"Shield is a reverse proxy," project lead George Conard explains.
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They provide, among other products, a "reverse proxy" service that masks the true IP address of websites, making websites more like ghosts; no one, including law enforcement, will be able to reach them directly unless they want to be reached.
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A reverse proxy commonly also performs tasks such as load-balancing, authentication, decryption and caching.
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Although the names for operating mode may differ, WAFs are basically deployed inline in three different ways. According to NSS Labs, deployment options are transparent bridge, transparent reverse proxy, and reverse proxy. 'Transparent' refers to the fact that the HTTP traffic is sent straight to the web application, therefore the WAF is transparent between the client and server. This is in contrast to reverse proxy, where the WAF acts as a proxy and the client’s traffic is sent directly to the WAF.
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Even if the web service relies upon transport layer security, it might be required for the service to know about the end user, if the service is relayed by a (HTTP-) reverse proxy. A WSS header could be used to convey the end user's token, vouched for by the reverse proxy.
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A reverse proxy taking requests from the Internet and forwarding them to servers in an internal network. Those making requests to the proxy may not be aware of the internal network. In computer networks, a reverse proxy is a type of proxy server that retrieves resources on behalf of a client from one or more servers. These resources are then returned to the client, appearing as if they originated from the server itself.
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Unlike a forward proxy, which is an intermediary for its associated clients to contact any server, a reverse proxy is an intermediary for its associated servers to be contacted by any client. In other words, a proxy is associated with the client(s), while a reverse proxy is associated with the server(s); a reverse proxy is usually an internal-facing proxy used as a 'front-end' to control and protect access to a server on a private network. Quite often, popular web servers use reverse- proxying functionality, shielding application frameworks of weaker HTTP capabilities. In this context, "weaker" means limitations in ability to handle excessive load, and limitation in handling the entire variety of request formats that can adhere to HTTP(S) 1.
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Nginx has supported WebSockets since 2013, implemented in version 1.3.13 including acting as a reverse proxy and load balancer of WebSocket applications. Internet Information Services added support for WebSockets in version 8 which was released with Windows Server 2012.
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Express.js (also referred to as Express) is a modular web application framework package for Node.js. Whilst Express is capable of acting as an internet-facing web server, even supporting SSL/TLS out of the box, it is often used in conjunction with a reverse proxy such as NGINX or Apache for performance reasons.
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Cloudflare, Inc. is an American web-infrastructure and website-security company, providing content-delivery-network services, DDoS mitigation, Internet security, and distributed domain-name-server services. Cloudflare's services sit between a website's visitor and the Cloudflare user's hosting provider, acting as a reverse proxy for websites. Cloudflare's headquarters are in San Francisco.
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In March 2015, Kemp launched a free version of LoadMaster software called Free LoadMaster, which is a fully featured load balancer that shares most of the commercial product's features, including full layer 4 to layer 7 load balancing, reverse proxy, web content caching and compression, a non- commercial WAF (Web Application Firewall) and up to 20Mbps.
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Kaspersky Technical Support website [search "dial up" slow] July 17, 2015 Many newer websites also now assume broadband speeds as the norm and when confronted with slower dial-up speeds may drop (timeout) these slower connections to free up communication resources. On websites that are designed to be more dial-up friendly, use of a reverse proxy prevents dial-ups from being dropped as often but can introduce long wait periods for dial-up users caused by the buffering used by a reverse proxy to bridge the different data rates. Despite the rapid decline, dial-up Internet still does exist in aforementioned rural areas, or many area of developing and underdeveloped nations. It is also important to note, dial-up does serve as an alternate in areas, where broadband Internet is not viable.
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Other features commonly found in most ADCs include IP Traffic Optimization, Traffic Chaining/Steering, SSL offload, Web Application Firewall, CGNAT, DNS System, and proxy/reverse proxy to name a few. They also tend to offer more advanced features such as content redirection as well as server health monitoring. In the context of Telco Infrastructure, ADC could provide services for Gi-LAN area.
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Perlbal is a Perl-based reverse proxy load balancer and web server. Perlbal is maintained by a group connected to Danga Interactive. The program is in common use by large web sites to distribute the load over a number of servers. Like Perl, Perlbal is distributed under both the GNU General Public License and the Artistic License and is thus free software.
