112 Sentences With "rigidities" | Random Sentence Generator

This bill puts an end to rigidities in the labor market.

Labour market rigidities remain a key challenge in view of worsening demographics.

Heavy state involvement in many parts of the economy results in structural rigidities.

The draft law does not deal with all the rigidities of the French labour code.

Yet Paik quickly figured out that art could not be contained within rigidities of code.

The financial crisis brought new deprivations, exacerbated in parts of Europe by the rigidities of the euro zone.

But many wonder if the structural rigidities that make India's the highest inflation rate in Asia have been tackled.

By helping keep moms in the labor force, well-structured family leave policies may if anything help reduce labor force rigidities.

Economists debated how much Japan's slump owed to weak demand rather than economic rigidities, for example an insufficiently limber corporate sector.

Next door is a collection of ears, not only rendered in extreme detail but with different materials simulating a variety of rigidities.

The overall rigidities of seniority systems and the risk of unauthorized strikes complete the litany of unfortunate consequences that flow from that system.

Some caste rigidities have softened over time, but the structure is remarkably robust: even now only one in 20 marriages crosses barriers of caste.

Even this president, while laudably breaking with the self-defeating rigidities of prior administrations, sometimes has sent mixed signals, especially on U.S.-China relations.

Somebody should explain to the president that there is no evidence that such a disorderly flexibility is needed to break labor market cost rigidities.

Progress in income convergence will depend on how effective authorities push ahead structural reform, where labour market rigidities remain a key challenge against worsening demographics.

Inflation is above peers, and we forecast that it will remain in double-digits in 21153-220, with structural rigidities aggravated by the weaker exchange rate.

" But he also warns that "any plausible alternatives to the rigidities and rancor of party polarization might well prove to be something more chaotic and dangerous.

He lauded her leadership on refugees and Russia, took the fight to populists, and promised to tackle France's economic rigidities, all wrapped in a European Union flag.

Rather than trying to boost the economy via fiscal policy, governments should focus on the "supply side"; encouraging growth through lower taxes and eliminating inefficiencies and rigidities.

Tackling labour- and product-market rigidities could lift euro-zone GDP by 6% over the next decade, according to the OECD, a club of mainly rich countries.

Fitch expects the budget deficit to remain around 3.0%-3.5% of GDP over the forecast horizon, reflecting moderate rises in revenues, spending rigidities and gradually increasing public investment.

The widespread current deceleration in activity reflected, "weak external demand, further declines in commodity prices, volatile financial conditions, and for some important domestic imbalances and rigidities," the report said.

"The crisis began in the United States, yet the rigidities associated with the euro meant that it was the eurozone that wound up the big loser," Mr. Stiglitz said.

"Quite a few, even if they are not showing high debt, have lots of leases and other rigidities in their balance sheet that make it difficult to unscramble," he added.

Fitch forecasts a return to growth in Russia in 2017, though the pace of growth will remain subdued, at just over 1%, reflecting fiscal consolidation, tight monetary policy and structural rigidities.

It was a serious warning about the limits the area's central bank would face in an economic system of deep-seated labor market rigidities, structural and political differences, and independent and uncoordinated fiscal policies.

Structural rigidities in the economy (including high unemployment, low domestic savings) also constrain Lithuania's rating, given that it weighs on the economy's growth potential and therefore the convergence in income levels with higher rated peers.

Medium-term potential, currently at 103%-2%, remains low for a country at Croatia's income level, reflecting adverse demographics, structural rigidities, high private indebtedness and low investment during the six-year recession in 2009-2014.

Italy must do more in terms of reforms, addressing labour market rigidities, its financial sector and "appropriately confronting" its bad loans, said IMF director Christine Lagarde in an interview with Il Sole 24 Ore on Sunday.

People in those days had one thing we have in abundance: an urge to rebel against the current reality — in their case against the brutalities of industrialization, the rigidities of Victorianism, the stale formulas of academic thinking.

Persistently weak economic growth is primarily down to stagnant private investment and exports, and declining productivity, owing to the slow process of reform to address the "regulatory constraints, labor market rigidities and inefficient infrastructure" creating a weak business climate.

Opponents argue that the rigidities of the currency union force them from austerity to austerity, keeping unemployment high, wages low and competitiveness weak, perpetuating economic malaise that actually drives countries apart and failing the key goal of the euro.

"When we started the image of France wasn't good ... the feeling about labor market rigidities and volatility of the tax system wasn't very good," Noyer said in an interview on the sidelines of an event in Manhattan promoting France as a financial hub.

These impulses suggest a different kind of morphological life for architectural form that invokes fluidity and movement, particularly in relation to the putative rigidities of Mies van der Rohe and his high-modernist progeny (although there can be reflected movement in/on the glass curtain).

