outfit of various "ice management systems" designed to reduce friction between ice and the hull of the vessel. A powerful hull wash system could be used to wet the snow on ice ahead of the vessel by spraying water through eighteen openings on the hull, reducing the ice resistance by 20 to 30 percent based on ice trials in various ice conditions.
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The torpedo was fitted with elevators controlled by a depth-keeping mechanism, and the fore and aft rudders operated by the differential between the drums.The Brennan Torpedo by Alec Beanse Brennan travelled to Britain, where the Admiralty examined the torpedo and found it unsuitable for shipboard use. However, the War Office proved more amenable, and in early August 1881 a special Royal Engineer committee was instructed to inspect the torpedo at Chatham and report back directly to the Secretary of State for War, Hugh Childers. The report strongly recommended that an improved model be built at government expense.
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Rudders were placed 500mm aft of the hull to give more control in extreme planing conditions when only the last few feet of the hull was in contact with the water. With very wide tube and net decks up to 29 feet wide modern boats can carry very large powerful square-headed mainsails that have the controls to twist the head of the main in gusts to de-power. Flying 18 footers can now regularly exceed the actual wind speed when planing on all points of sailing. These innovations have made the skiffs very fast but very expensive to build.
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The Antonov An-28 was the winner of a competition against the Beriev Be-30 for a new light passenger and utility transport for Aeroflot's short haul routes, conceived to replace the highly successful An-2 biplane. The An-28 is derived from the earlier An-14. Commonalities with the An-14 include a high wing layout, twin fins and rudders, but it differs in having a reworked and longer fuselage, with turboprop engines. The original powerplant was the TVD-850, but production versions are powered by the more powerful TVD-10B, with three-blade propellers.
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She confirmed six kills and claimed probable kills of two others. On 28 March, one of those attackers splashed about from her port bow showering her with debris and gasoline. She sustained damage in a collision with a salvage vessel that forced her into the anchorage at Kerama Retto for emergency repairs. On 1 April, while she was operating to the southeast of Kerama Retto, a badly damaged Japanese plane splashed close aboard her stern; and what must have been two bombs exploded under her fantail causing severe damage and jamming her rudders at hard right.
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The Department ordered that the rudders of all Super Electras be modified so as to eliminate the possibility that flutter would cause an in-flight break-up. Northwest had been the first United States airline to take delivery of the Super Electra, but sold most of its remaining Electra fleet in 1939 after three subsequent accidents called the airworthiness and commercial potential of the aircraft into question. One Electra crashed in California while in the process of being delivered to the airline. The second, Flight 4, crashed in Billings, Montana after the pilot stalled the aircraft on takeoff.
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A number of modifications were subsequently made to the aircraft. In December 1911 the upper wings were extended and the fuel capacity was increased: the extensions were removed in February, and fitted to the Tandem Twin. In October both upper and lower wings were extended, giving it a wingspan of , and the top wing was later further extended, giving it an upper span of . In early 1913 the S.39 was completely rebuilt as a single-engined pusher without a front elevator and a similar tail unit to the production Short S.38, with balanced rudders.
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The Dornier Do 19 was a mid-wing cantilever design, and was mostly metal in construction. It had a rectangular-section fuselage and the tail had braced twin fins and rudders, mounted on the upper surface of the tailplane, itself set low on the rear fuselage. This was quite similar to the tail of the contemporary British Armstrong Whitworth Whitley medium bomber. It also had retractable landing gear, including the tailwheel. The powerplant, according to some sources, was supposed to be four Bramo 322H-2 radial engines that were mounted in nacelles at the leading edges of the wings.
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During the maneuver, the pilot attempts to hold the wings as level as possible, using only the rudder with no help from the ailerons. To disengage from the maneuver, while simultaneously using the rudders to stop rotation, the pilot releases back pressure on the elevator in order to lower the nose and allow the plane to gain speed. Once the stall speed is passed, the pilot can pull back on the stick to return to normal flight. Therefore, the pilot must ensure that there is sufficient altitude to recover from the stall when performing and exiting the maneuver.
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Like the Akar its fuselage consisted of two open frames parallel to each other from the wing aft and bearing twin, near-recangular rudders at their ends, where the elevator linked the two frames. Contrasted with the Akar, the frames were simplified with fewer cross-members. A rectangular plan, fabric-covered wing was mounted on top of the frames. The full frame began at the wing leading edge but their converging lower longerons projected forward, supporting the pilot's seat ahead of the wing rather than under the wing as on the Akar, and mounting landing skids in place of the Akar's wheels.
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Several of the second generation boats were designed by Dieter Empacher, who, at the time, was employed by Hood design group. Later on, numerous options were available making the boats essentially semi-custom. For example, in 1985 the options list included a choice of interior wood, counter material, cabin floor, exterior rubbing rails, higher/deeper toe rails, teak swim ladder, a choice of engines, instrumentation options, and so on. Bristols were typically built more heavily than many comparable production sailboats, with features such as skeg-hung rudders, keel-stepped masts, fully encapsulated keel ballast, interior cabinetry bonded to the hull for strength, heavy-duty bronze seacocks, and heavy fibreglass lay-up.
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Completed in secret (owing to its armament of a 21 in (533 mm) torpedo, thought to be able to sink the largest warships), the first prototype Ava (serial number N171) flew in mid-1924. The Ava was a three-bay biplane of wooden construction, with the un-cowled engines between the wings. It had a biplane tail, initially fitted with triple rudders, of which the centre rudder was soon removed. The fuselage accommodated two pilots in an open cockpit, with nose and dorsal gun positions and a retractable ventral "dustbin" gun position that could be manned by the navigator/bomb aimer, who otherwise occupied a large enclosed cabin.
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In order to avoid FOD, the engines were placed above the wing on pylons, which is aerodynamically similar on a modern symmetrical wing planform. Likewise, most cargo aircraft use some version of a T-tail in order to leave the area at the end of the cargo bay "open" so trucks can approach it. This requires the tail to be high-mounted on the fuselage, so, as with the wings, this approach would not work on the Flatbed. Instead a large V-tail was used, extending outward from a point forward of the loading area, placing the rudders well to either side of the bed.
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Dependent on flight conditions, signals from the control stick position transmitter or the FCS may be coupled to remote control amplifiers and combined with feedback signals from acceleration sensors and rate gyros. The resultant control signals are coupled to the high- speed electro-hydraulic actuators of the elevators, rudders and the canard. The output signals are compared and, if the difference is significant, the faulty channel is disconnected. FBW is based on a stall warning and barrier mechanism which prevents stalls through dramatic increases of control stick pressure, allowing a pilot to effectively control the aircraft without exceeding the angle of attack and acceleration limitations.
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The layout was not successfully proven in an aircraft for a long time, though Custer showed theoretically and experimentally that the principle was capable of vertical flight. Since they were built with conventional rudders needing some minimum airspeed to be functional, none of the aircraft designed by Custer were capable of full vertical takeoff, but instead were characterized as STOL (short takeoff and landing). The required runway for takeoff was very short, however, for the CCW-1, for the CCW-2, with a take off speed of as low as . Full vertical takeoff is theoretically feasible, but would require additional modifications and means of control.
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For what concerns CBRN (Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear) warfare, there are a specially dedicated decontamination station, a series of new generation sensors for such hazards detection disseminated throughout the shipThe CBRN detection system NASRAMS-10 on Canberra website and an external prewashing facility. The propulsion system consists of two controllable pitch propellers, which can be coupled independently of each other, via gear couplings, with a diesel engine or a gas turbine in a typical CODOG configuration. The manoeuvrability is provided by a pair of rudders and an electric powered bow thruster. The daily production of drinking water is 50 m³ because of two installed reverse osmosis desalinators.
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As early as 1933, Alksandr Moskalyev was designing a rocket-powered, tailless aircraft with an ogival or gothic delta wing with wingtip fins and rudders, able to fly faster than sound. Because no sufficiently powerful engines were available at the time, the Moskalyev SAM-4 Sigma never left the drawing board but it did lead to two interim types, the SAM-7 Sigma and SAM-9 Strela. The tailless Strela was built to test the behaviour of the SAM-4's radically new wing plan which, had the leading edges been straight, would have been a highly swept delta. Instead they were moderately convex.
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In addition to the newly added fuel tanks in the rudders capacity totaling 280 kg, there are four main fuel tanks. No. 1 tank with capacity totaling 3,150 kg is in the front, No. 2 tank with capacity totaling 4,150 kg is in the middle, No. 3 tank with capacity totaling 1,053 kg is in the rear, and No. 4 tank with capacity totaling 1,552 kg is located in the wings. During aerial refueling, the maximum capacity of Su-30MKK is receiving up to 2,300 liters per minute. The altitude of refueling is limited to 2 km to 6 km, and the speed is limited to 450–550 km/h.
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Chyeranovskii designed an enlarged BICh-3, at approximately 1.5 scale, with tandem open cockpits, underslung elevons (à la Junkers) centreline mono-wheel, wing-tip rudders with skids with no tail. Flight testing commenced in 1929 but was soon halted due to the very poor handling characteristics which rendered the BICh-7 almost impossible to take off. The BICh-7 was completely rebuilt as the BICh-7A, modifications included: enclosed tandem cockpits, a conventional style tail-skid undercarriage, and a fin with rudder faired into the rear of the cockpit nacelle. Flight tests resumed, in , with much improved handling other than excessive speed loss when turning and engine vibration.
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In a May 28 report to Foote, who was recovering in Cleveland, Phelps informed him that he had reinforced the Benton and the other vessels by placing railroad iron along the bows and sterns, by slinging logs about the sides, and by placing protective iron framework around the rudders, along with devising other structural enhancements for the vessels. Reporting to Foote, he stated that Colonel Alfred Ellet had also arrived with some half dozen rams. While Phelps related that his report was made in the midst of much confusion, he also intimated that he was pleased with the performance of Davis, the new fleet commander.Hoppin, 1874, pp.
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During 1916 Caproni embarked on the design of a small light ground attack aircraft which followed the design philosophy of its much larger cousins the Ca.3 and Ca.4. 3/4 rear view of the Ca.37 The Ca.37 followed the twin boom layout with central nacelle, which housed the tandem cockpits and the Lancia Type 4 6-cylinder in- line piston engine, driving a 2-bladed pusher propeller. The tail-plane spanned across the two tail-booms and mounted two all-flying rudders for yaw control. Twin main-wheel units were strut mounted under each boom which also carried wooden tail-skids.
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Early flight trials commenced with hops towed behind a car to test control responses, followed by an aero-tow launch on 9 September 1959, piloted by Adam Zientek. Flight trials revealed a marked sensitivity to turbulence resulting in flutter, and during trials at stalling speed, the SZD-20X entered a spin, which the rudders were unable to recover the aircraft from, only when the pilot shifted his weight as far forward as he could, did the SZD-20X recover from the spin. Flying in the SZD-20X continued until 6 October 1959, when turbulence-induced flutter tore the aircraft apart, the pilot escaping with parachute.
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Frits Koolhoven began as car dealer and racing driver but his entry into aviation came in partnership with Henri Wijnmalen whose uncle was the Verwey in the motor car manufacturing business, Verwey and Lugard. An aviation department of the latter developed, with Koolhoven dominant in the factory and Wijnmalen running the flying school. The Heidevogel (Heathbird or Heatherbird) was one of several pioneer aircraft based on the Farman III and generally known as "Farman types", though it had several modifications to the wings, rudders and accommodation. It was a multi-bay, unequal span biplane with no stagger and wings of constant chord, braced with pairs of parallel interplane struts.
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Egyptian society made several significant advances during dynastic periods in many areas of technology. According to Hossam Elanzeery, they were the first civilization to use timekeeping devices such as sundials, shadow clocks, and obelisks and successfully leveraged their knowledge of astronomy to create a calendar model that society still uses today. They developed shipbuilding technology that saw them progress from papyrus reed vessels to cedar wood ships while also pioneering the use of rope trusses and stem-mounted rudders. The Egyptians also used their knowledge of anatomy to lay the foundation for many modern medical techniques and practiced the earliest known version of neuroscience.
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The Radley-England Waterplane was a four-bay biplane with ailerons fitted to the top wing only. A single horizontal stabiliser and elevator with twin balanced rudders mounted below it were carried on four wire-braced booms behind the wing. The crew and passengers were carried in a pair of flat-bottomed floats suspended on struts underneath the lower wing. It was powered by three 50 hp (37 kW) Gnome Omega rotary engines arranged in line above the wing centre section, each connected by a roller chain to a long shaft at the rear of which was a four-bladed propeller 9 ft 10 in (3 m) diameter.
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The rear part of the Type K's fuselage was an open structure with two girders, each vertically cross braced and converging in profile, parallel to each other in plan and cross-linked horizontally at the tail. This was fairly standard on the Caudron's of the period but was elaborated on the Type K by another long pair of members from the lower wing upwards; these secured the posts of a tall, narrow pair of constant chord rudders with quadrantal tips. The tailplane, approximately rectangular in plan but cut away for rudder movement, was placed on the upper tail girders. The Type K was a pure floatplane, with no permanent land wheels.
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The decision was made to introduce a series of other minor improvements to produce the Whitley Mk V. These included the modification of the tail fins and rudders, the fitting of leading edge de-icers, further fuel capacity increases, a smaller D/F loop in a streamlined fairing being adopted, and the extension of the rear fuselage by 15 in (381 mm) to improve the rear-gunner's field of fire.Moyes 1967, p. 7. The Whitley Mk V was by far the most numerous version of the aircraft, with 1,466 built until production ended in June 1943. The Whitley Mk VII was the final variant to be built.
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Both vessels are rigged with an aft mainsheet and an adjustable traveller, the latter of which allows the boat to cope with weather helm. A large anchor well is present in the bow of both the Mk I and Mk II boats, allowing the user to stow the anchor out of the way of the foresail. Whilst the Mk I uses a fractional rig and the Mk II uses a masthead rig, both have a genoa as a foresail, however storm jibs are fitted when sailing in extreme circumstances. Both boats are made of fibreglass and feature wooden liftable, remove-able rudders and dagger boards.
