Hannah has a lot of sexual repressions to unpack here.
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In the backdrop, ordinary Russians suffer the many repressions of that era.
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By cheerfully undermining unspoken taboos, she reveals much about the repressions governing art.
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Crimean Tatars, Krymchaks, and Karaites experienced deportations and repressions in the Soviet-era.
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That year was the height of political repressions carried out by Soviet dictator Josef Stalin.
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Despite the local backbiting, the riots and repressions, Midhat lets his dream of Europe fade.
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Today, it is one of only three Russian museums devoted entirely to Stalin-era repressions.
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These types of repressions that are still so palpable in the world today, they're completely illogical.
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Image 2 of 2 MOSCOW – Russian President Vladimir Putin has strongly denounced Soviet-era political repressions.
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"Witchcraft is a name given to networks that have survived despite innumerable repressions," one YMC member said.
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After visiting the Middle East, he bluntly accused Israel of "militarism" and the "domestic repressions" of Palestinians.
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Beyond the usual Kremlin anti-Americanism, however, some in Russia highlighted state-driven repressions of the LGBT community.
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During the Stalinist repressions of the 21989s, the father was arrested, tortured and sent to Siberia, where he died.
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" He emphasized that there could be no justification for the repressions, adding that "our duty is not to allow oblivion.
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"Of course, on a rational level, I know this building's history, who lived here, and all about the repressions," he said.
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Mr. Putin has backed a planned monument to the victims of Soviet political repressions in Moscow, but that's likely pure politics.
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Yet when it comes to a crackdown, the Kremlin need not engage in mass repressions: targeted arrests are enough to spread fear.
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Acrimony between Turkey and Europe over the Turkish government's purges and repressions is fraying their deal to curb the flow of refugees.
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Aamis can be simultaneously read as a slow-burning forbidden romance, an allegorical nod to socio-cultural repressions, and as macabre corporeal horror.
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Sebald's talent for repression—for sounding out the repressions of others and for dramatizing his own—is a central element of his writing.
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Ironically, the Communist People's Revolution of 1921, which brought its own set of cultural repressions, "at the same time brought new beginnings," Oyungerel says.
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"We and our successors should remember the tragedy of repressions and the reasons that caused them," Mr. Putin said during the rainy evening ceremony.
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If Mr. Putin continues to give the Kremlin's tacit approval to Mr. Kadyrov's repressions, he is only storing up trouble for the Russian Federation.
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After Stalin's "Great Terror" repressions in 1937 and 1938, political prisoners were sent there to a Gulag camp called Vorkutlag to work the mines.
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Some adore him for introducing perestroika, or restructuring, combined with glasnost, or openness, which together helped to jettison the worst repressions of the Communist system.
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It is a persistent reminder that even modern democracies can exercise the most brutal repressions, and that free elections are no guarantee of minority rights.
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Soviet authorities brutally cracked down on dissent, throwing people into labor camps, psychiatric hospitals, and, at the height of its repressions, shooting them after show trials.
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While they visually celebrated the Soviet ideas of utopia, they also addressed its repressions, seeking to improve the often bleak conditions of daily life through art.
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The difference, says Ekaterina Schulmann, a political scientist in Moscow, is that unlike Stalin's campaign, today's repressions are neither underpinned by an ideology nor accompanied by propaganda.
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I'm drawn to dark tales that explore our fears, repressions and mysterious impulses; I guess I want to poke around in the shady areas of human nature.
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These introduce new perspectives on the current political situation that resulted in a number of arrests and repressions of those who did not agree with the annexation.
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His administration has described Iran's clerical hierarchy as an irredeemably corrupt kleptocracy, and has cheered Iranians who have protested Iran's political repressions and increasingly dire economic problems.
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"[The chastity belt] was a genius way for [the Victorians] to compensate for those repressions by using a pseudo-scientific approach to talking about the past," Classen said.
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Hence, the mass repressions in Cuba and China can be glossed over as a casualty of "progress," which included literacy campaigns to inculcate communist propaganda among the masses.
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Initially the Germans were perceived by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its repressions, having arrived only a week after the first mass deportations from the Baltics.
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Historians say the grassroots initiative to memorialize the victims of Stalin's repressions is rare for Russia where the authorities emphasize the Soviet leader's role in the country's World War Two victory.
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The abstract systems (stigmas, structural limitations, and emotional repressions) we all partake in and reinforce had an impact on Matt and I, in many ways contributing to Matt's delusional state that evening.
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Now that Ethiopia has satisfied Eritrea's demands, putting the ball firmly within Eritrea's court, the Eritrean regime cannot use these excuses to prolong the conflict and maintain the persistent repressions at home.
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"This manifests the increase in internal repressions carried out by the country's leadership," the center's chief, Lev D. Gudkov, said in an interview broadcast by Dozhd, Russia's only liberal independent news station.
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Elsewhere in the Middle East, strongmen like President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi of Egypt are ascendant, forcing their citizens and foreign allies to accept their repressions as supposed protection from Islamist extremists.
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Trump makes us think about how much we are willing to be ruled by our most base instincts, our repressions, the dirty jokes we tell at bachelor parties, or racist internet searches.
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After spending twelve years running a company that helps millions of people to break through the barriers of censorship imposed by oppressive governments, I am quite familiar with the ramifications of such repressions.
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But it is proof, too, of a bloodier kind of alchemy, in which Russia's grim history, all those repressions and upheavals, came to gestate the genius of Tchaikovsky and Pushkin, Dostoevsky and Shostakovich.
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Hazarika crafts Aamis in a way that can be simultaneously read as an emotionally grounded slow-burn forbidden romance, an allegorical nod to the aftermath of socio-cultural repressions, and as macabre corporeal horror.
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He urged President Raúl Castro to allow his people greater freedoms, and then traveled on to Argentina, where he expressed regret for U.S. silence during the brutal repressions of the "dirty war" decades ago.
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She accomplished all this as a Jewish woman in the Soviet Union, going through World War II and Stalin's repressions; an aunt and uncle arrested in the 1930s were sent to Siberia for 10 years.
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Though the government had no new statement on his condition on Wednesday, it canceled an event which used to take place annually at which Karimov met the public to commemorate victims of Soviet-era repressions.
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"We are watching with alarm as the rejection of lies in Russia is becoming criminally punishable, and political repressions are accompanied by the rise of absurd accusations, particularly concerning mass unrest and external interference," the letter read.
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The government tries to avoid any and all mention of the bloodshed on that day, while dissidents go to lengths to remind people of the repressions that were stifled then and that still exist in China today.
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To that end, he tracks down the graves of political martyrs, victims of purges and repressions; photographs the sites; restores shattered memorials; and creates new ones, some in the form of stenciled inscriptions, which can be endlessly reapplied.
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"He's represented in a one-sided way here - there's not a word about his, let's say, leading role in the mass repressions at the end of the 1930s," said computer programmer Andrei, declining to give his last name.
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"This incident shows the true face of Thailand's military dictators, who have committed a long list of abuses and repressions since the May 2014 coup," Sunai Phasuk, Thailand researcher for U.S.-based group Human Rights Watch, told Reuters.
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We indulge the silliness of the fictions in Raad's work because the lattice of paranoia he erects is grounded upon the major blind spots, repressions, and acts of self-censorship endemic to the production and reception of art.
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Speaking Monday at the opening of a memorial to the victims of purges, Putin said "political repressions have become a tragedy for our people" and dealt a blow to the nation, the consequences of which are still felt today.
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Failing to regard October Revolution as a revolution against capital, academic approaches often reduce its significance to its cultural aspects, or sees the revolution as the harbinger of a darker time: the Stalin era purges, repressions, and the gulag.
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His organization is currently defending some 30 judges and prosecutors in Poland who have been subjected to various forms of repressions, including threats of disciplinary actions, for their involvement in protests and publicly criticizing the changes to the judiciary.
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In that context, we must hope that both the threat from the Islamic State and the problem of the Egyptian government's repressions were part of the conversation in the Oval Office last month when President Trump met Mr. Sisi.
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In a rare somber moment at our gathering, her sister recounted the night that her family fled its native Hungary, scrambling through the woodland border with Austria to escape the brutal repressions that followed a failed nationalist uprising in 1956.
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Jin Yuanpu, director of the Cultural Industries Institute at Renmin University of China in Beijing, said that China's embrace of Unesco's heritage designations reflected a new attention to cultural preservation after the repressions of the Cultural Revolution under Mao Zedong.
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It was precisely this longing for freedom, free thought and artistic fulfillment that eventually led to my escape to the West some years later when the repressions, censorship and restrictions we experienced as intellectual, progressive jazz-rock musicians in Hungary became unbearable.
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Crimean Tatars, who constituted the majority of Crimea's population at the beginning of the 20th century, were deported in 1944 to Uzbekistan and Siberia, due to Stalin's repressions and the Soviet Union's desire to use Crimea as a strategic site where the Soviet navy could settle.
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Taken to its most extreme form, this becomes the Los Angeles described by the urban theorist Mike Davis as "fortress L.A." — "where the defense of luxury lifestyles is translated into a proliferation of new repressions in space and movement," and street life takes place only in a car.
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As Ambassador Brownback spoke solemnly at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial last week to honor the voices of those who have endured persecution, Mr. Ahmed stood resolute by his side as a representative of a community that has endured senseless, state-facilitated religious repressions for over four decades in Pakistan.
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Some called Trump's focus on sovereignty a gift to China, Russia, and other nations who often use sovereignty in their attempts to deflect criticism for their internal repressions, or concluded that his speech was inconsistent in its simultaneous insistence on national sovereignty and justification for U.S. actions outside its borders.
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Throughout both books I was struck by the obviousness of the importance of work, either domestic or professional — the importance of contributing, of choosing a destiny, of being good at something, of participating in history, and the enraging pointlessness of small-minded repressions of a soaring and generous human urge.
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Oleg Feoktistov, the head of security at Rosneft and identified in news reports as the main executive behind Mr. Ulyukayev's arrest, used to run internal security and corruption cases in the federal security service, or F.S.B. "In the past six to eight months, these repressions have become more widespread," said Kirill Rogov, an independent political analyst.
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The moment for abstract solutions and promises of gradual change has long since passed; no longer can even the most aloof, sheltered elites honestly deny the disastrous statuses quo, societal as well as environmental, that capitalistic overreach, empty 'Third Way' ideals, and failed neoliberal agendas have brought about, with all the electoral volatilities, economic uncertainties, refugee crises, radicalisms, recessions, repressions, and xenophobic outcries that have by now collectively become one and the same quaking political landscape.
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The ability to move freely through time, the privileged access to the wounded privacies of many characters, the striking diversity of human beings across a relatively narrow canvas, the shock waves as one generation heaves, like tectonic plates, against another, the secrets and lapses and repressions, at once intimate and historical, the power, indeed, of an investigation that is always political and always intimate—here is the novel being supremely itself, proving itself up to the job by changing not its terms of employment but the shape of the task. ♦
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16:1-2 (forthcoming 2013). The Literature of Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan"Remembering Stalin," Vol. 13:4 (Winter 2005) and "The Literature of Stalin's Repressions," Vol. 14:1 (Spring 2006).
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From 1911 to 1920, there were 293 strikes. Some repressions kill hundreds of people.
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The members of VAPLITE became one of the first victims of Stalin regime's repressions.
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The members were designated as "anonymous" in order to avoid repressions from the state censors.
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His family avoided repressions. His elder son, Nikolay, as a teacher at the Red Army, had to be present during his father’s arrest. Due to emotional trauma he soon left the Red Army and often changed places of residence fearing repressions. Siblings: Dmitry, Maria.
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Together with friends from the University, Bronisław Wildstein and Lesław Maleszka, Pyjas organized protests against repressions.
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Dimitri Shevardnadze () (December 1, 1885 – 1937) was a Georgian painter, art collector and intellectual purged during Joseph Stalin's repressions.
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The act criminalised squatting and faced with increased repressions and the political challenges of the Troubles the group splintered.
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In 1940, the Soviets occupied Estonia and on 28 August, the institution was disbanded. Most policemen fell victim to repressions.
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George "Sjoppie" Fles (1908–1939) was a Dutch translator with a strong communist conviction. He fell victim to Stalin's repressions.
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The majority of them were later arrested by the NKVD and suffered repressions from their participation in the Armia Krajowa resistance.
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The Sami were not the only people subject to repressions. Thousands of people were sent to Kola in the 1930s–1950s, and in 2007 over two thousand people—descendants of those forcibly sent here—still live on the peninsula.RIA Novosti. A Monument to the Victims of Political Repressions Is Planned to Open in Murmansk by October 30 .
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BSSR from September 1939 to June 1941, with territories added after the invasion of Poland marked in orange The 1930s marked the peak of Soviet repressions in Belarus. According to incomplete calculations, about 600,000 people fell victim to Soviet repressions in Belarus between 1917 and 1953.В. Ф. Кушнер. Грамадска-палітычнае жыццё ў БССР у 1920—1930–я гг.
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The Araguaia Guerrilla redefined the dictatorship's plans for the Amazon region, whose repressions in the region were hidden long after the dictatorship's fall.
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Prokopy Zubarev (February 1886 - 15 March 1938) was a Soviet party statesman. He was purged and executed during the "anti-Trotskyist" repressions of Stalin.
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In the 1990s Yakov Etinger published many works about Stalinism, Soviet political repressions and antisemitism in the Soviet Union, both in Russia and abroad.
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Several entire nationality groups that had been deported to Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia during population transfer were rehabilitated in the late 1950s. Both the modern Russian Federation and UkraineLaw of Ukraine on "Rehabilitiona of victims of political repressions in Ukraine" have enacted laws "On the Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repressions", which provide the basis for the continued post-Stalinist rehabilitation of victims.
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According to the US and the European Union, the Presidential Security Service and its commanders are actively involved in human rights violations and political repressions in Belarus.
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950: "Ustawa o kombatantach oraz niektórych osobach będących ofiarami represji wojennych i okresu powojennego" (Veterans and Certain Victims of Repressions Act) of 24 January 1991 (see online).
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Several textbooks were published, including, in 1936, a grammar of the language. However, in 1937 the Izhorian written language was abolished and mass repressions of the peasantry began.
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Finally, IDFI is working on opening Soviet archives. The organization is also actively involved in identifying the victims of Soviet repressions and is helping their families with legal disputes.
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In spite of wartime repressions and deaths, underground education was carried out. In 1945 the teaching staff of the Faculty included professors from the Polish Eastern borderlands (i.e. Lvov).
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3:3 (Autumn 1995), pp. 76 ff."Why Uzeyir Hajibeyov wrote Koroghlu at Height of Stalin's Repressions" by Betty Blair, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 14:2 (Summer 2006), p. 61.
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The Polish population was subjected to various repressions and atrocities. The Einsatzgruppe V carried out mass searches of houses, offices etc. in September 1939.Maria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939.
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He also published a number of articles where he either tried to downplay or rationalize Stalinist repressions. His stance almost led to his expulsion from the Academy of Sciences.
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There were massive deportations and repressions. World War II caused an enormous decrease in manpower and the district's industry. The population of the district suffers from different oncological diseases.
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But, states Ingiriis, Barre extermination campaigns against other clan groups reflected the deep-seated historic cycles of repressions by the clan that gains dominant power then marginalizes other clans.
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The organization was legalized in the Soviet Union in 1991. The deported and convicted Jehovah's Witnesses (and other religion-related convicts) were rehabilitated as victims of Soviet political repressions by the ukase no. 378 of President of the Russian Federation of March 3, 1996, "On the Measures for Rehabilitation of the Priests and Believers who had become Victims of Unjustified Repressions" (О мерах по реабилитации священнослужителей и верующих, ставших жертвами необоснованных репрессий).
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In December 1981 he wrote a letter to General Wojciech Jaruzelski in which he condemned the proclamation of the martial law in Poland and the subsequent repressions by the regime.
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Their status deteriorated further after Joseph Stalin became the Soviet leader and implemented repressions that led to the deaths of at least 5.2 million Soviet citizens between 1927 and 1938.
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The remaining small groups disbanded themselves.Magazine. "Azerbaijan" (in Turkish. Lang.) 1955, № 12, Saturday issue After the mass repressions of 1908–1909, the anarchist movement in Azerbaijan has failed to recover.
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Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich (Repressions 1939–41. Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands.) Retrieved 15 November 2006. and deported between 350,000 and 1,500,000, of whom between 150,000 and 1,000,000 died, mostly civilians.
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This interfered with her career, but saved her from subsequent repressions. Father, Nathan Solomonovich Gelfand (1894-1974), worked at a cement plant in Dneprodzerzhinsk. Unlike his wife, he remained non-partisan.
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They break free in regards to their imaginations/fantasies. For a short time period, they are able to fantasize and imagine themselves living in a world outside of the social norms. Overall, she wrights these plays to target the repressions society’s moral standards place on people and the dissatisfaction of life that is likely to come with these repressions. Fala Baixo Senão Eu Grito (1969) focuses on a middle-aged woman with a very boring, standard lifestyle.
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During the late 1940s and 1950s the political and cultural elite of Leningrad suffered from more harsh repressions under the dictatorship of StalinDmitri Volkogonov. Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, 1996, \- hundreds were executed and thousands were imprisoned in repressions known as the Leningrad Affair.Russian publication: Ленинградское дело – надо ли ставить кавычки? Independent thinkers, writers, artists and other intellectuals were attacked, the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad were banned, Akhmatova and Zoshchenko were repressed,Russian publication: Маленков против Жданова.
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The director of the Kaluga publishing house was reprimanded, the editor-in-chief was fired, and other repressions were to follow. It was only Paustovsky's personal appeal to Nikita Khrushchev that stopped the wave of planned repressions. Nevertheless, the Tarusa Pages became a significant and meaningful event in the Soviet literature. The book introduced to the public such authors as Bulat Okudzhava, Vladimir Maksimov, Frida Vigdorova, Nadezhda Mandelstam, and Naum Korzhavin, who enjoyed immense popularity in the later years.
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Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions (), is an annual day of remembrance for victims of political repression in the Soviet Union. Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions has been commemorated on October 30, since 1991, when the Supreme Soviet of Russia officially established 30 October as the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions.Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 18.10.91 N 1763/1-I «Об установлении Дня памяти жертв политических репрессий».
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Edvard Radzinsky. Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar. New York: The Free Press, 2005. Cultural revolution that followed after the Napoleonic wars, had further opened St. Petersburg up, in spite of repressions.
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Anna Radziwiłł and Wojciech Roszkowski. Before 1848 repressions intensified in the Grand Duchy, censorship was strengthened, settlers of German ethnicity were brought in.Historia 1789–1871 Page 278. Anna Radziwiłł and Wojciech Roszkowski.
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These repressions however did not impact the Uruguay- Moscow relationship, as seen from the fact that Moscow in 1979 put 14 turbines of 135,000 kilowatts each onto the Salto-Grande Power Plant.
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Soviet repressions followed and 600 people of German descent were deported to Siberia. The losses inflicted by German occupation regarding the population were gradually reversed and in 1980 Chełmża counted 15,000 inhabitants.
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Lutfi, Ya'kub and Thaib were deported to Boven Digoel Regency in 1934. These repressions had effectively disabled the party, and the remaining leader Muhammad Sjafei had dissolved the party on October 18, 1937.
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In the interwar period Polish presence fell to 2,000 people. Between 1925 and 1939 a Polish Consulate existed, which initiated the foundation of a Polish school, where Polish was taught, and a scouts team. The Polish minority remained active despite repressions,Polonia szczecińska 1890-1939 Anna Poniatowska Bogusław Drewniak, Poznań 1961 a number of Poles were members of the Union of Poles in Germany. Repressions against Poles intensified especially after Adolf Hitler came to power led to closing of the school.
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The survivors included 180,000 Jews who arrived from the Soviet-controlled territories as a result repatriation agreements. Another 30,000 Jews returned to Poland from the USSR after the Stalinist repressions ended a decade later.
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91 and the Polish population was subjected to various repressions. In January 1940, the Soviets changed several street names, even calling one September 17 Street, after the day of the Soviet invasion of Poland.
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All rights reserved. from Joseph Stalin's repressions of the 1930s. The Greeks were another cultural group that suffered. Their lands were lost during the process of collectivisation, in which farmers were not compensated with wages.
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From 1926, he had been delivering lectures at the State University in Tbilisi, until becoming the Rector in 1933. Levan Agniashvili was shot to death by the Communists in 1937, the year of massive repressions. Agniashvili was succeeded by Karlo Oragvelidze who also became the victim of Communist repressions, similarly being shot in 1937, despite being largely pro-Communist and having criticised historian Ivane Javakhishvili. Agniashvili's rectorship is still remembered as an important one, as the University Publishing House was established during his period of leadership.
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The Great Purge of 1936–1938 can be roughly divided into four periods:N.G. Okhotin, A.B. Roginsky "Great Terror": Brief Chronology Memorial, 2007 ; October 1936 – February 1937:Reforming the security organizations, adopting official plans on purging the elites. ; March 1937 – June 1937:Purging the elites; adopting plans for the mass repressions against the "social base" of the potential aggressors, starting of purging the "elites" from opposition. ; July 1937 – October 1938:Mass repressions against "kulaks", "dangerous" ethnic minorities, family members of oppositionists, military officers, saboteurs in agriculture and industry.
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Antisemitism arose during the Middle Ages, in the form of persecutions, pogroms, forced conversions, expulsions, social restrictions and ghettoization. This was different in quality from the repressions of Jews which had occurred in ancient times. Ancient repressions were politically motivated and Jews were treated the same as members of other ethnic groups. With the rise of the Churches, the main motive for attacks on Jews changed from politics to religion and the religious motive for such attacks was specifically derived from Christian views about Jews and Judaism.
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Years later, with her husband, Baniecka got involved with the anticommunist Komitet Obrony Robotników (KOR), undeterred by the threat of repressions. Ultimately, she also became an active participant in the Polish Solidarity movement of the 1980s.
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In 1941 he moved to Germany (his wife had German ancestry) to avoid Soviet repressions. He died in Bad Windsheim at age of 91. Heinze is recipient of the Latvian military Order of Lāčplēsis, 2nd class.
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According to other estimates, at the beginning of 1953 the total number of prisoners in prison camps was more than 2.4 million of which more than 465,000 were political prisoners."Repressions". Publicist.n1.by. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
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Halyna Vakar. Tri-dental Stas suffered three heart attacks (Тризубий Стас переніс три інсульти). Hazeta po-ukrayinsky. 22 February 2008 Sherbatykh was buried near Ivano-Frankivsk at Dem'ianiv Laz, next to the victims of the Soviet repressions.
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The Soviets were not interested in comprehensive histories and instead focused on battalions' engagements with Soviet partisans and repressions against civilians. Former soldiers did not produce extensive memoirs; Zizas identified only memoirs of Pranas Nagys as valuable.
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Norman Davies, God's Playground (Polish edition), second tome, p.512-513 Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką (1939–1941) The polonization drive was inspired and influenced by the Polish National Democracy, led by Roman Dmowski, who advocated refusing Belarusians and Ukrainians the right for a free national development. A Belarusian organization, the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union, was banned in 1927, and opposition to Polish government was met with state repressions. Nonetheless compared to the (larger) Ukrainian minority, Belarusians were much less politically aware and active, and thus suffered fewer repressions than the Ukrainians.
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The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies Oxford University Press Inc. 2010. Retrieved 2013-05-09 The major deportations included the June deportation and Operation Priboi. Outside the main waves, individuals and families were continually deported on smaller scale from the start of the first occupation in 1940 up to the Khrushchev Thaw of 1956 when destalinisation led Soviet Union to switch its tactic of terror from mass repressions to individual repressions. The Soviet deportations only stopped for three years in 1941–1944 when Estonia was occupied by Nazi Germany.
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According to the archives, in 1909 the newspaper had subscribers even in Prague, Paris, Lviv and USA. Anton Łuckevič, Alaksandar Ułasaŭ, Branisłaŭ Taraškievič, Źmicier Žyłunovič and Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski all fell victims of the Soviet repressions in the 1930s.
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Aleksandr Reshideovich Dyukov (), (born October 17, 1978) is a Russian author and blogger. Dyukov is considered by critics to be a historical negationist downplaying Soviet repressions. He is persona non grata in Latvia, Lithuania and other Schengen memberstates.
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In 1910, there were 74 villages with 7,044 people that belonged to the parish of Puńsk. From 1815 it belonged to the zone of Russian authority. People of Puńsk area suffered from the tsar’s repressions. There were secret schools.
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The petition resulted in the conference authorizing creation of a monument to victims of repressions. A decision of the 22nd Congress of the CPSU was earlier ignored.Andrei Sakharov, Gorky, Moscow, Later Everywhere, 1990, Chekhov Publishing Corp. (Russian edition), pp.
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In Russian, the area is referred to as the Levashovskaya Pustosh' (Russian: Левашовская пустошь). On the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions (October 30), ceremonies are organized at the site by the City of St. Petersburg.
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There were a number of non-communists on its slate. Efforts to present alternative candidates were blocked. Repressions and terror were employed against election critics and political activists. For example, in Lithuania some 2,000 activists were arrested on June 11.