"This lack of transmission has raised serious questions about the effectiveness of monetary policy transmission in an environment of acute risk aversion and other structural rigidities but it will be difficult for any central bank to admit that," they wrote in a note this week.

Fitch's sovereign rating committee adjusted the output from the SRM to arrive at the final LT FC IDR by applying its QO, relative to rated peers, as follows: --Public finances: -1 notch, to reflect risks to the Dominican Republic's limited budget flexibility, constrained by the narrow tax base, rising interest bill and current expenditure rigidities.

The difference is that in the late 1940s this kind of argument was deployed in support of more government intervention — keep those exchange controls in place, because devaluation won't work — whereas now it's being deployed as an argument against activism — never mind the euro, it's all rigidities that must be cured with structural reform.

Fitch's sovereign rating committee adjusted the output from the SRM to arrive at the final LT FC IDR by applying its QO, relative to rated peers, as follows: - Macro: -13 notch, to reflect weak medium term growth potential relative to peers, structural rigidities (including high unemployment, large informal economy and adverse demographics) and the large role of the public sector in the economy.

Fitch's sovereign rating committee adjusted the output from the SRM to arrive at the final LT FC IDR by applying its QO, relative to rated peers, as follows: -Macroeconomics: -13 notch, to reflect Fitch's view that the SRM is currently benefitting from a cyclical economic upswing, and that sustained and higher potential growth is limited by Bulgaria's structural economic competitiveness challenges, particularly labour market rigidities and adverse demographic trends.

In macroeconomics, rigidities are real prices and wages that fail to adjust to the level indicated by equilibrium or if something holds one price or wage fixed to a relative value of another. Real rigidities can be distinguished from nominal rigidities, rigidities that do not adjust because prices can be sticky and fail to change value even as the underlying factors that determine prices fluctuate. Real rigidities, along with nominal, are a key part of new Keynesian economics. Economic models with real rigidities lead to nominal shocks (like changes in monetary policy) having a large impact on the economy.

The analysis implies that the claim that wage flexibility is efficient requires qualification. For "price-wage rigidities", the presence of rigidities receives an explanation in Section Seven of Drèze's lecture: Under incomplete markets, wage rigidities contribute to risk-sharing efficiency. The theme of the 1979 lecture (48) is taken up in several papers (91, 95, 101), exploring the definition and implementation of second-best wage rigidities. Since then, Jacques Drèze has examined ways of reconciling flexibility of labour costs to firms with risk-sharing efficiency of labour incomes, if needed through wage subsidies (119, 125, 131).

A good's price typically changes about every four to six months or, if sales are excluded, every eight to eleven months. While some studies suggested that menu costs are too small to have much of an aggregate impact, Laurence Ball and David Romer (1990) showed that real rigidities could interact with nominal rigidities to create significant disequilibrium. Real rigidities occur whenever a firm is slow to adjust its real prices in response to a changing economic environment. For example, a firm can face real rigidities if it has market power or if its costs for inputs and wages are locked-in by a contract.

Huw Dixon and Claus Hansen showed that even if menu costs applied to a small sector of the economy, this would influence the rest of the economy and lead to prices in the rest of the economy becoming less responsive to changes in demand. While some studies suggested that menu costs are too small to have much of an aggregate impact, Laurence Ball and David Romer showed in 1990 that real rigidities could interact with nominal rigidities to create significant disequilibrium.Ball L. and Romer D (1990). Real Rigidities and the Non- neutrality of Money, Review of Economic Studies, volume 57, pages: 183-203 Real rigidities occur whenever a firm is slow to adjust its real prices in response to a changing economic environment.

Ball and Romer argued that real rigidities in the labor market keep a firm's costs high, which makes firms hesitant to cut prices and lose revenue. The expense created by real rigidities combined with the menu cost of changing prices makes it less likely that firm will cut prices to a market clearing level.

Such self-deceptions typically arise from developmental experiences, which have left certain rigidities of behaviour or biases of value judgement. These rigidities do not allow flexible responses to present time exigencies. Habermas sees this in terms of psychoanalysis. A related aspect of this discourse is the adoption of a reflective attitude, which is a basic condition of rational communication.

2: Coordination Failures and Real Rigidities. Page 161. Publisher: MIT Press. This Keynesian economics model looks at the role of unions in wage determination.

38, no. 2, pp. 259–284. Michaelowa, A. and Jotzo, F. (2005), ‘Transaction costs, institutional rigidities and the size of the Clean Development Mechanism’, Energy Policy, vol.