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Inflation of the gasbags took place during June and the airship was first taken out of the shed on the evening of 2 July, with Hauptmann Hans Bartsch von Sigsfeld of the Prussian Airship Battalion at the controls.Robinson 1973 p. 25 The first flight revealed serious structural deficiencies in the framework, and an attempt to remedy this was made by incorporating the walkway between the gondolas into a rigid keel structure. At the same time the moveable weight was increased to 150 kg (330 lb), the aft rudders moved from either side of the envelope to below it, and an elevator fitted below the nose.
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Port Royal undergoing repair in drydock following the groundingPort Royal left dry dock at Pearl Harbor on 24 September 2009 for final repairs and assessment before being returned to duty. While in dry dock, technicians from BAE Systems and the navy replaced the cruiser's sonar dome, reinstalled rudders, and made structural repairs to the ship's tanks, superstructure, and underwater hull. In addition, four sections of shafting were replaced, struts that support the propulsion shafts were realigned, and the underwater hull was repainted with blue antifouling paint. In February 2011, the Navy and the state of Hawaii announced that they had reached a settlement on the damage caused by the grounding.
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The resulting design was a three-engined monoplane flying boat with hull-mounted sponsons instead of the wing-mounted floats more common on aircraft of this type. Construction was of all-metal, with the wing was held above the fuselage on struts, with the three Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar radial engines mounted on the leading edge of the wing. The single braced tailplane had three vertical fins and rudders. The crew were accommodated in open cockpits in the nose, with an enclosed cabin for the owner, with its own toilet, bath and bed, a separate cabin for the other five passengers and a galley beneath the wing.
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The ship was built by Earle's Shipbuilding in Hull for the Great Eastern Railway and launched on 25 April 1900. She was launched by Miss Nellie Howard, daughter of Captain D. Howard, the Marine Superintendent of the Great Eastern Railway Company. She was built of steel and equipped with a double-ended hull, with two rudders adapted for steaming with equal facility astern or ahead. Unusually she was launched with machinery on board complete, and with steam up, and she made a short run on the River Humber, prior to being berthed in the Victoria Dock She was used on local services and coastal excursions.
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Over the rest of the year and into late 1942, Tirpitz underwent a refit in the Faettenfjord, which lacked dockyard facilities of any type. As a result, the work was done incrementally; a large caisson was built to allow the rudders to be replaced. Naval historians William Garzke and Robert Dulin stated that "the repairs to this ship were one of the most difficult naval engineering feats of World War II." In January 1943, Tirpitz emerged from the lengthy overhaul, after which she was transferred to Altafjord. Here, she participated in extensive training operations with Scharnhorst and the heavy cruiser , which lasted until the middle of the year.
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However, the biggest change to the previous Finnish ice class rules was the way the structural requirements were determined. Instead of percentages and experience the minimum requirements were based on plastic deformation theory and pressure loads determined from observations of past ice damages in the Baltic Sea. The ships were divided into three areas (bow, midship, aft) and the pressure loads were calculated for each area as a function of the ship's displacement and engine output. The rules regarding rudders, engines and the propulsion system were also changed accordingly, and the propulsion system was to be designed so that its strength increased towards the engine.
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The P.B.23 was designed in 1915 as a single-seat biplane scout, with a fuselage nacelle strut-mounted between the wings. The nacelle had an open cockpit for the pilot at the front and at the rear an 80 hp (60 kW) Le Rhône 9C engine driving a pusher propeller. Twin fins and rudders were mounted on a wide-span tailplane with an elevator attached, all connected to the wing structure with four tailbooms. The P.B.23 failed to gain an order after it first flew in September 1915, but twenty of an improved version, the P.B.25, were ordered by the Royal Naval Air Service.
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The survivors hoped to reach St Helena within two or three weeks, and water was rationed at 110 ml a day per person, despite the tropical heat. Over the next three weeks, most of the boats lost contact with each other, and numerous occupants died. Rogerson had hoped to prevent the dispersal of the boats for as long as possible, but as the situation worsened, he was compelled to allow one of the faster boats, which was short of supplies and taking on water, to press on ahead. The boats also suffered damage, with rudders or masts being broken, causing some to lag behind.
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The Nacra 20 is a catamaran sailing dinghy that was designed by Gino Morrelli and Pete Melvin as a one-design racer and first built in 1998. The design is a development of the Nacra F18 Infusion, using the same rudders, mast, inter- hull beams and other small parts and fittings, but with new, longer hulls. The design was originally marketed by the manufacturer as the Nacra Inter 20 and later as the Nacara 20, more recently it has been developed into the Nacara F20 Carbon and the hydrofoil-equipped Nacara F20 Carbon FCS. The Nacara F20 Carbon is a recognized World Sailing international competition class.
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The Hyper III was designed to help in the M2 lifting body program, it had a flat bottom and sides, and a simple straight wing with no control surfaces that was designed to simulate a pop-out wing that had been proposed for a re-entry vehicle. The Hyper III had twin fins and rudders canted at 40° from the vertical, and hinged elevons on the horizontal surface. The landing gear was a fixed tricycle type, using spring steel legs from a Cessna aircraft. It was fitted with an emergency parachute system and controlled by 5-channel radio link; instrument data was downlinked using a 12-channel radio.
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Twin tail of Avro Lancaster The twin tail of a Chrislea Super Ace, built in 1948 High-mounted twin tail of Blackburn Beverley transport Separating the control surfaces allows for additional rudder area or vertical surface without requiring a massive single tail. On multi-engine propeller designs twin fin and rudders operating in the propeller slipstream give greater rudder authority and improved control at low airspeeds, and when taxiing. A twin tail can also simplify hangar requirements, give dorsal gunners enhanced firing area, and in some cases reduce the aircraft's weight. It also affords a degree of redundancy—if one tail is damaged, the other may remain functional.
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Baracca's total of 34 victory claims can largely be verified from known Austro-Hungarian losses and surviving military records, establishing the Italian as one of the highest-scoring Allied pilots during the conflict. After the war, his home in Lugo di Romagna was turned into the Francesco Baracca Museum, which displays mementos, uniforms, medals from Baracca's life, as well as rudders and guns taken from shot down aircraft. In the 1920s, a SPAD VII once flown by Baracca in December 1917 was presented for display, which was subsequently restored by GVAS (the Italian aeronautical preservation society).[16] Many roads in Italy are named after Baracca.
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Perhaps to counter charges that the Confederate Navy was responsible, by its inaction, for the failure of the forts to turn back Farragut's fleet, Commander John K. Mitchell, second in command under Commodore Whittle, pointed out several shortcomings of Louisiana, any one of which would have seriously compromised her fighting ability. :1. The arrangement of the paddlewheels meant that the after wheel was always in the wash of the other, with the result that its power was wasted. :2. The wash also created an eddy at the rudders, making it impossible to steer. :3. The gun ports were too small to allow either elevation or traverse.
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The Mitsubishi Ki-1 was a low-wing, cantilever monoplane with fixed landing gear, twin fins and rudders, and was powered by two Mitsubishi Ha2-II water-cooled V-12 engines, giving a maximum speed of . The pilot and co-pilot were seated in tandem under an enclosed canopy, while gunners sat in semi-enclosed nose and dorsal gun turrets, each armed with a single machine gun. The usable bomb load was up to . The Ki-1 shared a similar configuration with the Junkers S 36 first flown in 1927, militarized into the Junkers K37 by Junker's Swedish subsidiary AB Flygindustri at Limhamn near Malmö.
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Herodotus, Book 3, sections 3.107-113. Herodotus, Aristotle and other authors named Arabia as the source of cinnamon; they recounted that giant "cinnamon birds" collected the cinnamon sticks from an unknown land where the cinnamon trees grew and used them to construct their nests. Pliny the Elder wrote that cinnamon was brought around the Arabian peninsula on "rafts without rudders or sails or oars", taking advantage of the winter trade winds. He also mentioned cassia as a flavouring agent for wine, and that the tales of cinnamon being collected from the nests of cinnamon birds was a traders' fiction made up to charge more.
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On June 30, 2005, at about 10:10 in the morning (17:10 UTC),Queen of Oak Bay lost power four minutes before she was to dock at the Horseshoe Bay terminal. The vessel became adrift, unable to change speed, but able to steer with the rudders. The horn was blown steadily and an announcement telling passengers to brace for impact was made minutes before the ship slowly ran into the nearby Sewell's Marina, where she destroyed or damaged 28 pleasure craft and subsequently went aground a short distance from the shore. No casualties or injuries were reported. Queen of Oak Bay Collision Simulator BC Ferries Corporation (June 30, 2005).
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The self-centering stick is relatively sensitive during flight, flying pilots had to be aware of this during landing to ensure that the tail is not raised too high for the propeller arc; however, it could be readily trimmed for hands-off flight. Recovery from a spin was achieved by a combination of pushing forwards on the stick and applying full rudder, while a spin could be deliberately induced by pulling hard back on the stick and applying opposite force using the rudders. The ailerons are used to perform various manoeuvres; a full roll can be performed in four seconds via full aileron deflection.Flight International 1951, pp. 354-355.
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These, unlike the previous generation units, are activated remotely from Security Post by the PMS. For what concerns CBRN (Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear) warfare, there are a specially dedicated decontamination station, a series of new generation sensors for such hazards detection disseminated throughout the shipThe CBRN detection system NASRAMS-10 on Canberra website and an external prewashing facility. The propulsion system consists of two controllable pitch propellers, which can be coupled independently of each other, via gear couplings, with a diesel engine or a gas turbine in a typical CODOG configuration. The manoeuvrability is provided by a pair of rudders and an electric powered bow thruster.
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Union engineers Baurat Rittberger and Karl Schopper began the design of a large four-engined bomber in 1914, classified in the Grossflugzeug category because the engines could not be serviced in flight. Constructed of wood with fabric covering, (some parts may have been plywood covered) and wire bracing. The tail unit comprised a single tailplane with elevator with a single fin carrying a rudder and two auxiliary rudders at approx half tailplane span. At the successful Idflieg inspection on 13 April 1915, the airframe construction was described as good but the low cruising and maximum speeds were criticised as well as the disappointing useful load.
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A Bell Labs proportional navigation and HUSL non-proportional steering system had been demonstrated by July 1942. An existing Mark 13 torpedo provided the body of the torpedo, it was modified by shortening the hull, reducing the diameter, reducing the weight, and designing a hemispherical nose section to carry the explosive charge, and a conical tail section with four stabilizing fins and rudders and a single propeller. The effect of these modifications was to produce a relatively short, "fat" torpedo. In June 1942, the US Navy decided to take the torpedo into production, even though there was still major testing work remaining on the project, including air-drop testing.
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Diagram showing the external centerline fuel tank on the aircraft As with the earlier-designed A500 piston-engined model, the A700 featured a straight tapered wing, a central fuselage, and twin wing- mounted booms which supported aft twin rudders linked by a high horizontal stabilizer. Unlike on the A500, the A700's two engines were mounted on the sides of the fuselage, in a non-centerline thrust arrangement, eliminating one of the design advantages of the A500 configuration. In order to balance the twin rear-mounted engines properly, the forward fuselage was lengthened by 4 feet. In the A500, the front engine is balanced by the rear engine and empennage.
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Design of the Airelle began in 1999, and a one third scale model flew the following October. The full scale Airelle was formally introduced with a mock-up at the Paris air show held at le Bourget in June 2003, although its first flight was made in February 2002. Its layout is very unusual, both in that it has a tandem pair of wings, and that its twin engines are in push-pull configuration. The rear wing has the greater span and chord, and is swept (at 30°) and tapered, with outward-leaning fins and rudders at its tips, rather as in traditional lifting canard aircraft.
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Movement caused by the use of rudder The nose gear steering-wheel (tiller) is visible as a semi-circular wheel to the left of the yoke in this photo of a Boeing 727 cockpit. Rudder and trim tab on a light aircraft The water rudders on this Cessna 208 Caravan floatplane are the small vertical surfaces on the rear end of each float. Their setting is controlled from the cockpit. On an aircraft, the rudder is a directional control surface along with the rudder-like elevator (usually attached to the horizontal tail structure, if not a slab elevator) and ailerons (attached to the wings) that control pitch and roll, respectively.
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The wing was wire braced via a kingpost passing through the fuselage, extending both above and below. The fuselage was, like the wings, a wooden structure covered with fabric, triangular in section and tapering towards the tail. This was characteristically Antoinette with a long, finely tapering fin and tailplane, the rudder being divided into two triangular sections above and below the elevator, giving it clearance to move. The pilot's seat was at the trailing edge of the wing, and contained Blackburn's "triple steering column" which was moved up and down for elevator control, from side to side to warp the wings and rotated to move the rudders.
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One of the most successful groups of eurypterids, the pterygotids were the only eurypterid family to achieve a truly worldwide distribution. Several evolutionary innovations made the pterygotids unique among the eurypterids, with large and flattened telsons (the posteriormost segment of the body) likely used as rudders to provide additional agility and enlarged chelicerae (frontal appendages) with claws. These claws were robust and possessed teeth which would have made many members of the group formidable predators. The strange proportions and large size of the pterygotid eurypterids led to the quarrymen who discovered the very first fossil remains of the group to give them the common name "Seraphims".
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Claire K. Vance founded the Vance Aircraft Corporation to build the "Flying Wing" design. The aircraft was designed though a series of hand- carved wooden models before drawings were made, with the intention of it being a high speed, high altitude air-freighter with storage in thick wing lockers. Its short air racing history was interrupted by the 1932 death of its designer Claire Vance who struck a fog-covered mountain at Rocky Ridge. The "Flying Wing" was a conventional long-range aircraft for the period with the exception of the two large booms aft of the cockpit supporting the twin tail surfaces and twin rudders, rather than a conventional fuselage.
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They were high-wing monoplanes, the wings having constant chord, square tips and a thick Raf 24 section. The wings, like the rest of the aircraft were covered with the corrugated skin and carried balanced ailerons and outboard slots. There was a biplane tail unit with a pair of narrow chord planes, the lower attached to the fuselage underside and the upper mounted clear above. The outboard vertical tail surfaces were again very narrow and served as the main rudders; the single-engined and tri-motor variants also had a small triangular central fin, carrying an auxiliary rudder and supporting the upper horizontal plane.