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Currently Ramiz Rovshan is the Editor-in-chief of "Azerbaijanfilm" film studio. He is a member of Azerbaijan Writers’ Union and Republican Council of Media. He also is the chairman of the Committee of "Struggle against election fraud and repressions".
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After Bolshevik take over of Azerbaijan, Narimanbeyov worked as a legal council but was soon arrested and became another victim of the Great Purge repressions. He was sent to Solovki prison camp on Solovetsky Islands where he died in 1937.
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Monument to World War II Orthodox victims in Białystok is a privately funded memorial commemorating the memory of 5,000 Orthodox Christians from the Białystok region who perished in World War II as well as, during the postwar repressions in Stalinist Poland.
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However, Sambuu was also his country's chief diplomatic representative during the Stalinist repressions in Mongolia during which several of Mongolia's top leaders were arrested, transported to the Soviet Union, and executed, many at the Butovo firing range just outside Moscow.
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According to the results of the First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union of 1926, more than 151 thousand ethnic Latvians lived in the USSR. Numerous Latvian cultural organizations, publishing houses and schools were created in various regions of the USSR. The largest and most influential organization was Prometejs Society, headquartered in Moscow.Латышское просветительное общество "Прометей" – by Memorial In the 1930s, thousands of Latvians faced repressions by the regime of Joseph Stalin. Starting from November 1936, the NKVD carried out the so-called "Latvian Operation", a mass campaign of repressions targeting specifically persons of Latvian origin.
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Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky (, ; 2 July 1879 – 17 May 1952) was Ukrainian and then Soviet physiologist who published the first EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian brain. He was a representative of Kiev Physiological School. He was a victim of Soviet repressions.
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Network representation of the regulatory interactions between four genes (G1, G2, G3 and G4). Activations and repressions are denoted by arrows and bars, respectively. Numbers indicate the relative interaction strengths. Interaction matrix R on the right representing the network on the left.
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A month after the German invasion in 1941, an offer was made for a reciprocal adherence to Hague convention. This 'note' was left unanswered by Third Reich officials.Beevor, Stalingrad. Penguin 2001 p 60 Soviet repressions also contributed into the Eastern Front's death toll.
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76 and all its agendas in Poland. Soviet and Polish Communist repressions aimed at former members of the Polish Secret State and the Armia Krajowa lasted well into the 1960s, corporal Józef Franczak being killed in a shootout with paramilitary- police in 1963.
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After 1935 the upgrading slowed down. Until 1943 only 6 barrages above Heilbronn were constructed, but without locks. Hirsch was forced out of office and murdered in the KZ Mauthausen in 1941. Konz went into provisional retirement because of national sozialist repressions.
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From 1944 to 1957 GZI WP played a role in cleansing the army of officers and soldiers from the pre-war Polish army who were admitted into the new, Polish People's Army, and was responsible for repressions and executions on Home Army soldiers.
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In 1976 he was forced to take a psychiatric exam. On 9 November 1976 he announced the formation of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. The group began publishing information about violations of human rights in Ukraine, including details about Holodomor and other repressions and atrocities.
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After Stalin's death in 1953, mass amnesty of the victims of Stalin's repressions started. In 1955 Yuri Sakharov was offered amnesty too, but he refused insisting on full rehabilitation. In 1956 he eventually was freed on full rehabilitation. His father was rehabilitated, too (posthumously).
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All the Polish servicemen were arrested and sent to the Soviet POW camps, including 2,000 army officers. In the subsequent wave of repressions which lasted for twenty-one months (see: Operation Barbarossa) some 500,000 Poles dubbed "enemies of the people" were imprisoned without crime.
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On 20 May the chairman of European Parliament Jerzy Buzek expressed "great concern about deterioration of situation with human rights in Belarus" related to mass persecution of activists of "Tell the Truth!" campaign. He said that the EU may reconsider its relations with Belarus and demanded to "immediately stop repressions and persecution of civil society organisations and return on the track of democratization" from Belarusian authorities. Deep concern about repressions against the campaign "Tell the Truth!" was also expressed by the embassy of Great Britain, a presiding country in European Union. A similar concern was expressed by the Chargé d'Affaires of USA in Belarus Mark Boshetti and FIDH.
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14:3 (Autumn 2006). Also the 2006 Tangaroa Pacific Voyage: "Testing Thor Heyerdahl's Theories about Kon-Tiki 60 Years Later."Torgeir Saeverud Higraff with Betty Blair, in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 14:4 (2006), pp. 28-33. Vol. 14, No. 1 of the magazine focused on "Literature of Stalinist Repressions," 2006 Six issues were dedicated to Azerbaijani literature; specifically, the Spring issues of 1996,"Contemporary Literature," Vol. 4:1 (Spring 1996) 1999,"Century of Reversals: A Literary Perspective," Vol. 7.1 (Spring 1999) 2004,"Azerbaijani Literature: Passionate Pens in Pursuit of Truth," Vol. 12.1 (Spring 2004) 2005,"The Literature of Stalin's Repressions: And Always Voices Will Ring Out," Vol.
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Political activists and other people labeled as "enemy of the people" were arrested and imprisoned. In June 1941, some 17,000 Lithuanians were deported during the first deportation. Further repressions were prevented by Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. Within a week Lithuania was under Nazi regime.
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Then a series of "criminal" cases, known as the Leningrad Centre and Leningrad Affair,Stalin and the Betrayal of Leningrad by John Barber were fabricated and resulted in death sentences for many top leaders of Leningrad, and severe repressions of thousands of top officials and intellectuals.
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In 1933 a Polish association of agricultural workers was established in Gryfice.Ziemia Gryficka 1969, p. 130-131 (in Polish) Local Poles and Jews were subjected to increased repressions, after the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933.A. Poniatowska, B. Drewniak, Polonia szczecińska (1890-1939), p.
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Vadim Gigin has been criticized for advocating and promoting Russian nationalism and a Russian nationalist view on the History of Belarus.Фігуры тыдня: Мікалай Лузгін, Вадзім Гігін, Анатоль Лябедзька [Figures of the Week: Mikalay Luzhin, Vadim Gigin, Anatol Liabedzka] – Novy Chas, January 25, 2013 He has publicly praised the 19th century Russian administrator of what now are Belarus and Lithuania, Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky, known for his harsh policy of Russification and repressions against participants of the anti-Russian January Uprising.Новы рэдактар «Беларускай думкі» захапляецца Мураўёвым-Вешальнікам [New editor of Bielaruskaja Dumka admires Muravyov the Hangman] – Nasha Niva, February 15, 2008 In 2011, after the wave of repressions that followed the 2010 presidential election in Belarus, Vadim Gigin and several other top managers and employees of major state media became subject to an EU travel ban and asset freeze as part of a sanctions list of 208 individuals responsible for political repressions, electoral fraud and propaganda.Поўны спіс 208 беларускіх чыноўнікаў, якім забаронены ўезд у ЕС – Nasha Niva, October 11, 2011 The sanctions were lifted in 2016.
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During the first post- war decade of Soviet regime, Estonia was governed by Moscow via Russian-born Estonian governors. Born into the families of native Estonians in Russia, the latter had obtained their Red education in the Soviet Union during the Stalinist repressions at the end of the 1930s.
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He worked as a guard there. He continued to take part in protests against repressions of Ukrainian writers and human rights activists. He often contacted press asking them to report human rights violations. On July 14, 1978 while visiting Kyiv, he was detained and searched by the law enforcement.
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During the 1920s he served as security consultant of OGPU. He is credited as one of the creators of the Soviet Union's passport system. In the fall of 1937, during the Stalinist repressions, he was arrested again. Dzhunkovsky was sentenced to death and executed on February 21, 1938.
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Agranov, Yagoda, unknown, and Redens. Stanislav Frantsevich Redens (, ; May 17, 1892 – January 21, 1940) was a Soviet secret police official, one of those responsible for conducting mass repressions under Joseph Stalin. Redens was himself executed in 1940, after being arrested at the end of the Great Purge in 1938.
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Others included Kazimierz Madej and Peter Grzybowski. The activity was documented by Barbara Maroń. The artists performed individual art actions at a time when Polish performance art was experiencing political repressions. The performance in Zakład nad Fosą was transmitted live through video equipment and monitors outside the gallery.
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This was followed by harsh repressions and the reign of terror in which thousands of Georgian nobles, intellectuals and common citizens were purged. The country was eventually incorporated into the Soviet Union — first as a part of a Transcaucasian SFSR (1922), then as its own Soviet Socialist Republic (1936).
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Levytsky headed the State Representative Body – a Council of Seniors (Ukrainian National Council). He worked to curb the excesses of the occupational regime, carried on negotiations with the administration of Distrikt Galizien, petitioned to end groundless repressions, and pleaded for the release of prisoners, often with positive results.
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Valdur Ohmann Gustav Naani kaebekiri EKP Keskkomiteele - Tuna 2005, nr 3, lk 96–104 Four signatories were fired from their jobs. Other repressions were not undertaken against the signatories. The KGB attempted but failed to track down people who had sent copies of the letter out of the country.
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The Buryat Mongols started to migrate to Mongolia in the 1900s due to Soviet oppression.Shirnen, B. Migration and language of the Buryats, 2005 Stalin stopped the migration in 1930 and initiated repressions in Mongolia against both immigrants and native Mongolians. During the Stalinist repressions in Mongolia, presided over by Khorloogiin Choibalsan, many Buryat men and 22,000–33,000 Mongols were killed by NKVD orders. The victims were 3%–5% of the total population, and included monks, Pan-Mongolists, nationalists, patriots, military officers, nobles, intellectuals, and common citizens.Богд хааны жолооч хилс хэрэгт хэлмэгдсэн нь (Mongolian) Some authors also offer much higher estimates, up to 100,000 victims. At this time, Mongolia had an overall population of about 700,000 to 900,000 people.
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The Stalinist repressions in Mongolia (, Ikh Khelmegdüülelt, "Great Repression") refers to an 18 month period of heightened political violence and persecution in the Mongolian People's Republic between 1937 and 1939. The repressions were an extension of the Stalinist purges (also known as the Great Purge) unfolding across the Soviet Union around the same time. Soviet NKVD advisors, under the nominal direction of Mongolia's de facto leader Khorloogiin Choibalsan, persecuted thousands of individuals and organizations perceived as threats to the Mongolian revolution and the growing Soviet influence in the country. As in the Soviet Union, methods of repression included torture, show trials, executions, and imprisonment in remote forced labor camps, often in Soviet gulags.
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Gorenstein was born into a Jewish family, his father, Naum Isaevich Gorenstein (1902—1937), was a professor of political economy. His mother, Enna Abramovna Prilutskaya, was an educator. During the Stalinist repressions, his father was arrested in 1935 and sent to GULAG. He was shot in 1937 after trying to escape.
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The Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East is a monument in Warsaw, Poland which commemorates the victims of the Soviet invasion of Poland during World War II and subsequent repressions. It was unveiled on 17 September 1995, on the 56th anniversary of the Soviet invasion of 1939.
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In July 2012, Russian writer of Azeri descent Eduard Bagirov publicly renounced his membership with the Writers' Union of Azerbaijan and the All-Russia Azeri Congress as a form of protest against political repressions targeting Ibragimbekov in Azerbaijan.Eduard Bagirov. Farewell, My Azerbaijan!. Azerros. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
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Kovalev was arrested two months later, and his role in the press conference featured prominently in his interrogations. Nevertheless, the Day of the Political Prisoner became an annual event in the Gulag. In 1991 the annual event was supplanted by Russia's official Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions.
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Because of the repressions which followed, he fled to Switzerland where he first lived in Montagnola, a small town near Lugano. He remained in Switzerland until his death, living a modest life, and greatly reducing his literary activities. Ferdinando Fontana died in Lugano in 1919, at the age of 69.
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He was able to avoid repercussions and repressions by the direct intervention of G. Potemkin. Bily was retired as a major in the Russian army and tended to the management of his estates. In 1786 he headed the council of nobility in Kherson. This period is described in various ways.
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The repressions by the Bolshevik government of Armenia created widespread discontent and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation began a rebellion on February 13. By February 17 Ashtarak, Ejmiatsin, Garni, and Hrazdan were taken over by ARF forces. On February 18 they entered Yerevan. The Bolsheviks and the Red Army retreated to Artashat.
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Fodor was attacked in the Spiritualist newspaper, Psychic News which he sued for libel. Fodor published two scientific papers on poltergeist phenomena, The Psychoanalytic Approach to the Problems of Occultism (1945) and The Poltergeist, Psychoanalyzed (1948). "The poltergeist is not a ghost. It is a bundle of projected repressions," he stated.
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Marshal Khorloogiin Choibalsan attempted to migrate the deportees to Mongolia and he met with them in Siberia during his visit to Russia. Under the Law of the Russian Federation of April 26, 1991 "On Rehabilitation of Exiled Peoples" repressions against Kalmyks and other peoples were qualified as an act of genocide.
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During World War II, the church building was damaged and later was turned into a granary. From 2001 to 2008, the church was being renovated. In 2008 it was consecrated again by Catholicos Karekin II. In 2011, a memorial cross was erected in honor of church clergy who fell victims to Soviet repressions.
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There is no evidence that he denounced any of his fellow composers or musicians during the periods of repressions. He studied music in Moscow with Reinhold Glière and the Gnessin Music School. In the 20s, he worked at the Moscow Art Theatre with Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko and Konstantin Stanislavski. Vacationed in Buryatia.
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In 1834, the Opoczno County was re- created, and until World War I, Opoczno belonged to Radom Governorate. In 1828, the population of the town was app. 3,500, with 342 houses. Both Polish rebellions in Congress Poland (November Uprising and January Uprising) resulted in Tsarist repressions, which were particularly hard in the 1860s.
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After the beginning of Perestroika an opportunity to write about forbidden things, such as Stalin's repressions, appeared. Since the 1950s, since the time of Khrushchev Thaw, Pavel Prudnikov had an idea to write about those awful events that he was witness of and began to make first notes.За калючым дротам. Мн., 1993.
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The AWC made its first publicised debut in June 2020, when it organized a protest of medical professionals. The protest was called against alleged repressions launched against a nurse that was reportedly fired from her position due to her activities in favour of labour unions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria.
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On the territories of counties: Tczewski, Starogardzki, Kartuski, Kościerski and Morski numerous arrests and executions took place. In the area of Szpęgawski Forest many Jews were murdered. The repressions in Bydgoszcz (Bromberg), the site of the Bloody Sunday (1939) events, were especially harsh. Bydgoszcz soon became a symbol of Nazi German terror.
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In 1935, after the death of Józef Piłsudski, a new wave of repressions was released upon the minorities, with many Orthodox churches and Belarusian schools being closed. Use of the Belarusian language was discouraged.Bieder, H. (2000): Konfession, Ethnie und Sprache in Weißrußland im 20. Jahrhundert. In: Zeitschrift für Slawistik 45 (2000), 200-214.
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During the protests, social media was effectively used to communicate, organize, and stay connected with one another to stand against government repressions. Online media also works as a great advantage to radical media groups for their financial, organizational, and community sustainability as it allows for broader access to lobbyists, members, and individuals.
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Victims of Stalin Repressions Honoured in Cherven :: Charter'97 :: News :: 27/06/2005 It was not only prisoners who were murdered by the NKVD as the Soviets retreated. Other Soviet crimes include Brzeżany, where Soviet soldiers threw hand grenades into homes, and Czortków, where four priests, three brothers and a tertiary were murdered.
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Levan Tsutskiridze was born in the small town of Khashuri. Most of his childhood was spent in a small village, Moliti, in mountainous Imereti. When he was eleven he lost his father who became a victim of the 1937 repressions. From that day the poverty, oppression and eviction of the family began.
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The issue of mass repressions was known to Soviet leaders well before the speech. The speech itself was prepared based on the results of a special party commission (chairman Pyotr Pospelov, P. T. Komarov, Averky Aristov and Nikolai Shvernik), known as the Pospelov Commission, arranged at the session of the Presidium of the Party Central Committee on 31 January 1955. The direct goal of the commission was to investigate the repressions of the delegates of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1934. The 17th Congress was selected for investigations because it was known as "the Congress of Victors" in the country of "victorious socialism" and so the enormous number of "enemies" among the participants demanded explanation.
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In 1937-1938 there were repressions against many figures of the state, science, culture, etc. He was arrested on December 12, 1937. At that time he was going to go on tour to Tashkent. In prison, Gaziz Almukhametov sang in front of the bars for all prisoners, sang the bashkir songs "Ural" and "Buranbai".
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Natalya Sats Natalya Il'inichna Sats (sometimes spelled Natalia Satz; ; 27 August [O.S. 14 August] 1903 – 18 December 1993) was a Russian stage director who ran theaters for children for many years, including the Moscow Musical Theater for Children, now named after her. In 1937, she fell victim to Soviet repressions, but was rehabilitated in 1953.
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Adam's son Karel systematically interfered with the rights of the burghers and was involved in endless disputes with them. Finally, in 1572, the town bought its freedom. In 1596 Emperor Rudolf II elevated Pelhřimov to a royal town. The repressions that followed the Uprising of the Estates interrupted the promising expansion of the town.
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The Polish historian Piotr Łossowski has suggested that both sides exaggerated repressions they suffered during the uprising and its aftermath in order to elicit internal and external support. Piotr Łossowski, Konflikt polsko- litewski 1918–1920, Książka i Wiedza, 1995, , p.68 Sejny town at the time had approximately 2500 inhabitants. Bronius Kviklys, Mūsų Lietuva Vol.
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The "Road of Bones" constructed by inmates of the Soviet Gulag prison camps, including those of Polish citizenship Approximately 100,000 Polish citizens were arrested during the two years of Soviet occupation.Karta Centre, REPRESJE 1939-41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich (Repressions 1939-41. Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands.) Ośrodek Karta. Last accessed on 15 November 2006.
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Other notable Esperanto socialists include Nikolai Nekrasov and Vladimir Varankin. Both Nekrasov and Varankin were arrested during the Stalinist repressions of the late 1930s. Nekrasov was accused of being "an organizer and leader of a fascist, espionage, terrorist organization of Esperantists", and executed on October 4, 1938. Varankin was executed on October 3, 1938.
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The film is set in the post-Stalinist Soviet Union. A young Soviet woman, Katya, lost her parents during the Stalinist repressions. Though she pretends to be a communist, she hates the regime and spies for the Americans. Her friend Misha, who is a spy, also helps her obtain important information for the Americans.
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Uygur District (, ) is a district of Almaty Region in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the selo of Chundzha.www.geonames.de Subdivisions of Kazakhstan in local languages Population: Torchlight Uygur Group of Uygurs living abroad was founded in 2019 to defend their civil rights against repressions in China. Serikzhan Bilash is its founder of it.
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Pskov's army was helping Novgorod against Sweden when Livonian Order attacked a Pskovian fortress at Izborsk. Yuri died in the attack. Because Lithuanians were unable to defend Pskov, the city refused to accept another deputy from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Andrei responded with repressions: all merchants from Pskov were arrested and their goods confiscated.
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While never reaching the frenzied levels of 1937-1939, arrests and executions of dissidents persisted until Choibalsan's death in 1952. Repressions were initiated in 1940, 1941, and 1942.Morozova 2009, p. 105 In 1947, a political scandal known as "Port-Arthur" was fabricated around a fictitious plot to assassinate Choibalsan; eighty people were arrested, 42 of whom were executed.
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Abrahamian's 1999 book Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran coverts political repressions against opposition movements both before and after the Islamic Revolution, ending with the mass executions of 1988. It reviews interrogation tactics and prison facilities used in 20th century Iran. It was well-received by critics. Mahdi praised it as a significant and timely book.
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It was modeled on the Terror of the French Revolution. The Cheka (the Bolshevik secret police) carried out the repressions perpetrated during the Red Terror. Estimates for the total number of people killed during the Red Terror for the initial period of repression are at least 10,000. Estimates for the total number of victims of Bolshevik repression vary widely.
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Several months after the Mikhoels assassination, other Jewish figures were arrested. His death signalled the beginning of the country-wide repressions of the Jews accused of espionage and economic crimes. A campaign against Zionism was launched in the fall of 1948. By the end of the decade Jews disappeared from the upper echelons of the party in the republics.
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Oxford University Press, . In Georgia, an intellectual resistance to the Bolshevik regime and occasional outbreaks of guerrilla warfare evolved into a major rebellion in August 1924. Its failure and the ensuing wave of large-scale repressions orchestrated by the emerging Soviet security officer, Lavrentiy Beria, heavily demoralized the Georgian society and exterminated its most active pro-independence part.
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The Reichstag is set on fire, the provocateur Marinus van der Lubbe (Georgi Kaloyanchev) and the deputy of the Reichstag Ernst Torgler are arrested. Mass repressions against Communists are commencing. Dimitrov also falls in the hands of the Nazi court. However, in the courtroom, workers, including Heinrich Lange (Gennadi Yudin), prove the falsehood of the accusation.
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In 2007, Rynkevich founded Belarusian Public Commission for Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repressions (PCRVPR). Academics and Publications. From 1998 to 2006, Rynkevich taught as Associate Professor in the College of Management and Entrepreneurship in Minsk. Rynkevich authored numerous publications on the issues of legal framework of mass media, criminal procedure and legal defence, and juridical-political articles.
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By October, without receiving any pay, the state funded Bandurist Capellas stopped functioning. In December, a wave of repressions against Ukrainian intellectuals also resulted in 65 Ukrainian writers being arrested. In the 1930s, Soviet authorities took measures to control and curtail aspects of Ukrainian culture (see Russification) they deemed unsuitable. This also included any interest in the bandura.
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Etta L. Perkins, "Nicholas I and the Academy of Fine Arts." Russian History 18 #1 (1991): 5–63. Despite the repressions of this period, Russians outside official control produced a flowering of literature and the arts. Through the works of Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev and numerous others, Russian literature gained international stature and recognition.
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Povenets is located from Sandarmokh, the site of mass execution by shooting and burial of victims of the Soviet political repressions. Urban-type settlement status was granted to Povenets in 1938. Povenets marked the furthest advance by Finnish troops during the World War II Continuation war 1941-44. The town was occupied by Finnish troops on 6 December 1941.
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During the March 1968 events, a major student and intellectual protests against the communist government of the People's Republic of Poland, the communist authorities instigated a wave of antisemitism as part of a "anti-Zionist" campaign. Jews of Gdańsk were also affected, as exemplified by the repressions directed at Wiktor Taubenfigiel, the director of the Gdańsk hospital.
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In the commission report, E. W. L. Tower noted that "not a chest of Indigo reached England without being stained with human blood". Finally, the British government formed the Indigo Commissionin 1860 due to Nawab Abdul Latif’s initiative with the goal of putting an end to the repressions of indigo planters(by creating the Indigo Act 1862).
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When the silencer region is located within an intron, there can be two types of repressions. First, there can be a physical blockage of a splice site. Second, there can be a bend in the DNA that will inhibit RNA processing. When located in the exon or the untranslated region, the silencer will mainly be classical or position-dependent.
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The woman's personal repressions, anxieties, desires and deeply melancholy disappointment with life underline the ideology and acting of her small-town, rural class. On the one hand she becomes a representative of the German petit-bourgeoisie of the 20th century and on the other hand the sound and images emphasize her as unique and as an individual.
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Arvydas Anušauskas (born September 29, 1963) is a Lithuanian politician and historian. He focuses on the history of the interwar Lithuanian secret services, KGB actions in Lithuania, and Soviet repressions in Lithuania. As a member of the Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats, he was elected to the Seimas (parliament) in 2008 and reelected in 2012 and 2016.
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After Poles acquired the town and its surroundings, the Lithuanian population of the region was subject to various repressions, which included evictions; banning the use of Lithuanian language in public; closures of Lithuanian organizations, schools and press; and confiscation of property.Poles Attacked By Lithuanians. Walter Duranty, New York Times, September 6, 1920. Accessed on October 26, 2007.
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Lithuania had regained its independence in 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire. As pre-war tensions rose in Europe, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence. Subsequently, Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940. The Soviets instituted Sovietization policies and repressions.
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In 1917, shortly after the Russian Revolution, the family of Oleg Timchenko's mother fled to Georgia to escape repressions due to the noble origins of their family. His grandfather was the painter Evgenyi Gulitskii. Gulitskii was a businessman aiding the first Russian aviators and various progressive technologically advanced projects. Oleg Timchenko's father, Ivan Timchenko, was also a painter.
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In 1950, during the Stalin repressions he was dismissed and arrested. After the Polish October he was incorporated in the Polish Navy. Between 1957 and 1961 he served in the General Staff of the Navy before becoming the deputy commander of the Polish Naval Academy. He was transferred to the reserve due to bad health in 1964.
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Between 1945 and 1948, a wave of political repressions took place in Slovenia and in Yugoslavia. Thousands of people were imprisoned for their political beliefs. Several tens of thousands of Slovenes left Slovenia immediately after the war in fear of Communist persecution. Many of them settled in Argentina, which became the core of Slovenian anti- Communist emigration.
