Since 2014, retirement pensions have risen by a below-inflation 0.25 percent per year.
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Signalling he would resign if not elected, Skvernelis has pledged to raise retirement pensions by the middle of next year.
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How many people realize the private sector established benefits such as paid vacations, free health care and retirement pensions long before government did?
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Over time, it came to be seen as one leg of a "three-legged stool of retirement" (pensions and savings were the others).
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Democrats in both chambers unveiled legislation on Thursday designed to protect workers whose retirement pensions are threatened with deep cuts in the coming years.
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The revised fiscal plan for Puerto Rico's central government covers a reduced time frame of five years and allocates nothing to creditors, while guaranteeing retirement pensions.
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The research is based on 2014 data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Social Security Administration Supplement on Retirement, Pensions and Related Content.
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"L&G can benefit from structural trends in retirement (pensions de-risking), asset management (shift from active to passive) and increased infrastructure spend," they said in a note.
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The research is based on data from the 2014 Survey of Income and Program Participation and the 2014 Social Security Administration Supplement on Retirement, Pensions and Related Content.
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They passed universal retirement pensions, created the National Health Service, nationalized a fifth of the economy, and implemented a Keynesian economic policy that led to unemployment rarely exceeding 2 percent.
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Being paid less than men means women have smaller retirement pensions, and, in some places, widows are left with no funds for aging or not allowed to inherit their husband's property.
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He has doubled retirement pensions, granted stipends to unemployed youth, paid a princely sum to cancel a new airport project launched by his predecessor, and vowed to build a new oil refinery.
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Image 2 of 0003 MOSCOW – Three Russian opposition leaders were detained by police minutes after a demonstration to protest a government plan to raise the age for receiving state retirement pensions ended Sunday.
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Throughout these gatherings, Schwartz has called on leaders to encourage 2500 candidates to focus on key economic initiatives such as improving the nation's crumbling infrastructure, bettering retirement pensions, education reform and economic equality for all.
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It approved 10 billion euros a year of tax relief for families in June and on Tuesday agreed measures to stabilize the level of retirement pensions and reduce workers' contributions to the unemployment insurance system.
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The addition of GIC, which follows a further $300 million investment in the project by Abu Dhabi's Retirement Pensions and Benefits Fund (ADRPBF) in April, brings the combined lease-based investment by the investors to $1903 billion.
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MADRID (Reuters) - Spain's government has reached a preliminary deal to raise retirement pensions in line with inflation, suggesting its new Socialist leaders may take a less restrictive approach to spending after years of austerity under their predecessors.
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That will be the response of many Americans to the Chicago Teachers Union April 1 strike, which is motivated in part by the state of Illinois and city of Chicago suggesting that the teachers should contribute more to their retirement pensions.
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The approved fiscal plan includes cuts in retirement pensions and Medicaid benefits, as well as public-sector employee payroll and transfers to the University of Puerto Rico, in addition to increasing property taxes and charging sales tax to internet transactions.
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DUBAI, April 14 (Reuters) - Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) said on Sunday that Abu Dhabi Retirement Pensions and Benefits Fund (ADRPBF) has signed a deal to invest in a pipeline infrastructure entity that ADNOC is setting up with BlackRock and KKR.
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But at bottom, the Gilets jaunes have steadily pointed out valid concerns and suggested reforms that deserve a full hearing — like raising the lowest incomes and the minimum wage, reinforcing state services in disaffected areas, adjusting retirement pensions to inflation and introducing some forms of popular referendum.
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In 2009, he was appointed chairman of Abu Dhabi Retirement Pensions and Benefits Fund. He is the chairman of Abu Dhabi department of finance while acting chairman is Hamad Al Hurr Al Suwaidi.
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X, New York, 1904 From that time until 1885 there were no retirement pensions for either commissioned officers or enlisted personnel. Finally, in 1885, retirement plans were provided for enlisted Army and enlisted Marines.Act of 14 Feb.