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Miller opted for an unorthodox configuration in developing a racing aircraft that would be as fast as possible on . The JM-2 features a cantilever mid-wing, a single-seat enclosed open cockpit under a bubble canopy, tricycle landing gear with fixed main wheels and a retractable nose wheel, and a single engine in pusher configuration, mounted within a fan shroud, with the spinner acting as the aircraft's tailcone. The fan shroud structure provides a place to mount the rudders and the tailplane is mounted high in T-tail configuration as an extension of the shroud. There is a small canard surface mounted on the nose.
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From 1956 to 1962 Iveston was laid up in operational reserve at Hythe, near Southampton. On 3 January 1963 she was towed to Devonport dockyard where she was refitted and converted to a minehunter. Her magnetic sweep gear was removed and Type 193 Sonar was fitted to detect mines which could then be destroyed by divers while active rudders incorporating electric motors were fitted to aid slow speed manoeuvrability, and the ship's engines replaced by two Napier Deltic diesel engines rated at . She was recommissioned on 16 October 1964, joining the 1st Mine Counter Measures Squadron based at Port Edgar on the Firth of Forth.
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Image from the Bayeux Tapestry showing a longship with a steering oar on the starboard side Oncoming boat indicating its port (red) and starboard (green) sides The term starboard derives from the Old English steorbord, meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their centrelines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship on the right hand side of the ship, because more people are right-handed. Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at the wharf on the other side. Hence the left side was called port.
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Whitley (1985), p. 159 Two Voith-Schneider cycloidal propeller- rudders were to be installed in the forward bow of the ship along the center- line. These were intended to assist in berthing the ship in harbor and also in negotiating narrow waterways such as the Kiel Canal where, due to the carrier's high freeboard and difficulty in maneuvering at speeds below , gusting winds might push the ship into the canal sides. In an emergency, the units could have been used to steer the ships at speeds under and, if the ships' main engines were rendered inoperable, could propel the vessel at a speed of in calm seas.
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The first ship was laid down in May 1943, while the last was launched in April 1945. In that time the United States produced 58 Allen M. Sumner-class destroyers. The Allen M. Sumner class was an improvement of the previous , which were built from 1941 until 1944. In addition to three twin 5-inch/38 caliber gun mounts replacing the Fletchers' five single mounts, Sumners had twin rudders, giving them better maneuverability for ASW work when compared to Fletchers. The 5-inch guns were guided by a Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System with a Mark 25 fire control radar linked by a Mark 1A Fire Control Computer stabilized by a Mark 6 8,500 rpm gyro.
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There were three fins, the outer ones narrow, rectangular and between the tailplanes, but the central, triangular one extended forward over the fuselage. All three carried tapered, trapezoidal rudders, which projected aft of the tailplane's trailing edges; the central rudder was used only if an engine failed, to trim the asymmetry. The bomber had conventional, tailskid landing gear. The mainwheels were in pairs below the engines, each set mounted on a pair of longitudinal frames attached to the wing by a pair of transverse V-struts from the forward wing spars, one to each end of the frames, and another V-strut from the rear spar to the rear of the frames.
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There were a total of four elevons affixed to the trailing edges of its delta wing. While flown outside of atmospheric flight, the Shuttle's attitude control was instead provided by the Reaction Control System (RCS), which consisted of 44 compact liquid-fueled rocket thrusters controlled via a sophisticated fly-by-wire flight control system. The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, a large flying wing operated by the United States Air Force as a strategic stealth bomber, also used elevons in its control system. Northrop had opted to control the aircraft via a combination of split brake-rudders and differential thrust after assessing various different means of exercising directional control with minimal infringement on the aircraft's radar profile.
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As early as 1933, Alksandr Moskalyev was designing a rocket-powered, tailless aircraft with an ogival or gothic delta wing, wingtip fins and rudders, which would be able to fly faster than sound. Because no sufficiently powerful engines were available at the time, the Moskalyev SAM-4 Sigma never left the drawing board but it did lead to two interim types, the SAM-7 Sigma and SAM-9 Strela. The all-metal Sigma was intended to investigate the manoeuvrability and field of fire of a two seat, tailless, wingtip finned fighter aircraft, using a less radical low aspect ratio, trapezoidal plan wing. This low wing had two spars and trailing edges carrying inboard elevators and outboard ailerons.
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White water racers combine a fast, unstable lower hull portion with a flared upper hull portion to combine flat water racing speed with extra stability in open water: they are not fitted with rudders and have similar maneuverability to flat water racers. They usually require substantial skill to achieve stability, due to extremely narrow hulls. Whitewater racing kayaks, like all racing kayaks, are made to regulation lengths, usually of fiber reinforced resin (usually epoxy or polyester reinforced with Kevlar, glass fiber, carbon fiber, or some combination). This form of construction is stiffer and has a harder skin than non-reinforced plastic construction such as rotomolded polyethylene: stiffer means faster, and harder means fewer scratches and therefore also faster.
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Bas reliefs of Sailendran and Srivijayan large merchant ships with various configurations of tanja sails and outriggers are also found in the Borobudur temple, dating back to the 8th century CE. By the 10th century CE, the Song Dynasty started building the first Chinese junks, which were adopted from the design of the Javanese djongs. The junk rig in particular, became associated with Chinese coast-hugging trading ships. Junks in China were constructed from teak with pegs and nails; they featured watertight compartments and acquired center-mounted tillers and rudders. These ships became the basis for the development of Chinese warships during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, and were used in the unsuccessful Mongol invasions of Japan and Java.
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KLM Fokker 70 with reverse thrust applied. The two surfaces behind the engine can be seen in the deployed position, diverting the engine exhaust gases (hence thrust) forward. This is similar to the Kitchen rudder in "Full astern" position The Kitchen rudder is the familiar name for "Kitchen's Patent Reversing Rudders", a combination rudder and directional propulsion delivery system for relatively slow speed displacement boats which was invented in the early 20th century by John G. A. Kitchen of Lancashire, England. It turns the rudder into a directional thruster, and allows the engine to maintain constant revolutions and direction of drive shaft rotation while altering thrust by use of a control which directs thrust forward or aft.
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Instead of a conventional ejection seat, the entire nose section in which the pilot was accommodated could be jettisoned.Pelt 2012, p. 160. Particular attention had been dedicated to the control system to ensure it would be suitable throughout the transonic and supersonic stages of flight; while conventional ailerons were be used when flown at slow speeds, these would be locked out of use at higher speeds to prevent the formation of shock waves; instead, differential application of the flight control surfaces upon the horizontal surfaces of the tail unit controlled roll instead. All three tail surfaces were all-moving, eliminating the requirement for separate elevators and rudders while preventing control lock-ups during high speeds.
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Due to problems with the engine installation it was re- engined with two 425 hp (317 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp C radials before delivery. It was also fitted with an auxiliary aerofoil above the engines and twin fins and rudders to improve directional control. Sold to Imperial Airways in 1940 as a crew trainer but damaged beyond repair in 1941 and scrapped. ;A.19/3 :Prototype for the Air Ministry with serial K2681 and powered by two 340 hp (254 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Serval III radials. Following evaluation sixteen production aircraft, designated A.29 were ordered. ;A.19/4 :Registered G-ABXW with 300 hp (224 kW) Wright J-6 radial engines.
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The SZD-20X Wampir II (vampire II) was designed to compare a flying wing designed to Standard class rules with a more conventional standard class glider. Main designer was Jan Dyrek. Based on experience with the earlier SZD-6X Nietoperz and SZD-13 Wampir tail- less gliders, the SZD-20X was an all wood flying wing, with the pilot sitting in a pod extending aft of the trailing edge on the centreline, and large swept fins & rudders at approx 2/3 span on each wing. The SZD-20X was associated with the number 15, having a 15m span, aspect ratio of 15 and wing area of 15m², whether this was by design or accident is not known.
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In navigation, the foundation to the subsequent age of exploration was laid by the introduction of pintle-and-gudgeon rudders, lateen sails, the dry compass, the horseshoe and the astrolabe. Significant advances were also made in military technology with the development of plate armour, steel crossbows and cannon. The Middle Ages are perhaps best known for their architectural heritage: While the invention of the rib vault and pointed arch gave rise to the high rising Gothic style, the ubiquitous medieval fortifications gave the era the almost proverbial title of the 'age of castles'. Papermaking, a 2nd-century Chinese technology, was carried to the Middle East when a group of Chinese papermakers were captured in the 8th century.
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Pitch trim was set by adjusting a trim tab on the starboard elevator. The moderately swept, tapered, high aspect ratio wings had no sweep on the trailing edge and a cut back to give clearance for the propeller, with the large fins with rudders extending past the trailing edge at the ends of the cut-backs, to ensure enough moment to give adequate control and stability. The delta fore-plane was of low aspect ratio with the elevators sited below the trailing edge similar to the method used by contemporary Junkers aircraft like the Junkers Ju 87. The engine was a powerful liquid-cooled Isotta- Fraschini Asso XI R.C.40 engine capable of driving a three-bladed metal propeller.
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RML awarded the work to Harland and Wolff, but with a condition in the contract that the ships must achieve at least , and a graduated penalty clause in case the actual speed increase should fall short of that figure. In the same year, Lord Essendon succeeded in getting RML's competitors to accept a 19-knot speed limit on the South American route. Harland and Wolff fitted each ship with three water tube boilers supplying superheated steam at 435 lbf/in2 to a set of six turbines that drove her twin propeller shafts by single reduction gearing. The National Physical Laboratory helped the shipyard to design new aerofoil-section manganese bronze three-bladed propellers, and the rudders were also streamlined.
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The submarine shadowed the freighter and positioned herself for an attack using her stern tubes, firing six torpedoes in rough seas for no hits. She went on to patrol the approaches to Van Diemen Strait just south of Kagoshima, before returning north when she received an Ultra message indicating a Japanese task force, including an aircraft carrier, near the Bungo Suido. A high-speed race put Halibut into position on the morning of 5 November, and she fired six torpedoes at the carrier (identified at the time as so as to conceal the source of the information; later properly identified as ). A single torpedo hit near the ship's rudders, leaving the carrier unable to manoeuvre.
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Classe Mini Logo, Mini Transat 6.50, unofficial logo For its intended use, racing across the Atlantic Ocean, the Mini 6.50 is very short and beamy, being nearly half as wide as it is long. Its width carries to the stern, providing sufficient stability that the boats can plane as a fast motorboat does: Minis are capable of sailing as fast as 25 knots. They typically have two connected rudders and a narrow steel or iron fin keel with a lead bulb at the end, with a mast height typically twice the Mini's length. They also have a retractable bowsprit that extends a spinnaker- genoa "kite" two or more meters beyond the bow.
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The earlier instability issues were partially addressed via the adoption of redesigned twin fins and rudders on the tail unit.Raymond 1967, p. 5. Various issues with the troublesome Hispano-Suiza engines had been experienced and this resulted in several changes being made to the prototype, such as the adoption of broader, more efficient air intakes for the oil coolers, which in turn reduced instances of engine overheating. On 29 August 1938, it was decided to replace the existing Hispano-Suiza engines by Gnome-Rhône 14N 20/21 engines, which were capable of producing 1,030 hp (768 kW) each; as a result of these changes, the aircraft was re-designated as LeO 451-01.
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RML awarded the work to Harland and Wolff, but with a condition in the contract that the ships must achieve at least , and a graduated penalty clause in case the actual speed increase should fall short of that figure. In the same year, Lord Essendon succeeded in getting RML's competitors to accept a 19-knot speed limit on the South American route. Harland and Wolff fitted each ship with three water tube boilers supplying superheated steam at 435 lbf/in2 to a set of six turbines that drove her twin propeller shafts by single reduction gearing. The National Physical Laboratory helped the shipyard to design new aerofoil-section manganese bronze three-bladed propellers, and the rudders were also streamlined.
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In 1924, the British Air Ministry issued Specification R.14/24 for a long-range reconnaissance flying boat for the Royal Air Force. To meet this requirement, Blackburn Aircraft proposed the R.B.1 (Reconnaissance Biplane 1), designed by Major John Douglas Rennie, who as Chief Technical Officer worked with John Cyril Porte at the Seaplane Experimental Station, Felixstowe.London 2003, p. 99. The R.B.1 was a three- engined, three-bay biplane. The equal-span wings were of mixed wood-and-metal construction, with ailerons fitted to both upper and lower wings and floats fitted under the wingtips, while the aircraft had a large biplane tail (with a span of 30 ft (9.14 m)) with three fins and rudders.
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The tail surfaces were mounted on four cross-braced steel booms and consisted of a large-span upper elevator and a smaller lower surface, with a pair of rudders filling the gap between them. The undercarriage consisted of a pair of forward-projecting skids with a small wheel mounted between them, supplemented by outrigger wheels on each wingtip. Power was provided by a Renault V-8 engine. Another view of the Bréguet Type I crash The machine was displayed without an engine at the Olympia Aero Show in London in March 1909"Flyers at Olympia" Flight 27 March 1909 p177 and first took to the air on 28 June at La Brayelle Airfield.
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The design of the Sommer biplane was derived from that of the Farman III, the aircraft being a pusher configuration equal-span biplane powered by a Gnome Omega. Lateral control was effected by D-shaped ailerons on the upper wing. A single elevator was mounted in front of the wings: behind the wings wire- braced wooden booms carried a horizontal surface which was operated independently of the front elevator and was used to adjust the aircraft's trim rather than for control purposes. Early examples has a single large rudder mounted below this: this was later changed to four smaller rudders, two above it and two below, and subsequently changed again to one above and one below .
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On the morning of 26 May, a Coastal Command PBY Catalina flying boat spotted Bismarck to the north-west of Brest; she was steaming at a speed that would put her under the protective umbrella of German aircraft and U-boats within 24 hours. The only British forces close enough to slow her down were the aircraft carrier and her escort, the battlecruiser . At approximately 20:30, a flight of fifteen Ark Royals 820 Naval Air Squadrons Swordfish torpedo bombers launched an attack on Bismarck. Three torpedoes were believed to have struck the ship; the first two torpedoes failed to do serious damage to the ship, but the third hit jammed Bismarcks rudders hard to starboard.