New Keynesian economists have sought to explain persistently high unemployment in industrialized economies. New Keynesians explain part of this excess supply in the labor market with real wage rigidities that hold wages above market clearing levels. Economists have three main groups of theories for explaining real rigidities in the labor market: implicit contract theories, efficiency wage theories, and insider- outsider theories. New Keynesian economics is especially associated with the latter two.

In short, lower the degree of price rigidities in an economy belonging to a monetary union, the greater would be the relative role of fiscal policies in economic stabilization.

Many researchers, such as Blanchard, Galí or Mankiw appear skeptical with regard to the existence of divine coincidence in the real world. This skepticism is mostly directed to the severely restrictive assumptions required for divine coincidence to exist in the NKPC model, most prominently the absence of real wage rigidities. In the non-linear form of the standard New-Keynesian model, however, the absence of extra real rigidities is not a critical issue.

In the early seventies, motivated by the potential role of price rigidities for enhancing risk-sharing efficiency, Jacques Drèze undertook to define equilibria with price rigidities and quantity constraints and to study their properties in a general equilibrium context. His 1975 paper (36, circulated in 1971) introduces the so-called "Drèze equilibrium" at which supply (resp. demand) is constrained only when prices are downward (resp. upward) rigid, whereas a preselected commodity (e.g.

Thick markets can be expected to occur more often during booms, and they thin during downturns. If this pattern causes marginal costs to increase during recessions, thick markets can lead to real rigidities. "Customer markets" can also create real rigidities. In customer markets, firms take advantage of their market power and refuse to lower prices because they do not want to give customers an incentive to shop elsewhere and search for prices that are even lower.

LeffLeff, N.H. (1964). Economic development through bureaucratic corruption. American behavioral scientist, 8(3), 8-14. stated that bribery is needed in the developing world to reduce rigidities that inhibit investments and economic growth.

Drèze gave a public lecture on "Human Capital and Risk Bearing" (48). The innovative idea here is the transposition of the reasoning underlying the theory of "implicit labour contracts" to the understanding of wage rigidities and unemployment benefits. When markets are incomplete, so that workers cannot insure the risks associated with their future terms of employment, competitive clearing of spot labour markets is not second-best efficient: wage rigidities cum unemployment benefits offer scope for improvement. The lecture develops this theme informally.

For example, a firm can face real rigidities if it has market power or if its costs for inputs and wages are locked-in by a contract.Romer, David (2005). Advanced Macroeconomics. New York: McGraw-Hill. .

008 and has been used in several new Keynesian studies.Coenen G, Levin AT, Christoffel K (2007), Identifying the influences of nominal and real rigidities in aggregate price-setting behavior, Journal of Monetary Economics, 54, 2439-2466Kara, E (2010).

As distributional coalitions accumulate, nations burdened by them will fall into economic decline. His work influenced the formulation of the Calmfors–Driffill hypothesis of collective bargaining.Mancur Olson, 1982. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities, Yale University Press, 1982.

Institutional models of discrimination indicate labor markets are not as flexible as it is explained in the competitive models. Rigidities are seen in the institutional arrangements, or in the monopoly power. Race and gender differences overlap with labor market institutions. Women occupy certain jobs as versus men.

The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 11, No. 3. (Summer, 1997), pp. 55–74. arrived to similar conclusions when stating that labor market rigidities that do not appear to have serious implications for average levels of unemployment included strict employment protection legislation and general legislation on labor market standards.

The term "revolutionary" has been applied to the book in its impact on economic analysis.• • • Keynesian economics has two successors. Post-Keynesian economics also concentrates on macroeconomic rigidities and adjustment processes. Research on micro foundations for their models is represented as based on real-life practices rather than simple optimizing models.

Real price rigidity can result from several factors. First, firms with market power can raise their mark-ups to offset declines in marginal cost and maintain a high price. Search costs can contribute to real rigidities through "thick market externalities". A thick market has many buyers and sellers, so search costs are lower.

Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102(2), pp. 293-328. In a study with Paul Devereux, Altonji studies to what extent nominanal wages are downwardly rigid and what effect such rigidities have on wage levels, wage changes, and labour market transitions.Altonji, J.G., Devereux, P.J. (2000). The extent and consequences of downward nominal wage rigidity.

Implicit contract theory attributes stable real wages to implied agreements between employers and workers. Firms serve not just as consumers of labor, but also as wage insurers. By showing their workers that they will provide stable real wages, firms secure their loyalty. Seeing implicit contracts as a poor basis for real wage rigidities, new Keynesian economists sought other explanations.

In one interpretation, Keynes identified imperfections in the adjustment mechanism that, if present, could introduce rigidities and make prices sticky. In another interpretation, price adjustment could make matters worse, causing what Irving Fisher called "debt deflation". Not all economists accept these theories. They attribute what appears to be imperfect clearing to factors like labor unions or government policy, thereby exonerating the clearing mechanism.