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The decades of geographic isolation of other Bulgarians, and the repressions additionally led this community to inability to build its own minority space for many years.Alternative Report submitted pursuant to Article 25 Paragraph 1 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, September 2007. CHRIS - Network of the Committees for Human Rights in Serbia, p. 4.
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Negative news about the Soviets was censored and even politicians did not believe the ultimatum would mean a complete loss of independence.Eidintas (1999), p. 180, 183 Another debate centers on the lack of bloodshed. By accepting the ultimatum, the government may have avoided loss of life at the time, but its submission may also have encouraged later Soviet repressions.
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For example, name Mintimer could be translated as I'm iron. During the 19th century Bulgar names were dislodged by Perso-Arab names. In the 1920s during the repressions of religion Tatars returned to Bulgarian names (some of them were just now invented, such as Aygöl). In modern history the most popularity of Bulgar names had fallen on 1980s-1990s.
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The Germans had little trouble finding recruits as starving and desperate prisoners saw Operation Zeppelin as a chance at survival. However, Germans faced trouble finding qualified recruits. They wanted to recruit educated anti-communists but found that Soviet repressions left only illiterate anti-communists. Selected prisoners were sent to special training camps to learn about sabotage, subversion, radio transmissions, etc.
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40, available here The same year he corresponded with Director General de Seguridad protesting repressions against Carlist militantsSanta Cruz 1979, p. 95 in various provinces, e.g. in Ciudad Real, Salamanca, Murcia and Palma de Mallorca;Josep Miralles Climent, La rebeldía carlista. Memoria de una represión silenciada: Enfrentamientos, marginación y persecución durante la primera mitad del régimen franquista (1936-1955), Madrid 2018, , p.
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During the Nazi Germany occupation there were killed 1118 people. In repressions against local Soviet population participated Ukrainian nationalists. In June 1943 local population provided some assistance for the Sydir Kovpak partisans. Between 1942 and 1945 it was one of many sites of massacres of Poles and Jews committed by the death squads of Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the local Ukrainian peasants.
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In 1927, the monastery was closed, the monks faced Bolshevik repressions, and many were executed. During World War II, the monastery buildings were used as factories for producing rockets for BM-13 "Katyusha" rocket launchers. It was reactivated in 2006 and reconstruction is taking place. It is under the jurisdiction of the Eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church of Nizhny Novgorod.
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Its subsequent defeat resulted in a new wave of Tsarist mass repressions and punitive actions. In 1863–1864 another insurrection, the January Uprising, broke out. This time, the Carmelite friars who helped the insurgents were sent on death marches to Siberia chained by their necks together. The January Uprising lead to the Kingdom's autonomy being drastically reduced, and its renaming as Vistula Land.
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The video was used by the Government to demonstrate the lack of credibility of dissidents on the Island. She currently maintains a profound difference with dissident Rosa María Paya Acevedo, daughter of former dissident Oswaldo Paya, accusing her of making a profit with her father's memory and carrying out activism abroad, thus protected from the repressions of the Cuban Government.
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Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa (November 23, 1925, Mahmudia, Tulcea County, Romania – November 21, 2006, Woodburn, Fairfax County, Virginia) was a Romanian priest and dissident. He served 21 years in prison during the Communist regime. He was first imprisoned in 1948, but claimed his 1978 imprisonment was harsher. He had criticized Nicolae Ceauşescu's repressions and became seen as an "enemy of the state".
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Minsk was one of the Belarusian cities, which supported the January Uprising in Poland, Lithuania and in Belarus in 1863–64. It was under Russian martial law from 1863 to 1870. The suppression of the uprising led to increased repressions against use of the Polish and Belarusian languages, particularly in education and newspapers. Development of the city was boosted by improvements in transportation.
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His trial began on October 20, 2009. In his first speech, Pashinyan called his trial a "continuation of political repressions." The verdict was delivered on January 19, 2010 by the court of the general jurisdiction of the communities of Kentron and Nork-Marash in Yerevan. He was sentenced to seven years in prison for "organizing mass disorders" on March 1–2, 2008.
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Memorials to victims of the KGB have been set up in several countries that were formerly occupied by the Soviet Union, often in former KGB prisons, to document the repressions of the Soviet secret police and to commemorate its victims. Some are in the form of monuments at the location of KGB prisons or execution sites, others are museums and documentation centres.
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Ozerov did much to preserve the creative heritage of poets of his own generation who perished in the years of Stalinist repressions. He died in Moscow. A first English edition of Ozerov's Portrait Without Frames (Портреты без рам, 1999), edited by Robert Chandler and Boris Dralyuk, was published by Granta in November 2018, and by New York Review Books in December 2018.
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Josef Toufar was born on 14 July 1902, in Arnolec. He studied to become a priest and came to Číhošť in 1948, at the time when independent and supranational Catholic Church became a dangerous enemy for the newly established Czechoslovak Communist state.Doležal (2012), p. 105 The repressions against the Church have gradually taken various shapes and resulted in arrests, tortures and murders.
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After World War II, Soviet security organizations played a key role in installing puppet Communist governments in Eastern Europe, the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and later Afghanistan. Their strategy included mass political repressions and establishment of subordinate secret services in all occupied countriesAntonov-Ovseenko, Anton, Beria, Moscow, 1999Gordievsky, Oleg; Andrew, Christopher (1990). KGB: The Inside Story. Hodder & Stoughton. .
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He reported to the Soviet controller Jack Soble. Zborowski spied on the Dallins and helped the NKVD search for Victor Kravchenko, a Soviet engineer and mid- level bureaucrat who defected from a trade mission in 1944. Kravchenko published a book, I Chose Freedom (1946), which described the repressions in the Soviet Union, the purges, the collectivizations, and the slave labour camps.
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In 2000 parliament elections PFPA took seats again and Ali Karimli was elected the leader of the opposition fraction in parliament. The 2003 Azerbaijani presidential election in Azerbaijan was marred by vote-rigging and fell far short of the most basic international norms and standards. They were followed by another wave of repressions against the opposition. Despite this PFPA has recovered quickly.
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In 1922 he joined the faculty at the Moscow Conservatory, relaunching his pianistic career. By 1930, due to the political repressions in Stalin's Russia, Feinberg's concert activities became limited. He made only two foreign trips in the 1930s: Vienna in 1936 and Brussels in 1938; hence he is generally not well known outside Russia. In 1946 he was awarded the Stalin Prize.
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Chechen rebel says he ordered Moscow Metro attacks, BBC; retrieved 31 March 2010; accessed 19 March 2014. He warned that more attacks were to come on Russian soil because of perceived repressions of Chechnya by Prime Minister Putin. On 7 February 2011, Umarov claimed responsibility in a video posted online for ordering a suicide bombing at Domodedovo International Airport, Russia's busiest airport.
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Dmitry Belsky managed to eschew repressions that befell his brothers, and he even increased his influence in the Boyar Duma. After the regency was abolished, Ivan IV at once resumed military operations against the Khanate of Kazan. In 1547, Dmitry Belsky was commanded to reinstate Shahgali as the khan. Two years later, the tsar and Belsky led the Russian armies to take Kazan.
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The Georgian female poet Tamar Eristavi proposed, in 1988, a romantic though unreliable and otherwise unproved hypothesis identifying Prince Demna with the famous Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli, who was allegedly in love with his cousin, Princess Tamar; he survived the repressions and wrote his poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin (dedicated to Tamar) in exile under the assumed identity of Rustaveli.
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R.S.S. ("Birth of the USSR"). Published in 1946 by Éditions Charlot, it revisited his own contribution to the 1917 events, with Sadoul taking credit for General Niessel's departure from Petrograd.Delmas, p. 223 According to the Catholic magazine Études, its description of the Soviet state was "too beautiful to be true", as the revelations about the Soviet political repressions were becoming known.
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Economic growth was accompanied with social and cultural development. A number of higher education institutes, theaters, and a philharmonia were founded in Yaroslavl and Rybinsk. The region was also significantly affected by the political repressions of that time and Stalin's purges. During the period from 1918 to 1975, some 18,155 people were given sentences for political crimes, and 2,219 were sentenced to death.
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Following the crushing of the revolution, the Soviets instituted János Kádár as the leader of Hungary. After an initial period of repressions against the revolutionaries, Kádár implemented a more moderate form of communism, which he referred to as "Goulash Communism." He would rule until 1988, when he was removed from power just before the "revolution" that ended Communism in Hungary.
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Opening of monument to victims of political repressions, Moscow, 1990 At least two Soviet commissions investigated the show-trials after Stalin's death. The first was headed by Molotov and included Voroshilov, Kaganovich, Suslov, Furtseva, Shvernik, Aristov, Pospelov, and Rudenko. They were given the task to investigate the materials concerning Bukharin, Rykov, Zinoviev, Tukhachevsky, and others. The commission worked in 1956–1957.
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On the same day The Congregation of the Church of the Transfiguration in Lviv left the Russian Orthodox Church and proclaimed itself the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The following day, thousands attended a memorial service at Demianiv Laz, and a temporary marker was placed to indicate that a monument to the "victims of the repressions of 1939–1941" soon would be erected.
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German state at the time considered Jews to be untermenschen and planned their eradication as national groups, including Poles. To escape this fate many locals took the III and IV group of Volksliste. As result of German repressions the population of the city declined to 10,000 in March 1945. In January 1945 the Red Army took Chełmża, thus ending the German occupation.
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Sever Gansovsky was born in the family of Ella-Johanna May, a singer from Latvia. During one of the tours in Poland she met Felix Gansovsky and married him. In 1918 they had two children, Sever and Veronika. Felix disappeared soon after their birth, and Ella moved to Leningrad. During Stalinist repressions in the 1930s she was arrested and shot in prison.
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Plaintiffs were > obliged to prove their rights in Austrian civil courts that had an adverse > policy (except a short period in the end of the 1940s). Even when the > federal government had a fair mind to settle another dispute, the state > apparatus had no time to try all the claims. Probably neither politicians > nor ordinary officials realised the real scale of Hitler's repressions.
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He was quickly released because of international pressure. Despite having lost his job because of repressions, he was awarded a medal "For Battle Merit" in 1949. He had to sell handcrafted clothes on the local market for five years because he could not find a job. Only after Stalin's death in 1953 could he find a job, in the Rostselmash factory.
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In early 1930s used his sabbatical leave to visit the USA, California for studying contemporary architecture at Pacific Union College. Upon his return to Ukraine a year later, he continued to organize poets meetings. The cultural activities he participated together with Mykola eventually ended fatal. During mass execution of the local cultural community, he used his knowledge of old Chernivtsi buildings to hide artists from repressions.
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Shaykh al-Islam Baha'i Mehmed Efendi () (1595-6/1601, Istanbul - 3 January 1654) was Ottoman jurist, theologian, poet and scholar. He was first appointed as Shaykh al-Islam in 1649. Some of his fatwas are written in verse of which 4 of them are available now. His best known ruling was his lawful pronouncing of smoking and ending the prohibitions and repressions of the early 17th century.
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Of five finalists, the entry of Igor Burmistenko was accepted. The statue was installed on the Veteran's Mall of Tolyatti Central Park and was opened on October 30 (the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions), 2005. The bronze figure was not yet ready, so a temporary plaster version was installed for the opening, then removed. The bronze statue was installed in April 2006.
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After a few days of riots, the government decided to take back the decision and the news regarding riots were suppressed. However, the participants faced big repressions with legal charges, years in prison, or being beaten including those in need of hospitalization. Because of the continuing economic crisis, the government introduced ration stamps (Kartki). From 1976 "kartki" were necessary for everyone to buy even basic products.
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Restored Tuskulėnai manor palace Tuskulėnai Manor () is a neoclassical manor in Žirmūnai elderate of Vilnius, Lithuania. It is best known as burial grounds of people executed by the KGB in 1944–1947. After Lithuania regained independence in 1990, the manor was reconstructed and the park was transformed into a memorial to the victims of Soviet repressions. It is administered by the Lithuanian Genocide and Resistance Research Center.
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Serbian Action is also active on universities, organizing meetings and protests. The authority banned their meetings on the subject of Communist crimes, in response to which Serbian Action claimed that the Communists and their repressions are still present in universities. In 2015 they organized a student march to mark 20 years since Operation Storm, and to protest Croatian celebration of it. Thousands attended the march.
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Sengiin Erdene was born on December 7, 1929 in Binder, Khentii Province. His father, a herder from Buryatia who had come to Mongolia a few years previous, was killed during the repressions of the late 1930s. Erdene graduated from the School of Military Officers, Ulaanbaatar in 1949 and the Mongolian State University in 1955. Before turning completely to writing, he worked as a psychiatrist for several years.
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According to Mitrokhin's notes, Soviet security organizations played key roles in establishing puppet Communist governments in Eastern Europe and Afghanistan. Their strategy included mass political repressions and establishing subordinate secret police services at the occupied territories. The KGB director Yuri Andropov took suppression of anti-Communist liberation movements personally. In 1954, he became the Soviet Ambassador to Hungary, and was present during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.
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Chronicles of Terror is a digital internet archive established by the in August 2016. Initially, it provided access to the depositions of Polish citizens who after World War II were interviewed as witnesses before the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland. From 17 September 2017, the database also presents the accounts of Poles who fell victim to repressions perpetrated by Soviet totalitarianism.
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The term "totalitarian" played on fears of return to Soviet-era repressions. Dvorkin called Hitler along with Lenin "founders of the most evil totalitarian sects". In 1993 he founded the first Russian anti-cult organisation: Saint Irenaeus of Lyons Information and Advisory Center (Информационно-консультационный центр св. Иринея Лионского) with the blessing of the Patriarch of Moscow, Patriarch Alexy II and became its head.
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Kasekamp, 2010, pp. 68-69 In 1812 the city was seized by Napoleon on his push towards Moscow. After the failure of the campaign, the Grande Armée retreated to the area where 80,000 of French soldiers died and were buried in the trenches they had built months earlier. After the November Uprising the Vilnius University was closed and repressions halted the further development of the city.
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After the uprising, as part of anti-Polish repressions the Piarist church was taken away from Catholics by the Russian administration and transformed into an Orthodox church. It was restored to Catholics after Poland regained independence. In 1842, Lida became the centre of Vilna Governorate. In 1863 and 1873, two beer factories were built in Lida. In 1884, the railway from Vilnius to Lunenets was finished.
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In 1945 the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations. After the death of Stalin (1953), Khrushchev as head of the Communist Party of Soviet Union enabled a Ukrainian revival. Nevertheless, political repressions against poets, historians and other intellectuals continued, as in all other parts of the USSR. In 1954 the republic expanded to the south with the transfer of the Crimea.
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Following the death of Catholicos Gevorg V on May 8, 1930, Muradbekian served as actual locum tenens for more than two years, until he was elected Catholicos on November 12, 1932. He was enthroned as Catholicos on November 13 at Etchmiadzin Cathedral. His reign was coupled with heavy repressions against the Armenian Church by Soviet authorities. Nevertheless, he was as "more pro-Moscow" than his predecessor.
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Mass roundups and executions, in which hundreds of innocent people were killed, shocked Warsaw. While German repressions were usually directed against specific social or political groups, the terror perpetrated by Kutschera was basically used in a random manner. Next to political prisoners arrested by the Gestapo, ordinary Warsaw residents who were accidentally detained during round-ups died in great numbers.Władysław Bartoszewski: Warszawski pierścień śmierci... op.cit.
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The 1947 Polish legislative elections were rigged by the communists, who previously conducted the illegitimate Polish people's referendum of 1946. The unchallenged rule of the communists that followed, combined with extensive repressions and persecution, forced many opposition leaders to leave the country. The new Sejm, which replaced the KRN, was totally dominated by the communists and their allies until the collapse of communism in Poland in 1989.
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In Marxist political discourse, Stalinism, denoting and connoting the theory and praxis of Stalin, has two usages, namely praise of Stalin by Marxist–Leninists who believe Stalin successfully developed Lenin's legacy and criticism of Stalin by Marxist–Leninists and other Marxists who repudiate Stalin's political purges, social-class repressions and bureaucratic terrorism.Bullock, Allan; Trombley, Stephen, eds. (1999). The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought. p. 506.
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374–83, Olson and Cloud 2003 When the Second World War ended, a Communist government was installed in Poland. Many Poles felt betrayed by their wartime allies. Many Polish soldiers refused to return to Poland, because of the Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946), the Trial of the Sixteen and other executions of pro-Western Poles, particularly the former members of the AK (Armia Krajowa).
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After the fall of the uprising, bloody repressions began and the attempts at Russification intensified. During World War I, from 1915 to 1918, the city was occupied by the Germans. Polish Military Cemetery from World War II Following Poland's return to independence, Włodawa became a seat of the Włodawa County. In 1939, before the onset of World War II, the population of Włodawa was 9,293.
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The Spanish regime reacted to the free lifestyle of the city with arrests of homosexuals and other repressions during the 1970s. Torremolinos first appeared on the map of the Ensenada's Marques in 1748. The name comes from the words Torre (Tower) and Molino (Mill). Water mills covered all this area of which only one survives (Molino de Inca) and one tower which forms part of a restaurant.
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Panorama de la comunicación en México, pp. 75-86. In México the mass media owners are likely to have access to high levels of the Mexican government. On 3 May 2006 the community of San Salvador Atenco was violently repressed by the Mexican police who used excessive force, and committed severe human rights violations. This event was one of the most violent repressions in the nation's history.
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Levan Razikashvili () (1895-1923) was a Georgian police officer and victim of Soviet repressions. He was born into the family of the Georgian poet Luka Razikashvili, better known by his pseudonym Vazha-Pshavela. Razikashvili graduated from the Tbilisi Gymnasium for Nobility and joined the Social- Federalist Party during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, he served to the short-lived Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1924).
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Between Shades of Gray is partly based upon the stories Sepetys heard from survivors of Soviet repressions in the Baltic states during a visit to her relatives in Lithuania. Sepetys decided she needed to write a fiction novel rather than a non-fiction volume as a way of making it easier for survivors to talk to her. She interviewed dozens of people during her stay.
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In general around 223 writers were repressed by what was known as the Executed Renaissance. These repressions were part of Stalin's implemented policy of socialist realism. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the use of the Ukrainian language, but it required that writers follow a certain style in their works. In post-Stalinist times literary activities continued to be somewhat limited under the Communist Party.
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Vintage Books, New York 2003. Vintage Polish writer and commentator, Dr Tomasz Sommer, also refers to the operation as a genocide, along with Prof. Marek Jan Chodakiewicz among others. After the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, the Soviet Union began to repress institutions of the former Polish government, although these repressions were not overtly racist the new Soviet government allowed for racial hatred.
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Dachiev's actions allowed the entire division to cross the Dnieper on 26 September 1943. For doing so he was declared a Hero of the Soviet Union on 15 January 1944, just a few weeks before the repressions of Chechens and Ingush began. Throughout the remainder of the war he served as a platoon commander after graduating from the Novocherkassk Cavalry School with the rank of junior lieutenant.
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Gleb Yakunin performing a service for the victims of the Stalinist political repressions during the unveiling of the Solovetsky Stone in Lubyanka Square, Moscow, on October 30, 1990 According to the Russian NGO Memorial, the monument was erected on 30 October 1990 to commemorate a 1974 initiative by political prisoners to establish a "Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR."news.ru article, 23 February 2008 (in Russian), English translation In 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Russia officially established 30 October as the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions.Putin visits memorial to victims of Stalinist Great Terror, The New York Times, October 30, 2007 Another Solovetsky Stone was erected in the public garden on Troitskaya Square in Saint Petersburg in 2002. It was designed by Yevgeny Ukhnalyov and is officially known as the Memorial to the Victim of Political Repressions in Petrograd - Leningrad.
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Dzmitry Zhuk ( or Дзьмітры Жук) is a Belarusian journalist and media manager. He is the former head of the press service of president Alexander Lukashenko. Since February 2018 Main Editor of the state-owned newspaper holding Sovetskaya Belorussiya. He was accused of organizing propagandist support to political repressions and placed on the EU sanctions list between 2012 and 2016 when he was Director General of the state-owned news agency BelTA.
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During the middle of the 19th century Jews settled in the town, developing trade and helping the town recover from two large fires. After the second fire a new brick church replaced the old wooden church. By 1866 the number of residents had almost doubled since 1833, reaching 1,000. Punia suffered from another major fire, the World Wars, Soviet repressions and by 1939 it had only about 200 residents left.
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Piłsudski's death in 1935 brought a deterioration in the quality of life of Poland's Jews. During the 1930s, a combination of developments, from the Great Depression to the vicious spiral of OUN terrorist attacks and government pacifications, caused government relations with the national minorities to deteriorate. Unrest among national minorities was also related to foreign policy. Troubles followed repressions in the largely-Ukrainian eastern Galicia, where nearly 1,800 persons were arrested.
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The campaign of mass repressions officially started as retribution for the assassination (17 August 1918) of Petrograd Cheka leader Moisei Uritsky by Leonid Kannegisser and for the attempted assassination (30 August 1918) of Vladimir Lenin by Fanni Kaplan. While recovering from his wounds, Lenin instructed: "It is necessary – secretly and urgently to prepare the terror".Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin (2000). The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West.
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Petala, who was ordered to investigate Davidoglu, suggested that the McLaren group were of "doubtful good faith".Giurcă, pp. 15–17 Likewise, Stănescu reads the British report as a "complete denaturation", with "Bolsheviks" being depicted as "victims of Romanian repressions."Stănescu, p. 25 Interrogated by the Romanian side, McLaren noted that Khotin had been shelled by the Romanians until a civilian delegation had declared it an open city.
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Zahra's Paradise was conceived by a Persian writer (Amir Soltani), an Arab artist ("Khalil"), and a Jewish editor, who chose anonymity for political reasons. Two of them are Iranian expatriates, and want to protect their families in Iran from repressions by the Iranian government. Writer Soltani describes himself as "a human rights activist, journalist and documentary filmmaker." The first episode of the Zahra's Paradise webcomic was published on 19 February 2010.
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In Vepryk he founded a choir and theatre where he was performed on stage. The villagers referred to Stetsenko as the "bright Father".Кирило Григорович Стеценко — композитор, диригент, священик, громадський діяч As political repressions were renewed against Ukrainians famine and disease began to spread later affecting Kyrylo Stetsenko in the spring of 1922 who died of typhus while tending to the sick during an outbreak of the disease.
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Vladimir Andreyevich Musalimov (31 December 1944 – 3 November 2013) was a Soviet amateur welterweight boxer. He won bronze medals at the 1968 Olympics and 1969 European Championships and a silver medals at the 1971 World Army Championships. Musalimov was the Soviet champion in 1967–69. Musalimov was born in Moscow, but as a result of the Stalin's repressions his family was relocated to Kazakhstan, where he started to train in boxing.
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But six months later, the museum's director, tireless researcher F. T. Kaminsky, was accused for being a member of the Union for the Freedom of Ukraine process, and had been in Joseph Stalin's camps for 25 years. The terrible repressions didn't omit the other museum's staff. The prominent local historian and scholar M. D. Lahuta was also arrested. The museum's exhibition in 30-s has become very politicized.
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Already during his brief stay at the Warsaw University Mazowiecki joined the Caritas Academica charity organisation, he also briefly headed the University Printing Cooperative between 1947 and 1948. In 1946 he also joined Karol Popiel's Labour Party. However, later that year the party was outlawed by the new Stalinist authorities of Soviet-controlled Poland. Almost all other non-communist organisations soon also became a target of state-sponsored repressions.
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In The Economist's Democracy Index 2016 Laos was classified as an "authoritarian regime", ranking lowest of the nine ASEAN nations included in the study. According to estimates, around 300,000 people fled to Thailand as a consequence of governmental repressions. Amongst them, 100,000 Hmongs, that is 30% of the whole ethnicity, and 90% of all of Laos' intellectuals, specialists, and officials. Moreover, 130,000 deaths can be attributed to the civil war.
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Soon afterwards the Prussian authorities responded with repressions, with 185 priests imprisoned and several hundred others forced into exile. Among the imprisoned was the Primate of Poland Archbishop Mieczysław Ledóchowski. A large part of the remaining Catholic priests had to continue their service in hiding from the authorities. Although most of the imprisoned were finally set free by the end of the decade, the majority of them were forced into exile.
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Igor Viktorovich Smirnov (Russian: Абакумов Игорь Викторович, Смирнов Игорь Викторович) (April 5, 1951 - November 5, 2004) was a controversial Russian scientist best known for his role in Soviet-era mind control research as well as an obscure field of human behavior study he called "psychoecology". He was a son of Soviet Minister of State Security Viktor Abakumov, who was executed for his role in Josef Stalin's political repressions.
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In 1936, Dikiy was ordered out of Moscow, then he was appointed the director of the Bolshoi Drama Theater (BDT) in Leningrad. There he began his lifelong collaboration and friendship with actor Boris Babochkin. At that time many Russian intellectuals were terrorized by purges and repressions, known as the "Great Terror" under the dictatorship of Joseph Stalin. In 1937 Aleksei Dikiy was arrested on false accusations of anti-Soviet activity.