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This two- engine aircraft was built by the French Potez company to fulfill a 1932 specification for a new reconnaissance bomber. Built as a private venture, this aircraft, designated the Potez 54, flew for the first time on 14 November 1933. Designed by Louis Coroller, it was intended as a four-seat aircraft capable of performing duties such as bomber, transport and long-range reconnaissance. The Potez 54 was a high-wing monoplane, of mixed wood and metal covering over a steel tube frame. The prototype had twin fins and rudders, and was powered by two 515 kW (690 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Xbrs V-12 engines in streamlined nacelles, which were connected to the fuselage by stub wings.
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This speed is reduced to for mine-warfare operations; three active rudders (small propellors mounted in a unit which can rotate through 360 degrees, powered by three diesel-engines generators Isotta Fraschini ID-36-SS6V) are used to keep the minehunters on station. The ships have a range of at operational speed. Each ship has a standard complement of 47, made up of 4 officers, 7 clearance divers, and 36 ratings. They are equipped with one hyperbaric chamber, one mechanical minesweeper system "Oropesa" Mk4, two ROV Whitehead-Riva Calzoni MIN-77 (then replaced by one ROV Gaymarine Pluto GIGAS) and Gaymarine Pluto, remote- operated submersibles for mine investigation and clearance, and VDS FIAR SQQ-14 (IT) sonar.
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Initially designated the S-37-2 and registered X3698 or NX3698 this aircraft had slightly better performance than the first version and was designed as a bomber for the United States Army Air Corps. Later called the VS-37B Guardian, it was equipped with Pratt & Whitney Hornet engines and a redesigned tail that eliminated the adjustable center vertical stabilizer and increased the size of the rudders. The Army Air Corps performed flight testing at Wilbur Wright Field under the designation XP-496 but the aircraft failed to meet Army requirements and was rejected. In 1929 it was converted into a passenger commercial ship with Jupiter engines installed then sold to New York, Rio and Buenos Aries Airlines.
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The final four-part chorale, "" ("Come, o death, brother of sleep"), with the orchestra doubling the vocal parts, is regarded as an inspired masterpiece. Death is addressed as a brother of sleep and asked to end the voyage of life by loosening the rudders of a small boat and bringing it to safe harbour, marking the end of the cantata's metaphorical journey. Come, O death, of sleep the brother, Come and lead me hence now forth; Loosen now my small bark's rudder, Bring thou me secure to port! Others may desire to shun thee, Thou canst all the more delight me; For through thee I'll come inside To the fairest Jesus-child.
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The keel also accommodated the rubberised canvas ballast bags and the main fuel tanks, which could be jettisoned in an emergency. Fuel was pumped from these tanks to individual gravity tanks above each engine car. As a legacy of the loss of the crew of LZ 54 (L 19), two lightweight lifeboats, made of canvas stretched over a wooden frame, were carried. A total of 10 machine guns were carried as defensive armament: three in the forward platform on top of the hull, one in an aft gun position behind the rudders, two in both the forward and aft gondolas and one in each of the wing cars either side of the hull.
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In April 1978, development work on the joint venture formally commenced.Braybrook 1989, p. 267. During 1980, the Brazilian government announced that they intended to participate in the program in order to provide a replacement for the Aermacchi MB-326. In July 1981, the Italian and Brazilian governments agreed on joint requirements for the aircraft, and Embraer was invited to join the industrial partnership. An agreement was also struck to divide AMX manufacturing between the partners; for each production aircraft, Aeritalia manufactured 46.5 per cent of the components (central fuselage, stabilisers and rudders), Aermacchi produced 22.8 per cent (front fuselage and tail cone), and Embraer performed 29.7 per cent of the work (wing, air intakes, pylons and drop tanks).
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Spotted seal showing narrow snout like that of a dog The spotted seal is of the family, Phocidae, or "true seals". Compared to other true seals, they are intermediate in size, with mature adults of both sexes generally weighing between 180 and 240 pounds (81 to 109 kg) and measuring 4.59 to 6.89 ft (1.5 to 2.1 meters), roughly the same size as a harbor seal or ribbon seal. The head of a spotted seal is round, with a narrow snout resembling that of a dog. The spotted seal has a relatively small body and short flippers extending behind the body that provide thrust, while the small flippers in front act as rudders.
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The Short S.38 was originally a Short S.27 with the manufacturer's number S.38. After an accident when hoisting this aircraft aboard the remains were returned to Shorts, where the aircraft was rebuilt with extensive modifications, the resulting design becoming known as the Short S.38 type. The rebuilt S.38 had the same basic layout as the original aircraft, being an unequal-span pusher biplane with a forward-mounted elevator and an empennage carried on wire-braced wooden booms behind the wing. It differed in having new wings of increased span, a nacelle to accommodate the two crew members seated in tandem, and modified tail surfaces, the tailplane being enlarged and twin rudders fitted.
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Erebus (378 tons bm) and Terror (331 tons bm) were sturdily built and well equipped, including with recent inventions. Steam engines were fitted, driving a single screw propeller in each vessel; these engines were converted former locomotives from the London & Croydon Railway. The ships could make on steam power, or travel under wind power to reach higher speeds and/or save fuel. Other advanced technology in the ships included reinforced bows constructed of heavy beams and iron plates, an internal steam heating system for the comfort of the crew in polar conditions, and a system of iron wells that allowed the screw propellers and iron rudders to be withdrawn into the hull to protect them from damage.
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Severe Tropical Cyclone Daman impacted Fiji and its dependency of Rotuma between December 5 – 9, where it caused about F$500,000 (2007) ($330,000 US$2007) worth of damage. On December 5, the FMS issued a gale warning for Rotuma and warned that Daman was expected to pass near or over the Fijian dependency. The system subsequently passed over the island later that day, where it caused no serious damage, but pushed the cruise ship MV Lycianda on to a reef which suffered some damage to its rudders and propellers. Early on December 5, RSMC Nadi started to issue special weather bulletins on Cyclone Daman as a tropical cyclone gale warning had been issued for the Fijian dependency of Rotuma.
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Units of the Project 955A include improved communication and detection systems, improved acoustic signature and have major structural changes such as addition of all moving rudders and vertical endplates to the hydroplanes for higher maneuverability, and a different sail geometry. Besides, they are equipped with hydraulic jets and improved screws what allows them to sail at nearly 30 knots while submerged with minimal noise. Although first reported to carry 20 Bulava SLBMs, the 955A will be armed with 16 SLBMs with 6-10 nuclear warheads atop each, just like the project 955 submarines. The contract for five modified 955A submarines was delayed several times due to price dispute between the Russian Defence Ministry and the United Shipbuilding Corporation.
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Simple rotatable aerofoils were installed on the ends of the ducts to exert control forces; the vertical aerofoil on the aft end was extended to form a pair of conventional aerodynamic rudders. The development of the SR.N1 had involved the development and registering of a number of patentable technologies, a portion of which being extensions of Cockerell's original concepts and patents. These patents included the craft's annular jet cushion, plenum chamber burning, compartmentation jets for stability, powered and unpowered recirculation techniques, and various configurations of flexible skirts. The supporting research for the acquisition of such patents had been typically performed by HDL, who conducted extensive experiments and built full-scale test beds as part of their activities.
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The VIIA had limited fuel capacity, so 24 Type VIIB boats were built between 1936 and 1940 with an additional 33 tonnes of fuel in external saddle tanks, which added another of range at surfaced. More powerful engines made them slightly faster than the VIIA. They had two rudders for greater agility. The torpedo armament was improved by moving the aft tube to the inside of the boat. Now an additional aft torpedo could be carried below the deck plating of the aft torpedo room (which also served as the electric motor room) and two watertight compartments under the upper deck could hold two additional torpedoes, giving it a total of 14 torpedoes.
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Early Bristols offered a lot for their modest prices, including encapsulated lead keels on many models, but with iron punchings and concrete on many of the boats that joined the Bristol line when Bristol acquired the molds from Sailstar. The boats features large galleys for their day, large cockpits with seats you could sleep on, fiberglass cabin headliners on some models, and interiors with a nice blend of white formica and mahogany trim. The early boats had keel-hung rudders, cut away full keels and were moderately stout boats with an relatively comfortable motion for their day. The second generation Bristol yachts carried a decimal and a repeat of the second model number (27.7, 29.9, 31.1, 33.3, 35.5, 38.8, 41.1, 43.3, 45.5, 47.7, 51.1).
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As Hornet came about and prepared to launch the bombers, which had been readied for take-off the previous day, a gale of more than churned the sea with crests; heavy swells, which caused the ship to pitch violently, shipped sea and spray over the bow, wet the flight deck, and drenched the deck crews. The lead plane, commanded by Colonel Doolittle, had only of flight deck, while the last B-25 hung its twin rudders far out over the fantail. Doolittle, timing himself against the rise and fall of the ship's bow, lumbered down the flight deck, circled Hornet after take-off, and set course for Japan. By 09:20, all 16 were airborne, heading for the first American air strike against the Japanese home islands.
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Water tanks could also be sited in the keels. Hirondelle Family - The Hirondelle Family was born as a result of a Hirondelle Mk III owner, David Trotter, and the original designer Chris Hammond, modifying the Mk III moulds. The most important differences were a wider beam (about 600mm extra), more freeboard (allowing more comfort in the cabin), the starboard forward berth was removed and replaced by a larger functional galley, the heads became much bigger and even able to sport a shower, the rudders were underslung (enabling "sugar scoop" transoms to be used), and windows were installed over the quarter berths. A major improvement in space was also achieved by the new bridge deck nacelle, which allowed more foot room at the central table.
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By 2013, Viraats age and cost of maintenance prompted the navy to begin the process to obtain Defence Ministry clearance for her decommissioning; in December 2014, a review board was established to determine the ship's continued service life. In February 2015, the navy announced plans to decommission the ship in 2016 and began the process to obtain Defence Ministry clearance for the carrier's decommissioning. On 23 July 2016, Viraat sailed from Mumbai to Kochi for the last time under her own steam; by then, she had spent a total of 2,250 days at sea and had steamed a total of 1,094,215 kilometers. At Kochi, she underwent a month-long deactivation in preparation for decommissioning; during this period, her boilers, engines, propellers and rudders were removed.
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47-52 Secondary armament included eight 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval guns in four twin turrets, and 24 Type 93 Long Lance torpedoes in four rotating triple mounts. To save weight, electric welding was used, as was aluminum in the superstructure, and a single funnel stack. New geared impulse turbine engines, driving four shafts with three-bladed propellers gave a top speed of , which was better than most contemporary cruiser designs and the Mogami class had twin balanced rudders, rather than the single rudder of previous Japanese cruiser designs. The class was designed from the start to be upgraded into heavy cruisers with the replacement of their main battery with 20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval guns in twin turrets.
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The biplane tail, found in other large aircraft of the time, was intended to reduce rudder forces; initially there were three rudders with only a central fixed fin. The undercarriage was fixed, with double tandem main wheels that were initially enclosed in very large spats. The wing had the usual Junkers "double wing" form, the name referring to the full span movable flaps which served also as ailerons in the outer part. D-2500 at Schiphol, showing the windows of the wing cabins On 2 February 1931 the Leipzig-based Junkers' yard re-engined the D-2000 with two Junkers L8 and two L88 motors giving a total power rating of 1764 kW (2366 hp) and increasing passenger capacity from 13 to 19.
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Although most contemporary vessels had a single mast (histos or katartion), the larger bireme dromons probably needed at least two masts in order to manoeuvre effectively, assuming that a single lateen sail for a ship this size would have reached unmanageable dimensions. The ship was steered by means of two quarter rudders at the stern (prymnē), which also housed a tent (skēnē) that covered the captain's berth (krab(b)at(t)os). The prow (prōra) featured an elevated forecastle (pseudopation), below which the siphon for the discharge of Greek fire projected, although secondary siphons could also be carried amidships on either side. A pavesade (kastellōma), on which marines could hang their shields, ran around the sides of the ship, providing protection to the deck crew.
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Villa was never killed but did receive a wound from being shot by one of his own men while being chased by troops under General Pershing. (see: Pershing's diary of the expedition.) 1st Aero Squadron Curtiss JN-3 with red star "fin flash" national insignia The 1st Aero Squadron was part of that army. They transferred to Casas Grandes in Mexico and began duties flying reconnaissance, delivering mail and dispatches and transporting senior officers, all marked with a red five-pointed star on their rudders for their American national insignia from March 19, 1916 onwards, as the earliest- known instance of a "national insignia" of any sort used on American military aircraft.Kershaw, Andrew: The First War Planes, Friend Or Foe, National Aircraft Markings, pages 41–44.
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Since their success with the first recorded powered flight, the Wright Brothers had patented many of their methods and had sought to enforce their patents through the courts.Ashby (2002), p.5. Most if not all other manufacturers were keen to develop alternative techniques; Pfitzner avoided the Wrights' method of warping the wings to achieve a lift differential between port and starboard wings by using wing extensions (or 'compensators'), described below. In his book “Monoplanes and Biplanes: Their Design, Construction and Operation” (1911), Grover Loening wrote “This aeroplane is a distinct departure from all other monoplanes in the placing of the motor, aviator, and rudders, and in the comparatively simple and efficient method of transverse control by sliding surfaces, applied here for the first time.”.
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For example, medieval Chinese hulls were split into bulkhead sections so that a hull rupture only flooded a fraction of the ship and did not necessarily sink it (see Ship floodability). This was described in the book of the Song Dynasty maritime author Zhu Yu, the Pingzhou Table Talks of 1119 AD.Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 463. Along with the innovations described in Zhu's book, there were many other improvements to nautical technology in the medieval Song period. These included crossbeams bracing the ribs of ships to strengthen them, rudders that could be raised or lowered to allow ships to travel in a wider range of water depths, and the teeth of anchors arranged circularly instead of in one direction, "making them more reliable".
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One, with views of the starboard side, saw flames beginning lower and farther aft, near cell 1 behind the rudders. Inside the airship, helmsman Helmut Lau, who was stationed in the lower fin, testified hearing a muffled detonation and looked up to see a bright reflection on the front bulkhead of gas cell 4, which "suddenly disappeared by the heat". As other gas cells started to catch fire, the fire spread more to the starboard side and the ship dropped rapidly. Although there were cameramen from four newsreel teams and at least one spectator known to be filming the landing, as well as numerous photographers at the scene, no known footage or photograph exists of the moment the fire started.