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Andrejeva v. Latvia (55707/00) was a case decided by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in 2009. It concerned ex parte proceedings and discrimination in calculating retirement pensions for non-citizens of Latvia.
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1885 (23 Statue 305) Navy enlisted had to wait until 1899 for a retirement pension.Act of 3 Mar. 1899 (30 Statue 1004) The absence of retirement pensions drove efforts to establish homes for the disabled and decrepit soldiers and sailors.
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The net assets of the Defined Benefit plan, valued at $265.8 million as of September 30, 2017, are invested by the Michigan Department of Treasury, Bureau of Investments. In fiscal year 2017, the System paid Defined Benefit plan retirement pensions totaling $23.7 million.
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Pensions in Romania come in several varieties. Old-age pensions (pensie pentru limită de vârstă) are granted to people who have reached the standard retirement age and have completed the minimum period of contribution to the public pension system. Early retirement pensions (pensie anticipată) may be granted, up to 5 years before the standard retirement age, to persons who have completed a contribution period that is at least 8 years longer than the full contribution period. Partial early retirement pensions (pensie anticipată parțială) may be granted, up to 5 years before the standard retirement age, to persons who have completed the full contribution period, and persons who have exceeded the full contribution period by up to 8 years.
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In a 20-minute audio on social networking sites, she said that everyone is Xi's slave, and there is no human rights and rule of law, She suggested that Xi should retire. On August 17, 2020, Cai Xia was expelled from the CCP's Central Party School and her retirement pensions were cancelled.
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His arrest and confession was shown on local television, and he admitted that he had been responsible for the protests. The company has since gone into liquidation. Many of the investors have lost their family's life savings or their retirement pensions; several have committed suicide. One man set fire to himself in Tiananmen Square.
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She also chaired Ballettens Private Pensionskasse, contributing to the funding of retirement pensions for elderly dancers. In 2002, she moved to San Jose, California, where she was appointed school director of the Ballet San Jose until she established her own school, Lise la Cour's LaCademy of Ballet, in 2012. She died in San Jose on 13 August 2016.
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Based on Bismarck's message, the Reichstag filed three bills designed to deal with the concept of accident insurance and one for health insurance, although other bills were passed after Bismarck left office. Retirement pensions and disability insurance were placed on the back burner for the time being.Holborn, Hajo (1969). A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945.
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During the Speaker's term, teacher benefit reforms were also accomplished.Eggert, Dave (June 14, 2012). Tentative deal reached on big changes in Michigan's teacher retirement system MLive.com. The legislation, which is described as the biggest change in the state's teacher retirement system in a generation, allows school districts to allocate less towards retirement pensions and more towards students.
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In July 2013, Abdul-Mahdi announced his decision to give up his retirement pensions as a former vice president. On 2 October 2018, Iraqi president Barham Salih selected Abdul-Mahdi to be the Prime Minister of Iraq. Mahdi had 30 days to form a new government. On 25 October 2018, Abdul Mahdi was sworn into office, five months after the 2018 elections.
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However, suspicions later fell on them of being Titoist agents. A large number were deported to Bulgaria in 1961. A 1985 agreement between the governments of Poland and Greece that enabled Greek refugees to receive retirement pensions at home, led to emigration back to Greece. The refugees belonged to different ethnicities, including half reportedly of Macedonian ethnicity and speaking the Macedonian language.
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However, there was no money for investment to modernise these industries, and there was no effort made to turn control over to union members. The Attlee government greatly expanded the welfare state, with the National Health Service Act 1946, which nationalised the hospitals and provided for free universal healthcare. The National Insurance Act 1946 provided sickness and unemployment benefits for adults, plus retirement pensions.
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Texas Press: "1918–19 Harry Koch Quanah Tribune Chief" 17 December 2008 He was also a founding shareholder of the Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway. Koch used his newspaper to promote this railroad as well as his libertarian political ideas. During the depression, he fiercely opposed Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and wrote opinion pieces against trade unions, retirement pensions, and the regulation of banks.