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According to a plan devised by Stanisław Staszic, metal industry was developed along the Kamienna river, and the settlement of Starachowice was its center. As part of anti-Polish repressions following the unsuccessful Polish January Uprising, the Russian administration stripped Wierzbnik of its town rights in 1870, which were restored in 1916. After Poland regained independence in 1918, the government in Warsaw decided to build an arms factory in Starachowice.
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Ma Desheng, born 1952 in Beijing, is a Chinese artist and one of the founding members of the Stars Group. After being arrested for his role in arranging the group's first exhibition and repressions against "liberal thinkers", the artist relocated to Paris in 1986. Ma is self-trained as a woodblock craftsman, his works are held in various significant public and private collections including the Ashmolean Museum, and the British Museum.
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Golitsyn was born on 14(1) March 1909 at an estate in the Tula guberniya. His father was prince Mikhail Vladimirovich Golitsyn (1873–1942), a member of the powerful Russian Golitsyn (or Galitzine) family, and his mother was Anna Sergeyevna, born Lopukhina (1880–1972). He had also five sisters and one brother. During the repressions of the 1920s and 1930s, a large number of his relatives were targeted.
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Dovnar-Zapol'skiy, supposedly in c.1890s—1900s. Mitrofan Viktorovich Dovnar- Zapol'skiy (, ; , Rechytsa, Minsk Governorate — 30 September 1934, MoscowHe died of stenocardia, and so, it's considered, "avoided" further political repressions already looming.) was a historian, ethnographer, and diplomat of Belarusian origin. He hailed from the family of land-less smaller nobility and was the son of Collegiate Secretary.His father occupied the position of section head in uyezd office of gendarmerie ().
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Ambartsumian considered Sobolev his "most brilliant graduate student." ;Stalin's purges Many of Ambartsumian's colleagues and friends suffered during the Great Purge under Stalin, most notably Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kozyrev (1908–83), with whom he became close friends in the mid-1920s. Kozyrev was sentenced to ten years in a forced-labor camp, but survived the repressions. Others such as Matvei Petrovich Bronstein and Pulkovo director Boris Gerasimovich did not survive.
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In 1951, he started teaching at the Faculty of Arts and in 1952, he became a member of the Oriental Institute of the newly established Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. In 1969, following the government repressions in the wake of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, he left for the United States where he became a Professor of North-West Semitic languages at the University of California, Los Angeles.
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After Azerbaijan's Sovietization in 1920 the country's wealthy suffered severe repressions from the Bolshevik government, resulting in the emigration of many of them. Taghiyev's house and his other possessions were therefore confiscated. Due to his past contributions and generosity, he was given the option of choosing a place of residence for himself. Taghiyev chose to stay in his summer cottage in the village of Mardakan, not far from Baku.
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Grand Duke Alexei Petrovich of Russia (28 February 1690 – 7 July 1718) was a Russian Tsarevich. He was born in Moscow, the son of Tsar Peter I and his first wife, Eudoxia Lopukhina. Alexei despised his father and repeatedly thwarted Peter's plans to raise him as successor to the throne. His brief defection to Austria scandalized the Russian government, leading to harsh repressions against Alexei and his associates.
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While the Union's program reflected attempts to include issues relevant to both working class (welfare guarantees) and peasant women (equality in land reform), it had difficulty in attracting their participation and retaining their loyalty. The class solidarity was more important than gender unity. Internal disagreements and introduction of reactionary repressions by the Tsarist authorities led to quick dwindling of the Union. The Union was never officially registered as an organization.
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Beginning of preparations for the "Polish operation". ;July 24: Instruction of the NKVD "For the prevention of bacteriological diversions": an order to arrest all people with foreign connections and "anti- Soviet elements" working in water supply or in bacteriological laboratories. ;July 25: NKVD order 00439 On repressions of Germans suspected of spying against the USSR started the "German operation". In 1937-1938 55,005 people were sentenced due to the "German operations".
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Red Terror in Soviet Russia was the campaign of mass arrests and executions conducted by the Bolshevik government. The Red Terror was officially announced on September 2, 1918 by Yakov Sverdlov and ended in about October 1918. However Sergei Melgunov applies this term to repressions for the whole period of the Russian Civil War, 1918–1922.Serge Petrovich Melgunov, Red Terror in Russia, Hyperion Pr (1975), Courtois et al.
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Decossackization (Russian: Расказачивание, Raskazachivaniye) was the Bolshevik policy of systematic repressions against Cossacks of the Russian Empire, especially of the Don and the Kuban, between 1917 and 1933 aimed at the elimination of the Cossacks as a separate ethnic, political, and economic entity.Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press, 1999. p.
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Propagandists proclaimed the War against the German aggressors as the "Great Patriotic War", in allusion to the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon. References to ancient Russian military heroes such as Alexander Nevski and Mikhail Kutuzov appeared. Repressions against the Russian Orthodox Church stopped, and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle. The Communist Party abolished the institution of political commissars—although it soon restored them.
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Hui Muslims have experienced greater repression of religious activities. In 2018, paramount leader Xi Jinping issued a directive aimed at the sinicization of Chinese Muslims. Since then, the government has repressed aspects of Hui culture deemed "Arab". Most of these repressions have been focused on the destruction of aesthetically Islamic building and symbols, with the government renovating architecture to appear more "Chinese" and banning Arabic signs in Hui regions.
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Casanovas had to quit ten days after assuming the post. He captured Santos Pérez, Quiroga's assassin, but he let him escape. He did not go far; was recaptured and sent to Buenos Aires, where he was executed by firing squad. Casanovas remained in command of his regiment, and trying his loyalty not be doubted, he supported all of caudillo Manuel Quebracho López's repressions against his enemies in Córdoba.
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Leipelt was born in Vienna. His father, Konrad Leipelt, was a graduate in civil engineering, while his mother Katharina was a chemist from a Christian family with Jewish roots. In 1925, Hans father accepted the post of factory director of Tin Works in Wilhelmsburg, and so the family moved to Hamburg. Due to the Jewish origins of Katharina Leipelt, the family suffered the repressions of the Nuremberg race laws from 1935.
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A Soviet-era monument in Sukhumi, dedicated to the Komsomol members who "fell in the struggle against the enemies of the Soviet power in 1924". A 1969 photo from the RIAN archive. Reports of the extent of the repressions caused an outcry among socialists abroad. Leaders of the Second International sent a resolution to the League of Nations condemning the Soviet government, but did not achieve any substantial results.
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The tsar sent troops to suppress the revolt. As Paul Avrich notes in Russian Rebels, 1600–1800, "The brutality of the repressions by far exceeded the atrocities committed by the insurgents." The tsar's troops mutilated the rebels' bodies and displayed them in public to serve as a warning to potential dissenters. In 1671, Stepan and his brother Frol Razin were captured at Kagalnik fortress (Кагальницкий городок) by Cossack elders.
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According to polls in 2004, 62% of Finnish citizens had a negative view of Russia. Deportation of Ingrian Finns, indigenous to St. Petersburg, Ingria, and other Soviet repressions against its Finnish minorities have contributed to negative views of Russia. In a 2012 poll, 12% of Russian immigrants in Finland reported that they had experienced a racially motivated hate crime (as compared to an average of 10% of immigrants in the EU).
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Muhammad Hassan Bey Veliyev-Baharly (1896 – 27 June 1937) was a prominent Azerbaijani scientist, whose contributions in the studying field of ethnogenesis, economy are not only widely used by modern-day scholars, but represent the achievements of independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Baharly was the first chief of Azerbaijani State Bank and a professor of Baku State University. He died as a result of political repressions, orchestrated by Josef Stalin.
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It was formed mainly of the surviving remnants of the pre-War Polish Army, together with many volunteers. Other forces existed side-by-side, such as the communist People's Army (Armia Ludowa or AL) parallel to the PPR, organised and controlled by the Soviet Union. The AK was estimated between 200,000 and 600,000 men, while the AL was estimated between 14,000 and 60,000. 1942-1943 German repressions caused Zamość uprising.
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Balinsky was a full university professor and the deputy director of the Institute of Biology in Kyiv at 28 years of age. He became a recognized expert in fish and amphibian development. Being victim of Soviet repressions, he remained under German occupation during World War II and fled to Posnan, Poland and later Munich, Germany. Balinsky briefly worked in Scotland in Conrad Hal Waddington's laboratory on mice embryology.
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A small wooden church, the Church of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia, was inaugurated on 16 June 1996. The Church of the Resurrection, a larger white stone structure, was completed in 2007. Church of the Resurrection On 30 October 2007, Russian President Vladimir Putin commemorated the 70th anniversary of the repressions by visiting the Butovo Firing Range, attributing the deaths of victims to the “excesses of the political conflict.
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Police were taunted as "Jews" by the demonstrators (a comment on the intifada in Israel). On 9 October, an anonymous tract was distributed to the youth which called for a march the next day. This march, under the leadership of imam Ali Benhadj led to violent repressions resulting in the deaths of 30 protesters. Torture was also used as a means of discouraging protesters including sodomy, mutilation and electrocution.
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He moved to Israel in 1989, just before the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1996, now-independent Lithuanian prosecutors opened a criminal case. He was investigated on nine counts of repressions against the Lithuanian partisans. However, Israel refused to cooperate and did not respond to Lithuanian requests to question Dushanski as a witness or to extradite him on the grounds that the case stemmed from anti-Semitism.
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The Soviets invaded and occupied Lithuania by the end of 1944. As forced conscription into Red Army and Stalinist repressions intensified, thousands of Lithuanians used forests in the countryside as a natural refuge. These spontaneous groups became more organized and centralized culminating in the establishment of the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters in February 1948. In their documents, the partisans emphasized that their ultimate goal is recreation of independent Lithuania.
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People feared Soviet repressions, but "there was no other way out", according to German sources.OKH/GenStdH/FHO (IIIa), “Kgf.-Vernehmung,” CRS, H3/690,pp.245-246. It is worth noting however, that there was still a very small piece of Transnistrian territory still left under Romanian rule as late as August 1944, according to an OKH map depicting the situation on the Romanian front as of 20 August.
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Tomilovsky moved to Moscow in 1930 to continue his art education, in the Moscow Academy of Arts. His studies were postponed as he had to make a living and he started working as an artist in the city’s committee of fine art. In 1934 Vladimir Tomilovsky was taken by the vortex of political repressions as got accused of attempt of Sergey Kirov’s life (C.М. Киров) under the article 58.
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Indeed, most of the important union events and meetings took place in interracial settings. Even though Mitchell wanted an interracial union, he observed drastic behavioral differences between blacks and whites. African-Americans in the union had a strong collective conscience and unity; therefore, through their unity they were more capable of resisting repressions through collective action. On the other hand, whites were more individualistic and were easier for managers to coerce.
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A significant number of Kuban bandurists who had emigrated to the West continued to perform. However, as part of the de-ukrainisation of the Kuban that was implemented in 1930, many of the bandurists such as Svirid Sotnichenko, Konon Bezchasny, Mykola Bohuslavsky were arrested and received terms of imprisonment of 5–10 years or exile. Many more were purged in the Yezhovschina wave of repressions in 1937-38.
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After the war he returned to Communist-held Poland and continued his military service. Forced to retire in 1949, during the Stalinist repressions against pre-war Polish officers, he was placed on a proscription list and spent the remainder of his life doing menial jobs and working as an ordinary worker in Warsaw. He died 26 March 1964 in Warsaw and was buried at the Powązki Military Cemetery.
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The absolute majority of Austrians supported the annexation by Germany. Only some solitary pieces of evidence show public rejection or at least indifference to the Anschluss, mainly in rural areas. Although there were about half a million people in the capital including thousands of Jews, thousands of "Mischlinges" and political opponents who had reasons to fear Nazi repressions, there was no active resistance to the Anschluss. March 15, 1938.
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The law of 1947 about social assistance to the victims of repressions > had been corrected 30 times during 50 years. For some incidental points like > the restitution of confiscated property Austrians formed a fair and fully- > fledged legal basis as early as 1947. The other ones, like the lost rights > of rented apartments, were left without any decision. All these laws > referred not to public law, but to private civil law.
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During the era of the People's Republic of Poland, the Polish communist authorities colluded with the Soviet Union to censor information about the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 and repressions carried out against the Polish population during the period of Soviet occupation from 1939 - 1941, as well as subsequent repressions following the Soviet takeover of Poland in 1944-5, in particular - denying Soviet culpability for the Katyn massacre of 1940. After the fall of the communist governments in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, the new authorities in Poland officially endorsed a project to create a number of monuments and memorials commemorating those events. The Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East was designed by Maksymilian Biskupski and is located at the intersection of Muranowska and General Władysław Anders streets in Warsaw. Biskupski designed the monument in 1991, construction began on 18 August 1995, and it was officially unveiled on 17 September 1995 - the 56th anniversary of the Soviet invasion of 1939.
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The mass occurrence of the armed local defence is evident from ostensive and oblique records from the Soviet underground sources, armed clashes with the Soviet partisans, terror and violence perpetrated against the local defence members, villages and homesteads being burnt, as well as massacres of innocent inhabitants and other repressions. Notable acts of the Soviet partisans were the 29 January 1944 burning of the village of Kaniūkai in the Eišiškės county (about 35 casualties) and the village of Bakaloriskes in Trakai region on 12 April 1944. The Soviet partisans intended to harm the local defence groups from these villages as an act of vengeance for their activities; these repressions were perpetrated to suppress local defence as a mass phenomenon. Armed local defence occurred on massive scale, illustrated by the losses of the Soviet partisans during the clashes with the local defense and unsuccessful attempts to advance from the Rudninkai woods in the Southeast deeper into the country.
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In 1936, she co-organized the Congress of Culture Workers. After the outbreak of the World War II, the Kowalski family remained in Soviet Lviv: Jerzy continued lecturing at the university, Anna was a witness of political repressions (her brother was imprisoned, and her sister-in-law was deported to Siberia by Russians). In 1943, they moved to Warsaw where Kowalska joined the underground resistance. She was in the city during the Warsaw Uprising.
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Although nominally the Falangist leader in Santander, Hedilla was based in A Coruña when the northern uprising began. He thus took charge of securing this city and was responsible for the bloody repressions. Despite this Hedilla, who was on the left wing of the Falange and emphasised the proletarian and syndicalist nature of the movement soon became a critic of the indiscriminate violence being perpetrated by the Nationalists. Beevor, The Battle for Spain, p.
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Alexandre Bandzeladze () was a Georgian artist. Alexandre Bandzeladze's family, after having been exiled to the Irkutsk District during the repressions in the 1920s, returned to Tbilisi in 1932. In 1947, he enrolled in the Oil Painting Department of the Tbilisi Academy of Fine Arts under the tutorship of Sergo Kobuladze, Iosif Charlemagne, and Valentin Sherpilov. Expelled from the academy in 1949, he received his diploma as late as 1963, with the help of Apolon Kutateladze.
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Minor border corrections followed in the next few years. Even though the German-speakers of the region were officially protected in their rights by the Czechoslovak state, repressions regarding language policy and schooling in German were instituted. The enforcement of a Czech identity on the citizens rather raised public opposition.LandesEcho On 1 October 1938, Hlučínsko was occupied by Nazi Germany as a part of areas lost by Czechoslovakia in accordance with the Munich Agreement.
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The Soviet Union also officially maintained this Marxist-Leninist interpretation under Joseph Stalin, who expounded Lenin's critique of antisemitism. However, this did not prevent the widely publicized repressions of Jewish intellectuals during 1948–1953 when Stalin increasingly associated Jews with "cosmopolitanism" and pro-Americanism. Jews were prominent in the Russian Constitutional Democrat Party, Russian Social Democratic Party (Mensheviks) and Socialist-Revolutionary Party. The Russian Anarchist movement also included many prominent Jewish revolutionaries.
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329; in 1942 Rodezno managed to defeat "serranistas" drafting the future legislation, Martínez Sánchez 2002, p. 415 He is best remembered, however, for his role in Francoist repressions. Wartime purges rested on most tortured juridical basis and produced some 72,000 executions;Payne 1987, p. 219 it is difficult to tell to what extent Rodezno might be held liable, especially that most of them were carried out under military jurisdiction and before he assumed office.
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The immediate impetus for writing this work were political repressions that took place in Ukrainian SSR in 1965 against the Ukrainian intellectuals. In August and September 1965 in Kiev, Lviv, Lutsk, Ivano- Frankivsk and Ternopil about three dozen of young Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested. On September 4 in Kiev during the premiere of the Sergei Parajanov's movie Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors poets Vasyl Stus and Ivan Dziuba called for protesting against political repression.
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The literary Lithuanian language was standardized and refined further as a language of scholarship and Lithuanian literature. The price the Lithuanian intelligentsia ended up paying for the national privileges was their much increased Communist Party membership after Stalin's death.Snyder (2003), p. 93-95 Between the death of Stalin in 1953 and the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s, Lithuania functioned as a Soviet society, with all its repressions and peculiarities.
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After Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the Wehrmacht reached Estonia in July. Although initially the Germans were perceived as liberators from the USSR and its repressions by most Estonians who hoped for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realized that they were merely another occupying power. Germans pillaged the country for the war effort and unleashed the Holocaust. Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland.
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The church was completely rebuilt in stone in 1488 and again in the Muscovite Baroque style in 1687-89. In 1930 the church was closed and used in 1930s by NKVD as the place of mass executions. In 1975 the building was transferred to the Museum of History of Moscow and in 1991 was returned the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1994 here was placed the cross in the memory of victims of repressions.
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Lou accompanied Hinnerk on his "Norddeutsche Reportage-Reisen" and wrote texts for his various landscape photo series of landscapes. Repressions in 1934 against her husband Hinnerk, who was forbidden by the Nazis to join the Reich Association of German Photojournalists, also cut off this source of income for the family. So they concentrated on the colour design of public houses, murals and restoration work. Hinnerk Scheper did military service in Germany from 1942 to 1945.
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While serving as the deputy magistrate of Satkhira, he witnessed the repression and exploitation of the peasants by the English indigo planters. He encouraged the farmers there to become united and tell the government about their grievances. He himself took some initiative in this Indigo revolt. Finally, the British government formed the Indigo Commission in 1860 due to his initiative with the goal of putting an end to the repressions of indigo planters.
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Russian authorities raided Crimean Tatars national assembly building, removing all staff by force. This was preceded by a court ruling that ordered blocking of the assembly bank accounts and repressions against its members and political activists. Mustafa Djemilev announced that since March over 18 Tatar activists were missing, some of them abducted by government forces, some lost without trace. Most recent such case was Edem Asanov who disappeared on 29 September while travelling to work.
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And at last the Blasphemy law. That is > why I organized this action. The human body is naked like a carcass, there > is nothing on it except the barbed wire, which by the way was invented for > the protection of livestock. These laws like the wire, keep people in > individual pens: all this persecution of political activists, "prisoners of > May, 6", governmental repressions is the metaphor of the pen with the barbed > wire around it.
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His father Teymur Salahov had been a victim of Stalin's repressions, having been arrested in 1937 and executed shortly after. His mother Sona was left to bring up four children on her own but the family didn't learn of their father's death until 1956 after Stalin's death."Teymur Salahov: Deafening Silence: Waiting 18 Years for Father to Return Home" by Tahir and Zarifa Salahov, in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 13:4 (Winter 2005), pp. 80-87.
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During this time Danuta assumed pseudonym "Inka". The "Łupaszko" brigade was dissolved in September 1945 and Danuta went back to work in the forest inspectorate in Miłomłyn in Ostróda County under the name "Danuta Obuchowicz". However, the brigade was re-mobilized in response to Communist repressions in January 1946. In the early spring of 1946 Danuta came into contact with second lieutenant Zdzisław Badocha "Żelazny", the commander of one of Łupaszko's squadrons.
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Polski ruch narodowy w Niemczech w latach 1922–1939 Wojciech Wrzesiński page 200 Ossolineum, 1993 Repressions intensified after Adolf Hitler came to power and led to closing of the school. Members of Polish community who took part in cultural and political activities were persecuted and even murdered. In 1938 the head of Stettin's Union of Poles unit Stanisław Borkowski was imprisoned in Oranienburg. In 1939, all Polish organisations in Stettin were disbanded by the authorities.
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Doga was born on 1 March 1937 in the village of Mocra in the Rîbniţa District (Moldova). He made his compositional debut in 1963, with a string quartet, later becoming the author of many musical compositions, theater scores and film soundtracks. The childhood of the composer coincided with a period of historical cataclysms – the war, repressions, hunger, poverty, exhausting hard work (the composer's memories of his childhoodEugen Doga: infinitely romantic. Moldavskie Vedomosti. 16.11.2012).
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Soon the director of Bolshoi Drama Theatre (BDT, :ru:Большой драматический театр имени Г. А. Товстоногова) Aleksei Dikij was arrested and imprisoned. After the most dangerous year of 1937, the family of Lavrovs managed to escape from Leningrad amidst the heat of the Stalinist repressions. Yuri Lavrov and his family were at risk, because of his father's Imperial past and emigration with the White Russians. In 1938, Yuri Lavrov moved from Leningrad to Kiev.
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After promotion to brigadier, Reinefarth was appointed as General Inspector of SS in the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia. In September 1943, he was transferred to Berlin where he served in the Ministry of Order Police (Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei). On 29 January 1944, Reinefarth was assigned to be SS and Police Leader in Reichsgau Wartheland (Polish Poznań Voivodeship annexed by Germany in 1939). In this post he was responsible for organising repressions against Poles and other nationalities.
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The contingents were taken by force and in the whole process military or para-military forces were used, acting on orders of local SS or police commander. In the case of refusal to deliver on time, a severe punishments like beatings or arrests were applied. Some of them were resulting in sending to a concentration camps. All sorts of repressions were introduced, including the death penalty (without formal accusation or a lawful trial).
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Collectivisation in the Baltic states was introduced in early 1947, but the progress was slow. Despite new heavy taxes on farmers and intense propaganda, only about 3% of farms in Lithuania and Estonia joined kolkhozes by the end of 1948. Borrowing from the collectivisation experiences of the early 1930s, kulaks were named as the primary obstacle and became targets of repressions. It is unclear when the idea of a mass deportation was advanced.
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In Vilnius, about 200 women attended a protest organized by the Union of Railroad Workers. The home of protest's secretary, Felicija Bortkevičienė, was searched by the Tsarist police. This and other repressions dampened revolutionary moods and activities of various organizations, but Lithuanian women continued to join the Russian Union for Women's Equality in its petitions for women's suffrage. On 23–24 September 1907, Lithuanian Catholic priests organized the First Congress of Lithuanian Women in Kaunas.
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In 1929-1971 he worked for All-Union Geological Research Institute (VNIGRI). He suffered from political repressions during Joseph Stalin's regime for his unorthodox thinking, spending several years in Gulag camps in the Transpolar European Russia as an "enemy of the people". After that, he was prohibited from living or staying in central cities of USSR. His only son died defending the Brest Fortress in the beginning of Nazi aggression against USSR.
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In her diaries, Stella often emphasized with Polish patriotism of her mother, a common reason of conflict between her parents. Ultimately, their move to the USSR was thwarted by the German Invasion of Poland and train blockade by Wehrmacht. In December 1939 Stella's mother decided to move to the USSR because of the increasing anti-Semitic repressions. Both of them managed to get to border village of Sarnaki upon the Bug river.
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Following his conviction on October 30, 1972, Lyubarsky spent the next five years in various labor camps and prisons in Mordovia, as well as the notorious Vladimir Central Prison. While still in the camps, he initiated the idea of celebrating a Day of the Political Prisoner in the USSR. The initiative spread quickly to other camps and prisons. The annual event later became Russia's Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions.
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Lieutenant-General Yuri Viktorovich Zhadobin (Belarusian:Юрый Віктаравіч Жадобін) was the Chairman of the KGB of the Republic of Belarus from 2007 to 2008 and the Minister of Defence of Belarus from 4 December 2009 to 27 November 2014.Retirement Ceremony held for Lieutenant-General Yuri Zhadobin He replaced Leonid Maltsev and was succeeded by Andrei Ravkov. Zhadobin was subject to international sanctions as a person responsible for political repressions and human rights violations in Belarus.
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After unification of West Belarus with the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, many leaders and members of the BCD became victims to Soviet repressions or were killed by Nazis during the later Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany. Practically, party ceased all activities in 1939. During the Soviet times, information about the BCD as well as all other non-communist political organizations was kept in secret, with only state-approved historians having access to relevant archives.
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In 1946 the Soviet Communist Party launched attacks on intellectuals in the Soviet Union. Such leading cultural figures as Anna Akhmatova, Sergei Prokofiev, Aram Khachaturyan, Boris Pasternak, Mikhail Zoshchenko and many others suffered from censorship and severe repressions. Tairov's Chamber Theatre was attacked for having little to do with contemporary Soviet life. Tairov tried to make additions to repertoire and invited writer Alexander Galich, and young director Georgi Tovstonogov, but it was too late.
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Kalpana Chakma was known as an active human rights activist in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. She was the organizing secretary of the Hill Women's Federation in Bangladesh. She had been criticizing Bangladesh Army repressions and harassment of the indigenous men and women. She had specially been working for the rights of the indigenous women and protesting Bangladesh Army's repression on the indigenous population by organizing conferences, seminar's and meetings in various parts of the CHT.