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The shaft driven Volvo Pentas were a great leap forward in handling, as the engine weight was no longer at the transom but centred around the middle of the boat. Whilst one would expect the craft with shaftdrive installations to handle better at idling speeds, the rather small rudders fitted by Corvette Cruisers made them susceptible to being blown about in a strong wind. Handling at tickover, or when manoeuvring in and out of locks or marina berths for example, was not one of their strong points. The Corvette 32 displayed in 1986(?) by MDL Boat Sales, agents for Corvette Cruisers at that time, was priced at £51,300 ex VAT (equivalent to about £136,000 at 2014 prices) with two 105 hp Volvo TAMD30As working through conventional shaftdrives.
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Since the Cicogna was tailless it had a pair of straight-edged, short wing tip fins and taller rudders for directional stability and control, the fins assisted by the side area of the flat sided rear fuselage. The fuselage was a ply covered wooden hexagonal structure with deep sides and an open cockpit under the wing, very similar to that of the Astore from nose to the rear of the cockpit but then tapering rapidly in plan to form a short pod. It ended at a concave vertical knife edge with the engine, propeller shaft and pusher configuration propeller under its upper surface; the propeller was as far aft as the aileron hinges. The Cicogna first flew in 1936, though launched as a glider by aerotow.
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Before WWII, Straight Corporation used a wide variety of aircraft, some inherited from the airlines and flying clubs that it took over, and many bought new. The pre-war company aircraft livery, applied to many, but not all, of the aircraft, was a dark metallic blue-grey with crimson lettering outlined in white, with rudders bearing crimson and white horizontal stripes. After the war the livery was overall silver with red lettering, retaining the horizontal rudder stripes. Miles M.11A Whitney Straight G-AERV (never owned by Straight Corporation) Wanting to provide a modern, comfortable and economical monoplane for his flying clubs, Straight commissioned FG Miles to design a side-by-side seating touring aircraft, which became the Miles M.11A, named the Whitney Straight.
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On 5 July 1942, the York prototype, LV626, conducted its maiden flight from Ringway Airport, Manchester. It had initially been fitted with the twin fins and rudders of the Lancaster but the increased fuselage side area forward of the wing compared to the Lancaster necessitated fitting a third central fin to retain adequate control and directional stability; the third fin was fitted as standard on subsequent production aircraft. Flight trials of LV626 were quickly transferred to RAF Boscombe Down. In response to the prototype's favourable performance during trials, the Air Ministry issued an order for three more prototypes of various configurations to be built along with an initial production batch under Specification C.1/42, part of Operational Requirement OR.113 for a new transport aircraft.
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Unlike typical NACA cowlings, flow adjustment was not provided by flaps but by a frontal ring that moved back and forth to respectively reduce or increase flow, without change in drag. Like many other French twin-engine aeroplanes of the era, the propellers rotated in opposite directions to eliminate the undesirable effects of propeller torque. The undercarriage was fully retractable; it featured an unusually complicated mechanism for the main wheels in order to reduce the size of the engine nacelles. The two horizontal surfaces of the tail unit were constructed in two separate halves and bolted onto a short center section fixed to the upper fuselage; the twin fins and rudders, which were furnished with trim tabs, were attached at the extreme edges of the tailplane.
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An interesting feature was the inclusion of the Multhopp-Klappe, an ingenious form of combined landing flap and dive brake, which was developed by Hans Multhopp. The entire fuel supply was carried in five tanks located above the internal bomb bay, and in two tanks in the wing between the engine nacelles and fuselage. The tail section was of a twin fins and rudders design, with the tailplane having a small amount of dihedral. The main landing gear legs retracted to the rear and rotated 90° to lie flat in each engine nacelle with the mainwheels resting atop the lower ends of the gear struts when fully retracted, much like the main gear on the production versions of the Ju 88 already did.
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The Friedrichshafen G.I first flew in 1915 and was originally conceived as a battle-plane but the design emphasis was shifted to the bomber role when the battle-plane concept proved unworkable. The G.I was a biplane with a crew of three and armament of a single machine gun mounted on a gun ring in the nose of the aircraft. The front part of the fuselage was covered with plywood while the rear half of the fuselage was fabric covered as were the wings and the tail surfaces. The biplane wings were braced by three pairs of interplane struts on each side of the fuselage while the tail unit was a box-shaped biplane unit with two rudders mounted between the tips of the horizontal stabilizers.
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The Blériot 73 was a large equal-span biplane with a fuselage suspended from the lower wing and bearing a resemblance to, and slightly larger than, the Blériot 71, with the exception of the flying-boat like fuselage, attached beneath the lower mainplane, sweeping elegantly upwards to the biplane tail unit with twin rudders.. Four Hispano-Suiza 8Fb water-cooled V-8 engines were mounted as close to the centreline as possible, two on the upper wing leading edge and two on the lower wing. The fixed landing gear had two twin wheel- wheel units, with large track, on struts and no tailskid. During flight testing the Bl 73 disintegrated on 22 January 1919, killing the pilot: One prototype built.
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He assisted W. Starling Burgess with the design of the J-Class Ranger, which won the America's Cup in 1937, defeating the Royal Yacht Squadron's Endeavour II in four races. He was the original designer of six out of seven successful 12 Metre defenders of the America's Cup between 1958 and 1980, with the exception of Weatherly in 1962. Other than Ranger, the most remarkable of his defenders was the Intrepid. She had a rudder separate from her keel to reduce wetted surface and improve steering. Stephens had previously designed separate rudders on a number of increasingly large ocean racers of the 1960s, most notably Thomas Watson's state of the art Palawan III, before using it successfully on the Intrepid in 1967.
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Other issues included: the running direction veering on water impact; not running horizontally after water entry, but continuing vertically to either stick in the bottom of shallow water or be crushed by the water pressure (at a depth of 100m or so); jumping back out of the water; skipping along the water surface; or even running backwards. Only very experienced aviators could be sure of a clean torpedo bombing run, and then only when operating over a calm sea. A tumbling torpedo will run out of control once it hits the water. The gyrocompass and the depth meter may work well, but the torpedo cannot control the running direction by tail rudders unless they are initially in the neutral position.
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Testing quickly demonstrated that the idea of using a single engine to provide air for both the lift curtain and forward flight required too many trade-offs. A Blackburn Marboré turbojet for forward thrust and two large vertical rudders for directional control were added, producing the SR.N1 Mk II. A further upgrade with the Armstrong Siddeley Viper produced the Mk III. Further modifications, especially the addition of pointed nose and stern areas, produced the Mk IV. Although the SR.N1 was successful as a testbed, the design hovered too close to the surface to be practical; at even small waves would hit the bow. The solution was offered by Cecil Latimer-Needham, following a suggestion made by his business partner Arthur Ord-Hume.
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The AMCA is a multirole fighter aircraft, with shoulder mounted diamond shaped trapezoidal wings, a profile with substantial area-ruling to reduce drag at transonic speeds, and an all-moving Canard-Vertical V-tail with large fuselage mounted Tail-wing. Flight control surfaces include leading and trailing-edge flaps, ailerons, rudders on the canted vertical stabilizers, and all-moving tailplanes; these surfaces also serve as Air brakes. The cockpit features a single seat configuration which is placed high, near the air intakes and wings of the aircraft to provide good visibility to the pilot with a single bubble canopy construction. The aircraft features a tricycle landing gear configuration with a nose landing gear leg and two main landing gear legs.
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Many aircraft carry vane vortex generators from time of manufacture, but there are also aftermarket suppliers who sell VG kits to improve the STOL performance of some light aircraft. Aftermarket suppliers claim (i) that VGs lower stall speed and reduce take-off and landing speeds, and (ii) that VGs increase the effectiveness of ailerons, elevators and rudders, thereby improving controllability and safety at low speeds. For home- built and experimental kitplanes, VGs are cheap, cost-effective and can be installed quickly; but for certified aircraft installations, certification costs can be high, making the modification a relatively expensive process. Owners fit aftermarket VGs primarily to gain benefits at low speeds, but a downside is that such VGs may reduce cruise speed slightly.
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The fuselage housed the crew in a gunners cockpit in the nose, cockpit amidships and a gunner's cockpit aft of the wings. The tail-unit consisted of a tailplane which supported a fin and rudder as well as two additional rudders at approximately half span. The undercarriage comprised a twin nose-wheel assembly, four main-wheels spread between the engine nacelles on the lower wings and a tail-skid. Engines were initially in tandem push-pull nacelles mounted directly on the lower wing, changing to streamlined nacelles mounted on struts mid gap on the R.II. Poor performance and competition from similar aircraft precluded production, but at least one R.I and two R.IIs were accepted by Idflieg and test flown till the middle of 1917.
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In the 1960s, the first foam surfboards and surfskis were carved from a single block of expanded polystyrene foam, strengthened with wooden stringers and covered with a thin layer of fibreglass. As the demand for surfskis grew in the 1970s, this custom method of production proved too costly and moulds were made from the most successful surfskis so that moulded craft could be made more cost effectively out of glass-fibre. At the same time, there was a divergence in ski design, one type becoming known as the lifesaving specification surfski (spec ski) and the other being the long distance or ocean racing surfski. Ocean racing surfskis differ from spec skis in that they are longer, have sharply pointed bows and under stern rudders.
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Although most contemporary vessels had a single mast (histos or katartion), the larger bireme dromons probably needed at least two masts in order to maneuver effectively, assuming that a single lateen sail for a ship this size would have reached unmanageable dimensions. The ship was steered by means of two quarter rudders at the stern (prymnē), which also housed a tent (skēnē) that covered the captain's berth (krab(b)at(t)os). The prow (prōra) featured an elevated forecastle (pseudopation), below which the siphon for the discharge of Greek fire projected, although secondary siphons could also be carried amidships on either side. A pavesade (kastellōma), on which marines could hang their shields, ran around the sides of the ship, providing protection to the deck crew.
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A direct development of the Model F, the Model H introduced side by side seating for the two pilots, with long-span wings similar to the Model F. A short-span version was also produced as the Model HS, marketed as a "Military Flyer" with the improvement of an enclosed fuselage and dual controls. Its wings were shorter than the Model H for increased speed. 3/4 rear view of a Model H The Model H was a two place, side-by-side configuration seating, open cockpit, biplane with twin rudders, powered with a single engine, propelled by two chain driven pusher propellers. The engine was fully enclosed in the nose of the aircraft with a driveshaft running rearward to the propeller drive chains.
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The company services the merchant, offshore, cruise and ferry, naval, fishing, tugs, yachts and special vessel markets, and the offering includes ship design, main and auxiliary engines, auxiliary power systems, electrical and automation packages, propulsors (such as water jets, thrusters, propellers, and nozzles), seals, bearings, gears, rudders, scrubbers, boilers, and all related services, such as repair, configuration, upgrading, training, maintenance, and environmental services. Customers comprise both shipyards and ship owners. The environmental products range from reduction of air emissions, such as NOx, SOx, CO, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), to oily waste water treatment and other water systems such as ballast water management systems. Wärtsilä Marine was an important Finnish shipbuilder from 1935 until 1989, building cruiseferries, cruise ships and a large share of the icebreakers of the world.
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L3 (March 2011), Open System Architecture (OSA) Secure Processing the USAF considers the aircraft its primary strike fighter for conducting suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) missions, owing to the advanced sensors and mission systems. 33rd FW, F-35B of VMFAT-501 and F-35C of VFA-101 near Eglin AFB, 2014 The F-35 has a wing-tail configuration with two vertical stabilizers canted for stealth. Flight control surfaces include leading-edge flaps, flaperons, rudders, and all-moving horizontal tails (stabilators); leading edge root extensions also run forwards to the inlets. The relatively short 35-foot wingspan of the F-35A and F-35B is set by the requirement to fit inside USN amphibious assault ship parking areas and elevators; the F-35C's larger wing is more fuel efficient.
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U.S. Army Signal Corps Curtiss JN-3 biplanes with red star insignia, 1915 Nieuport 28 with the World War 1 era American roundels The first military aviation insignias of the United States include a star used by the US Army Signal Corps Aviation Section, seen during the Pancho Villa punitive expedition, just over a year before American involvement in World War I began. The star was painted only on the vertical tail, in either red (the most often used color)as seen on the 1st Aero Squadron Curtiss JN-3s or blue (less likely, due to the strictly orthochromatic photography of that era, rendering the red star as a black one in period photos). At the same time, the US Navy was using a blue anchor on the rudders of its seaplanes.
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After World War II, reduced budgets meant the Coast Guard continued to use its two existing wooden 52' MLBs, also known as the Type F lifeboats, Invincible and Triumph. By the late 1950s, the wooden MLBs were starting to wear out and the Coast Guard built a set of steel 52' MLBs at Curtis Bay Yard to replace them, specifically designed for the high surf conditions encountered along the Pacific Northwest coast. The steel 52' MLBs feature an aluminum superstructure and a hull divided into seven watertight compartments; because of their relatively high cost of each, only four were built. After entering service, the steering/rudder system was modified by removing the rudder guard, shortening the bilge keels, installing twin rudders, and adding a hydraulic power assist to the steering.
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The wash from the propeller was deflected upwards by the tail unit through the rotor, rotating it. For the first time, this made the autogyro independent of ground crew when starting, and private ownership was a practical proposition. The 80 hp (60 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Genet II made the Mk I machine underpowered, and it was replaced in the C.19 Mk II by a 105 hp (78 kW) Genet Major I. The C.19 Mk IIA, introduced in 1930, had a longer undercarriage and improved rotor head. Landings were often made at high angles of attack, so the rudders of the C.19 Mk III were reshaped to slope sharply upwards to avoid damage; this variant also had a 5 ft (1.52 m) increase in rotor diameter.