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Around 17 of the 43 police forces in England and Wales began to implement the guidance from the circular when conducting reviews of police injury pensions. Doubts were raised concerning the validity of the Home Office guidance by The National Association of Retired Police Officers (NARPO) and other organisations and individuals. In 2005 134 Members of Parliament signed early day motion no. 1102 - Police Injury Retirement Pensions.
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At the time of his death there was only one dirham in the Baitulmaal. The second caliph besides developing the Central Baitulmaal also opened Baitulmaal at state and headquarters levels. He also carried census during his caliphate; and provisioned salaries to Government employees, stipend to poor and needy people along with social security to unemployed and retirement pensions. The concept of a public financial institution played a historic role in the Islamic economy.
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David M. Kennedy, Freedom From Fear, The American People in Depression and War 1929–1945, (1999) p. 258, 260 The most important program of 1935, and perhaps of the New Deal itself, was the Social Security Act. It established a permanent system of universal retirement pensions (Social Security), unemployment insurance and welfare benefits for the handicapped and needy children in families without a father present. It established the framework for the U.S. welfare system.
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In 1894, the National Education Association endorsed the standardization of secondary education. Widespread adoption of the 120 hour secondary standard did not occur until the Carnegie Foundation, established in 1906, began to provide retirement pensions (now known as TIAA-CREF) for university professors with the qualification that universities must enforce the 120-hour secondary standard. By 1910, nearly all secondary institutions in the United States used the "Carnegie Unit" as a measure of secondary course work.
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The contributory retirement pension (Pension por Jubilacion Ordinaria) represents the main source of retirement income for approximately 8.75 million pensioners in Spain. In 2010 the average pension was 906 euros per month. Contributory retirement pensions in Spain are the second highest (as % of final salary) in Europe after Greece and amount to approximately 81% of final salary levels. While the social security system collected 80Bn€ in contributions in 2010 it paid out 82 Bn€ in pensions.
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In fiscal year 2017, the system paid retirement pensions totaling $4.8 billion. The system also provides retirees and eligible dependents with comprehensive health, prescription drug, dental, and vision benefits at a cost of $548.2 million, for the year ending September 30, 2017. The Master Health Care Plan is a self-funded plan administered by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. ORS customer education provides Pre-Retirement Information Meetings to members and also provides information to related interest groups.
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Working conditions in the Halifax Naval Yard during the 1775-1820 era included officials who took bribes from workers and widespread nepotism. The laborers endured poor working conditions and limited personal freedoms. However, the laborers were willing to remain there for many years because wages were high and more steady than any alternative. Unlike almost any other jobs the yards paid disability benefits for men injured at work and gave retirement pensions to those who spent their career in the yards.
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The minister of economy Ricardo López Murphy announces a large fiscal austerity plan. He resigned a short time later, because of the protests caused by it. De la Rúa's first Minister of Economy was the progressive José Luis Machinea, who was proposed by Alfonsín and Álvarez. Menem had left a deficit of 5 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) points that Machinea tried to compensate with higher taxes to people with the highest incomes, and a reduction of the highest retirement pensions.
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The Michigan State Police Retirement System provides benefits for enlisted police officers in the State of Michigan and is governed by a ten-member board. As of September 30, 2017, the system serves 1,777 active members, and 3,062 retirees and beneficiaries. The net assets of the State Police Retirement System, valued at $1.5 billion as of September 30, 2017, are invested by the Michigan Department of Treasury, Bureau of Investments. In fiscal year 2017, the system paid retirement pensions totaling $130.2 million.
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The pension scheme in Malta is relatively new due to the nature of having gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. It also has the smallest economy in the eurozone which explains why Malta very recently enacted the Retirement Pensions Act of 2015. Since Malta has been a member of the European Union since May 1, 2004, they are to uphold the values of The European Pillar of Social Rights. Though, ultimately pension policy and the regulation of it is held at the national level.