However, not all writers of Victorian literature produced works of realism. The rigidities, conventions, and other limitations of Victorian realism prompted in their turn the revolt of modernism. Starting around 1900, the driving motive of modernist literature was the criticism of the 19th-century bourgeois social order and world view, which was countered with an antirationalist, antirealist and antibourgeois program.

Journal of Population Economics, 16(4), pp. 739-753. Finally, another important research finding of van Ours' work with Belot and Boone is that employment protection may be welfare-improving, though the optimal level of employment protection is mediated by labour market features such as workers' relative bargaining power and wage rigidities (e.g. minimum wages).Belot, M., Boone, J., van Ours, J.C. (2007).

Water forms the ocean, produces the high density fluid environment and greatly affects the oceanic organisms. # Sea water produces buoyancy and provides support for plants and animals. That's the reason why in the ocean organisms can be that huge like the blue whale and macrophytes. And the densities or rigidities of the oceanic organisms are relative low compared with that of the terrestrial species.

Employment regulations deter youths moving from non- regular employment to regular employment, worsening labor market duality. Non- unemployed youth, especially those with lower education, do not receive assistance for job seeking. Labor market rigidities including inflexible wages, high non-wage costs and employment protection also cause youth unemployment. High employment protection, combined with low standardization of the education system, satisfies a condition for high NEET rate.

But the failures are apt to be recurrent, so that deficit spending could lead to continued growth of the public debt. Accordingly, demand stimulation should take the form of socially profitable investments, with returns covering the debt service. Substituting profitable investments and variable social security contributions for deficit spending and straight wage rigidities, the proposed two-handed policies differ from either orthodox Keynesianism or New Keynesian policies.

Brunnermeier and Sannikov's monetary paper, The I Theory of Money, studies debt deflation à la Fisher and the interaction between (redistributive) monetary policy and macroprudential policy. The "Paradox of Prudence" emerges: micro-prudent behavior of individual financial institutions is not necessarily macro-prudent. His approach provides an alternative to the predominant New-Keynesian view, in which price and wage rigidities are the primary frictions.

In a non-ergodic economy, predictions are very hard to make and decision-making is hampered by uncertainty. Partly because of uncertainty, post-Keynesians take a different stance on sticky prices and wages than new Keynesians. They do not see nominal rigidities as an explanation for the failure of markets to clear. They instead think sticky prices and long-term contracts anchor expectations and alleviate uncertainty that hinders efficient markets.

The conclusion, stated with specific reference to labour markets, has more general validity. It applies to any situation where the uninsurable uncertainty about future prices results in welfare costs. Even though price rigidities entail a loss of productive efficiency, this can be more than offset by a gain of efficiency in risk-sharing. What may be specific to the labour market is the realistic possibility of controlling (minimum) wages and organising unemployment compensation.

For example, some economists find strong evidence of how relative price volatility affect sectoral allocation of investment away from what total factor productivity (TFP) differences would indicate. Furthermore, to smooth out exchange rate fluctuations, emerging countries are usually engaged in an active interest rate defense of the currency. There is also an output cost of raising interest rates. In a model with nominal wage rigidities, changes in exchange rate implies changes in actual real wage.

The Depression in international perspectiveInternational data from . Gold dates culled from historical sources, principally Some economic studies have indicated that just as the downturn was spread worldwide by the rigidities of the gold standard, it was suspending gold convertibility (or devaluing the currency in gold terms) that did the most to make recovery possible. Every major currency left the gold standard during the Great Depression. The UK was the first to do so.

Jordi Galí and Olivier Blanchard have called this property the 'divine coincidence', and have argued that in more realistic models which include additional frictions, it no longer holds. Instead, models with additional frictions (such as frictional unemployment) imply a tradeoff between stabilizing inflation and stabilizing the output gap.Blanchard, Olivier, and Jordi Galí (2007), 'Real wage rigidities and the New Keynesian model'. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 39 (supplement 1), pp. 35–65.

Sussex: Institute of Development Studies, 1972.) and led to his important analyses of Japan's post-war industrial system (Flexible Rigidities: Industrial Policy and Structural Adjustment in the Japanese Economy, 1970-1980. Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press, 1986.), and of different forms of stock market and welfare capitalism (Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism: Japan and Germany versus the Anglo-Saxons. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.). Many of Dore's publications were translated and published in Japan, where he was greatly admired.