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The SS.4 was a single- seat fighter of all-metal construction with a canard configuration wing with twin fins mounted on the wing trailing edges, retractable tricycle undercarriage and short fuselage with rear-mounted engine driving a pusher propeller. The pilot was accommodated in an enclosed cockpit in the centre of the fuselage forward of the two fuel tanks and aft of the armament in the nose. Visibility from the cockpit was excellent to the sides and front, but restricted to the rear by the large main wing, engine and large twin fins positioned at approximately the half-span position. Flying controls consisted of elevators on the trailing edges of the canard fore-plane controlling pitch, rudders on the large fins controlling yaw and ailerons on the main wings to control roll.
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"The Birth of the Big Aeroplane" Flight, 9 November 1961 p722 The crew of two were to be enclosed in a glazed cockpit and the only defensive armament planned was a rifle to be fired by the observer/engineer. The name O/100 came from the proposed wingspan of the aircraft prefixed by an 'O', since Handley Page gave their types alphabetical type letters. The outline design was approved on 4 February 1915, with Rolls-Royce Eagle engines and on 9 February the contract was amended to include a further eight aircraft. The O/100 was an unequal-span three-bay biplane, with the overhanging part of the upper wing braced by kingposts, a rectangular section fuselage and a biplane tail with twin balanced rudders, between the horizontal surfaces.
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The pilot house was a cupola like box, with glass-paned windows on all four sides, that perched on the hurricane deck. From this vantage point the river pilot (who has often the captain, in a smaller steamship like the "Far West") guided the boat, while also regulating the power applied to the paddle wheel. The pilot guided the boat using a large spoked wheel, which was connected by a series of ropes or chains to the rudders at the rear of the boat. The pilot also regulated the power applied to the stern paddle wheel, using a voice tube to talk to the engineer, telling him when and in what amount to provide steam to power the stern wheel, and when to stop or reverse the paddle wheel.
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The navy is unable to follow them as the pirates have destroyed the rudders of their ships. During a celebration that night, Armeria learns that Luce sold his treasured golden goddess statue for money to buy her at the brothel, and she realizes that he cares for her more than he is willing to let on. Some time later, Armeria learns that Luce possesses a map leading to the legendary "Devil's Score", a piece of music so beautiful that it is said to truly be the music of Heaven. However, it is also said to be cursed, as when the composer performed it for a noble, the noble's entire family died of a mysterious illness and the paper wouldn't set alight when he tried to burn it, so it was hidden away on an island.
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The Prince was nevertheless satisfied, telling Cody of his pleasure at seeing a British aeroplane that could fly."Mr Cody Flies a Mile" Flight 22 May 1910 Back in the workshop, Cody made further adjustments, discarding the twin rudders and moving the radiators so that they were now in front of the front interplane struts. The tailwheel was removed and replaced by a substantial skid. In mid- July Cody flew the aircraft again, managing to complete a circular flight of four miles on 21 July, after which he decided to fit a 60 hp E.N.V. Type F engine.Lewis 1962, p 188 Importantly, the position of the pilot and engine were exchanged: the pilots seat now being directly in front of the leading edge of the wing, and the engine above it.
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LOOP from anchorage In 1976, the Intervention Convention was used for the first time when the US Coast Guard took on the salvage of the Argo Merchant, although the vessel was in international waters. This was the first time the monopoly of flag states was broken through. The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the incentive to introduce legislation requiring tankers to have a double hull, a measure that is not seen as the best solution by all experts. Where a double hull should minimize the consequences after a disaster, Concordia Maritime developed the Stena V-MAX, a VLCC with two propellers, two rudders and two redundant engine rooms, where a single fault does not result in loss of steering, reducing the chances of a grounding.Devanney, 2006, p. 246–258.
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Painting of Ramillies depicting the vibrant colours and irregular shapes that characterised dazzle camouflage during the First World War Ramillies, the fourth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy, was laid down at the William Beardmore and Company shipyard in Dalmuir, Scotland, on 12 November 1913. During construction, the decision was made to fit the vessel with anti- torpedo bulges, since her hull was the least complete of the members of her class. She was christened Ramillies after the 1706 Battle of Ramillies and was launched on 12 September 1916, but she struck the slipway, badly damaging the bottom of her hull and her rudders. Since the dry docks in Dalmuir were not long enough to accommodate Ramillies, she would have to be towed to the Cammell Laird shipyard in Liverpool.
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Another change was the deletion of the centerline rudder when tests showed that the two wing rudders would not be able to counteract its effects if it jammed. The weight toward the stern of the boat was calculated to be too great, producing a substantial stern-down trim. To remedy this, the two 100 mm turrets mounted on the quarterdeck were deleted and the height of the armor belt abreast the rear turret was lowered, but this decision was reversed and they were restored by a decision of the State Defense Committee on 14 January 1941. This forced a revision of the aircraft arrangements as the aircraft catapult had to be removed from the centerline of the quarterdeck; two catapults were added to the sides of the quarterdeck instead.
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Early on 9 May 1917, Milne was on patrol in the Dover Straits off Calais when she sighted a German submarine, . UC-26 attempted to escape, but her rudders jammed and she was too slow to dive away, and was rammed by Milne, which followed up with three depth charges, sending the submarine to the bottom of the Channel. Eight men managed to escape from the rapidly flooding submarine, but only two survived to be picked up by Milne, which suffered a badly distorted stem in the attack, and returned to Dover with fragments of UC-26s hull embedded in her bows. Milne was still part of the 6th Flotilla in August 1918, but by the end of the war was in the process of transferring to the 21st Destroyer Flotilla, part of the Grand Fleet.
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American aircraft also used vertically-striped British and French style tricolors on the rudders during World War I, the British and French markings having the blue stripe forward, while American regulations specified that their aircraft have the red stripe forward although some of their aircraft had the colours in the French order. The order of the USAAS roundel's colours were similar to those of the defunct Imperial Russian Air Service. No connection existed between the US roundel and other Allied forces' military aircraft services, beyond the fact that the United States had joined the Allies of World War I and was using a tricolor roundel in what was now an available order. Tsarist aircraft often used a significantly larger white central circle, while the narrower red and blue rings on such large white-centered variant insignia were often separated with additional white rings.
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The Blériot XII was a high wing tractor configuration monoplane with a deep uncovered fuselage, with the wings mounted on the upper longerons and the pilot and passenger seated between upper and lower longerons below the trailing edge of the wing. Lateral control was effected by a pair of ailerons mounted independently of the wings on the lower longerons behind the pilot. The prototype was initially powered by an E.N.V. Type D water-cooled engine mounted on the lower longerons, driving a two-bladed propeller mounted at the same level as the wing via a chain with a reduction ratio of about 2:1. When first flown the empennage consisted of an elevator at the extreme rear of the fuselage, with a separate fixed horizontal surface mounted above and in front of it, and three small rectangular rudders above the elevator.
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Lift is always accompanied by a drag force, which is the component of the surface force parallel to the flow direction. Lift is mostly associated with the wings of fixed-wing aircraft, although it is more widely generated by many other streamlined bodies such as propellers, kites, helicopter rotors, racing car wings, maritime sails, and wind turbines in air, and by sailboat keels, ship's rudders, and hydrofoils in water. Lift is also exploited by flying and gliding animals, especially by birds, bats, and insects, and even in the plant world by the seeds of certain trees.Kulfan (2010) While the common meaning of the word "lift" assumes that lift opposes weight, lift can be in any direction with respect to gravity, since it is defined with respect to the direction of flow rather than to the direction of gravity.
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One major challenge was pulling all of the Wright R-3350-23 Duplex-Cyclone radial engines out of already completed B-29s and modifying them to R-3350-23A "war engine" standard. This entailed disassembling and rebuilding the engines with added baffles to accelerate the airflow over the cylinders, new exhaust valves with improved metallurgy, new rocker arms (drilled with small holes, to allow better oil flow, rather than solid), and modified nose casings and engine sumps, again to improve oil flow. In sub-zero temperatures the work was arduous, especially when it came to struggling with stiff and brittle fuel and oil lines and hard-to-reach clamps, bolts, and screws. Other necessary modifications, apart from those already described, were replacing the rudders with strengthened units, all main landing gear tires were replaced, and the main gear leg structures reinforced.
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Ferber then built another aircraft very similar to his 1902 glider. This differed principally in having a pair of triangular rudders mounted on the aft outboard interplane struts. This aircraft was then fitted with a 6 hp (4 kW) Buchet engine, driving a pair of coaxially mounted propellers, in which form it was called the Type V-bis. Between September 1903 and October 1904 a number of attempts at flight were made, and he also constructed a tall latticework tower supporting a long counterbalanced revolving arm from which the aircraft was suspended. Ferber wrote that trials of this machine "were completely useless, but drew public attention to aviation"Opdycke, Leonard E. (1999) French Aeroplanes Before the Great War, page 129, Atglen, PA: Schiffer In April 1904 Ferber assisted Ernest Archdeacon with the trials of his Wright-derived glider at Berck-sur-Mer.
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The outer wings were of normal thickness and chord, and the cockpit and undercarriage were also attached to the centre section. The generous intra-wing volume equally offered crew, fuel and bomb-room for military purposes. Initially the AB-20 was intended to have three engines like its predecessor, but during the design phase there was a military request for a bombardier's position and a gunner's cockpit in the nose, which required the removal of the centre engine and its replacement by two extra engines wing-mounted outboard of the centre section. Apart from the extra engines and the very different crew compartment, together with the removal of passenger accommodation, the AB-20 and DB-70 had much in common: the thick centre section and high-mounted outer wings, twin fuselages carrying a long horizontal stabilizer, and twin fins and rudders.
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The design of LZ 3 closely followed that of its predecessor, the LZ 2\. The hull framework was of identical layout and size and the same engines and propellers were used, although the volume of lifting gas was increased. LZ 2 had shown severe pitch instability, and LZ 3 was fitted with two pairs of biplane elevators, one set in front of the forward gondola and the second behind the rear gondola, and fixed biplane horizontal stabilisers at the rear of the hull. Following the first flights in 1906 some modifications were made: the triangular section keel between the gondolas was extended fore and aft, the biplane elevators were replaced by two sets of quadruple elevators mounted at either end of the cylindrical section of the hull and the rudders were mounted between the tips of the horizontal stabilisers.Robinson 1973 pp.33-4.
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While early motor ships used a propeller directly driven by an engine, modern ships drive the propellers with electric motors. Since the heavy engines no longer need to be located near the propellers, this allows ships to grow longer without becoming aft-heavy. Cruise ships are designed with all the heavy machinery at the bottom of the ship and lightweight materials at the top, making them inherently stable even as ship designs are getting taller and taller, and most passenger ships utilize stabilizer fins to further reduce rolling of tall ships in heavy weather. While some cruise ships use traditional fixed propellers and rudders to steer, most larger ships use propellers that can swivel left and right to steer the ship, known as azimuth thrusters, which allow even the largest ship designs to have adequate maneuverability.
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Initially the undercarriage consisted of a single central skid attached to the fuselage by two inverted V struts, bearing a transverse leaf spring with a wheel on each end. When first flown the tail surfaces consisted of a semicircular horizontal stabiliser mounted on top of the rear of the fuselage, behind which was a universally-jointed assembly combining a rectangular elevator with a pair of rudders. The controls used the joystick to provide yaw (rudder) and pitch (elevator) control, while foot pedals operated the wing warping for lateral control, the pedals moving a torque tube which ran diagonally backwards to the rear v-strut of the undercarriage, where the warping wires were attached. Late examples were available with the modern arrangement as a factory option, using the pedals to control the rudder, as was used on the contemporary Blériot and Deperdussin aircraft.
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Early on, Gloster's chief designer, George Carter, worked closely with Whittle, and laid out a small low-wing aircraft of conventional configuration. The jet intake was located in the nose, while the single tail-fin and elevators were mounted above the jet-pipe, although due to uncertainty about the spinning characteristics of a jet aircraft, at an earlier design stage an alternative arrangement using twin fins and rudders was considered. A pair of jet pipe/rear fuselage arrangements were also originally considered due to the potential loss of thrust through the jet pipe itself: a 'short jet' with a cutaway rear fuselage and short exhaust, necessitating the tailplane to be carried on booms, and a 'long jet' with a fully enclosed jet pipe; the 'long jet' was selected. On 3 February 1940, a contract for two prototypes was signed by the Air Ministry.
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The Ki-61 was designed by Takeo Doi and his deputy Shin Owada in response to a late 1939 tender by the Koku Hombu for two fighters, each to be built around the Daimler-Benz DB 601Aa. Production aircraft would use a Kawasaki licensed DB 601, known as the Ha-40, which was to be manufactured at its Akashi plant. The Ki-60 was to be a heavily armed specialised interceptor, with a high wing loading; the Ki-61 was to be a more lightly loaded and armed general-purpose fighter, intended to be used mainly in an offensive, air superiority role at low to medium altitudes. Both single-seat, single-engine fighters used the same basic construction: all-metal alloys with semi- monocoque fuselages and three-spar wings, with alloy-framed, fabric-covered ailerons, elevators and rudders.
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The DDAM simulates the interaction between the shock-loaded component and its fixed structure as the free motion of a naval vessel in water produces a higher shock spectrum than a heavy structure would when mounted to a terrestrial surface. The DDAM takes interaction into account in relation to the mass of the equipment, its mounting location, and the orientation of the equipment on the vessel. Engineers use finite element method analysis software to verify designs using DDAM computer simulations that model the known characteristics of underwater explosion phenomena as well as the surface ship or submarine body responses to shock loading and application of a shock spectra in order to apply the appropriate shock responses at the mountings of shipboard equipment (e.g., masts, propulsion shafts, rudders, rudderstocks, bearings, exhaust uptakes and other critical structures) due to underwater explosions.
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Pintle- and-gudgeon rudder of the Hanseatic league flagship Adler von Lübeck (1567–1581), the largest ship in the world at its time Oars mounted on the side of ships evolved into quarter steering oars, which were used from antiquity until the end of the Middle Ages in Europe. As the size of ships and the height of the freeboards increased, quarter steering oars became unwieldy and were replaced by the more sturdy rudders with pintle and gudgeon attachment. While Steering oars were found in Europe on a wide range of vessels since Roman times, including light war galleys in Mediterranean,the oldest known depiction of a pintle-and-gudgeon rudder can be found on church carvings of Zedelgem and Winchester dating to around 1180. A ship's rudder carved in oak, 15th century, Bere Ferrers church, Devon.