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Since the nineties various social security institutions of category, managers and some professional orders, have been merged into INPS, with the assumption by the latter of the related debts and savings on administrative costs, deriving from pension management by a single body. Since 1992, reforms had been oriented to contain the social security bubble caused by the generous reforms of the seventies such as baby pensions, retirement pensions and inflated pensions. In 1995 the separated management was introduced, obligatory for autonomous and para-subordinated workers.
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Bismarck's program centred squarely on insurance programs designed to increase productivity, and focus the political attentions of German workers on supporting the Junkers' government. The program included sickness insurance, accident insurance, disability insurance, and a retirement pension, none of which were then in existence to any great degree. Based on Bismarck's message, the Reichstag filed three bills to deal with the concepts of accident and sickness insurance. The subjects of retirement pensions and disability insurance were placed on the back-burner for the time being.
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In accordance with his social orientation, Ludwig Schunk, as far back as in 1940, took the initiative to found a providential fund whose charter-based objectives were to provide voluntary one-time or ongoing support to employees, former employees or their relatives in case of neediness, disability or old age. The providential fund could grant retirement pensions, widow's or orphan's pensions or death grants. Ludwig Schunk did not have any children. His wife, who had collaborated very energetically in building up the company, had died early.
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Retirement plans may be set up by employers, insurance companies, the government, or other institutions such as employer associations or trade unions. Called retirement plans in the United States, they are commonly known as pension schemes in the United Kingdom and Ireland and superannuation plans (or super) in Australia and New Zealand. Retirement pensions are typically in the form of a guaranteed life annuity, thus insuring against the risk of longevity. A pension created by an employer for the benefit of an employee is commonly referred to as an occupational or employer pension.
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Its first president was Giuseppe Bottai, succeeded in 1935 by Bruno Biagi. Subsequent interventions made by Italian lawmakers expanded significantly the purposes of the institute to which were assigned the management of first interventions in benefit of the income already in 1939. In 1944 the institute became the Istituto nazionale della previdenza sociale, a public entity with legal personality and autonomous management. During the period 1968–1972, the Italian State introduced retirement pensions and social pensions for every citizen over 65 years and under a certain income threshold.
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Constituting for 43% of the world total followed by China, UK, France and Russia. as the website newser.com states, "In many cases, the falls or slower increases represent a delayed reaction to the global financial and economic crisis that broke in 2008," wrote the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in a statement. Military spending includes expenses for military and civil personnel, the retirement pensions for army personnel as well as social services, all the military operations and programmes and maintenance of the same, military aid and lastly military research and development.
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The net assets of the Defined Benefit plan, valued at $13.9 billion as of September 30, 2017, are invested by the Michigan Department of Treasury, Bureau of Investments. In fiscal year 2017, the system paid Defined Benefit retirement pensions totaling $1.3 billion. While the State Employees' Retirement System enrolls retirees and beneficiaries for health, prescription drug, dental, and vision benefits for both Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution plan customers, the State of Michigan Civil Service Commission administers the health benefits program. ORS provides customer education through outreach presentations and to related retiree organizations.
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The non-state sector has been creating new jobs but not in sufficient numbers to offset job losses from the state sector. SOEs’ roles were more than employers, they are also responsible for the provision of welfare benefits, like retirement pensions, incentives for medical care, housing and direct subsidies and the like to its employees, as these burdens greatly increased production costs. In 1992, SOE expenses on insurance and welfare took up 35% of the total wages. Therefore, many people not only lost their jobs but also the social benefits and security that they were once so reliant on.
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This included unemployment insurance, which did not appear in the Western world until the 19th century. In the Rashidun Caliphate, whenever citizens were injured or lost their ability to work it became the state's responsibility to make sure that their minimum needs were met, with the unemployed and their families receiving an allowance from the public treasury. Retirement pensions were provided to elderly people, who had retired and could "count on receiving a stipend from the public treasury". Babies who were abandoned were also taken care of, with one hundred dirhams spent annually on each orphan's development.