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In 1939, during the Soviet invasion of Poland, the regime annexed Galicia forcing national- oriented activists to flee. Fearful of repressions by the Soviet regime Rudnytska moved to Nazi-occupied Kraków. Later, in 1940, she moved on to Berlin, where her son was finishing his studied, begun already in Lviv. In 1943, she arrived in Prague, where she published her book, Zakhidna Ukraina pid bolshevykamy (Western Ukraine under the Bolsheviks) in 1944.
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1941 Khreshchatyk bombings A Kyiv native Georgiy Kuzmin points out in his book Facts and fiction of our football (Были и небыли нашего футбола) that the first squads of Dynamo Kyiv included a number of regular Cheka members among whom was Konstantin Fomin. Konstantin Fomin is known to have participated in repressions against Kharkiv sportsmen of Polish descent during 1935-1936.Kipiani, V. "Byli i niebyli nasheva futbola". From the Polytechnic to the Death match.
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The memorial sign is a stainless steel plaque 11x19 cm with the information on the repressed person: his or her name, profession, date of birth, date of arrest, date of death, date of exoneration. The design of the memorial plaques is by architect Alexander Brodsky. The hole in the plaque symbolizes the missing photo. The project is based on the law “On the Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repressions” adopted in 1991.
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Polish cavalry parade in Sejny After the uprising, Poland repressed Lithuanian cultural life in Sejny. Lithuanian schools in Sejny (which had some 300 pupils) and surrounding villages were closed. The local Lithuanian clergy were evicted, and the Sejny Priest Seminary relocated. According to the Lithuanians, the repressions were even more far-reaching, including a ban on public use of the Lithuanian language and the closing of Lithuanian organizations, which had a total of 1,300 members.
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Tyahnybok, who favored the truce, warned that the president stated his intentions to arrest 1,000 activists over the coming five days, and that repressions were ahead should a deal not be reached. Klitschko then called for a national strike, stating he was ready to sacrifice himself. A vote was then held with the crowd which resulted in cutting off talks with Yanukovych and enlarging the area of Euromaidan in Kyiv to include Hrushevskoho Street.
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In 1934, exhibition about Kražiai and religious repressions in Russian Empire in general was shown in Kaunas, Šiauliai, Klaipėda, and Panevėžys. A small memorial museum in Kražiai was opened in summer 1938. The same year, writer published a two-volume historical novel about the events. There were other plans for commemorating the events with special medals, monument, or enlarged museum all aimed at the anticipated grand ceremony in 1943, the 50th anniversary.
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During 1905 Repin participated in many protests against bloodshed and Tsarist repressions, and tried to convey his impressions of these emotionally and politically charged events in his paintings. He also did sketches for portraits of Maxim Gorky and Vladimir Stasov and two portraits of Natalia Nordman. In 1907 he resigned from the Academy of Arts, visited Chuguyev and the Crimea, and wrote reminiscences of Vladimir Stasov. In 1908 he publicly denounced capital punishment in Russia.
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Salman Mumtaz (pseudonymous of Salman Mammedamin oghlu Asgarov; May 20, 1884 – September 6, 1941) was a renowned Azerbaijani literary scholar and poet. He was born in Shaki in 1884. In his efforts to collect, publish and promote the classical literary legacy, he discovered unknown manuscripts of a number of Azerbaijani poets and ashugs. Falling a victim to repressions, he was arrested in 1937 and killed by shooting in 1941 in prison in Oryol.
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Admiral Miklos Horthy: Memoirs, U. S. Edition: Robert Speller & Sons, Publishers, New York, NY, 1957 Tallying the numbers of victims of the different terror campaigns in this period is still a matter of some political disputesee Andrew Simon's annotations to Horthy's Memoirs, English Edition, 1957 but the White Terror is generally considered to have claimed more lives than the repressions of the Kun regime by an order of magnitude, thousands vs hundreds.
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Retrieved 30 April 2019. In order to escape antisemitic repressions he moved to Cologne where he became an art teacher at Yawneh Jewish School in 1935. In 1939 he fled with his family to England (his wife Else Meidner was also an artist) where he was interned as an enemy alien on the Isle of Man. He stayed in England, unrecognised, hovering on the brink of poverty until 1953 when he returned to Germany.
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Decrease in quality of life and service conditions, forceful indoctrination of Communist ideology, caused discontent of recently Sovietized military units. Soviet authorities responded with repressions against Lithuanian officers of the 29th Corps, arresting over 100 officers and soldiers and subsequently executing around 20 in Autumn 1940. By that time allegedly near 3,200 officers and soldiers of 29th Corps were considered "politically unreliable". Due to high tensions and soldiers' discontent the 26th Cavalry Regiment was disbanded.
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Soviet invasion of Poland, 1939. Advance of the Red Army troops On 6 February 1922 the Cheka was replaced by the State Political Administration or OGPU, a section of the NKVD. The declared function of the NKVD was to protect the state security of the Soviet Union, which was accomplished by the large scale political persecution of "class enemies". The Red Army often gave support to the NKVD in the implementation of political repressions.
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The hamlet of Kromołów was founded before 1193, by the knight Kromol, from which the settlement's name comes from. The first owners of this land were the Kromołowscy. Kromołów gained town rights in the 14th or 15th centuries, and lost them in the 19th century, as part of Russian repressions on the land due to the January Uprising. In between the years of 1973 and 1977, the settlement was the headquarters of the Kromołów Gmina.
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Mauros and another patrikios, Stephen, were dispatched to Chersonesos supported by the navy, where on the orders of the emperor they installed the spatharios Elias as governor. Even though their arrival was met with no apparent resistance, it was supervened by repressions and the torture of local leaders.Turtledove, pp. 74–75 On the way back from Chersonesos, the navy was hit by a horrible storm which claimed thousands of victims, but Mauros survived.
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On April 12, 2009, together with the LP and MNA, PLDM organized a protest against communist repressions. The event was attended by over 10,000 people, who condemned the arrest and maltreatment of young people following the events of April 7. On July 3, 2009, PLDM created the Fund "April 2009". The proceeds from this fund were used to help the young people mistreated by the police and the families of those deceased.
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In 1939, after the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, Gdańsk Pomerania was annexed by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the newly formed province of Reichsgau Danzig- West Prussia. During the German occupation, the Polish population was subjected to mass arrests, repressions, deportations to Nazi concentration camps, expulsions and massacres. Mass arrests especially pertained to Polish teachers and clergy, and were carried out in September and October 1939.Maria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939.
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Mikhail Alekseyev was born in Monastyrskoye village of the Saratov Governorate, into a peasant family. In 1933 his mother died of famine, a year later his father, a victim of political repressions, died in GULAG. In 1936 he enrolled into the Training college, then got mobilized into the Red Army and was sent to Irkutsk. In 1940, not long before the demobilization he was sent to the 2-months courses for politruks.
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Dekulakization (, raskulachivanie; , rozkurkulennia) was the Soviet campaign of political repressions, including arrests, deportations, and executions of millions of kulaks (prosperous peasants) and their families in the 1929–1932 period of the first five-year plan. To facilitate the expropriations of farmland, the Soviet government portrayed kulaks as class enemies of the USSR. More than 1.8 million peasants were deported in 1930–1931.Robert Conquest (1986) The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine.
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By that evening, 200 people had gathered in Sheridan Square to demonstrate against police repressions of gays in Greenwich Village. Made up of members of the Gay Activists Alliance, a splinter group of the Gay Liberation Front, and of feminist organizations, they protested the arrest of the bar patrons. They headed towards the hospital, where they conducted a "death vigil". By late evening, the protesters had left the hospital area and were marching peaceably through the West Village.
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A student at Warsaw University, Supiński in 1831 left for Paris, because he had participated in the November 1830 Uprising and feared repressions by the Russian authorities. In France, he worked as a factory manager. In 1844 he returned to Poland, settling in Lwów, where he remained until his death.Polish liberal thought before 1918 By Maciej Janowski, page 130 Supiński coined the expression "praca organiczna" ("organic work"), which was the foundation of Polish Positivism in the latter 19th century.
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He serves as president of the Public Information Bureau of the Institute of National Remembrance regional chapter in Wrocław, and is the author of numerous scientific papers and several monographs about contemporary Polish history, with special focus on the system of political repressions during the period of Stalinism in Poland,Krzysztof Szwagrzyk in translation: "Stereotype or Reality?" OBEP Wrocław (including footnotes). Retrieved October 2, 2011. and the anti- communist structures in Lower Silesia in the years of 1945–1956.
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Kuular's policies were reverted and the country's traditionally nomadic cattle-breeders were put in collectivization programs. Similarly to the Stalinist repressions in Mongolia, Buddhist lamas, aristocrats, intelligentsia and other political dissidents were purged and Buddhist temples and monasteries destroyed. As part of this process the written language in Tuva was changed from Mongol script to the Latin-based alphabet in June 1930. Religious symbols, such as the Khorlo, were also removed from the flag and emblem.
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The authorities carried out repressions against many prominent ethnic Russians activists and White emigres in Estonia. Many Russians were arrested and executed by different Soviet war tribunals in 1940–1941. After Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1941, the Baltics quickly fell under German control. Many Russians, especially Communist party members who had arrived in the area with the initial occupation and annexation, retreated; those who fell into the German hands were treated harshly, many were executed.
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Page xiv However, internal and external unrest, which the tsar believed stemmed from political liberalisation, led to a series of repressions and a return to a former government of restraint and conservatism. Meanwhile, the experiences of the Napoleonic Wars and realisation of the suffering of peasant soldiers resulted in Decembrist officers and sympathisers being attracted to reform changes in society.A similar liberal reaction followed the Crimean War in 1854 and resulted in the emancipation of the serfs in 1861.
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In 2007, Case starred with Debra Hopkins in her second short film, Repressions, which ran for 24 minutes. Produced by Roundhay Garden films and directed by Adam Kargman, it was filmed from May 14 to July 16, 2006. In the film, Janie (Case) is being tricked by her therapist into believing she has repressed memories of sexual child abuse. The film was met with critical acclaim from independent movie reviewers who found her performance "mesmerizing" and "stunning".
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As part of anti-Polish repressions after the January Uprising, Lipsk was deprived of town rights by the Russian administration in 1869.Władysław Czarnecki, Historia ziemi lipskiej, p. 12 (in Polish) Under Russian rule, it was known as Лейпциг на Бебже. It was part of Poland again, after the country again regained independence in 1918. Memorial stone to Marianna Biernacka in Lipsk During World War II it was occupied by the Soviet Union from September 1939 to June 1941.
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Upon resumption of Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations in 1941, it was determined based on Soviet information that more than 760,000 of the deportees had died – a large part of those dead being children, who had comprised about a third of deportees.Assembly of Captive European Nations, First Session Approximately 100,000 former Polish citizens were arrested during the two years of Soviet occupation.Represje 1939–41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich (Repressions 1939–41. Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands.) Ośrodek Karta.
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CV-33 tankette unit in the 1930s During the interbellum the Bulgarian military was not allowed to have active combat aircraft or naval vessels, and the army was reduced to about twenty thousand men in peacetime. In the early 1920s army officers participated in repressions during the Tsankov regime as part of paramilitary groups known as shpitskomandi. In 1923 the army, along with shpitskomandi and Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) militia, violently suppressed the leftist September Uprising.
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Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards He received the 2017 Shorenstein Journalism Award for outstanding reporting and for significant contributions to promoting freedom of the press in the Asia-Pacific region. In May 2020, he is among 17 journalists from across the world recipients for the Germany based prestigious Deutsche Welle Freedom of Speech Award. The Freedom of Speech Award 2020 is for all courageous journalists worldwide who are suffering repressions because of their reporting on the pandemic.
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In western Ukraine the population suffered proportionally more from repression than from famine during those years compared to other parts of the country. Between 1945 and 1953 there were severe repressions in Ukraine including mass arrests of tens of thousands of people and mass deportations. This included the deportation into exile of an estimated 500,000 people from western Ukraine between 1946 and 1949.Веселова, О.М., Марочко, В.І., Мовчан, О.М. Голодомори в Україні: 1921-23, 1932-33, 1946-47.
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A number of Armenian intellectuals, Bolshevik and later Communist statesmen, military and religious figures were killed during the Great Purge in 1930s by the Stalinist regime in an attempt to wipe out all political opposition in the Soviet Union. The data retrieved from the archives of Armenia's Ministry of National Security shows that, in the years from 1930 to 1938, when the Great Terror ended, 14,904 people suffered from Stalinist repressions, and at least 4,639 had been shot.
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Ludmila Brožová-Polednová (born Ludmila Biedermannová; 20 December 1921 – 15 January 2015) was a Czech state prosecutor (public procurator) sentenced at age 86 in September 2008 to six years' imprisonment for her participation in the show trials of Milada Horáková and others in 1950, which led to at least four executions. Brožová-Polednová was the only person sentenced in association with the political purges and repressions conducted by the ruling Communist Party in Czechoslovakia in the 1950s.
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Tsereteli was elected as Honorary Member of the Society of Papyrology of Germany (1918) and Honorary Member of the Berlin Institute of Archaeology (1927). He was author of many outstanding scientific works in the fields of papyrology, classical philology and history of the old Grecian literature. Grigol Tsereteli was a victim of the political repressions of 1937 in Soviet Georgia (the Great Purge). In 1937 he was jailed by GPU, and he died in prison in 1938.
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In his early figurative work and neo-figurative work after 1967, he tried to represent modern day man with his problems, fears, isolation, worries and repressions. He also participated in the 39th Venice Biennale in 1980 and he has received several awards. He has made marble, bronze and ceramic sculptures, some of which he presented in the Gaspar Exhibition Centre in Barcelona in 1983. His work L´acodillora (1985) stands on the Rambla of Hospitalet de Llobregat.
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The city remained a part of Poland until the Third Partition of Poland of 1795, when the Russian Empire annexed it. That year the Russian authorities changed the name of several cities in Volhynia including Novohrad-Volynskyi (former Zwiahel). Volodymyr-Volynsky stayed within Russian Partition till 1917. In the 19th century, as part of anti-Polish repressions, Russians demolished the Dominican church and Capuchin monastery, and the former Jesuit and then Basilian church was converted into an Orthodox church.
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2007 It began on December 15, 1937 and marked the beginning of the repressions against Greeks went on for 13 years."Репрессии в 1930-1950 гг. по отношению к грекам СССР" Depending on the sources, it is estimated that between 20,000 and 50,000 Greeks died by the end of this campaign. A wave of Greek emigrants from the Soviet Union in 1937–1939 is often considered a consequence of Stalinist persecution of the Soviet Greek national movement.
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Prosecutor General Andrey Vyshinsky (centre), reading the 1937 indictment against Karl Radek during the 2nd Moscow Trial As early as 1922, Lenin advocated staging several "model trials" ("показательный процесс", literally "demonstrative trial", "a process showing an example") in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Ukraine. Show trials were common during Joseph Stalin's political repressions, such as the Moscow Trials of the Great Purge period (1937–38). The Soviet authorities staged the actual trials meticulously. If defendants refused to "cooperate"—i.e.
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Unlike the repressions under Nazi occupation, no ongoing war existed that could bring an end to the tribulations of the Eastern Bloc, and morale severely suffered as a consequence. Because the party later had to admit the mistakes of much that occurred during the purges after Stalin's death, the purges also destroyed the moral base upon which the party operated. In doing so, the party abrogated its prior Leninist claim to moral infallibility for the working class.
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In 1938 another of Keldysh's brothers, Alexander, was arrested as a French spy. Alexander was spared because of the slight liberalization of the repressions during the transfer of the NKVD leadership from Nikolai Yezhov to Lavrentiy Beria, and was acquitted in the court. The strongest influence on Keldysh was his older sister, Lyudmila Keldysh (1904–1976), a mathematician and Keldysh's first teacher. Among her children are Leonid Keldysh, director of Lebedev Physical Institute and Sergei Novikov, a mathematician.
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Ilian Vassilev has built a reputation as a critic of corruption. He has been vocal about the fact that Bulgaria's Prosecution acts like a "baseball bat" and attacks those who criticize the status quo. He has expressed worries that Bulgaria's General Prosecutor Sotir Tsatsarov continuously exceeds his powers under Bulgaria's Constitution and acts like a hub spreading Russian influence in Europe. Ilian Vassilev has also raised concern about Bulgaria's practices of corporate- raiding and political repressions.
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In 1909 his parents sent him to Germany and France to study commerce. He returned to Russia in 1914 and retired from competitions in 1923, after winning his last Russian title, in the double sculls with Yakov Shestoperov. He then coached rowers at Spartak Moscow and Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism, using French textbooks which he translated into Russian. In 1941 he was arrested as part of Stalin's political repressions and released in 1948.
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The remains of Alexei and a sister have been confirmed by DNA analysis, but the government was allowing the Church to hold Alexei's remains for additional testing. In 2008, after considerable and protracted legal wrangling, the Russian Prosecutor General's office rehabilitated the Romanov family as "victims of political repressions".Rappaport, Four Sisters (2014), p. 381. A criminal case was opened by the post-Soviet government in 1993, but nobody was prosecuted on the basis that the perpetrators were dead.
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Azerbaijanis and Kazakhs are both Turkic-speaking people and share close historical, religious and cultural ties. Both are littoral states of the Caspian Sea and possess a common maritime border. During the Great Purge in the Soviet Union, more than 150.000 Azerbaijanis immigrated to Kazakhstan Gunaz TV article on Stalin's Repressions and the current Azeri population reaches 85,000.Demographics of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan see each other as main allies and partners in Central Asia and Transcaucasia.
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Stalin's Neo-NEP. Chapter 36. Stakhanov Movement Newspapers talked about the "unprecedented and blatant sabotage" of the Stakhanov movement by masters, shop managers, trade union organizations. Soviet propaganda poster announces the growth of a socialist economy against the backdrop of the crisis in the capitalist countries The exclusion of Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev from the party at the 15th Congress of the All- Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) gave rise to a wave of repressions in the partyVadim Rogovin.
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The Popovtsy were hostile towards the October Revolution of 1917. For some time (in the early 1920s), the Soviet regime was rather tolerant towards the Old Believers as a whole, but in the 1930s, Old Believers too were subjected to severe repressions. Most of their churches were confiscated or demolished. During the Soviet period, the social strata which had been traditionally the backbone of the Old Believer population - peasants, cossacks, craftsmen, artisans, merchants and entrepreneurs, were practically extinguished.
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David was a son of Alexander II of Kakheti by his wife Tinatin Amilakhvari. In mid-1601, he capitalized on the illness of his father and gained an effective control of the government, sidelining his younger brother George. When Alexander recovered, David refused to relinquish his powers and forced his father into abdication in October 1601. David was crowned king of Kakheti, but his brother, George, masterminded a plot which quickly collapsed and led to repressions.
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The purges and attempts to resolve the power struggle at top echelons of the party entered their accelerated phase. The mass protest movement and the repressions continued throughout March and April. The revolt was met with the dissolution of entire academic departments, the expulsion of thousands of students and many sympathizing faculty members (including Zygmunt Bauman, Leszek Kołakowski and Stefan Żółkiewski), arrests and court trials.Andrzej Brzeziecki, Marcowy rechot Gomułki [Gomułka's March gurgle of laughter]. 12 March 2013.
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The couple had one daughter, Lidia Shishmanova. During the transfer of Taras Shevchenko's remains from Saint Petersburg to Taras Hill, Drahomanov gave a speech over his tomb when it stopped in Kyiv. Drahomanov lectured at Kyiv University from 1870 to 1875, but because of the repressions against the Ukrainian movement peaking up in 1876 with Ems Ukaz was forced to leave the Russian Empire and emigrated to Geneva. In emigration he continued his political, scholarly and publishing activities.
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Amongst the first to suffer mass repressions at the hands of the Soviets were the Border Defence Corps. Many officers were murdered by the NKVD secret police immediately after capture. Polish General Olszyna-Wilczyński was shot without due process at the moment of his identification. In the Wilno area all higher officers of the Polish Army died in captivity, the same as in Polesie, where 150 officers were already executed even before the remainder were taken prisoner.
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Official webpage of Komitet Obrony Robotników. Also, in early September 1976, General Conference of Polish Episcopate urged the government to stop all repressions and make it possible for fired workers to return to their workplaces. KOR activists kept a list of 604 families from Radom, Płock, Ursus, Łódź, Grudziądz, Poznań and Gdańsk, who needed help. Money was collected not only in Poland, but also by trade union members in France, Norway, Sweden and Italy, as well as Polonia.
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The Chinese authorities arrested China Eastern Railway assistant director Mikhail Lashevich in connection with the uprising in August 1928. Merse was thus forced to end his uprising and make peace with Zhang Xueliang in September 1929. The Barga, for their part, fled to independent Mongolia, where they would become the target of political repressions in the next decade. In the aftermath, Merse himself became a teacher at the Northeast Normal School for the Mongolian Banners at Mukden.
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Initially aimed primarily at possible political opponents, by January 1940 the NKVD's campaign was also directed against potential allies, including Polish Communists and Socialists. Those arrested included Władysław Broniewski, Aleksander Wat, Tadeusz Peiper, Leopold Lewin, Anatol Stern, Teodor Parnicki, Marian Czuchnowski and many others. The Soviet NKVD executed about 65,000 imprisoned Poles after being subjected to show trials. The number of Poles who died due to Soviet repressions in the period 1939-1941 is estimated as at least 150,000.
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A remarkable writer of historical novels, Fani Popova-Mutafova reaches the peak of her popularity before the Second World War but despite her talent, suffers repressions from the communist regime after it. Another figure which can hardly be forgotten from this period is the humorous writer and drawer Chudomir (1890-1967) whose short stories (often no longer than 3-4 pages) are brilliant both in style and originality. The unique finesse of his writings is to remain widely admired.
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Poles were subjected to repressions. The hero of the local Polish population was a local Polish teacher, Jan Bauer, who was arrested by the Germans in 1929. During World War II the Polish population was subject to deportations and executions, two of its leaders, and were imprisoned in Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps, however, the town remained a local center of the Polish resistance movement (Kashubian Griffin). It was captured by the Soviet Red Army on 8 March 1945.
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Chernihiv, 2009. p. 75–89.Lidia Kriukow: "Das Wappen Sternberg in der Ukraine". FEMINA-α , # 12, 2013, Book I, p. 23–35. It should be mentioned that, fearing the Soviet Russian repressions, she buried the documents she was entrusted with by her dying father, — some of them dating from the 18th century, when the old lineage settled in Chernihiv (Ukraine) — and only disintered them in 1943, during World War II. She graduated from the Kyiv Art School in 1929.
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The Museum of Soviet Occupation promotional poster. The Museum of the Soviet Occupation (, sabch’ot’a okupats’iis muzeumi) is a history museum in Tbilisi, Georgia, documenting the seven decades of the Soviet rule in Georgia (1921–1991) and dedicated to the history of the anti-occupational, national- liberation movement of Georgia, to the victims of the Soviet political repressions throughout this period. It was established on May 26, 2006. The Museum is a part of the Georgian National Museum (GNM).
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They attracted the hostility of settlers, eager to put an end to their activism and press campaign. However, Bourguiba and his friends founded their own newspaper, despite the colonial attempts to stop them. L'Action Tunisienne was thus created in order to defend the "little people" in a context of economic crisis, following the Great Depression. Bourguiba, worried about his country's state, knew that a good cause would revive the national movement, weakened by the 1926 repressions.
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However, the Marxist–Leninist and secular nature of the government as well as its heavy dependence on the Soviet Union made it unpopular with a majority of the Afghan population. Repressions plunged large parts of the country, especially the rural areas, into open revolt against the new Marxist–Leninist government. By spring 1979 unrests had reached 24 out of 28 Afghan provinces including major urban areas. Over half of the Afghan army would either desert or join the insurrection.
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The Soviets sought to forestall dissent in these new East European territories with mass repressions. One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them.
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The 'free and fair' elections promised by the TRJN were postponed until the Communists were sure they could control the election process. In the meantime, they increased repressions of opposition members, who were bribed, threatened, delegalised, or even murdered. In the words of Gomułka, the goal of the Communists was to be the "hegemon of the nation" and nothing would stop them. On 30 June 1946, they tested their control during the 3xTAK referendum, falsifying the results and claiming 68% support.
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The band also cited American punk rock band Bikini Kill, performance artist Karen Finley and the riot grrrl movement of the 1990s as inspirations. They stated: Pussy Riot used situationist-style guerrilla performances. Tolokonnikova stated: > Pussy Riot's performances can either be called dissident art or political > action that engages art forms. Either way, our performances are a kind of > civic activity amidst the repressions of a corporate political system that > directs its power against basic human rights and civil and political > liberties.
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1865 Death march of Polish captives to Siberia by Grottger The Russification policies were harsh, and there were many repressions, particularly in the aftermath of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and later, the January Uprising of 1863–1864. Many Poles were exiled to Siberia, some 80,000 of them in 1864 in the single largest deportation action commenced by the empire. Polish language was discriminated against, and it lost its official status. "Books were burned; churches destroyed; priests murdered;" wrote Norman Davies.