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Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway (UAG) was a software suite that provides secure remote access to corporate networks for remote employees and business partners. Its services include reverse proxy, virtual private network (VPN), DirectAccess and Remote Desktop Services. UAG was released in 2010, and is the successor for Microsoft Intelligent Application Gateway (IAG) which was released in 2007. UAG is part of the Microsoft Forefront offering.
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Cloudflare's reverse proxy service expands the 5xx series of errors space to signal issues with the origin server. ;520 Web Server Returned an Unknown Error :The origin server returned an empty, unknown, or unexplained response to Cloudflare. ;521 Web Server Is Down :The origin server has refused the connection from Cloudflare. ;522 Connection Timed Out :Cloudflare could not negotiate a TCP handshake with the origin server.
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Cherokee is an open-source cross-platform web server that runs on Linux, BSD variants, Solaris, , and Windows. It is a lightweight, high-performance web server/reverse proxy licensed under the GNU General Public License. Its goal is to be fast and fully functional yet still light. Major features of Cherokee include a graphical administration interface named cherokee-admin, and a modular light-weight design.
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GoAnywhere Gateway was released in 2010 as an enhanced reverse proxy to protect the DMZ and help organizations meet strict compliance requirements. GoAnywhere Gateway was enhanced in 2011 to provide forward proxy functions. Linoma Software also performs encryption of data at rest on the IBM i (iSeries) platform with its Crypto Complete product. This product also includes key management, security controls and audit trails for PCI compliance.
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Edge-Side template and inclusion systems. "Edge-side" refers to web servers that reside in the space between the client (browser) and the originating server. They are often referred to as "reverse-proxy" servers. These servers are generally tasked with reducing the load and traffic on originating servers by caching content such as images and page fragments, and delivering this to the browser in an efficient manner.
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On 22 December 2014, a website was resumed at the domain thepiratebay.se, showing a flip clock with the length of time in days and hours that the site had been offline, and a waving pirate flag. From this day TPB was hosted for a period in Moldova, on Trabia Network (Moldo-German company) servers. The Pirate Bay then began using the services of CloudFlare, a company which offers reverse proxy services.
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They later began using the reverse proxy service CloudFlare to help mitigate these attacks, reducing downtime for the exchange. The BTC-e website went offline on 25 July 2017, following the arrest of BTC-e staff members and the seizure of server equipment at one of their data centres. These events led to the closure of the BTC-e service. On 28 July 2017, US authorities seized the BTC-e.
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Sitting in between the client and the database, RESTHeart also provides gateway services, such as Authentication and Authorization, data Transformation and Validation. Starting from version 4.0, RESTHeart is split in two modules clued together in a micro-service architecture in order to minimize code complexit: restheart-core that handles the REST API and restheart-security that is responsible of enforcing the security policy acting as a reverse proxy for restheart-core.
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Google initially announced Project Shield at their Ideas Conference on October 21, 2013. The service was initially only offered to trusted testers, but on February 25, 2016, Google opened up the service to any qualifying website a Google-owned reverse proxy that identifies and filters malicious traffic. In May 2018, Jigsaw announced that it would start offering free protection from distributed denial of service attacks to US political campaigns, candidates, and political action committees.
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GoAnywhere Gateway provides an additional layer of network security by masquerading server identities when exchanging data with trading partners. The application does not store user credentials or data in the DMZ / local network. When using a reverse proxy, inbound ports do not need to be opened into the private network, which is essential for compliance with PCI DSS,PCI DSS 1.3 HIPAA, HITECH, SOX, GLBA and state privacy laws. The current version is 2.0.1.
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A reverse proxy is used by the application for the file-sharing services (for example, FTP/S, SFTP, HTTP/S servers) it front-ends in the DMZ. GoAnywhere Gateway's service broker binds file transfer requests to the appropriate service in the private network through a secure control channel. GoAnywhere Gateway makes connections to external systems on behalf of users and applications in the private network. Routing outbound requests through a centralized point helps manage file transfers through a firewall.
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The Intellisync Mobile Suite software was designed for corporations and wireless carriers. It included four modules, that can be installed independently or in any combination: wireless email, systems/device management, file sync and application sync. A specific application reverse proxy was sold as Intellisync Secure Gateway, for more secure firewall configuration. The intent is to provide database synchronization with the company's application sync product; email and PIM synchronization with wireless email, and mobile device management and static file distribution with device management/file sync.