Azariadis originated implicit contract theory. He proved that wage rigidities may represent a mechanism by which firms insure workers against risk, thus showing that wage rigidity was not necessarily evidence in favor of the Keynesian theory. Later Azariadis demonstrated that there are ways in which uncertainty is structured that imply that wages cannot perform their risk insurance role and simultaneously produce full employment. This result aided the Keynesian theory by providing a coherent microeconomic explanation of unemployment.

Also, the Report found that the market had failed to bring about rationalisation due to the rigidities in Britain's economic system.John Ramsden (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Twentieth Century British Politics (Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 39-40. The Report appeared "in six volumes, contained a searching examination of the country's industrial competitiveness and made recommendations concerning the UK's future ability to compete in overseas markets".Mary Walton, ‘Balfour, Arthur, first Baron Riverdale (1873–1957)’, rev.

Second, the modern synthesis recognizes the importance of using observed data, but economists now focus on models built out of theory instead of looking at more generic correlations. Third, the new synthesis addresses the Lucas critique and uses rational expectations. However, based on sticky prices and other rigidities, the synthesis does not embrace the complete neutrality of money proposed by earlier new classical economists. Fourth, the new synthesis accepts that shocks of varying types can cause economic output to fluctuate.

But perhaps I should mention that two of my earlier drafts had been circulated before his Strategy of Economic Development was published.” K S Chalam writes in his book Social Enquiry of Development in India, pp.350, Sage Publications,"It was Vikas Mishra who studied Hinduism and found that it was not conducive for rapid economic development due to several rigidities and perhaps prepared Raj Krishna later to coin what is called the Hindu rate of growth."Again at pp.

Cutting prices in a situation would not necessarily create more demand for a firm's products; it may just lead to lower profits and bankruptcy. Firms face large information requirements in determining how to optimize their pricing. They not only have to know the demand for their own goods and their own costs, they have to know the pricing factors for all their competitors and other firms in the vast market of inputs and outputs. Capital market imperfections lead to more real rigidities.

It was abetted through formal alliances, such as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) and the Warsaw Pact, and through direct intervention, in the 1968 invasion. In the immediate post-World War II period, many Czechoslovak citizens supported the alliance with the Soviet Union. They did not anticipate, however, the rigidities of the Stalinist rule that followed. The extent of the repression during the early years of the rule by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Komunistická strana Československa -- the KSČ) was unprecedented.

Real options are "particularly important for businesses with a few key characteristics", and may be less relevant otherwise. In overview, it is important to consider the following in determining that the RO framework is applicable: #Corporate strategy has to be adaptive to contingent events. Some corporations face organizational rigidities and are unable to react to market changes; in this case, the NPV approach is appropriate. # Practically, the business must be positioned such that it has appropriate information flow, and opportunities to act.

Instead, the authors claim that EPL does affect two other variables: job flows and unemployment duration. EPL would reduce job flows (from employment to unemployment: employers are less willing to fire, given that they must pay indemnizations to workers) therefore reducing unemployment but would increase unemployment duration, increasing the unemployment rate. These two effects would neutralize each other, explaining why overall, EPL has no effect on unemployment. Nickell (1997)Nickell, Stephen (1997): Unemployment and Labor Market Rigidities: Europe versus North America.

Due to the mythological rigidities, the modification of the pujas and festivals were not possible, but after long and hard persuasions the Dree was selected for modified celebration at a centralised location without affecting its traditional identity. Earlier, each village had its own choice of dates for commencement of the Dree. As per the modified programme, the date of centralised celebration was fixed on 5 to 7 July every year. Therefore, the village level traditional ritual performance takes place on the eve of the general celebration, i.e.

In the early 1990s, economists began to combine the elements of new Keynesian economics developed in the 1980s and earlier with Real Business Cycle Theory. RBC models were dynamic but assumed perfect competition; new Keynesian models were primarily static but based on imperfect competition. The New neoclassical synthesis essentially combined the dynamic aspects of RBC with imperfect competition and nominal rigidities of new Keynesian models. Tack Yun was one of the first to do this, in a model which used the Calvo pricing model.

In the case of a supply shock, while the weighted average inflation is at optimum levels, the inflation levels of the nations hit by such a shock may be far from optimum. In such a scenario, given that the degrees of price rigidity in all the nations are equal, the fiscal policies would achieve the dual goal of attaining optimum public spending and maintaining the natural levels of terms of trade only when the shocks hitting the nations under the union are perfectly correlated; otherwise either of the objectives is achieved at the cost of other as monetary policies fail to influence the terms of trade. But in case of varying degrees of price rigidities amongst the nations, the terms of trade are no longer insulated from monetary policies. This is so because the monetary policies would be directed towards keeping the inflation of the nations with a higher degree of price rigidities at optimum levels so as to reduce their terms of trade losses and the fiscal policies of the rest of the countries would assume a relatively effective role in stabilizing the national inflation as the price levels would respond to the change in public spendings.