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In 1945, Beria attended the Yalta Conference with Stalin, who introduced him to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as "our Himmler". After the war, he organised the communist takeover of the state institutions in central and eastern Europe and political repressions in these countries. Beria's uncompromising ruthlessness in his duties and skill at producing results culminated in his success in overseeing the Soviet atomic bomb project. Stalin gave it absolute priority, and the project was completed in under five years.
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The Decembrist Pavel Pestel: Russia's First Republican. Springer, 2017 In 1816, several officers of the Imperial Russian Guard founded a society known as the Union of Salvation, or of the Faithful and True Sons of the Fatherland. The society acquired a revolutionary cast after it was joined by the idealistic Pavel Pestel, who dreamed of ending the mass repressions against different ethnic and class groups, by murdering the imperial family. The charter was similar to charters of the organizations of carbonari.
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A hybrid regime is a mixed type of political regime that is often created as a result of an incomplete transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one. Hybrid regimes combine autocratic features with democratic ones and can simultaneously hold political repressions and regular elections. The term hybrid regime arises from a polymorphic view of political regimes that opposes the dichotomy of autocracy or democracy.Jean-François Gagné — Hybrid Regimes Hybrid regimes are characteristic of resource countries such as petro-states.
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In January 2016 the Gulag section in the Solovki Museum was closed by its new director, Vladimir Shutov who, as Archimandrite Porfiry, was head of the monastery."Head of Museum's disbanded Gulag section is threatened with eviction", Dmitriev Affair website, 18 February 2018. In August 2017, the local authorities asked police to investigate the 29th annual Days of Remembrance as an "unauthorised" gathering.Sergey Markelov, Elena Bayakina, "Police check the rally in memory of victims of political repressions", 7x7 news website, 9 August 2017.
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The Dutch Revolt (1566–1648)This article adopts 1568 as the starting date of the war, as this was the year of the first battles between armies. However, since there is a long period of Protestant vs. Catholic (establishment) unrest leading to the war, it is not easy to give an exact date when the revolt started. The first open violence that would lead to the war was the 1566 iconoclasm, and sometimes the first Spanish repressions of the riots (i.e.
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In March 1917, Leplevsky became active in the Bolshevik party in Tbilisi. From June 1917 he was a member of the military organization of the RSDLP (Bolshevik) in Yekaterinoslav. Afterwards he made a career in the Soviet secret service, the GPU, in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, culminating in his appointment as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR from June 14, 1937 to January 25, 1938. During this period he was in charge of mass repressions in Ukraine.
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It is believed that the reason for the deportation of the Balkars, in a broad sense, was the Stalinist system, which depended on the repression of the Soviet people. More specifically Kabarda and Balkaria had acquired a reputation for political unreliability during the repressions of the 1920-30s. During this period, from a Kabardino-Balkarian population of 359,236, 17,000 were arrested for political reasons, 9,547 of them were tried, and 2,184 shot. Repression continued during the prewar and war years.
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66,000 families (204,000 people) were forcibly deported to Siberia, and half a million people were subject to repressions. In the same period Polish communist authorities deported 450,000 people. Soviet infiltration of British intelligence also meant that MI6 assisted in training some of the guerrillas in parachuting, and unmarked planes used to drop them into Ukraine from bases in Cyprus and Malta, was counter-acted by the fact that one MI6 agent with knowledge of the operation was the traitor Kim Philby.
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Tsonchev was the main organizer of the Gorna Dzhumaya Uprising in 1902 and a participant in the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising in 1903. There were many Bulgarian officers who fought at the time of the revolutionary struggles in Macedonia, but among them there was only one general and this was Ivan Tsonchev. He did so in spite of the arrests, internships and repressions organized by the government, he had been periodically a subject. General Ivan Tsonchev died on 16 December 1910.
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Despite this, the activists were suspicious about the creation of the armed structures, as they could be employed for the wider German interests beyond Lithuania. Moreover, the members of the armed structures were at risk of repressions by the armed Soviet underground. The creation of the local defence system was largely obstructed by the German authorities because of these issues. The local defence units were armed from the reserves of the Lithuanian police and through self-armament by the members themselves.
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Crimean legends as phenomenon of world culture, Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERTAcademic Publishing The most scientific approach for collecting legends was shown in the 1920s and 1930s, when scientific expeditions were supported by Communist party, which had just come to power and started to support cultural development of national minorities.Birzgal, Jan. (1937). Qrьm tatar masallar ve legendalar. Simferopol: Qrım ASSR. However, after Stalin’s repressions and deportation of Crimean Tatars, folklore became a subject for editing according to ideological demands of that time.
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Despite all attempts by Belash to achieve reconciliation with the authorities and his statements on submission to the Red Command, repressions against the Makhnovists continued. On August 19-20, an uprising took place within a group of red troops, prepared by the Makhnovist anarchists, including Belash (after which he insisted on the release of the arrested red commanders and commissars). At a meeting of the rebels, Belash was elected chief of staff and secretary of the “Nabat” group on the southern front.
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Writing History in the Soviet Union: Making the Past Work. New Delhi: Social Science Press. p. 145. . He is also known as the head of the "Pospelov commission" on the investigation of the mass repressions in the Soviet Union, whose findings had laid the basis and the contents of Nikita Khrushchev's "secret speech" On the Personality Cult and its Consequences. Michael Charlton (1992) "Footsteps from the Finland Station: Five Landmarks in the Collapse of Communism" , Chapter 1: "Khrushchev's Secret Speech", pp.
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In late 1987, Communist authorities initiated a wave of repressions of activists of underground Solidarity trade union and other oppositional organizations. On November 9, Kornel Morawiecki, leader of Fighting Solidarity was arrested. In the same year, Lech Wałęsa resumed his post as leader of Solidarity, where he remained until 1990.Encyclopedia of the Cold War By Ruud van Dijk, page 958 Meanwhile, local branches of the movement tried to legalize themselves in courts across Poland, but all these attempts were refused.
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It was the first time in the contemporary history of the country that the secretaries gathered in Minsk. They discussed migration, ecumenism, pastoral care, relations with Muslim communities, and the issues facing the Roman Catholic communities in the country, including difficulties with building new churches. On June 15, the secretaries had a successful meeting with BOC Head Metropolitan Philaret. On May 28, 2007, BOC Head Metropolitan Philaret expressed support for the public organizing committee for the commemoration of the victims of Stalinist repressions.
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Struve was married to Elizaveta Khrystoforovna (1874–1964) and they had two sons and two daughters. Their first child, son Otto, was born in Kharkov in 1897, and later became one of the most famous astronomers of the 20th century. Otto served as a White Russian officer in the losing side of the civil war that followed the Russian Revolution. Therefore, to avoid Bolshevik's repressions, Struve had to move in 1919 to Simferopol where he had assumed professor position at the Tavrida University.
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UNESCO website, accessed March 19, 2007 Celebration of anniversaries with which UNESCO was associated since 1996, UNESCO website, accessed March 19, 2007 On 25 September 2006, the Azerbaijani Culture Center named after Imadaddin Nasimi was opened in Jambyl province of Kazakhstan.Azərbaycan milli müsiqisi Qazaxıstanda milli azlıqların festivalında səslənib Since 2007, the Azerbaijani diaspora publishes a newspaper named "Vətən" in Kazakhstan. Besides that, Sumgayit and Aktau are twin towns. There is a monument in Kazakhstan dedicated to victims of Stalin's repressions in Azerbaijan.
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Gazeta Wyborcza - 12 January 2009 Piotr Gluchowski, Marcin Kowalski< PIOTR GŁUCHOWSKI, MARCIN KOWALSKI Wojna polsko-ruska pod bokiem niemieckim Under the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland, the remainder of the Bielski family served as low-level administrators for the Soviets, with Tuvia Bielski becoming a Soviet commissar.Snyder, Timothy, "Caught Between Hitler & Stalin", The New York Review of Books, vol. 56, no. 7 (30 April 2009), (restricted) This strained the Bielskis' relations with local Poles, who were subjected to Soviet repressions.
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In 2015, he asked the Federal Drug Control Service to check seven articles of the Russian Wikipedia containing, in his opinion, information on the manufacture of drugs prohibited for distribution in Russia.Роскомнадзор опубликовал список статей «Википедии», вызвавших претензии ФСКН According to the results of this check, Roskomnadzor on 23 November included 4 articles in the Unified register of banned sites.Роскомнадзор признал запрещенными статьи «Википедии» о наркотиках He is a supporter of Stalin's policy and believes that Stalin's repressions are largely invented.
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Gheorghe I. Brătianu in prison In 1947, during the repressions carried out by the communist authorities, he was removed from the university and from the management of the history institute, in September he was forced for the home lockdown measures and his external contacts were forbidden. On June 9, 1948 - with the reorganization of the Romanian Academy - which now takes the name of the R.P.R. Academy - his academic status is withdrawn, as well as of the other 97 Romanian scientific and cultural personalities.
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The Great Purge of 1936-1938 in the Soviet Union can be roughly divided into four periods:N.G. Okhotin, A.B. Roginsky "Great Terror": Brief Chronology Memorial, 2007 ;October 1936 - February 1937: Reforming the security organizations, adopting official plans for purging the elites. ;March 1937 - June 1937: Purging the Elites; The higher powers then started to cut off heads of the poor. Adoption of plans for the mass repressions against the "social base" of the potential aggressors, start of purging the "opposition" from the "elites".
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Toward the end of the ghetto-liquidation period, the largest number of Jews managed to escape to the "Aryan" side, and to survive with the aid of their Polish helpers. During the Nazi occupation, most ethnic Poles were themselves engaged in a desperate struggle to survive. Between 1939 and 1945, from 1.8 million to 2.8 million non-Jewish Poles died at the hands of the Nazis, and 150,000 due to Soviet repressions. About a fifth of Poland's prewar population perished.
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Although Igor and his band's self-proclaimed apolitical stance initially led to them being somewhat ostracised on the then highly politicised Belarusian punk scene, it has not gotten in the way of garnering an international following of fans in the years following the band's creation, despite difficulties with the country's regime and travelling. The band and their fans have also experienced police brutality and repressions at the hands of the local authorities during one of their gigs in Ryazan, Russia.
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Marxism–Leninism has been widely criticised by both the left and right. Marxist–Leninist history has been especially criticised, including by other socialists such as anarchists, communists, democratic socialists and Marxists. Marxist–Leninist states have been accused of authoritarianism or totalitarianism, mass repressions and killings of political dissidents and social classes (so-called "enemies of the people"), religious persecution, ethnic cleansing, forced collectivisation and use of forced labor and concentration camps. States have been accused of genocidal acts in China, Poland and Ukraine.
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The name of Juan Carlos Da Costa remained in the collective unknown, and just a few men knew his attempt to establish a revolution in the country until the discovery of the Terror Archives in 1992. Those secret documents showed all the horrors perpetrated by the police, including massive repressions and tortures but it also showed the great number of Paraguayans heroes that gave their lives to fight for their freedom and the freedom of the land in which they were born.
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Mueggenberg, Brent, The Cossack Struggle Against Communism 1917 – 1945 (Jefferson: McFarland, 2019) 170 – 189 The Cossacks who remained in Russia endured more than a decade of continual repression, e.g., the portioning of the lands of the Terek, Ural and Semirechye hosts, forced cultural assimilation and repression of the Russian Orthodox Church, deportation and, ultimately, the Soviet famine of 1932–33. The repressions ceased and some privileges were restored after publication of And Quiet Flows the Don (1934) by Mikhail Sholokhov.
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Chan Santa Cruz Monument in Cozumel One of the notable aspects of the Maya free state was the reappearance of Maya religion in an indigenous form, sometimes called "The Cult of The Talking Cross". This was most probably a continuation of native beliefs, reemerging when the Spanish colonists' civil war released the Maya from the repressions of Yucatán's Hispanic population. The indigenous priests had maintained their ancient religious texts and their spiritual knowledge, as they continue to do today (Roys 1933, Thompson 1965).
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In 1943 in order to save collections from destruction, they were evacuated to different places all over Estonia. The Soviet Union occupied again Estonia in 1944 thus the Folklore Department belonged once again to the State Literary Museum, and collections were brought back to their former depositories. The revisions and censorships of the collections were superficial during the first part of the Soviet occupation (1940-1941), but this changed during the period that followed after 1945, when the Soviet repressions became evident.
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Most Cossacks escaped repressions by moving beyond the Danube into Turkish territory. Holovaty escaped repercussions because he had retired from the Zaporozhian host. A factor which was also of influence was the fact that he was given the rank of Captain in the Russian Cavalry by the Empress, and was granted an official nobility (dvoryanstvo) title with an estate. After the dissolution of the Zaporozhian Host, a new threat to the Russian Empire began to grow from the Ottoman Empire.
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During 2018 there were at least three attacks on Sternenko, one of which led to death of one of the attackers. Following the death, one of the former attackers accused Sternenko in planned assassination against oneself. As witnessed by Isaikul himself, Sternenko attacked him and Kuznetsov while holding hands with his girlfriend and carrying groceries. Attack on Sternenko was one of several repressions against activists and journalists such as Kateryna Handziuk in 2018 throughout South Ukraine and Odesa in particular.
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St Paul's Cathedral after the German bombing of London, c. 1940. Charles Stewart Parnell described William Ewart Gladstone's Irish Coercion Act as terrorism in his "no-Rent manifesto" in 1881, during the Irish Land War. The concept is used to describe political repressions by governments against their own civilian populations with the purpose of inciting fear. For example, taking and executing civilian hostages or extrajudicial elimination campaigns are commonly considered "terror" or terrorism, for example during the Red Terror or the Great Terror.
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He also became interested in socialism, establishing contacts with and Count . Together with Janavičius, Šliūpas spent summer 1881 visiting various locations across Lithuania collecting funds to support members of revolutionary groups Narodnaya Volya and Black Repartition suffering from political repressions. In Moscow, he visited the Rumyantsev Museum, attended meetings of the Russian Geographical Society, listened to debates between professors Dmitry Ilovaysky and on the origins of Slavs. He corresponded with linguists and Vatroslav Jagić writing to them not in Russian, but in Lithuanian.
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Azerbaijan People's Commissar for Internal Affairs Hamid Sultanov who was dispatched to Ganja carried out mass repressions against those suspected of being linked to the uprising. Hundreds of people were publicly executed. Twenty-two officers (among them six generals) were immediately exiled on the island of Nargin and shot by firing squad the next day, together with fifty-seven other exiles. The 11th Red Army issued a special decree by which detachments were to strengthen control of Azerbaijani locales with potential civil unrest.
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She described her feelings about the arrest of Lev and the period of political repressions in Requiem (published in 1963). Young Lev with his parents in 1913 After Stalin's death in 1953, Gumilyov joined the Hermitage Museum, whose director, Mikhail Artamonov, he would come to appreciate as his mentor. Under Artamonov's guidance, he became interested in Khazar studies and in steppe peoples in general. In the 1950s and 1960s he participated in several expeditions to the Volga Delta and to the North Caucasus.
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There were large groups of prewar Polish citizens, notably Jewish youth, and, to a lesser extent, Ukrainian peasants, who saw the Soviet power as an opportunity to start political or social activity outside of their traditional ethnic or cultural groups. Their enthusiasm faded with time as it became clear that the Soviet repressions affected everybody. The organisation of Ukrainians desiring independent Ukraine (the OUN) was persecuted as "anti-Soviet". A rule of terror was started by the NKVD and other Soviet agencies.
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Their work became a noticeable phenomenon in painting in the 1960s–80s, substantially enriching it in terms of genre and style. In 1946–1952 the fine arts in Leningrad experienced first-hand the consequences of the Communist Party Central Committee's resolution on the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad and the "Leningrad Affair". Crude attempts at administrative intervention and savage repressions had a painful effect on the artistic intelligentsia. Professor Alexander Osmerkin was dismissed as head of a studio at the LIZhSA.
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Goetz was a delegate to the Polish Sejm between 1935 and 1938. After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Goetz, together with his family fled Poland on September 5, fearing repressions from the Nazis, who subsequently took over the Okocim Brewery. He made his way to France where he served as an adjutant at the Polish "Centrum Wyszkolenia Artylerii" (Center for Artillery Studies) in Brittany at Camp Coëtquidan. He died in 1962 in Nairobi, Kenya from a tropical disease.
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This is how the myth was established to later become an ideological foundation of the postwar Austria. Founders of the Second Republic probably had a moral right to consider themselves to be victims of political repressions. Twelve of the seventeen members of the Cabinet of Leopold Figl, that headed the government in December 1945, were persecuted under Dollfuss, Schuschnigg and Hitler. Figl himself was imprisoned in Dachau and Mauthausen and for this reason he was insolent towards emigrants who had "escaped from difficulties".
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Mao played a personal role in organizing the mass repressions and established a system of execution quotas, which were often exceeded. He defended these killings as necessary for the securing of power. Mao at Joseph Stalin's 70th birthday celebration in Moscow, December 1949 The Mao government is generally credited with eradicating both consumption and production of opium during the 1950s using unrestrained repression and social reform. Ten million addicts were forced into compulsory treatment, dealers were executed, and opium-producing regions were planted with new crops.
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His Jewish descent made Bernheim subject to repressions during the Nazi era. In 1933, he was forbidden to lecture, and an appeal to Adolf Hitler to regain that permission was not successful. On 4 December 1935, with the implementation of the Nuremberg Laws, Berheim lost German citizenship. An appeal to Hitler to regain citizenship, which was backed by a number of scientists from the University of Greifswald was successful, and Bernheim was assigned "temporary citizenship" on 12 January 1938 and let him avoid deportation in 1940.
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Filippians or Philippians () was a soglasiye (confession, literally, "agreement") of the Bespopovtsy (the "priestless") strain of Old Believers. They detached themselves from Pomortsy under the leadership of a "teacher" Filipp at the beginning of the 18th century. Because of the repressions of the government, they started practicing self-immolation as a means for the "preservation of the faith". In the second half of the 18th century, their fanaticism decreased, and several other confessions were spun off: Aaronovtsy (Aaron's Confession), Shepherd's Confession (пастухово согласие), and many others.
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They participated in the actions against the First and Second Chechen Wars, the war in South Ossetia (August 2008) and in other anti-war actions. In Baikalsk, members of CRAS-IWA were initiators of an inter-profession workers union which was subsequently destroyed by repressions to the End of the 1990s. The members of CRAS-IWA are actively involved in demonstrations, pickets and other protest actions, promoting experiences, methods and ideas of anarcho-syndicalism. Since late 2008, activists of CRAS-IWA organize actions against growth of prices.
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The memorial after the Tolyatti bus bombing In January 2007, the memorial complex was attacked by teenaged hooligans who smashed lights and damaged lamposts. The damage was not soon repaired, and maintenance of the monument lagged in general. The monument is also used by miscreants as a venue for skateboarding stunts. The sculpture acquired a new symbolism after the Tolyatti bus bombing of 2007 (eight killed, 56 injured), which occurred on October 31, the morning after the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions.
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In Odessa 3,000–4,000 gathered in an "anti-fascist" protest, demanding Davidchenko's release (who was jailed for 2 months), to stop political repressions, and claimed that Yanukovych is the legitimate president. The rally was supported by Russian neo-Nazis, one of whom, Anton Rayevsky, is a member of the Black Hundreds group. The Security Service of Ukraine later found pamphlets in which the "Black Hundreds" called for "the destruction" of Jews in Odessa. In Donetsk, 1,500 pro-Russian supporters attended a short-lived rally.
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In 1869 the town was stripped of its town charter and became the village; however the population was steadily increasing due to Russian repressions against Jews some of whom found refuge in the area. The Jewish merchants expanded local trade, established breweries, small craft and various services. Following the rebirth of Poland after World War I, two new public schools were established employing ten teachers, and two Jewish schools. In 1940, the town had a population of 2,865 people, of which 500 were Jews.
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In mid-1943, the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement started taking roots in the Dravograd area, which grew stronger by 1944, despite the brutal repressions of the Nazi authorities. Upon the German Instrument of Surrender and the nearby Battle of Poljana on 14/15 May 1945, the whole area was controlled by the Partisans. In the communist period, the Dravograd area further developed its industrial capacities. During the Ten Day War of Slovenian independence in June and July 1991, some fighting took place in the Dravograd area.
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Zaitsev was born on 2 March 1938 in Ivanovo to Mikhail Yakovlevich Zaitsev and Maria Ivanovna Zaitseva. His father was a victim of the repressions of Joseph Stalin and was incarcerated in one of Stalin's camps, and his mother was a cleaner and laundress. From 19451952 he studied Secondary School № 22 in Ivanovo. As his father was deemed by the State to be an Enemy of the people, Zaitsev was denied the opportunity to study at an industrial academy, a theatrical school and a pilot training school.
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The harsh repressions of the Convention forces did not mark the end of the political violence in Marseille. During the First White Terror in 1795 there were many revenge attacks on Jacobins. Notably, on 5 June that year, 700 Jacobin prisoners were massacred in the prison of Saint Jean fort. Similar revenge actions took place in other former Federalist towns across the South East - for example on 27 June 1795 members of the former Revolutionary Tribunal at Orange were killed and thrown into the Rhône.
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Map of Belene Island The Belene labour camp, also referred to as Belene concentration camp, was part of the network of forced labour camps in Communist Bulgaria. It was located on the Belene Island, between two branches of the Danube river. At the height of Valko Chervenkov's repressions in 1952, the camp had 2,323 inmates - 2,248 men and 75 women. The Belene Prison is still operating as a penitentiary in the western part of the island, while the eastern part is a managed natural reserve.
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On July 21, 2010, Georgia declared February 25 as Soviet Occupation Day to recall the Red Army invasion in 1921.Georgia to mark Soviet occupation every year The Georgian parliament voted in favor of the government’s initiative. The decision, endorsed unanimously by the Parliament of Georgia instructs the government to organize various memorial events every February 25 and to fly the national flag half-mast to commemorate, as the decision puts it, the hundreds of thousands of victims of political repressions of the Communist occupational regime.
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This is still a reference book and a manual for surgeons. As a noticeable religious figure, he was subjected to political repressions and spent 11 years in internal exile. Luke's mother was Orthodox and his father was Catholic, and according to his memoirs, he did not receive a religious upbringing from his family. When he left school the principal gave him a copy of the New Testament, and it was by a careful study of this that he came to know the teachings of Christ.
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In the last years of life Pavel Prudnikov suffered a great deal from diseases that deprived him of an opportunity to write the new works on paper at all. But he didn't stop his literary work and dictated new verses to his nearest relatives. In 1998 a Belarusian writer Leanid Marakou who was looking for information about victims of Stalin's repressions turned to Pavel Prudnikov to accept memoirs about Belarusian writer Valery Marakou, the uncle of Leanid, who was also among those victims.Паэт эмоцый // Маладосць. 1998.
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At that time the monastery had nine churches, including one underground. Around 320 monks lived in the monastery. In 1923 the monastery was closed, the monks faced Bolshevik repressions, and many were executed. During World War II, the monastery buildings were used as factories for producing rockets for BM-13 "Katyusha" rocket launchers. In 1946, the All- Union Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics—a nuclear weapons design facility that would become known in the West under the acronym VNIIEF—was built. Sarov became a closed city.
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A large percentage of the population was transported to Gulags. The Rumeíka dialect became subject of linguistic study in the late 1920s and 1930s, as part of the general program of identifying and describing languages of the USSR. However, linguists studying the language became victims of Stalin's repressions by 1937, and the research on the Rumeíka did not resume until the 1950s and 1960s. Scholars of Greek from Kiev, led by Andriy Biletsky compiled a detailed description of the language and recorded the folklore.
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Sovetish Heymland was developed in the period after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 as a forum for those Yiddish writers who had survived the repressions of Soviet Yiddish which had occurred in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The title referred back to the Moscow-based Yiddish literary periodicals Sovetish (1934–1941) and Heymland (1947–1948), indicating a continuity of Yiddish literary output.Chernin, Velvel. "Institutionalized Jewish Culture in the 1960s to the mid-1980s," Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union, ed.
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In 1938, he and other Belarusian Marian fathers were deported from Druja to central Poland as part of a wave of repressions by the Polish state against Belarusian national activists. After this, Hermanovich returned to Harbin. In 1948, Hermanovich was arrested by the communist Chinese authorities and handed over to the Soviet NKVD. After several months of interrogations and tortures, Hermanovich and other teachers of the Marian lyceum of Harbin were sentenced to 25 years of incarceration and labour in the Gulag concentration camps.
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As a result of the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 it was annexed by Prussia; in 1807 it was annexed by Russia. At that time, many Jews settled in Knyszyn, as a result of the discriminatory Russian regulations (Pale of Settlement), while the Polish population was subject to repressions and Russification policies. Knyszyn became part of Poland again after the country has regained independence in 1918. During World War II it was occupied by the Soviet Union (1939-1941) and Nazi Germany (1941-1944).