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From autumn 1966 onwards, part of a widowed mother's pension was not counted as income when the level of income was determined. In 1966–67 the Ministry of Social Security allowed elderly persons to receive supplementary pensions from the same book as retirement pensions, which led to a marked rise in the rate of applications for supplementary pensions. In 1968 the universal family allowance was raised for the first time in a decade. This measure was considered to be redistributive to some degree, "from richer to poorer and from mainly male taxpayers to mothers who received family allowances, a tentative move towards what Roy Jenkins called 'civilised selectivity'".
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In addition, the party's platform, which differs greatly from the platforms of the other major Polish political parties, has managed to find some support among disillusioned secular voters, which don't identify with any political force or even with the left, but instead desire "something new". Ironically, the party also received a considerable boost in support among older voters after the ruling PiS party passed a "degradation law", which cut retirement pensions and disability benefits for thousands of former bureaucrats during the PPR period, whose main income was now directly threatened by the new government policy. This led to an expansion and consolidation of the otherwise shrinking of the Democratic Left Alliance's previously described voting bloc.
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The Institute for the Elderly and Social Services (IMSERSO) is an agency of the Government of Spain responsible for the management of social services that complement the benefits of the Social Security System, disability and retirement pensions, in its non-contributory modalities, as well as the exercise of the powers of the General State Administration in matters relating the elderly and dependent persons. The IMSERSO is categorized as a "Management Entity of the Social Security". Despite the large scope of work covered by the Institute, it is mostly known for its programs related to tourism and social thermalism for elderly. The main tourist destinations organized by IMSERSO are located within Spain, Portugal and Andorra.
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Social welfare in China has undergone various changes throughout history. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security is responsible for the social welfare system. Welfare in China is linked to the hukou system. Those holding non-agricultural hukou status have access to a number of programs provided by the government, such as healthcare, employment, retirement pensions, housing, and education. While rural residents traditionally were expected to provide for themselves,Young, J. (2013). Ch. 2. In China's Hukou System: Markets, Migrants and Institutional Change (pp. 27-64). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. in 2014 the Chinese Communist Party announced reforms aimed at providing rural citizens access to historically urban social programs. Chan, K. W. (2015).
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This included Defence not recognising same-sex spouses, which prevented these couples from receiving the financial entitlements available to opposite-sex couples and could be a barrier to the spouse being treated as their partner's next of kin. The ADF officially recognised same-sex relationships in 2005, and since 1 January 2009 these couples have had the same access to military retirement pensions and superannuation as opposite-sex couples. Transgender personnel have been permitted to serve in the ADF since 2010, and are provided with support when necessary. The ADF has permitted a contingent of gay and lesbian personnel to march together in the Sydney Mardi Gras since 2008, and since 2013 these personnel have been authorised to wear their uniforms during the parade.
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The approach of independence in each territory had fundamental effects on the HMOCS personnel there, depending on the outlook of the emerging local rulers and the stage of general social and economic development. In the case of Ceylon, which became independent as the Dominion of Ceylon in February 1948, the relatively few Colonial Service staff were smoothly replaced by local counterparts, and their retirement pensions continued to be paid as normal. The end of British rule in Palestine in that same year was quite different, with no ordered succession to the colonial officers. By 1960, in the African territories, special compensation schemes were introduced whereby the British Government agreed to finance payments through the territorial governments to HMOCS officers whose career employment would be ended prematurely.
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Among measures recently adopted to balance the economy, Brazil carried out reforms to its social security (state and retirement pensions) and tax systems. These changes brought with them a noteworthy addition: a Law of Fiscal Responsibility which controls public expenditure by the executive branches at federal, state and municipal levels. At the same time, investments were made towards administration efficiency and policies were created to encourage exports, industry and trade, thus creating "windows of opportunity" for local and international investors and producers. With these alterations in place, Brazil has reduced its vulnerability: it doesn't import the oil it consumes; it has halved its domestic debt through exchange rate-linked certificates and has seen exports grow, on average, by 20% a year.