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A proxy server may reside on the user's local computer, or at any point between the user's computer and destination servers on the Internet. A proxy server that passes unmodified requests and responses is usually called a gateway or sometimes a tunneling proxy. A forward proxy is an Internet-facing proxy used to retrieve data from a wide range of sources (in most cases anywhere on the Internet). A reverse proxy is usually an internal-facing proxy used as a front-end to control and protect access to a server on a private network.
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In recent decades many organizations rely on managing database services in public clouds such as Amazon Web Services, Oracle Cloud, Google Cloud Platform or Microsoft Azure to organize their data. Such approaches have their own limitations on what users can do with managing the security of their sensitive data. For instance, hardware security appliances or agents running on the database servers are no longer an option. This requires innovative ways to secure data and databases such as using a reverse proxy sitting in between clients / applications and database servers.
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The service was initially only offered to trusted testers, but on February 25, 2016, Google opened up the service to any qualifying website. The service works by having the website use Google's IP's, and traffic is routed through a Google-owned reverse proxy that identifies and filters malicious traffic. Project Shield provides news, human rights, and election monitoring sites with protection from DDoS cyber-attacks by a system of caching (storing the data from the protected website to reduce load on the site). It also filters traffic to thwart DDoS attacks.
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A simple schematic of a reverse proxy—one of the primary functions of Cloudflare. In effects, Cloudbleed is similar to the 2014 Heartbleed bug in allowing unauthorized third parties to access data in the memory of programs running on web servers, including data shielded by TLS. The extent of Cloudbleed also could have impacted as many users as Heartbleed since it affected a security and content delivery service used by close to 2 million websites. Tavis Ormandy, first to discover the vulnerability, immediately drew a comparison to Heartbleed, saying "it took every ounce of strength not to call this issue 'cloudbleed'" in his report.
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Cloudflare was created in 2009 by Matthew Prince, Lee Holloway, and Michelle Zatlyn. It received media attention in June 2011 for providing security services to the website of LulzSec, a black hat hacking group. Cloudflare acts as a reverse proxy for web traffic. Cloudflare supports web protocols, including SPDY and HTTP/2. In addition to this, Cloudflare offers support for HTTP/2 Server Push. From 2009, the company was venture-capital funded. On August 15, 2019, Cloudflare submitted its S-1 filing for IPO on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock ticker NET. It opened for public trading on September 13, 2019, priced at $15 per share.
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1 version of the product, as well as a free edition of VNS3 in Amazon Web Services. VNS3 was recognized in the 6th Annual International Datacenters Awards as the winner of the Public Cloud Services & Infrastructure award In early 2014 VNS3 3.5 was released with major software updates and a new integration with Docker Docker's open-source virtualization platform added the ability to run other networking applications as containers inside VNS3 virtual machines. Users can create an overlay network "as a substrate for layer 4-7 network application services – things like proxy, reverse proxy, SSL termination, content caching and network intrusion detection" William Fellows writes.
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Clients of Netskope log into the software via a web browser interface where they can access reports and analytics on cloud, cloud usage, compliance, and set policies to control and secure specific usage behavior or alert an administrator. Netskope offers different deployment options for traffic steering for analysis and policy control. These include log ingestion, API connectors, an agent-less forward proxy, reverse proxy, as well as a thin client (“agent”) and profile for remote users on PCs or mobile devices, and GRE and IPsec tunneling. Netskope can enforce policies including data loss prevention (DLP), anti-malware, encryption, access control, and incident management services on the cloud and web traffic it inspects. The platform includes a cloud-native solution named a Next Generation Secure Web Gateway – unifying Netskope’s original CASB inline technology with inline web gateway, advanced threat protection and data loss prevention services.
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The most computationally expensive part of a TLS session is the TLS handshake, where the TLS server (usually a webserver) and the TLS client (usually a web browser) agree on a number of parameters that establish the security of the connection. During the TLS handshake the server and the client establish session keys (symmetric keys, used for the duration of a given session), but the encryption and signature of the TLS handshake messages itself is done using asymmetric keys, which requires more computational power than the symmetric cryptography used for the encryption/decryption of the session data. Typically a hardware TLS accelerator will offload processing of the TLS handshake while leaving it to the server software to process the less intense symmetric cryptography of the actual TLS data exchange, but some accelerators handle all TLS operations and terminate the TLS connection, thus leaving the server seeing only decrypted connections. Sometimes data centers employ dedicated servers for TLS acceleration in a reverse proxy configuration.
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