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The purpose of the area just below the center of gravity and the waterline known as the hypozomata (ὑποζώματα) was to allow bending of the hull when faced with up to 90 kN of force. The calculations of forces that could have been absorbed by the ship are arguable because there is not enough evidence to confirm the exact process of jointing used in ancient times. In a modern reconstruction of the ship, a polysulphide sealant was used to compare to the caulking that evidence suggests was used; however this is also argued because there is simply not enough evidence to authentically reproduce the triereis seams. Triremes required a great deal of upkeep in order to stay afloat, as references to the replacement of ropes, sails, rudders, oars and masts in the middle of campaigns suggest.
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In response to the accident, slat relief valves were mandated to prevent slat retraction in case of hydraulic line damage.FAA Airworthiness Directive 80-03-03 The wreckage was too severely fragmented to determine the exact position of the rudders, elevators, flaps, and slats before impact, and examination of eyewitness photographs showed only that the right wing slats were fully extended as the crew tried unsuccessfully to correct the steep roll they were in. The left wing slats could not be determined from the blurry color photographs, so they were sent to a laboratory in Palo Alto, California, for digital analysis, a process that was pushing the limits of 1970s technology and necessitated large, complicated, and expensive equipment. The photographs were reduced to black-and-white, which made distinguishing the slats from the wing itself possible, thus proving that they were retracted.
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Frustrated by the efforts of the Wright Brothers' use of the courts to dominate the developing market for powered flight, Pfitzner designed his own aircraft, the Pfitzner Flyer, which avoided the Wrights' method of warping the wings to achieve a lift differential between port and starboard wings by using wing extensions (or 'compensators'). In his book "Monoplanes and Biplanes: Their Design, Construction and Operation" (1911), Grover Loening wrote "This aeroplane is a distinct departure from all other monoplanes in the placing of the motor, aviator, and rudders, and in the comparatively simple and efficient method of transverse control by sliding surfaces, applied here for the first time".Loening (1911), p.134. The issue of patent protection was sufficiently in the public eye for the "New York Times", in its issue of 16 January 1910, to headline Pfitzner's design as an "Aeroplane Without Patent Drawbacks".
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Rather than competing for the contract, Aeritalia and Italian aerospace company Aermacchi agreed to produce a joint proposal for the requirement, as both firms had been considering the development of a similar class of aircraft for some years. In April 1978, work on the joint venture formally commenced.Braybrook 1989, p. 267. During 1980, the Brazilian government announced that they intended to participate in the program to replace the Aermacchi MB-326. In July 1981, the Italian and Brazilian governments agreed on joint requirements, and Embraer was invited to join the industrial partnership. An agreement was also struck to divide AMX manufacturing between the partners; for each production aircraft, Aeritalia manufactured 46.5 per cent of the components (central fuselage, stabilisers and rudders), Aermacchi produced 22.8 per cent (front fuselage and tail cone), and Embraer performed 29.7 per cent of the work (wing, air intakes, pylons and drop tanks).
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Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 463. It shows ships in two major types, yet all of which have slung rudders for steering; the painting depicts freighters with narrow sterns or passenger boats and smaller craft with broad sterns, sailing upriver or docked along the banks while loading and unloading goods. Large stern sweeps and bow sweeps can be seen on at least three of the river ships, worked by up to eight men each. It also shows how personal gardens had begun to take root in China—in addition to the immense walled garden on the far left of the scroll, for example, one sees several private gardens with their man-made mountains and rockery (for example, the small private garden close to the city gate, squeezed between a chemist's shop and a large building selling furniture, consisting of a small pond surrounded by trees and bamboo).
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"Marine Flies Rocket Plane to Altitude of Nearly 10 miles." Popular Mechanics, December 1953, p. 127. Following Carl's completion of these flights for the Navy, NACA technicians at the High-Speed Flight Research Station (HSFRS) near Mojave, California, outfitted the LR-8 engine's combustion chambers with nozzle extensions to prevent the exhaust gas from affecting the rudders at supersonic speeds. This addition also increased the engine's thrust by 6.5 percent at Mach 1.7 and 70,000 feet (21,300 m). Even before Marion Carl had flown the Skyrocket, HSFRS Chief Walter C. Williams had petitioned NACA headquarters unsuccessfully to fly the aircraft to Mach 2 to garner the research data at that speed. Finally, after Crossfield had secured the agreement of the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics, NACA director Hugh L. Dryden relaxed the organization's usual practice of leaving record setting to others and consented to attempting a flight to Mach 2.
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Carrier borne combat aircraft are at a disadvantage when compared to land- based equivalents as they require wing-folding systems, which increase the aircraft's weight at the expense of payload. At the time, adaptions of single- engined tail-dragger land-based aircraft typically had poor visibility when landing. At some time in 1941, Miles became aware of the high accident rates for carrier landings and began private venture work on unorthodox configurations that might solve the visibility problem and also the complications of folding wings required for storage of ship-borne aircraft.Buttler, British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950 Midland Publishing p86 While contemplating these problems, George Miles visited the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at RAF Boscombe Down, where he saw the Westland-Delanne tandem wing Lysander, which had a second wing with tip rudders in place of the conventional vertical stabilizer and tailplane arrangement.
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In its place, directional stability and control is provided by rudders mounted in the winglets (Beechcraft called them tipsails) at the tips of the wings. Mounting the engines so that the propellers are facing rearward, pushing rather than pulling the aircraft, has the potential of a quieter cabin, since the propellers are further from the passengers and because vortices from the propeller tips do not strike the fuselage sides. However, the propellers are operating in a turbulent airflow in the pusher configuration (due to airflow past the wings moving aft in vortex sheets) and high-velocity exhaust gases are discharged directly into the propellers, thus making them noisier than they would be in a tractor configuration. Flight instrumentation for the Starship included a 14-tube Proline 4 AMS-850 "glass cockpit" supplied by Rockwell Collins, the first application of an all-glass cockpit in a business aircraft.
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Despite their vast number, Eurypterus are only known from a relatively short temporal range, first appearing during the Late Llandovery epoch (around 432 million years ago) and being extinct by the end of the Pridoli epoch. Eurypterus was also restricted to the minor supercontinent Euramerica (composed of the equatorial continents Avalonia, Baltica and Laurentia), which had been completely colonized by the genus during its merging and was unable to cross the vast expanses of ocean separating this continent from other parts of the world, such as the southern supercontinent Gondwana. As such, Eurypterus was limited geographically to the coastlines and shallow inland seas of Euramerica. During the Late Silurian the pterygotid eurypterids, large and specialized forms with several new adaptations, such as large and flattened telsons capable of being used as rudders, and large and specialized chelicerae with enlarged pincers for handling (and potentially in some cases killing) prey appeared.
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On 5 July 2010, the MZ-3A was re-deployed to the Jack Edwards National Airport in Gulf Shores, Alabama to assist in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill recovery operation. At a ribbon- cutting ceremony on 26 October 2011 at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, NAES Lakehurst, New Jersey, and in recognition of the Centennial of Naval Aviation, the Navy unveiled a fresh identity for the MZ-3A. Emblazoned with red, white and blue striped rudders reminiscent of the Navy's airships just prior to World War II, the airship also carries the insignia of the VXS-1 Warlocks and the banner of the U.S. Navy. In February 2012, four months after its formal acceptance by the Navy, the MZ-3A airship at Joint Base McGuire- Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey, it was planned to be deflated and stored, and the program suspended until future missions warranted its re-activation.
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There were gyroscopes mounted in the bomb's added tail package that made it an Azon unit, to autonomously stabilize it in the roll axis via operating a pair of ailerons, and a radio control system to operate the proportional-control rudders, to directly control the bomb's direction of lateral aim, with the antennas for the tail-mounted receiver unit built into the diagonal support struts of the tail surface assembly. The bomb's receiver and control system were powered by a battery which had around three minutes of battery life. The entire setup in the added "tail package" was sufficient to guide the weapon from a 5,000-foot (1,500 m) drop height to the target. Situated on the tail of the bomb was a 600,000-candela flare which also left behind a noticeable smoke trail, to enable the bombardier to observe and control it from the control aircraft.
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It was originally planned to name the ships after insects, with names like Red Ant, Green Cockchafer and so on, but this plan was abandoned in 1952 and the Royal Navy ships of the class were given names of British towns and villages ending in "-ton", hence the name of the class. The contemporary but smaller inshore minesweepers were originally to be named after birds, but became the Ham-class, after towns and villages ending in "-ham". Sixteen of the class were converted to minehunters by the incorporation of active rudders and the installation of the Type 193 minehunting sonar and associated equipment, including a very welcome enclosed bridge (the exception being HMS Highburton which retained her open bridge until decommissioning in the 1970s, this actually becoming a source of manliness to her crew when meeting other Ton crews). These vessels only retained mechanical "Oropesa" sweep capability.
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The fin flash evolved from the rudder stripes painted on the rudders of early RFC and RAF aircraft during the First World War, the markings comprising blue, white and red vertical stripes doped on the rudder. However, with the performance of aircraft increasing considerably during the 1930s, the practice of applying painted markings onto the (then manually powered) control surfaces was discontinued because of the need to rebalance the controls – failure to do this could have adverse effects on the surface's aerodynamic balance, possibly leading to flutter of the control surface at high airspeeds. It was for this same reason that the positioning of the wing roundels was revised so that they no longer overlapped the ailerons. In an attempt to conform to the appearance of French military aircraft, rudder stripes reappeared on aircraft (mainly Fairey Battles and Hawker Hurricanes) of the RAF based in France, starting in early September 1939.
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On 3 March 1942, out of a force of nearly 200 bombers sent against a Renault factory near Paris, 25 were Manchesters;Bowyer 1974, p. 35. while during the first 1,000 bomber raid on Cologne on 30 May 1942, 35 Manchesters were amongst the 1,047 bombers sent to attack the city.Bowyer 1974, p. 38. Flying Officer Leslie Manser was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions while piloting Manchester L7301 of 50 Squadron during the Cologne bombing mission.Bowyer 1974, pp. 38, 41. The Mk III Manchester (serial number BT308) which first flew on 9 January 1941, was essentially the first Lancaster, featuring a longer wing fitted with four Rolls-Royce Merlins in new unitized, power-egg nacelles – originally developed by Rolls-Royce for the Merlin-powered Beaufighter II – although initially retaining the three fins and twin outboard rudders (the central fin had no movable control surface) of the Manchester I. BT308 received the "Lancaster" name immediately after its first flight.
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While the Caudron G.3 was a reliable reconnaissance aircraft, it could not carry a useful bombload, and owing to its design, was difficult to fit with useful defensive armament. In order to solve these problems, the Caudron G4 was designed as a twin engined development of the G.3, first flying in March 1915. While the G.4 had a similar pod and boom layout to the G.3, it has two Le Rhône rotary or Anzani 10 radial engines mounted on struts between the wings instead of a single similar engine at the front of the crew nacelle, while wingspan was increased and the tailplane had four rudders instead of two. This allowed an observer/gunner position to be fitted in the nose of the nacelle, while the additional power allowed it to carry a bombload of 100 kg. The G.4 was one of the few twin engines aircraft to be able to fly with one engine stopped.
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The prototype H.230.01, made its first flight in June 1937. The aircraft resembled its predecessor, the H.220 fighter-bomber, but had a lightened and simplified structure. The H.230.01 was powered by two Salmson 6Af engines and its configuration included a short crew canopy faired into the upper decking of the rear fuselage and a conventional strut-braced tail unit, and the fixed main landing gear units incorporated spatted wheel fairings. During further tests it was decided to introduce considerable dihedral at the wingtips to improve stability, but the H.231.01 which followed in May 1938 had dihedral increased over the whole wing span, and the unusual wingtip arrangement of the modified H.230 was eliminated. Twin fins and rudders were introduced and the power was increased with new Salmson 6Af-02 engines. The Hanriot H.232.01 had a single fin and rudder and was equipped with twin Renault 6Q-02/03, (left and right hand propeller rotation), engines plus retractable landing gear.
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LST-601 in the background, launches a Marine LVTP-5 for a waterborne landing. When carrying amphibious tractors, an LST could land her payload from offshore without beaching. (left) and unloading while stranded at low tide during the Normandy Invasion in June 1944. Note: propellers, rudders, and other underwater details of these LSTs; 40 mm single guns; "Danforth" style kedge anchor at LST-325's stern. USS LST-742 on 13 October 1950 at Wolmi-do island, Incheon Harbor, South Korea, loading supplies for the upcoming Wonsan invasion A GM EMD 12-567ATLP diesel engine as installed in LST 393 (Landing Ship Tank), located in Muskegon, Michigan, July 2017. The engines were rated at 900 HP (each) at 744 RPM. In three separate acts dated 6 February 1942, 26 May 1943, and 17 December 1943, Congress provided the authority for the construction of LSTs along with a host of other auxiliaries, destroyer escorts, and assorted landing craft. The enormous building program quickly gathered momentum.
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The term chelandion is derived from the Greek word kelēs, "courser", and first appeared during the early 8th century.. In the medieval Latin used in Western Europe, it was rendered chelandium or scelandrium (and thence the 12th-century sandanum transport), while the Arabs rendered the name as shalandī (plural shalandiyyāt) and used it for a probably similar type of vessels in their own navies.. In common with the general characteristics of the dromōn type, the chelandion was a bireme galley, i.e. with two rows of oars, which provided its main means of propulsion, although it also featured one or two lateen sails, and was steered by two quarter rudders at the stern. It could also be equipped with siphons for projecting the feared Greek fire, the Byzantine navy's secret incendiary weapon. The term chelandion is usually used interchangeably with dromōn in medieval literary sources, leading to much confusion as to the exact nature of the ship and its differences with the dromōn proper.
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While being the largest ships ever built by gross tonnage until , the four Batillus-class ships were the second largest ever constructed when measuring deadweight tonnage or length overall, behind only the supertanker (renamed four times, including Knock Nevis), which existed from 1979 to 2009. While there were minor differences between the four Batillus-class ships, they all approached a gross tonnage (GT) of 275,000 and tonnage, and had a length overall of over (longer than all but a few of the tallest skyscrapers in the world). The Batillus class had a depth of nearly from the main deck and a full load draft of , second only to the ULCC tanker Al Andalus, which had a draft of , and slightly greater than the two Globtik Tokyo-class ULCCs. Unlike Seawise Giant and most other ULCCs, the Batillus-class vessels had twin screws, twin boilers of full size and power, and twin rudders.