A problem that may result from narrowly defining the knowledge stocks to be measured is that of reification and institutionalisation of such stock. Identifying a set of importance may over- emphasise the real strategic value of the set, especially in times of strategical change. When knowledge stocks are identified and attention given to them their importance may be rectified by those within the firm and results in the development of core rigidities, or strategic commitment, which may stagnate potentially revitalising innovation. Leonard-Barton identified knowledge as one of the most difficult to change.

If these institutional features involve permanent mismatches in the labor market or real wage rigidities, the natural rate of unemployment may feature involuntary unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment is a combination of frictional and structural unemployment that persists in an efficient, expanding economy when labor and resource markets are in equilibrium. Occurrence of disturbances (e.g., cyclical shifts in investment sentiments) will cause actual unemployment to continuously deviate from the natural rate, and be partly determined by aggregate demand factors as under a Keynesian view of output determination.

YAP activation and nuclear translocation via stiffness activated pFAK) \- are required in order to exhibit high traction and tugging traction across a wide range of ECM rigidities. Furthermore, a reduction in focal adhesion tension by transferring cells to softer ECM or by inhibiting ROCK results in focal adhesion switching from stable to tugging states. Thus, rigidity mechanosensing allows a cell to sample matrix stiffness at the resolution of focal adhesion spacing within a cell (≈1-5μm). The integration of biochemical and mechanical cues may allow fine-tuning of cell migration.

It is a common observation that tumors are stiffer than the surrounding tissue, and even serves as the basis for breast cancer self- examination. In fact, breast cancer tissue has been reported to be as much as ten times stiffer than normal tissue. Furthermore, a growing and metastasizing tumor involves the cooperation of many different cell types, like fibroblasts and endothelial cells, that possess different rigidities and could result in local stiffness gradients that guide cell migration. There is increasing evidence that durotaxis plays a role in cancer metastasis.

American Economic Review 2000 Yashiv's work blends theory of the labour market with data on firms and workers. His work informs other parts of macroeconomics, especially tying asset pricing to the labour market. Within this line of work, in joint work with Renato Faccini (dated 2020), the authors study hiring as a costly activity reflecting firms' investment in their workforce. Because it generates disruption to production, cyclical fluctuations in the value of output, induced by the presence of price rigidities, have consequences for the optimal intertemporal allocation of hiring activities over the cycle.

After the Reformation, the rigidities of Catholic marriage began to fall away, and the institution became more secularised, as other systems of marriage were introduced. The province of Holland seems to have been the first European jurisdiction to permit civil marriages. This impact of this on South African law may be gauged from the fact that the country's common law is based primarily on Roman-Dutch law. The basic premises of the Political Ordinance of 1580 still form the basis for the contemporary South African law of marriage,Robinson et al 26.

Some writers of Victorian literature produced works of realism. The rigidities, conventions, and other limitations of "bourgeois realism" prompted in their turn the revolt later labeled as modernism; starting around 1900, the driving motive of modernist literature was the criticism of the 19th-century bourgeois social order and world view, which was countered with an antirationalist, antirealist and antibourgeois program.John Barth (1979) The Literature of Replenishment, later republished in The Friday Book (1984).Gerald Graff (1975) Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction, TriQuarterly, No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp.

When the post-war baby boom children grew up, they led the revolt in the 1960s against all rigidities in Dutch life. The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural change, such as rapid de- pillarization leading to the erosion of the old divisions along class and religious lines.Christopher G. A. Bryant, "Depillarisation in the Netherlands," British Journal of Sociology (1981) 32#1 pp. 56–74 in JSTOR A youth culture emerged all across Western Europe and the United States, characterised by student rebellion, informality, sexual freedom, informal clothes, new hairstyles, protest music, drugs and idealism.

It is related that Zainab already forecast the journey (journey to Karbala) before her marriage and permission for accompanying with her brother was obtained during marriage negotiations. With regard to Absent of Abdullah in battle of Karbala, it is said it was due to his poor eye sighting consequently he was unable to bear the rigidities of journey and war. Knowing Hussain’s journey to Kufa, Zainab, the wife of Abdullah ibn Jaffar begged her husband’s permission to accompany her brother. Realizing anxiousness of her husband she stated that: Abdullah then granted his permission and sent their two sons for the destined journey.

During the decades of the 60s and the 70s, India nationalised most of its banks. This culminated with the balance of payments crisis of the Indian economy where India had to airlift gold to International Monetary Fund (IMF) to loan money to meet its financial obligations. This event called into question the previous banking policies of India and triggered the era of economic liberalisation in India in 1991. Given that rigidities and weaknesses had made serious inroads into the Indian banking system by the late 1980s, the Government of India (GOI), post-crisis, took several steps to remodel the country's financial system.