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Keldysh's father, Vsevolod Mikhailovich Keldysh (1878–1965), was a civil engineer, Major General of the Engineering Service, and a full professor, teaching at the Kuybyshev Military Engineering Academy from 1918. He became a Distinguished Engineering Scientist of Soviet Union (Заслуженный деятель науки и техники СССР) in 1944. He was one of the authors of contemporary methods for calculating the strength of reinforced concrete, and a designer of the Moscow Canal and Moscow Metro projects. Several members of the Keldysh family were victims of political repressions.
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Mikaelyan was born in Yerevan, Armenia. His father was born in Alashkert (Western Armenia, Ottoman Empire), and his mother was born in Oshakan (Eastern Armenia, Russian Empire). He finished high school in the Russian town of Sorokino, Altai Krai of RSFSR, USSR, where his family was deported amongst numerous other Armenian families during the period of Stalin repressions from their home and place of permanent residence to Siberia. In 1956, Mikaelyan graduates from the engineering department of the Yerevan Polytechnic Institute with a specialization in machinery.
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After the failed November and January uprisings, Russification policies and anti-Polish repressions intensified, and after 1870 a ban on the use of Polish in public places was introduced. At the end of the nineteenth century, as a result of the influx due to Russian discriminatory regulations, the majority of the city's population was Jewish. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 66,000, Jews constituted 41,900 (so around 63% percent). This heritage can be seen on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok.
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The Soviet government issued a postage stamp depicting the cathedral in 1978. During the Great Purge and the radical state atheist policies in the late 1930s, the cathedral was a "besieged institution as the campaign was underway to eradicate religion." The repressions climaxed in 1938 when Catholicos Khoren I was murdered in April by the NKVD. In August of that year, the Armenian Communist Party decided to close down the cathedral, but the central Soviet government seemingly did not approve of such a measure.
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Carlos Mauricio Valenti Perrillat (November 15, 1888 in Paris - October 29, 1912 in Paris) was a French-born painter, who worked predominantly in Guatemala. An artist with the gift of an undeniable talent who, in spite of living within the moral repressions and strict conventional customs of a Guatemalan time outlined by a dictatorship (Manuel Estrada Cabrera), he was able to develop one of the most important works for art history in the 20th century. He is considered as pioneer of modern Guatemalan art.
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1317–1319) In the preface to the 40th anniversary edition of The Great Terror (2007), Conquest nonetheless said: "Exact numbers may never be known with complete certainty, but the total of deaths caused by the whole range of Soviet regime's terrors can hardly be lower than some fifteen million".Robert Conquest, Preface, The Great Terror: A Reassessment: 40th Anniversary Edition, Oxford University Press, USA, 2007. p. xviii Historian Stephen G. Wheatcroft argues that Conquest's victim totals for Stalinist repressions are too high, even in his reassessments.
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The extent to which Joseph Stalin was antisemitic is widely discussed by historians. Although part of a movement that included Jews and rejected antisemitism, he privately displayed a contemptuous attitude toward Jews on various occasions that were witnessed by his contemporaries, and are documented by historical sources. As the leader of the Soviet Union, he promoted repressive policies that conspicuously impacted Jews and, according to his successor Nikita Khrushchev and others, he fomented the doctors' plot as a pretext for further anti-Jewish repressions.
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Due to the difficulty in corroborating reports of torture deaths in China, estimates of the number of Falun Gong practitioners who have been killed as a result of the persecution vary widely. In 2009, The New York Times reported that, according to human rights groups, the repressions had claimed "at least 2,000" lives. Amnesty International said at least 100 Falun Gong practitioners had reportedly died in the 2008 calendar year, either in custody or shortly after their release.Amnesty International, 'China – Amnesty International Report 2008' .
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Both of his grandfathers were executed under Stalin's regime in 1937. The rest of his family, during the repressions of 1939, was sent to the Gulag. In February 1997 - May 1998 Svanidze was the chairman of the company, appointed by President Boris Yeltsin. In an interview Svanidze himself confessed that as a TV host on the side of the government he was heavily involved in the 1999 parliamentary election campaign, attacking the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the Fatherland – All Russia block.
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For Kirov's murder, a total of 117 people were arrested and killed, including Nikolaev's 85-year- old mother, his brother, sisters, and cousin.Russia: Man of the Year, 1939, TIME Magazine, 1 January 1940 Milda Draule survived her husband by three months before being executed herself. Their infant son (who was named Marx following the Bolshevik naming fashion) was sent into an orphanage. Marx Draule was alive in 2005 when he was officially rehabilitated as a victim of political repressions, and Milda was also found innocent retroactively.
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Pons, p. 526. Anti-communist and right-wing critics especially emphasise that Marxist–Leninist regimes have carried out mass repressions and killings of political dissidents and social classes (so-called "enemies of the people")Pons, pp. 307–310. such as the Red Terror and Great Purge in the Soviet Union and the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in China. In addition, Marxist–Leninist states have been responsible for mass religious persecution (such as in the Soviet Union and in China), ethnic cleansingTooley, T. Hunt; Várdy, Steven, eds. (2003).
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Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p.91 The city of Málaga, occupied by the Nationalists in February 1937 following the Battle of Málaga, experienced one of the harshest repressions following Francoist victory with an estimated total of 17,000 people summarily executed. Carlos Arias Navarro, then a young lawyer who as public prosecutor signed thousands of execution warrants in the trials set up by the triumphant rightists, became known as "The Butcher of Málaga" (Carnicero de Málaga).
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All attempts by the Byelorussian representatives to request self-governance for the occupied Byelorussia led to German repressions against those who voiced such requests. Wilhelm Kube in Minsk, May 1943 A Nazi politician Wilhelm Kube was appointed the German administrator of the area (Generalreichskommissar). He had his command center established in Minsk with a second Kommissar in Baranovichi. In September 1943, Kube was killed by his Byelorussian mistress, who planted a bomb in his bed coerced by the Soviet agents who knew where her son was.
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More drastic repressions have been taken, such as closing mosques or removing licenses from Imams who have traveled outside of China. Some Hui Muslims have been included in the reeducation camps, termed "Vocational Education and Training Centers" which the Chinese government claims are aimed at reforming the political thought of detainees, including extremist religious beliefs and separatist or terrorist sympathies. Many of the Hui within these camps have faced torture, are allegedly grouped in different cells from Kazakhs and Uighurs, and on rare occasion die from stress.
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The granite slab was taken from boulders near the Savvatiyev Skete of the Solovetsky Monastery, which was used as the 'political infirmary' in the 1920s. Here on December 19, 1923, the prisoners protested against the drastic treatment and were shot by guards and specially arranged firing squad. This massacre is considered to be the next step in Soviet repressions, but also an important precedent of resistance. According to other sources, the stone was taken from the Sekirnaya Gora, the hill in the vicinity of the Savvatiyev Skete.
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During the repressions of the 1930s under Joseph Stalin, Yavornytsky was prevented from publishing and had to keep a very low profile. During the Holodomor (the Ukrainian famine of 1932–33), he felt compelled to give away artifacts from his collections to obtain food for starving local peasants and others. His death passed unnoticed both in the USSR and in the wider world. The Yekaterinoslav (today Dnipro) Museum was eventually renamed in his honour, and he was partially rehabilitated during the Nikita Khrushchev and Petro Shelest eras.
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The Soviet security officer Lavrentiy Beria rose to prominence for his role in quashing the rebellion The persecutions did not end, however. In violation of the promise made by Beria to the arrested opposition leaders, mass arrests and executions continued. The political guidance of the anti-revolt operations was effected by the GPU chief in Georgia, Solomon Mogilevsky, and the repressions were largely supported by the Transcaucasian Central Committee. Stalin himself is quoted to have vowed that "all of Georgia must be plowed under".
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The government of the Soviet Union forbade teaching the Kalmyk language during the deportation.ling.hawaii.edu Deportation of the Kalmyks (1943–1956): Stigmatized Ethnicity Mongolian leader Khorloogiin Choibalsan attempted to arrange migration of the deportees to Mongolia and he met them in Siberia during his visit to Russia. Under the Law of the Russian Federation of April 26, 1991 "On Rehabilitation of Exiled Peoples" repressions against Kalmyks and other peoples were qualified as an act of genocide. Today they are trying to revive their language and religion.
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Some of the persecutions were motivated by the reciprocity principle included in the constitution, but persecutions were caused also by Hungarian propaganda demanding occupation of Slovakia, distribution of pamphlets and other propagandist material, oral propaganda and other provocations. Intensive propaganda was used on both sides and led to several anti-Hungarian demonstrations. The harshest repressions included internment in the camp in Ilava and deportations of dozens of Hungarians to Hungary. In June 1940, Slovakia and Hungary reached agreement and stopped deportations of their minorities.
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He died in the hospital on 5 October 1841. More repressions and restrictions, including stricter censorship, followed after the Revolutions of 1848. Afraid of attracting police attention and losing his job, Daukantas kept his historical research a secret and always asked friends and acquaintances not to publish or mention his name. He used numerous non-repeating pen names and a few times published works without any name, though some researchers suggested that he also did that to create an impression that there were many Lithuanian writers.
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It was signed by a group of intellectuals and former party activists and was highly critical of Gierek team's political and economic record. The letter referred to the protests of the previous year and called for fundamental political and democratizing reforms. Repressions and restrictions would only aggravate the crisis, the authors wrote, and open societal dialog was necessary. Free elections to the Sejm and local councils and especially close partnership with labor unions were urged as prerequisites to any real improvement in the country's precarious internal situation.
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The Ukrainians had failed to achieve independence in 1919 when their attempt at self-determination was crushed during the Polish–Soviet and Polish-Ukrainian Wars. Also, there were pre-war Polish citizens who saw the Soviet NKVD presence as an opportunity to start political and social agitation. Many of them committed treason against the Polish state by assisting in round ups and executions of Polish officials. Their enthusiasm however faded with time as it became clear that the Soviet repressions were aimed at all peoples equally.
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From 1938 to 1947, Ponomarenko was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Belorussia, and from 1944 to 1948, also the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Belarus. During the Great Purge he successfully defended Belarusian-language poets Yanka Kupala and Yakub Kolas from repressions, personally travelling to Stalin to appeal for their protection. The two poets were later awarded the Order of Lenin. During this time he also assisted the National Jazz Orchestra in Minsk, inviting Eddie Rosner to lead it.
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When computers were human (an incorrect date of 1938 for this visit is given in the following timeline: Computing at Columbia Timeline) In October 1936, he was arrested and then sentenced to 10 years hard labour (this was part of 'the Pulkovo persecutions', when a great many astronomers suffered repressions).Russian Wiki He had been accused of being a spy in the pay of Germany. The basis of this accusation rested on the fact that German astronomers had named an asteroid after him (also see 1206 Numerowia).
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As a consequence of the economic hardships and political repressions, an exodus of Poles saw 700,000 migrate to the West between 1981 and 1989. A number of international flights were even hijacked in attempts to flee the country and its economic problems. Between December 1980 and October 1983, 11 Polish flights were hijacked to Berlin Tempelhof Airport alone. Around the same time, a group calling themselves the "Polish Revolutionary Home Army" seized the Polish Embassy in Bern, Switzerland on 6 September 1982, taking several diplomats as hostages.
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De Quincey wrote from personal familiarity, having known all three men during the first two decades of the nineteenth century. When he wrote about them twenty years later De Quincey ignored the constraints and repressions typical of biography in his era, and produced realistic and nuanced portraits. De Quincey was the first person to address the problem of plagiarism in Coleridge's works, a problem that was ignored or neglected until modern scholars began addressing it.Norman Fruman, Coleridge: The Damaged Archangel, New York, George Braziller, 1971.
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The documentation of political repressions as well as citizens' reactions to them through samizdat (unsanctioned self-publishing) methods played a key role in the formation of the human rights movement. Dissidents collected and distributed transcripts, open letters and appeals relating to specific cases of political repressions.A Chronicle of Current Events (CCE) 5.1 (31 December 1968), "A Survey of samizdat in 1968". The prototype for this type of writing was journalist Frida Vigdorova's record of the trial of poet Joseph Brodsky (convicted for "social parasitism" in early 1964).
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The Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania ( or LKB kronika) was the longest-running and best-known samizdat periodical in the Lithuanian SSR, one of the republics of the Soviet Union. Following the example of the Russian Chronicle of Current Events, the Lithuanian Chronicle was published from 19 March 1972 to 19 March 1989 by Catholic priests and nuns. In total, 81 issues appeared. It focused on repressions against Catholics in Lithuania, but also included reports of other violations of human rights in the Soviet Union.
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Stalin destroyed the opposition in the party consisting of the old Bolsheviks during the Moscow trials. The NKVD under the leadership of Stalin's commissar Nikolai Yezhov carried out a series of massive repressive operations against the kulaks and various national minorities in the USSR. During the Great Purges of 1937-38, about 700 000 people were executed. Stalin's repressions led to the creation of a vast system of internal exile, of considerably greater dimensions than those set up in the past by the tsars.
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The unofficial bi- monthly gathered reports from all over the USSR of violations by the Soviet authorities of civil rights and judicial procedure, and recorded the response to those violations. It soon became the principal uncensored Russian-language source of information about political repressions during Leonid Brezhnev's time as Party leader. Velikanova eventually became one of its main organizers and editors. As the years passed similar journals came into existence in other Soviet republics, The Ukraine Herald and the Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania.
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He didn't hesitate to criticize the existing political situation, and discuss the common repressions and brutality of tsar's police. In his famous speech during Okrzeja's trial he said: The organizations defending political prisoners had an unclear legal status in Russian Empire, and were repressed by the government. Due to his activities, as the leading Polish lawyer with an unmatched track of getting his defendants out of the death penalty, and often out from prison altogether, Patek became increasingly inconvenient to the Russian government, and became a target for repressions himself; in 1908 he was accused of "ties with the defendants" (indeed, for a time, even Józef Piłsudski, future leader of Poland, was hiding in Patek's house); Patek was arrested and briefly imprisoned for a month, but after an intervention by several known Polish and even Russian lawyers, he was released. In 1910 he was subject to another disciplinary hearing for "usage of improper terms during the trials", "conspiracy to change statements", "membership in secret illegal organizations"; he was declared innocent by a regional court, only to have the prosecution open another case against him or appeal against the verdict.
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After the start of Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, the invading Wehrmacht soldiers murdered 379 people, 'pacified' 30 villages, burned down 640 houses and 1,385 industrial buildings in the area.Marcin Markiewicz, "Represje hitlerowskie wobec wsi białostockiej" (Nazi Repressions Against the Białystok Countryside) in Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance (Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej), issue: 121, pages: 65-68. Police Battalion 309 burned about 2000 Jews in Great Synagogue, Białystok on 27 June 1941. The first decree for the implementation of civil administration in these newly occupied territories was issued on 17 July 1941.
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Plaque on the building of Government of Estonia, Toompea, commemorating government members killed by communist terror After the Soviet invasion of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania in 1940 the repressions followed with the mass deportations carried out by the Soviets. The Serov Instructions, "On the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia", contained detailed instructions for procedures and protocols to observe in the deportation of Baltic nationals. The local Communist parties emerged from underground with 1500 members in Lithuania, 500 in Latvia and 133 members in Estonia.
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The affair held back the careers of the Georgian Old Bolsheviks, but Ordzhonikidze's reputation also suffered and he was soon recalled from the Caucasus. Mdivani and his associates were removed to minor posts, but they were not actively attacked until the late 1920s. Most of them were later executed during the Great Purge of the 1930s. Another major consequence of the defeat of Georgian "national deviationists" was the intensification of political repressions in Georgia, leading to an armed rebellion in August 1924 and the ensuing Red Terror, which took several thousands of lives.
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Viktor Snezhytsky, a member of the Council of the Republic of Belarus, resigned from his position "due to health problems" after making a statement against the current regime repressions in social media. On 9 October, in the morning, Cosmonauts St. in Minsk was blocked by the protesters. The Belarusian Fund for Cultural Solidarity was established with the purpose of providing legal, financial and psychological assistance to representatives of the Belarusian cultural community who actively express their civic position. On 10 October, another Women's March took place in Minsk.
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Zianon Pazniak was born in the village of Subotniki in Baranavichy Voblast (present-day Hrodna Region). He graduated from the Belarusian State Institute of Theatre and Arts in 1967 and completed his postgraduate studies at the Institute of Ethnography, Art and Folklore in 1972. Upon completion of his university studies, Pazniak worked as an arts researcher. After a wave of Soviet political-administrative repressions in 1974 resulting in the loss of his work at the Arts Institute, Pazniak worked as an archaeologist at the Archaeological Division of the History Institute of the Belarusian Science Academy.
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After the Soviet Union occupation of Lithuania in June 1940, Gulbė was nationalized and Prapuolenis, feeling that he might become a target of Soviet repressions, went into hiding. Together with Adolfas Damušis, brigade general Motiejus Pečiulionis, and others, Prapuolenis established resistance groups (a network of fives) of the Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF) in Kaunas. Prapuolenis was a contact between LAF groups in Kaunas and Vilnius, led by major Vytautas Bulvičius. After Vilnius LAF was liquidated by the NKVD and major Bulvičius was arrested, Prapuolenis became a leader of LAF.
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The date of completion of the operation was thus extended until August 1938. In October 1938, special Troikas were then set up to deal with the backlog of unprocessed cases. The Latvian operation ended when Yezhov's successor, Lavrenty Beria issued NKVD Order No. 00762 on November 26, 1938, marking the end of the massive repressions of the Great Purge. The liquidation of the Latvian party officials caused certain difficulties for the Soviet authorities when they sought to establish a party and administrative apparatus during the occupation of Latvia 1940.
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Home Army Cross, awarded to Home Army veterans by the Polish Government- in-Exile The persecution of the Home Army was only part of the Stalinist repressions in Poland. In the period 1944–56, some 2 million people were arrested, over 20,000, including the hero of Auschwitz, Witold Pilecki, were executed in communist prisons, and 6 million Polish citizens (every third adult Pole) were classified as "reactionary" or "criminal elements" and subjected to spying by state agencies. Most Home Army soldiers were captured by the NKVD or by Poland's UB political police.
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During the battle Pushkar was killed and replaced with a new colonel, while the leaders of the uprising were strictly repressed. After this, Vyhovsky and the General Starshyna considered the relationship with Muscovy to be broken. The newly elected Metropolitan Dionisi Balaban was transferred to Chyhyryn away from Kiev. An agitation against Moscow was conducted where the Ukrainian government informed the population of possible national repressions, similar to those being conducted in the neighboring lands of Belarus that were recently secured by Muscovy in its conflict with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers who had fled the 1943–1944 forced mobilization into the German forces in Estonia. The unit fought the Red Army on the Karelian Front. In June 1942, political leaders of Estonia who had survived Soviet repressions held a meeting hidden from the occupying powers in Estonia where the formation of an underground Estonian government and the options for preserving continuity of the republic were discussed.Chronology at the EIHC On January 6, 1943, a meeting was held at the Estonian foreign delegation in Stockholm.
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Monument to innocent murdered () is a memorial in the center of Rostov-on-Don, which was erected in memory of repressed people from Rostov Oblast between 1921 and 1961. The opening ceremony of the monument took place on October 30, 1994, when Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions has been commemorated. Rostov Oblast Association of Victims of Political Repression "Memorial" and its Chairman E. Yemelyanova have initiated building of the monument. The rally in memory of victims of political repression and floral tribute are held annually.
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In 1816 Pestel became a member of the Union of Salvation and one of the authors of its charter. He managed to make all the society members agree on the republican program of the Union, thereby laying the foundations for the republican traditions in the Russian emancipation movement. At the same time, Pavel Pestel spoke in support of mass repressions, regicide and physical annihilation of all the members of the imperial family initially. In 1818 Pestel joined a more liberal secret society called the Union of Prosperity without regicide plans.
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In 1962 Alla Horska became one of the founders and active members of the Club of Creative Youth. In 1962 Alla Horska, Vasyl Symonenko and Les Tanyuk revealed the unmarked mass grave sites of those “enemies of the Soviet state” disposed by NKVD in Bykivnia, Lukyanivsky and Vasylkivsky cemeteries. The activists declared it to the Kyiv City Council ("Memorandum II"). In 1965-1968 she took part in protests against the repressions of Ukrainian human rights activists: Bohdan and Mykhailo Horyn, Opanas Zalyvakha, Sviatoslav Karavansky, Valentyn Moroz, Vyacheslav Chornovil, and others.
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The Ministry of Public Security (Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego) with Security Services (Służba Bezpieczństwa, SB) is a representation of such actions that aimed to espy and eradicate anti- communist structures. The example of the repressions towards anti-communist activists can be a history of Polish general Leopold Okulicki and the Trial of the Sixteen. It's hard to estimate those hurt or killed by the actions directed by the communistic government. The changes in the Constitution of Poland were introduced and the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic passed in 1952.
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In March 1982 he testified about repressions in Poland before the Foreign Relations Committee of the US Senate. In 1982–2002 he served as a member of the executive committee of the Paris-based Fund for Assistance to Independent Literature and Learning in Poland. Since 1982 he has been an editor of Zeszyty Literackie, a journal launched in Paris during martial law in Poland. Karpiński moved to France in 1982, where in between 1982 and 2008 he worked as a researcher of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris.
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Writing in The Black Book of Communism, which describes the history of repressions by Communist states, Jean-Louis Margolin claims that perhaps 20 million died in the prison system.Stéphane Courtois, Jean-Louis Margolin, et al. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press, 1999. p. 464 Professor R.J. Rummel puts the number of forced labor "democides" at 15,720,000, excluding "all those collectivized, ill-fed and clothed peasants who would be worked to death in the fields".Rummel, R. J. China’s Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 Transaction Publishers, 1991. pp.
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Beginning with the earliest history of the Soviet Union, with the Red Terror and subsequent political repression of suspected opponents of the October Revolution, there were purgesEdvard Radzinsky, Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives. Anchor (1997), pp. 152–155. and mass repressions within the Soviet Union, as well as purges of the Communist Party, both within the Soviet Union and abroad. Waves of persecutions occurred, in which the number of those charged with being counter-revolutionary or fascist increased substantially.
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In 1923, he became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 1927, Azimzade was awarded the honorary title of People's Artist of the Azerbaijani SSR. It is believed that he evaded political repressions due to his acquaintance with Mir Jafar Baghirov, who was the first secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party and an admirer of Azimzade's work. Azimzade created 56 colored lithographs for the collected works of poet Mirza Alakbar Sabir, as well as pictures for works of Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev, Nariman Narimanov and Huseyngulu Sarabski.
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Gothic romance is a film genre which includes gothic elements and affirms feminine experiences, perceptions and interpretations of their “fear, anger, and distrust of patriarchal order”. A key feature of gothic romance films is the “Bluebeard motif”. This typically refers to secrets or forbidden rooms or areas in a house, which represent female protagonists’ repressions. This common characteristic is based on a variation of the Bluebeard folktale of a wealthy man who forbids his new wife from entering his castle's underground chamber, to which she finds the corpses of his many former wives.
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Money printed by the Limerick Soviet in 1919 The IRA and the independence movement of Sinn Féin gained popular support in Limerick following the repressions and executions of 1916. Royal Irish Constabulary carried out violent raids on the homes of suspected Sinn Féin sympathisers. Prisoners were interned without trial in Frongoch camp in North Wales. Following the arrest and death of Robert Byrne, a local republican and trade unionist, most of Limerick city and a part of the county were declared a "Special Military Area under the Defence of the Realm Act".
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He stressed American concerns that political unrest was undermining anti-Viet Cong military operations. McNamara emphasized the difficulties being caused by anti-Buddhist repressions were creating for Kennedy's support of South Vietnam due to the arousal of negative public opinion against Diệm. He pointed out that Diệm's foreign minister Vũ Văn Mẫu and his ambassador in Washington Trần Văn Chương had resigned, and that Saigon University was closed. McNamara fell short of asking Diệm to remove the Nhus; this was a matter Washington had left to his and Lodge's discretion.
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The SS tried different tactics to get them to sign, but very few did so. After describing various unspeakable tortures he underwent in the course of his four years in Mauthausen, he said: “Towards the end of 1944 Himmler’s special deputy, SS-Hauptsturmbannfüher Kramer, came from Berlin to try and persuade us to sign, with various promises and smooth talk. When he met with the decisively adverse attitude of the Witnesses, repressions against us started. We were distributed into blocks, so that nowhere would two brothers [Witnesses] live together.
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In the late 1960s, after Yuri Andropov became the chairman of the Soviet Union's Committee for State Security, he launched a campaign to improve the service's image, which was primarily associated in the public's view with its role in the political repressions carried out by the government. Andropov encouraged a series of novels, songs, films and other works glorifying KGB agents, focusing on those serving abroad – mainly in the hope of attracting young and educated recruits to the organization. The television production of Seventeen Moments of Spring was part of this trend.Knightley. P. 368.
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785-786 (in German). Also as part of Anti-Polish policies, the Prussians abolished the local Polish academy, and closed down Catholic monasteries. Poles were subjected to various repressions, local Polish newspapers were confiscated. Renown Polish surgeon Ludwik Rydygier opened his private clinic in the town in 1878, where he conducted pioneering surgical operations, including the first in Poland and second in the world surgical removal of the pylorus in a patient suffering from stomach cancer in 1880 and the first in the world peptic ulcer resection in 1881.