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The most lucrative of Tondo's economic activities involved the redistribution of Chinese goods, which would arrive in Manila bay through Tondo's port and be distributed throughout the rest of the archipelago, mostly through Maynila's extensive shipping activities. The Chinese and Japanese migrations to Malaya and the Philippines shore began in the 7th century and reached their peak after 1644 owing to the Manchu conquest of China. These Chinese and Japanese immigrants settled in Manila, Pasig included, and in the other ports, which were annually visited by their trade junks, they have cargoes of silk, tea, ceramics, and their precious jade stones. According to William Henry Scott (1982), when ships from China and Japan came to Manila bay, Lakandula would remove the sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees, and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value immediately and then paying the other half upon their return the following year.
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Acutiramus is classified as part of the pterygotid family of eurypterids, a group of highly derived eurypterids of the Silurian to Devonian periods that differ from other groups by a number of features, perhaps most prominently in the chelicerae (the first pair of limbs) and the telson. The chelicerae of the Pterygotidae were enlarged and robust, clearly adapted to be used for active prey capture and more similar to the claws of some modern crustaceans, with well-developed teeth on the claws, than to the chelicerae of other eurypterid groups. Another feature distinguishing the group from other eurypterid groups were their flattened and expanded telsons, likely used as rudders when swimming. Their walking legs were small and slender, without spines, and they were likely not capable of walking on land. A. bohemicus was once estimated to have reached lengths of 2.3 to 2.5 metres (7.5 to 8.2 ft) based on the largest known chelicerae and coxae.
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The rearmost canopy transparencies, on either side of the pilot's seat, had large oval holes in them but the Karakán was one of the first gliders with enclosed seating. Drag from the wing/fuselage junction troubled designers of the day and Lippisch mounted the wings of the Wien from a parallel sided pylon rising rather abruptly from the fuselage; Rotter extended the upper fuselage frames smoothly inwards then outwards into a stub wing, with a span about the same as the maximum fuselage width, to ease the transition from fuselage to wing. The fuselages of both designs became slender rearwards, the Wien's more than the Karakán; sections through the latter's fuselage were more biconvex or almond shaped than the Wien's oval, making it narrower. The Wien and the Karakán had very similar vertical tails, with balanced rudders, large and rounded apart from a straight underside to avoid the ground, mounted on small, short fins.
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In an apparent oversight by the U.S. Patent Office, the Wright brothers, on their second attempt, obtained a patent in 1906, not for the invention of an airplane (which had already existed for a number of decades in the form of gliders) but for the invention of a system of aerodynamic control that manipulated a flying machine's surfaces, including lateral flight control. They did so despite rudders, elevators and ailerons having been invented long before their efforts began, and then aggressively sued other aircraft builders worldwide for failure to pay them licensing royalties on the basis of the lateral flight control described in their expansive 1906 patent. Irrespective of such controversies it was Boulton, indisputably, who was the first to patent ailerons in 1868. The ailerons used by Esnault-Pelterie in 1904 followed Boulton's concept, although it is unknown whether he had studied the 1868 work, or if he had reinvented them independently.
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Designed by Ing Giovanni Pegna, the P.3 was a four-engine, two-bay biplane with wings of unequal span, the lower wing being greater in span than the upper. Its four 149-kilowatt (200-horsepower) S.P.A. 6A engines were mounted in tandem pairs on the lower wing, with each engine driving one of four propellers, two mounted in a tractor and two in a pusher configuration. The P.3s tail was of biplane configuration with three rudders mounted between the two planes. The crew of four consisted of a pilot, co-pilot, nose gunner, and rear gunner; the pilot and co-pilot sat side by side in a cockpit just ahead of the wings, the nose gunner manned a machine gun mounted in a cockpit in front of them, and the rear gunner manned two machine guns, one in an amidships cockpit behind the pilots and another mounted in a ventral tunnel for defense against attacks from below.
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No.19 as first built The first aircraft of the type was the Santos-Dumont No. 19, which was built to attempt to win the Grand Prix d'Aviation offered for a one kilometre closed-circuit flight. Powered by a 15 kW (20 hp) air-cooled Dutheil & Chalmers flat-twin engine mounted on the leading edge of the wing, it had a wingspan of 5.1 m. (16 ft 9 in), was 8 m (26 ft 3 in) long and weighed only 56 kg (123 lb) including fuel. It had a pair of hexagonal rudders below the wing on either side of the pilot, a forward mounted hexagonal elevator in front of the pilot and a cruciform tail which, like the boxkite-style canard surfaces on the earlier 14-bis biplane of 1906, pivoted on a universal joint to function both as elevator and rudder mounted at the end of a substantial single boom.
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Eupterornis from the Paleocene of Châlons-sur-Vesle (France) has some features reminiscent of loons, but others seem more similar to Charadriiformes such as gulls (Laridae). A piece of a carpometacarpus supposedly from Oligocene rocks near Lusk, Wyoming was described as Gaviella pusilla, but this handbone also shows some similarities to the plotopterids which were flightless wing-propelled divers and if these are apomorphic would make an unconvincing member of the Gaviidae (though it still could be a small-winged gaviiform in a yet- undescribed family "Gaviellidae"Not to be used without quotation marks, as it is not a valid taxon.): while the carpometacarpus in Gavia is somewhat convergent to that of wing-propelled divers, enabling the wings to be used as rudders for quick underwater turns, Colymboides still had an unspecialized plesiomorphic hand. Parascaniornis, sometimes allied to the loons by early authors, was eventually determined to be a junior synonym of the hesperornithiform Baptornis. A supposed mid-Eocene diver fossil form Geiseltal (Germany) was erroneously assigned to Gavia.
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One afternoon in August 1913, Captain Bucey was attempting to run the BC Express through the Grand Canyon when he realized that the current was particularly strong in the whirlpool. Bucey decided that it would be necessary to line the sternwheeler through the canyon, and was pulling over to the side when a spruce tree, complete with root structure, appeared on the surface of the whirlpool and swept under the BC Express, jamming against her three main rudders. Though Bucey had lost his main method of steering, he was still able to use the steamer's paddlewheel to maneuver backwards through the canyon, where he would eventually come to a place along the shore where he could tie up and his crew could disembark and remove the tree and check for damages. Most of his passengers, knowing Bucey's skillful reputation, were untroubled by the BC Express's plight, but one man panicked and raced across the bow and leapt onto the canyon wall, where he was left clinging 6 feet above the whirlpool.
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" To climb and descend in the aircraft, the vertically mounted lever, "...is moved fore and aft, thus causing the front edge of the rudder [tailplane, none of Watson's aeroplanes were fitted with a vertical rudder. The Wrights also initially referred to their horizontal stabilisers as horizontal rudders] to be moved downwards or upwards." Because of the dual actuation of the control lever, "...the [rocking wing] and the [tailplane] can be moved so as to cause the machine to move up and down while at the same time moving to the one side or the other, that is to say that by simply moving the hand which actuates the lever in any desired direction and the trim altered." Watson's declaration as a conclusion to the patent is in two points, as follows: # "In aeroplanes the use of a rocking plane situated on a higher level than the main plane, for preserving lateral stability and for steering right and left and controlled by a lever which also operates the horizontal rudder as described and illustrated on the drawings annexed.
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85 Sqn next to a Hurricane I, Lille, Seclin, France, on 10 May 1940 Owing to the Hurricane's rugged construction, ease of maintenance and repair in the field, and its docile landing and take-off characteristics, coupled with a wide-track undercarriage, it was selected to go to France as the principal RAF fighter. Two Hurricane squadrons, No. 1 and No. 73, formed 67 Wing of the Advanced Air Striking Force, while two more, No. 85 85 Sqn and No. 87, formed 60 Wing of the Air Component, BEF. While the two squadrons of No. 60 Wing had their Hurricanes painted in the standard colour scheme and markings of Home-based fighters, those of No. 67 Wing differed considerably. It was probably because No. 1 and No. 73 Squadrons were operating in close proximity to French fighter squadrons that these units painted Red, White and Blue stripes over the entire height of the rudders on their Hurricanes in a similar manner to the standard French AF National markings.
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A specialized subgroup is the Scow, which typically uses two bilgeboards instead of a centerboard, and may have two rudders. Many racing dinghies require two or more people to sail the boat, the skipper is in charge or steering and the main sail depending on the boat, and the crew is in charge of the jib, the spinnaker,(which can only be flown while going downwind) and keeping the boat level Cruising dinghies are designed for leisure and family sailing and are usually more stable than high-performance dinghies. This is provided by a 'chined' (less rounded) hull, greater displacement, and proportionally smaller sail area. Some are specifically designed for longer passage-making, and/or for camping aboard. Examples of these include the Wayfarer, arguably the GP14, the Tideway, the Laser Stratos, the Drascombe series of dinghies, the CL 16 and the Laser 16, the Roamer Cruising Dinghy, designed by Eric Coleman an early member of the Dinghy Cruising Association, plus many designs of Iain Oughtred, John Welsford and François Vivier.
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Rudders and propellers are best serviced on dry docks. Without ABSD-5 and her sister ships, at remote locations months could be lost in a ships returning to a home port for repair. ABSD-5 had provisions for the repair crew, such bunk beds, meals, and laundry. ABSD-4 had power stations, ballast pumps, repair shops, machine shops, and mess halls to be self-sustaining. ABSD-2 had two rail track moveable cranes able to lift tons of material and parts for removing damage parts and install new parts. The USS Audubon (APA-149) a Haskell-class attack transport repaired in August 1945 is one of the many ships repaired in ABSD-5. The USS Mississippi (BB-41) was repair in ABSD-5. Due to the Mississippi's 30 ft (9.1 m) draft with a full load, the battleship had to unload much of her ammunition and fuel oil before entering AFDB-5. The USS Mount Olympus a Mount McKinley- class amphibious force command ship was repaired in August 1945.
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Restored aircraft in the markings of the 91st Bomb Group and displaying fuselage codes, tail symbols, and 1st Combat Bomb Wing color markings B-17G Fortresses 44-46604 and 44-48676 of the 306th Bomb Group, in 40th CBW markings-RAF Thurleigh UK USAAF unit identification aircraft markings, commonly called "tail markings" after their most frequent location, were numbers, letters, geometric symbols, and colors painted onto the tails (vertical stabilizer fins, rudders and horizontal surfaces), wings, or fuselages of the aircraft of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) during the Second World War. The purpose of these markings was as call signs in the RAF radio procedures used in the UK and to provide a visual means identify in conjunction with the call procedures, and later assembly and combat visual identification of units and aircraft. (later letter-numeral when squadrons became too numerous) to denote a squadron and a third single letter was known as the Radio Call Letter (RCL) to identify the aircraft within the squadron, used phonetically in radio calls. Other areas continued to use only the RCN or simple numbering and lettering.
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Welcome To Mars was the first International Exhibition from Arizona State University and NASA . While 2007 witnessed a huge increase in the number of International Exhibits of which the most prominent were Mind Reading Machines and the life- size exhibits of Pterosaur, 2008 had the first interactive exhibit in Techfest in Shadow Dexterous Hand. In 2009 an Amphibot capable of moving without any limbs or wheels, face detection software on a robot security platform, rudders and flight control mechanics from Airbus, and DRDO ’s mobile autonomous launcher Brahmos. Alice the first robot smaller than a ping-pong ball and eye- writer writing by eye movement were the focus of Techfest Exhibitions 2010. Da Vinci Robotics Exhibitions conceptualised by Leonardo da Vinci, Open vibe- the brain–computer interface shows brain activity, PR2 Robot, Eccerobot 2- an anthropomimetic robot acting as a human replica were the cynosure of all eyes in 2011. Techfest 2013 saw the NAO Robot from France, exhibits from the MIT Media Lab like the EyeNetra, HIRO robot were among the highlights of the exhibitions. Exhibitions at Techfest 2014 witnessed the BINA48, Fumanoids (Germany), Solowheel (United States), Cubli (Vertex balancing cube, EPFL Switzerland) and many other exhibits.
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The LCA's crew of four ratings included a Sternsheetsman, whose action station was at the stern to assist in lowering and raising the boat at the davits of the Landing Ship Infantry (LSI), a Bowman-gunner, whose action station was at the front of the boat to open and close the armoured doors, raise and lower the ramp, and operate the one or two Lewis guns in the armoured gun shelter opposite the steering position, a stoker-mechanic responsible for the engine compartment, and a Coxswain who sat in the armoured steering shelter forward on the starboard side. Though in control of the rudders, the coxswain did not have direct control of the engines and gave instructions to the stoker through voicepipe and telegraph. The craft relayed signals and orders to the other two craft in the group by signal flags in the earlier part of the war, but by 1944 many of the boats had been fitted with two-way radios. The sternsheetsman and bowman were to be available to take over from the coxswain or stoker should they be killed or injured.
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The Charabanc was built by the Grahame-White company to meet the demand for passenger-carrying flights, which could not be satisfied by the existing two- seat designs. Designed by J. D. North, it was an unequal-span pusher biplane with ailerons on both upper and lower wings and a biplane tail unit with three rudders mounted on booms. An elongated nacelle mounted on the lower wing housed the pilot in the front and four passengers in two rows of two seats behind. The wing spars, tail booms and outer interplane struts were of hollow section spruce, and the nacelle and inner struts were of ash. It first flew in 1913 powered by a 120 hp (89 kW) Austro-Daimler engine, and in this form was flown by Louis Noel with seven passengers aboard to set a British world record on 22 September 1913: on 2 October, he set a world record in carrying nine passengers, staying aloft for nearly twenty minutes.Lewis, Peter M. H. British Aircraft 1809-1914 London: Putnam, 1962 pp 284-285 but to meet the entry requirements for the 1913 Michelin Cup, which required an all-British aircraft, this was replaced by a British-built 100 hp (75 kW) Green E.6 engine.
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