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Members of the Australian Army marching in the 2013 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Sexual orientation and gender identity in the Australian military are no longer considered relevant considerations in the 21st century, with the Australian Defence Force (ADF) allowing LGBT people to serve openly and access the same entitlements as other personnel. The ban on gay and lesbian personnel was lifted by the Keating Government in 1992, with a 2000 study finding no discernible negative impacts on troop morale. In 2009, the First Rudd Government introduced equal entitlements to military retirement pensions and superannuation for the domestic partners of LGBTI personnel. Since 2010, transgender personnel may serve openly and may undergo gender transition with ADF support while continuing their military service.
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Frederiksen responded to the criticism by saying that her opinion on private education had become more nuanced since her remarks in 2005 and that it would have been hypocritical of her to put her own political career ahead of her daughter's best interest. After the 2011 general election which led to a Social Democrats government, Frederiksen served under Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt as Minister of Employment from 2011 to 2014 and Minister of Justice from 2014 until she succeeded her as party leader. As Minister of Employment, she headed for reforms of early retirement pensions, flex jobs and the employment system. Likewise, the controversial cash assistance reform meant lower cash benefits for young unemployed and provided cohabiting mutual support, among other things.
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One issue related to the shift of employment to countries with an overall younger population has to do with the dependency ratio in differing countries. The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force (the dependent part) and those typically in the labor force (the productive part). A high dependency ratio can cause serious problems for a country if a large proportion of a government's expenditure is on health, social security & education, which are most used by the youngest and the oldest in a population. The fewer people of working age, the fewer the people who can support schools, retirement pensions, disability pensions and other assistances to the youngest and oldest members of a population, often considered the most vulnerable members of society.
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The professional model slowly spread other national government agencies, and included distinct specified scope of operations, a full-time career oriented professional leadership at the top and middle ranks; a code of ethics and standards of expected behavior; and attractive pay scales and retirement pensions. Expertise was highly valued, although at the very highest level aristocratic status and family connections played an important role. The new bureaucracy preserved its documents carefully and central archives, maintain a professional office staff, and gained a reputation at home and abroad for the quality of its work in expressing both the short term needs and long-term alliances and values of the state.John C. Rule, "Colbert de Torcy, an emergent bureaucracy, and the formulation of French foreign policy, 1698–1715." in Ragnhild Hatton, ed.
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Although some women had fought valiantly in the Mexican Revolution, even in dangerous combat conditions, and had achieved military rank up to captain and colonel based on the merits, their grade and achievements were officially annulled almost immediately after the revolution. In 1916, circular #78 by the Secretary of War declared that "all military appointments of women and girls are null and void, whatever their contributions may have been." This not only blocked their path to reenlist in the army, and the right to belong to the Legion of Honor in their capacity as veterans, but also blocked their military retirement pensions. When peace came, they not only bypassed women for honors and pensions, but ignored their contributions entirely, as their mere presence would do violence to a patriarchal institution.
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In 1892, the school was officially accredited by the state and two years later Zay designed a three-month long continuing education course to prepare caretakers for rural children, while their parents were engaged in planting and harvesting. The social work done by these caretakers, who focused on teaching children their native language and customs, built bridges between rural families and the towns where the caretakers lived. Also in 1894, she successfully appealed to the church authorities, arguing that kindergarten and handicraft teachers, who taught technical skill and helped preserve folk art but were not considered educators, should qualify for retirement pensions. In 1896, Zay published Theorie und Praxis der Kleinkindererziehung (Theory and Practice of Infant Education), a textbook which expressed the importance of the kindergarten in children's social development.
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Substantial increases were made in social security benefits such as injury and sickness benefits, pensions, unemployment benefits, housing allowances, basic subsistence aid allowances,Walker, Robert; Lawson, Roger; Townsend, Peter, eds. (1984). Responses to Poverty: Lessons from Europe. and family allowances and living allowances. In the government's first budget, sickness benefits were increased by 9.3%, pensions for war widows by 25%, pensions for the war wounded by 16%, and retirement pensions by 5%. Numerically, pensions went up by 6.4% (1970), 5.5% (1971), 9.5% (1972), 11.4% (1973), and 11.2% (1974). Adjusted for changes in the annual price index, pensions went up in real terms by 3.1% (1970), 0.3% (1971), 3.9% (1972), 4.4% (1973), and 4.2% (1974). Between 1972 and 1974, the purchasing power of pensioners went up by 19%. In 1970, war pensions were increased by 16%.
