How to use retrogradely in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "retrogradely" and check conjugation/comparative form for "retrogradely". Mastering all the usages of "retrogradely" from sentence examples published by news publications.
The rabies virus reaches the central nervous system by retrograde axoplasmic flow. The tetanus neurotoxin is internalised at the neuromuscular junction through binding the nidogen proteins and is retrogradely transported towards the soma in signaling endosomes. Neurotropic viruses, such the herpesviruses, travel inside axons using cellular transport machinery, as has been shown in work by Elaine Bearer's group. Other infectious agents are also suspected of using axonal transport.
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His laboratory discovered the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in the PPC and established its role in eye movements.Andersen RA, Asanuma C, Cowan WM (1985) Callosal and prefrontal associational projecting cell populations in area 7a of the macaque monkey: A study using retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes. J Comp Neurol 232:443–455 He also discovered the parietal reach region, an area involved in forming early reach plans.Snyder LH, Batista AP, Andersen RA (1997) Coding of intention in the posterior parietal cortex.
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Axonal transport methods use a variety of dyes (horseradish peroxidase variants, fluorescent or radioactive markers, lectins, dextrans) that are more or less avidly absorbed by neurons or their processes. These molecules are selectively transported anterogradely (from soma to axon terminals) or retrogradely (from axon terminals to soma), thus providing evidence of primary and collateral connections in the brain. These 'physiologic' methods (because properties of living, unlesioned cells are used) can be combined with other procedures, and have essentially superseded the earlier procedures studying degeneration of lesioned neurons or axons. Detailed synaptic connections can be determined by correlative electron microscopy.
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There is also a group of tracers that consist of protein products that can be taken up by the cell and transported across the synapse into the next cell. Wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin are the most well known tracers, however they are not strict anterograde tracers: especially WGA is known to be transported anterogradely as well as retrogradely. WGA enters the cell by binding to Oligosaccharides, and is then taken up via endocytosis via a caveolae-dependent pathway. Other anterograde tracers widely used in neuroanatomy are the biotinylated dextran amines (BDA), also used in retrograde tracing.
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According to a study by McKenna and Vertes, around 8–12% of cells of the MnR were retrogradely double-labeled after paired injections in the Medial septum CA1 region, Medial Septum CA3 region, Medial Septum Dentate Gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus, the lateral Medial Septum Dentate Gyrus, and the Medial Septum ventral hippocampus. These cells of the MnR that send collateral projections to the Medial Septum and hippocampus may serve a unique role in modulation of desynchronization of hippocampus EEG. Also, the MnR has significantly more single- and double-labeled cells after paired injections to the various Medial Septum and hippocampus regions than in DnR which demonstrate that MnR has more stronger projections to the Medial Septum and hippocampus than the DnR. MnR fibers are course and large with spherical varicosities. Neurotoxic 5-HT-releasing agents selectively destroy DnR projection fibers without affecting the dense coarse fibers from the MnR.
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