Ball L. and Romer D (1990). Real Rigidities and the Non- neutrality of Money, Review of Economic Studies, volume 57, pages: 183-203 This is a property that markups do not get squeezed by large adjustment in factor prices (such as wages) that could occur in response to the monetary shock. Modern New Keynesian models address this issue by assuming that the labor market is segmented, so that the expansion in employment by a given firm does not lead to lower profits for the other firms.Michael Woodford (2003), Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy.

Morocco has made great progress toward fiscal consolidation in recent years, under the combined effect of a strong revenue performance and efforts to tackle expenditure rigidities, notably the wage bill. The overall fiscal deficit shrank by more than 4 percentage points of GDP during the last four years, bringing the budget close to balance in 2007. However, the overall deficit is projected to widen to 3.5 percent of GDP in 2008, driven by the upward surge in the fiscal cost of Morocco's universal subsidy scheme following the sharp increase in world commodity and oil prices. Fiscal policy decisions so far have been mostly discretionary, as there is no explicit goal for fiscal policy.

In economics, divine coincidence refers to the property of New Keynesian models that there is no trade-off between the stabilization of inflation and the stabilization of the welfare-relevant output gap (the gap between actual output and efficient output) for central banks. This property is attributed to a feature of the model, namely the absence of real imperfections such as real wage rigidities. Conversely, if New Keynesian models are extended to account for these real imperfections, divine coincidence disappears and central banks again face a trade-off between inflation and output gap stabilization. The definition of divine coincidence is usually attributed to the seminal article by Olivier Blanchard and Jordi Galí in 2007.

1 - 14. 10.1504/IJESB.2013.050749. are an associate professor specializing in entrepreneurship and a student of business studies respectively from the Frank & Marshall College in the US. Their research interests, besides entrepreneurship, include corruption, social, and environmental issues. They noted that in countries where there is low trust in state institutions such as Vietnam, recruiting family members and close acquaintances into new business ventures was a way of getting a compliant pool of staff who would support the company founder's corrupt practices, such as using grease money to remove bureaucratic rigidities. Recruitment of family members ensures that the benefits that the company reaps also stays within the family, where they can then continue to build on that wealth.

By the middle of the 19th century strong resistance developed to the rigidities of the common law forms of pleading brought over from England, whose monarchical forms often conflicted with U.S. republican law that made the people the sovereign. New York State was the first to adopt a codification of legal forms and procedures, called the Field Code from its principal author, David Dudley Field II. Within a few years, most but not all other states adopted similar codes. One of the reforms made was to unite courts of law and equity. The reforms made it easier to get a case started without loading most of the argument and proof at the outset, and made discovery more important during the course of the case.

In 1843 there was a plague of locusts where whole villages were depopulated. Even the sequestered army was a strain enough for a population unaccustomed to the rigidities of the conscription service. Florence Nightingale, the famous British nurse, recounts in her letters from Egypt written in 1849–50, that many an Egyptian family thought it be enough to "protect" their children from the inhumanities of the military service by blinding them in one eye or rendering them unfit by cutting off their limb. But Muhammad Ali was not to be confounded by such tricks of bodily non- compliance, and with that view he set up a special corps of disabled musketeers declaring that one can shoot well enough even with one eye.

With indexation, prices are automatically updated in response to lagged inflation (at least to some degree), which gives rise to the hybrid new Keyensian Phillips curve. The Calvo probability refers to the firm being able to choose the price it sets that period (which happens with probability h) or to have the price rise by indexation (which happens with probability (1-h). The Calvo model with indexation is adopted by many new Keynesian researchersErceg J, Henerson D, Levin A (2000), Optimal monetary policy with staggered wage and price contracts, Journal of Monetary Economics, volume 46, pages 281-313.Christiano L, Eichenbaum M, Evans C (2005), "Nominal Rigidities and the Dynamic Effects of a Shock to Monetary Policy", Journal of Political Economy, 113, 1-45.

The key prerequisite for IUT is Mochizuki's mono-anabelian geometry and its powerful reconstruction results, which allows to retrieve various scheme- theoretic objects associated to an hyperbolic curve over a number field from the knowledge of its fundamental group, or of certain Galois groups. IUT applies algorithmic results of mono-anabelian geometry to reconstruct relevant schemes after applying arithmetic deformations to them; a key role is played by three rigidities established in Mochizuki's etale theta theory. Roughly speaking, arithmetic deformations change the multiplication of a given ring, and the task is to measure how much the addition is changed. Infrastructure for deformation procedures is decoded by certain links between so called Hodge theaters, such as a theta-link and a log-link.