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It can apply to a specific hiring decision, or to all hiring decisions by a specific company, or rules governing hiring decisions for an entire nation. The scope of equal opportunity has expanded to cover more than issues regarding the rights of minority groups, but covers practices regarding "recruitment, hiring, training, layoffs, discharge, recall, promotions, responsibility, wages, sick leave, vacation, overtime, insurance, retirement, pensions, and various other benefits". The concept has been applied to numerous aspects of public life, including accessibility of polling stations, care provided to HIV patients, whether men and women have equal opportunities to travel on a spaceship, bilingual education, skin color of models in Brazil, television time for political candidates, army promotions, admittance to universities and ethnicity in the United States. The term is interrelated with and often contrasted with other conceptions of equality such as equality of outcome and equality of autonomy.
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This chart depicts the old age dependency ratio in the USUSA - Old-age dependency ratio (>64Y to 15-64Y) A high dependency ratio can cause serious problems for a country if a large proportion of a government's expenditure is on health, social security & education, which are most used by the youngest and the oldest in a population. The fewer people of working age, the fewer the people who can support schools, retirement pensions, disability pensions and other assistances to the youngest and oldest members of a population, often considered the most vulnerable members of society. Nevertheless, the dependency ratio ignores the fact that the 65+ are not necessarily dependent (an increasing proportion of them are working) and that many of those of 'working age' are actually not working. Alternatives have been developed', such as the 'economic dependency ratio', but they still ignore factors such as increases in productivity and in working hours.
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These included the National Agency of New Ports of Senegal, the Directorship of the Construction of Small Aircraft, the National Agency of the Highest Authority of the Desert, and the Senegalese Office for Industrial Property and Technological Innovation (which duplicated the Senegalese Agency for Industrial Property and Technological Innovation) He ended several contracts within the Presidential Palace and limited the salaries of the directors of agencies, but also increased the number of minister-counsellors. He re- established the Court for the Repression of Illegal Enrichment and announced the creation of a National Anti-corruption Office (Ofnac) and a National Commission for the restitution of property and recovery of wrongly acquired possessions, as well as annulling some of the final decrees and contracts signed by Wade. To reduce the cost of living, the government of Abdoul Mbaye lowered the price of oil, rice and sugar. Retirement pensions were revalued, farmers received emergency subsidies, and the 29 permits issued to foreign deep sea trawlers by the preceding government were annulled.
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Various measures were introduced to extend health care coverage, while federal aid to sports organisations was increased. A number of liberal social reforms were instituted whilst the welfare state was significantly expanded (with total public spending on social programs nearly doubling between 1969 and 1975), with health, housing, and social welfare legislation bringing about welcome improvements, and by the end of the Brandt Chancellorship West Germany had one of the most advanced systems of welfare in the world. Substantial increases were made in social security benefits such as injury and sickness benefits, pensions, unemployment benefits, housing allowances, basic subsistence aid allowances, and family allowances and living allowances. In the government's first budget, sickness benefits were increased by 9.3%, pensions for war widows by 25%, pensions for the war wounded by 16%, and retirement pensions by 5%. Numerically, pensions went up by 6.4% (1970), 5.5% (1971), 9.5% (1972), 11.4% (1973), and 11.2% (1974). Adjusted for changes in the annual price index, pensions went up in real terms by 3.1% (1970), 0.3% (1971), 3.9% (1972), 4.4% (1973), and 4.2% (1974). Between 1972 and 1974, the purchasing power of pensioners went up by 19%. In 1970, war pensions were increased by 16%.
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