An intuitive explanation of that surprising result is this: if some prices are fixed and the remaining are flexible, the level of the latter prices relative to the former introduces a degree of freedom that accounts for the multiplicity of equilibria; globally, less rationing is associated with a higher price level; the multiplicity of equilibria thus formalises a trade-off between inflation and unemployment, comparable to a Phillips curve. In this analysis, the continuum is interpreted as reflecting co-ordination failures, not short-run price dynamics à la Phillips. The fact that price-wage rigidities can sustain co-ordination failures adds a new twist to explanations of involuntary unemployment. At the same time, multiple equilibria create problems for the definition of expectations, and introduce a new dimension of uncertainty.

At the hospital, Will is confronted by the sight of Tabby covered in bruises and bandages, hooked up to a bank of monitors and medical equipment. He welcomes attempts by Mi Su and BT to comfort him, but it's only when his mother tells him surprising truths about Tabby's feelings for him that Will comes to realize how much his irritating little sister actually cares for him - and how much he, in turn, cares about her. As the result of these (and other) realizations, Will begins to let go of many of the beliefs, values, and rigidities he has come to believe about his life, and also begins to accept life's unpredictability. He returns to the hospital, and is with Tabby holding her hand as she comes out of her coma.

Instead of looking for rigidities in the labor market, new Keynesians shifted their attention to the goods market and the sticky prices that resulted from "menu cost" models of price change. The term refers to the literal cost to a restaurant of printing new menus when it wants to change prices; however, economists also use it to refer to more general costs associated with changing prices, including the expense of evaluating whether to make the change. Since firms must spend money to change prices, they do not always adjust them to the point where markets clear, and this lack of price adjustments can explain why the economy may be in disequilibrium. Studies using data from the United States Consumer Price Index confirmed that prices do tend to be sticky.

Daniel's role as KGB assassin means that instead of seeking vengeance for his father's death he is ultimately protecting Cavendish's cover, therefore betraying his father. Political disillusionment is another key theme; the consequences of an individual's cynicism towards an established social order leading them to more prescriptive ideologies. Cavendish reveals to Daniel that he was drawn to the communist fervor at Cambridge in the 1930s as a means of escaping the rigidities of his traditional upper-class English background, only to find himself tarnished by his association with Sovietism. When Christabel attempts to reassure him that their way of life is safe following Thatcher's victory at the general election, Cavendish tells her: > There isn't any sort of England someone of my generation would think he had > inherited [...] Take away the pudding and the baked jam roll and the custard > and there isn't very much left.

This will especially take place in the last generation of the messiah, when "even young children will know the secrets of the Torah". This mystical prediction corresponds to the early advent of modernist secular thought from 1740s-1840s on, that broke the conventions, rigidities and limits of early modern thought. Among new ideas since then, some are overtly compatible with traditional Kabbalistic mysticism, some are compatible with extending non-fundamentalist Neo-Kabbalistic views of Revelation, some await deeper clarification of their divine unity with Torah. Among new ideas that overtly lend themselves to unity with Kabbalistic ideas, examples include Hegelian dialectics (early 1800s), Quantum mechanics (early 1900s), Freudian and Jungian depth psychology (early 1900s), postmodern Deconstruction (late 1900s), String theory (late 1900s). Biological Evolution (developed since the 1860s from the foundations of Darwin and Mendel), while providing the basis of contemporary New Atheism, has been studied as potentially valid "fallen" aspects of Divinity by the traditional Kabbalist Yitzchak Ginsburgh.

The Awakening of the Fairy Queen Titania In his essay "Preposterous Pleasures: Queer Theories and A Midsummer Night's Dream", Douglas E. Green explores possible interpretations of alternative sexuality that he finds within the text of the play, in juxtaposition to the proscribed social mores of the culture at the time the play was written. He writes that his essay "does not (seek to) rewrite A Midsummer Night's Dream as a gay play but rather explores some of its 'homoerotic significations' ... moments of 'queer' disruption and eruption in this Shakespearean comedy." Green does not consider Shakespeare to have been a "sexual radical", but that the play represented a "topsy-turvy world" or "temporary holiday" that mediates or negotiates the "discontents of civilisation", which while resolved neatly in the story's conclusion, do not resolve so neatly in real life. Green writes that the "sodomitical elements", "homoeroticism", "lesbianism", and even "compulsory heterosexuality"—the first hint of which may be Oberon's obsession with Titania's changeling ward—in the story must be considered in the context of the "culture of early modern England" as a commentary on the "aesthetic rigidities of comic form and political ideologies of the prevailing order".