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The daily edition is only published in Spanish. Daily readers of Granma learned early on that the Castro regime supported the Sandinistas in Nicaragua and rebels fighting president Jose Napoleon Duarte in El Salvador. Granma readers were also aware of the regime's hatred for Israel, capitalism, and almost all things Western. Readers never encountered stories of political executions, cultural repressions, the jailing of anti-Castro dissidents, the presence of Cuban soldiers in Africa or their deaths, the poor Cuban economy, and the dependence of the regime on the Soviet Union.
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The following year, as Federal Secretary of the Italian Radical Party, he presided the meeting "Human rights and dissense in the Gorbaciov era", at the end of which the soviet dissidents Vladimir Bukovsky, Leonid Plyushch, Vladimir Maximov and Anatoly Levitin-Krasnov launched the Rome Manifesto of the soviet dissidents, claiming for the acknowledgement of human rights in the Soviet Union. In 1987, he founded with Paolo Ungari the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, and took position against the repressions in Romania acted by the dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu.Repressione in Romania, quindicimila magiari in fuga.
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Yet he was forced to cease his studies even in the field of chemistry during the Stalinist repressions of 1949, because of class-based mistreatment. After that, E. Silinsh worked as a laborant for 14 years, and for last 12 of these he was employed at the Central Laboratory of the Riga Plant of Electrical Machine Building (). At this institution, E. Silinsh could for the first time perform actual scientific research, mostly in the field of atomic spectroscopy. In 1958, his two messages were included in the X All-Union Spectroscopy Conference in Lvov.
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Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav (; 1900 – July 30, 1941) was Secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) from 1932 to 1937 and served as Chief Secretary from 1933 to 1934. A central figure during the violent Stalinist repressions in Mongolia, Luvsansharav presided over arrests, torture, and executions of over 25,000 “enemies of the revolution” between 1937 and 1939Baabar 1999, p. 362 and was instrumental in the violent purges of Prime Ministers Peljidiin Genden and Anandyn Amar. He ultimately fell victim to the purges himself, arrested in 1939 on charges of counterrevolution and executed in Moscow in 1941.
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The Faculty of Useless Knowledge () is a novel by Soviet writer Yury Dombrovsky about the fate of the Russian intellectual in the era of Stalin's repressions, written in 1964-1975. It completes a kind of dialogue begun by the novel "The Guardian of Antiquities" (published in 1964 in ‘’Novy Mir’’). The novel was dedicated to Dombrovsky's "New World" editor Anna Samoilovna Berser and published in the West (IMCA-Press, Paris); according to the popular version, this publication was the cause of Dombrovsky's death (possibly murderУбит за роман // Новая газета. 22 мая 2008).
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In the context of the former Soviet Union, and the Post-Soviet states, rehabilitation (, transliterated in English as reabilitatsiya or academically rendered as reabilitacija) was the restoration of a person who was criminally prosecuted without due basis, to the state of acquittal. Mass amnesty of the victims of Soviet repressions started after the death of Joseph Stalin. Initially, in 1953, this did not entail any form of exoneration. This release became coupled with rehabilitations after Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalinism in his 1956 speech On the Personality Cult and its Consequences.
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He first lived with his family in Saint-Cloud, then in Leuville-sur-Orge. The struggle against the Bolshevik regime did not stop, Ramishvili joined the Committee for the Independence of Georgia and became an active organizer during the August Uprising, which ended unsuccessfully and was followed by mass repressions against the Georgian nobility and intellectuals.. Ramishvili was actively involved in the anti-Bolshevik Promethean movement produced by Poland. On December 7, 1930, Noe Ramishvili was assassinated by the Cheka in Paris. He was buried in Leuville cemetery.
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However, because of the political situation, her mother voluntarily resigned in 1937 and took a lower position, presumably because she knew she couldn't possibly have been spared the repressions of the late 1930s. This possibly helped the Borok family survive World War II. Valentina Borok had a talent for math even in her high school years. So in 1949, with the advice of her high school teachers Borok started to study Mathematics at Kiev State University. There she met Yakov Zhitomirskii, who would be her husband until her death.
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After decades of repression and obstructions through authorities, unionist organizations emerged in the pre-March era and during the German revolution and articulated their demands. The failure of the revolution and the following phase of restoration, however, lead to a loss of strength in the union movement and caused new repressions against unions. Only new reforms in 1869 and 1871, enabled unions to develop as trade partners of entrepreneurs' associations. An example of these reforms is the trade regulation act that introduced the freedom of association and the freedom of trade.
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The Czortków uprising () was a failed attempt at resisting Soviet state repressions by the young anti-Soviet Poles most of whom were prewar students from the local high school. The uprising took place in the Soviet-occupied Polish town of Czortków (now Chortkiv, Ukraine) during World War II. The insurgents attempted to storm the local Red Army barracks and a prison in order to release Polish soldiers incarcerated there. The attack occurred on the night of January 21-22, 1940. It was the first Polish civilian uprising against the Nazi-Soviet occupation of Poland.
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Politicians in Poland connected in the past to the Sanation and National Democracy formations did not recognize the new realities and waged a determined campaign against the communist authorities, boycotting decisions of the government, especially the ones having to do with the establishment of administrative and military structures. This led to conflicts and intensified repressions. Polish internal security organs were created and resolved, in cooperation with their Soviet counterparts, to disable the opposition using persecution and terror. The political confrontations were accompanied by armed activity of anti-government conspiracy groups.
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The Northerners () is a 1992 Dutch film by Alex van Warmerdam. The film was selected as the Dutch entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 65th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences This black comedy takes places in the 1960s, in a surreal Dutch new town consisting of only a single street. It is a darkly amusing satire of bourgeois life and its repressions, pursuit of fantasies through a Freudian forest are all executed with visual and dramatic flair.
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Harlip was a photographic studio specialising in celebrity portraits, based at 161 New Bond Street, Mayfair, London, England and run by Dr Gregory Harlip, and later his widow Madame Monte Harlip, both of Eastern European origin. Up until 1937, the "Atelier Harlip", as it was called in German, had been based at Kurfürstendamm, Berlin. In 1937, the Harlips left Berlin because of growing Nazi repressions against Jewish companies. After Dr Harlip's death on 7 April 1945, Madame Harlip continued the business as one of the great society photographers of the 1950s.
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In 1946, after the arrests of many activists, he left the city and joined the armed resistance. Within a year he commanded the Birutė brigade of the Tauras military district. At the end of 1947, along with fellow partisans Jurgis Krikščiūnas-Rimvydas and Kazimieras Pyplys-Mažytis, Lukša crossed through the Iron Curtain with the goal of attracting support for the fighters and establishing contacts with Lithuanians in exile. They carried information collected by partisans about Soviet repressions, killings and deportations, and a letter asking for support from Pope Pius XII.
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In ten months between March 1944 and January 1945 the Germans and Hungarian Arrow Cross nationalists murdered more than half a million Jews,Dunai, p. xi. but the close-knit community of the deaf teenagers persisted. Shortly before the Siege of Budapest they were forcibly relocated into the Budapest Ghetto, but were spared from further repressions. Before the end of the war, the former building of the School for the Deaf was taken over by Raoul Wallenberg's mission of the International Red Cross and once again became the shelter for the Jews of Budapest.
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A house party at Crome is viewed largely through the eyes of Denis Stone. Described by his hostess as "one of our younger poets", he has been invited by Priscilla and Henry Wimbush to join their summer guests. Denis is secretly in love with their niece, Anne Wimbush, who appears more interested in the artist Gombauld. The rather naïve flapper, Mary Bracegirdle, decides to embark on an amorous adventure so as to overcome her repressions and makes unsuccessful advances to Denis and Gombauld before falling for the libertine Ivor Lombard one summer night.
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Despite of the fact that the Gazanevsky exhibitions had legalized Nonconformism, public authorities opposed permitting presentations of the unofficial art. Repressions against artists started increasing again and many left the USSR. Artists of the Gazanevsky exhibition include A. Arefiev (ru), A. Basin (ru), Anatoly Belkin, G. Bogomolov, L. Borisov, V. Gavrilchik, A.Gennadiev, Igor V. Ivanov, Y. Zharkikh, Vitaly Kubasov, Y. Ljukshin, V. Mishin, V. Ovchinnikov, Y. Petrochenkov, E. Ruchin, Igor Sacharow-Ross (Sacharov-Ross, Zakharov-Ross), G. Subkow, J. Tulpanov, G. Ustyugov, B. Schagin, M. Zerusch, and others.
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The unit commander, Colonel Babiński strictly prohibited any repressions against women and children. Despite this and despite the orders by the Polish government not to harm civilians, some Polish partisans retaliated against the massacre of Poles by burning down Ukrainian villages and killing ethnic Ukrainians whom they encountered on Volhynian roads. In 1944 the division fought several major battles near Włodzimierz Wołyński (February 23), Hołoby (March 9) and Zasmyki (March 17). During the latter two battles the division cooperated with local Soviet partisan groups and the advancing Red Army.
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The protesters then calmly issued him their demands – most notably a full withdrawal of Dogan's support for both Borisov and Geshev. Dogan responded by nodding and saying "yes" to each demand, following which he wished the protesters good luck, waved at the crowd and returned to his residence. President Radev then issued a statement in which he opined that the political crisis in the country could only be solved by Borisov and Geshev's resignations, as he stated that "repressions against the opposition cannot possibly restore faith in the government".
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In September 2003, he became the head of the Presidential Security Service. He was appointed chairman of the KGB on 17 July 2007. He served as the State Secretary of the Security Council from 2008 to 2009. As part of the international sanctions against the regime in Belarus following a crackdown of the opposition following the 2010 Belarusian presidential election, Zhadobin became subject to travel ban and asset freeze by the European Union as part of a list of Belarusian officials responsible for political repressions, vote rigging and propaganda.
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Many educated Lithuanians fled to western countries, hoping to avoid approaching Soviet repressions. In 1946 the Lithuanian community in Germany established the Lithuanian Deportees Community, which aimed at consolidating and helping Lithuanians in Germany. In 1949 Lithuania's Supreme Liberation Committee (VLIK), established in 1943, delivered the Lithuanian Charter and the Constitutions of the Lithuanian World Community, which solemnly pledged to support and unite all Lithuanians outside Lithuania's borders and promote Lithuanian culture and language abroad. The Lithuanian Charter also proclaimed: In the 1950s, many Lithuanians from Germany moved to the United States.
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During the Livonian War, Kurbsky led the Russian troops against the fortress of Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia), and was victorious. After Ivan failed to renew his commission, Kurbsky defected to Lithuania on April 30, 1564, citing impending repressions as his reason. Later the same year he led a Polish-Lithuanian army against Russia and devastated the region of Velikie Luki. As a reward, Sigismund II August, king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, gave him the town of Kovel in Volhynia (Ukraine), where he lived peacefully, defending his Orthodox subjects from Polish encroachments.
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He owned one of the first Mercedes Benz automobiles in Moscow. As liberal-minded and a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party, Nikolay Belyaev aimed to reform the Russian state as a candidate for the Moscow City Duma, supported the Provisional Government. The February Revolution proved to be a severe challenge for him and his family. While some members of the family fought in the White Army and heavily engaged in anti-bolshevik activities (and subsequently fled the country), others stayed and suffered repressions, and finally successfully adapted for the new regime.
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During the period of Stalin’s repressions, Emil Wiesel, his wife, his son Oscar Wiesel (ethno-linguist, professor of Institute of Oriental Studies in Leningrad (St. Petersburg)) with his wife Vera Sholpo, and Emil’s grandson Andrey Wiesel were sent to Kazakhstan, to the village Chelkar (1935). Despite financial and living difficulties, Emil Wiesel and Vera Sholpo, both artists, continued creating portraits and landscapes, now on the Central Asian plot. Emil Wiesel and his wife managed to return to Leningrad after two years thanks to a close family friend Vladimir Sofronitsky.
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In Manchuria, he also became one of the leaders of the considerable Polish diaspora and published his first novel in Polish, Noc (Night). He also got involved in the Main Revolutionary Committee, a leftist organisation that tried to take power in Manchuria during the Revolution of 1905. After the failure of the revolution, Ossendowski organised a strike against the brutal repressions in Congress Poland for which he was arrested. A military tribunal sentenced him to death for conspiracy against the tsar, but his sentence was later commuted to several years' hard labour.
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Although President Roosevelt "insisted on free and unfettered" elections in Poland, Vyacheslav Molotov instead managed to deliver an election fair by "Soviet standards." As many as half a million Polish soldiers refused to return to Poland, because of the Soviet repressions of Polish citizens, the Trial of the Sixteen, and other executions of pro-democracy Poles, particularly the so- called cursed soldiers, former members of the Armia Krajowa. The result was the Polish Resettlement Act 1947, Britain's first mass immigration law. Yalta was used by ruling communists to underline anti-Western sentiments.
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Over 900 Soviet newspapers reprinted it and anti-reformists rallied around it; many reformers panicked, fearing a backlash against perestroika. On returning from Yugoslavia, Gorbachev called a Politburo meeting to discuss the letter, at which he confronted those hardliners supporting its sentiment. Ultimately, the Politburo arrived at a unanimous decision to express disapproval of Andreyeva's letter and publish a rebuttal in Pravda. Yakovlev and Gorbachev's rebuttal claimed that those who "look everywhere for internal enemies" were "not patriots" and presented Stalin's "guilt for massive repressions and lawlessness" as "enormous and unforgiveable".
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At the Bucharest People's Tribunal, set up in 1946 by the new Romanian government in conjunction with the Allied Control Council, one of the charges brought against Marshal Ion Antonescu, the Governor of Transnistria Gheorghe Alexianu and the commander of the Odessa garrison, General Nicolae Macici, was "the organization of repressions against the civilian population of Odessa autumn of 1941". For these crimes, they were sentenced to death. The first two were shot on July 1, 1946. Later, King Michael commuted the death penalty sentence to life imprisonment for General Macici.
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The Gulag Memorial in St Petersburg is made of a boulder from the Solovki camp—the first prison camp in the Gulag system. People gather here every year on the Day of Remembrance of Victims of the Repression (October 30)Secret police had a long history in Russia. Ivan the Terrible used the Oprichina, while more recently the Third Section and Okrhana. Early on, the Leninist view of the class conflict and the resulting notion of the dictatorship of the proletariat provided the theoretical basis of the repressions.
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Akhmad Abdulkhamidovich Kadyrov was born in Karaganda in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic on 23 August 1951 to a Chechen family that had been expelled from Chechnya during the Stalinist repressions. In April 1957, his family returned to Shalinsky District of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. In 1980, he started studying Islam at Mir-i Arab Madrasah in Bukhara, and followed by studying at Islamic University in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, from 1982 to 1986. In the early 1990s, he returned to Chechnya, and founded the Islam Institute in the village of Kurchaloy.
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Dmitry Gennadievich Yurasov () (born 25 June 1964 in Moscow) is a Russian historian and human rights defender. Starting from age sixteen, he has been gathering information about victims of Soviet political repressions, those who were imprisoned, executed, died in detention, or went missing. He began his research in 1981 while working in the state archives as a paleographer, second rank. He secretly studied the files of those who had been killed, collecting eventually 123,000 cards from a register that, according to his estimate, amounted to 16 million files.
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During the trial's suspension one of the prison guards entered Janusz Kulas's cell and stabbed him in the stomach, wounding him severely. At the end of October 1956, Kulas was released. After the release, having been forced to leave Poznań, he worked as a driver for Polskie Przedsiębiorstwo Fotogrametrii (Polish Photogrammetry Company). In 1957 he was conscripted into the military, however due to repressions he declined to serve and was sentenced to either prison or service in a penal division in Szczecin, which he left on 28 October 1957.
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The formerly good relations between Germany and Russia worsened in the 1880s due to growing nationalist trends in Russian politics. German minorities in the Russian Empire, including Baltic and Russian-born Germans as well as recent German immigrants, faced negative sentiments among both the government and the public supporting the ideas of Pan-Slavism. With that in mind, the German ambassador in Russia, Schweinitz, advised Bismarck to abstain from further expulsions, anticipating that they would only provoke the supporters of Pan-Slavism and trigger repressions against all German settlers in Russia.Józef Feldman, op. cit.
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During Vasily III's fatal illness, Dmitry Belsky remained at his deathbed until the final hour. He was present when Vasily signed a testament proclaiming Michael Glinski and himself tutors to young Ivan IV. After Grand Prince's death, a political struggle erupted between his widow Elena Glinskaya and his brother Yury of Dmitrov, with whom the Belskys were on friendly terms. Yuri was executed in 1534 on charges of treason, while Ivan Belsky was thrown into prison. Anticipating further repressions, the youngest of brothers, Simeon Feodorovich Belsky, escaped to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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Jüri Uluots In June 1942 political leaders of Estonia who had survived Soviet repressions held a hidden meeting from the occupying powers in Estonia where the formation of an underground Estonian government and the options for preserving continuity of the republic were discussed.Chronology at the EIHC On January 6, 1943 a meeting was held at the Estonian foreign delegation in Stockholm. It was decided that, in order to preserve the legal continuity of the Republic of Estonia, the last constitutional prime minister, Jüri Uluots, must continue to fulfill his responsibilities as prime minister.Mälksoo, Lauri (2000).
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On July 9, 1941, 193 detainees were shot in Tartu prison and the Gray House courtyard by the Soviet NKVD; their bodies were dumped in makeshift graves and in the prison well.Steenie Harvey, "The Dark Side of Tartu", at ExpatExchange.com The victims of the communist repressions of the summer 1941 were detained in Tartu prison, during the last days of June, 1941, 619 prisoners were detained in Tartu prison. As the German army approached, steps were taken to empty the prison, but as the arrests continued, on 8 July 1941 there were still 223 detainees.
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Nikolayev's mother, brother, sisters and cousin, and some other people close to him, were arrested and later killed or sent to labour camps. Arrested immediately after the assassination, Nikolayev's wife, Milda Draule, survived her husband by three months before being executed as well, while their infant son Marx (named following the Bolshevik naming fashion) was sent into an orphanage. Marx Draule was alive in 2005 when he was officially rehabilitated as a victim of political repressions, and Milda was also found innocent retrospectively. However, Nikolayev was never posthumously acquitted.
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12 Jews were registered under the laws imposed by the Germans and administered by the Jersey authoritiesCruickshank, Charles G. (1975) The German Occupation of the Channel Islands, The Guernsey Press, (a higher number concealed their Jewish identity or were helped to conceal their identity by resisters in the bureaucracy). However, the anti-Jewish repressions were not carried out systematically. Jews of British citizenship were less likely to be persecuted than foreigners. A number of well-known Jews lived through the Occupation in comparative openness, including Marianne Blampied, the wife of Edmund Blampied, the artist.
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Many Soviet officers serving in the Polish Armed Forces were dismissed, but very few Stalinist officials were put on trial for the repressions of the Bierut period. The Puławy faction argued that mass trials of Stalinist officials, many of them Jewish, would incite animosity toward the Jews. Konstantin Rokossovsky and other Soviet advisers were sent home, and the Polish communist establishment and system took on a more independent orientation. Gomułka, conscious of geopolitical realities, agreed that Soviet troops would remain in Poland and no overt anti-Soviet outbursts would be allowed.
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Before all these events took place, Tio Carlos was constantly reminding Ramon that the children felt intense suffocation the way how things transpire in the house. Carlos tried to deliver the message to Ramon, even questioning the way how he rears his children and insisted that a different method is necessary to let the children experience life. Carlos argued that the reason why his children were acting strangely was primarily because they can no longer endure excess repressions. But his warning was plainly ignored and Ramon responded by further suppressing the will of his children.
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In 1962, Symonenko together with his friends A.Horska and Les Tanyuk found the burial places of NKVD repressions in Bykivnia, Lukianivskyi and Vasyslkivskyi cemeteries near Kiev. For the fact he appealed to the Kiev City Council, which, according to some scholars, could have caused him falling out of favor among the government, and, possibly, his death. In 1963 Symonenko was beaten by employees of the local militsiya at the Smila railway station from which he suffered kidney failure and soon died in the local hospital on December 13, 1963.
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At the beginning of the First World War his father, along with other "unreliable" elements who sympathized with the Russians, was placed in the Thalerhof internment camp by the Austrian authorities. Eventually Galitzia was taken by the Russians. During the next Austrian offensive, in order to avoid repressions, his mother evacuated the family with the retreating Russian army to Rostov-on-Don, where Yaroslav studied at the gymnasium and performed in the local theatre. Living there, Halan witnessed the events of the October Revolution. He became familiar with Lenin’s agitation.
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After Stakhur was convinced that Halan was dead, they tied up the housekeeper and escaped. The Ministry of the State Security (MGB) accused the Ukrainian nationalists of his murder, while the OUN claimed that it was a Soviet provocation in order to start a new wave of repressions against locals. Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Ukrainian SSR at that time, took personal control of the investigation. In 1951, the MGB agent Bohdan Stashynsky infiltrated into the OUN underground network and managed to find Stakhur, who himself bragged about the assassination of Halan.
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Medvedchuk: Ukraine nixes '25-for-50' prisoner swap, Interfax-Ukraine (14 March 2014). Medvedchuk will represent Ukraine in the subgroup of Humanitarian Affairs Tripartite Working Group 1852, Ukrainian News Agency (5 June 2015). In a 2018 interview with The Independent, Medvedchuk claimed that the United States was interfering in the affairs of what he called the "brotherly" nations Ukraine and Russia. He claimed that Russian President Vladimir Putin wanted peace in Donbass and that Putin would do everything to protect eastern Ukrainians from repressions from Ukraine's "party of war".
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In 1793 Golina was annexed by Prussia as a result of the Second Partition of Poland. Regained by Poles in 1807, as part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, in 1815 it became part of Congress Poland, later forcibly integrated with Imperial Russia. As part of anti-Polish repressions after the unsuccessful January Uprising, Golina was deprived of its town rights in 1870, which it regained in 1921, after Poland regained independence. During the occupation of Poland (World War II) the Germans expelled most of its populace to the General Government.
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Since monasteries tended to be strongholds of Iconophile sentiment, Constantine specifically targeted the monks, pairing them off and forcing them to marry nuns in the Hippodrome and expropriating monastic property for the benefit of the state or the army. The repressions against the monks (culminating in 766) were largely led by the emperor's general Michael Lachanodrakon, who threatened resistant monks with blinding and exile. An iconodule abbot, Stephen Neos, was brutally lynched by a mob at the behest of the authorities. As a result, many monks fled to southern Italy and Sicily.
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Brystygier, born to a Jewish family in Stryj (now Ukraine), dedicated herself to ideological struggle against all forms of religion. Nicknamed Bloody Luna by the victims of her torture techniques, Brystygier was also responsible for the arrest of 2,000 Jehovah's Witnesses for their religious beliefs. The trial was a key element in the subsequent wave of repressions against the Church. First, on February 9, 1953, the communist government issued The decree on appointments of clergy to church positions, assuming total control over the way in which positions in the Church were filled.
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Ushakov rated Saltanov's skills as mediocre. Saltanov was the fourth foreign artist employed by the Moscow court (after the Swede Johann Deterson, hired in 1643, Pole Stanislaw Loputsky and Dutchman Daniel Wouchters). When Stanislaw Loputsky, chief of the court painters, left Moscow in the 1670s, his job was awarded to Ivan Bezmin with Saltanov second in command; Saltanov took the lead in 1686 following repressions against Bezmin. All the Slavic chiefs of painters' workshop, including Simon Ushakov, were naturally born nobles, and apparently, Saltanov was also recognized as such.
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Belarusian Central Rada, a pro-Nazi semi-government of Belarus operating from Minsk, June 1943. During World War II, some Belarusians collaborated with the invading Axis powers. Until the beginning of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, the territory of Belarus was under control of the Soviet Union, as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. However, memories of the Soviet repressions in Belarus and collectivization, as well as of the polonization and discrimination of Belarusians in the Second Polish Republic were still fresh, and many people in Belarus wanted an independent Belarus.
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The commission stated: > Stalin committed a very grave crime against the Communist party, the > socialist state, Soviet people and worldwide revolutionary > movement...Together with Stalin, the responsibility for the abuse of law, > mass unwarranted repressions and death of many thousands of wholly innocent > people also lies on Molotov, Kaganovich, Malenkov.... Molotov stated "We would have been complete idiots if we had taken the reports at their face value. We were not idiots." and that "the cases were reviewed and some people were released"huev, Feliks. Molotov Remembers. Chicago: I. R. Dee, 1993, p.
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The answer is "yes—they were all three" which fell to Bolshevik forces forming the Ukrainian SSR, a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1919. During the round of repressions that followed the Soviet takeover, Danylo's older brother Anton, who worked for the Polish National Railway was arrested as an "enemy of the people." On 15 May 1941 the Soviet authorities force Danylo Shumuk to join a 'work camp' as a brother of an enemy of the people. Such treatment did not make Danylo lose faith in the benevolence of communists.
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Konstantine Gamsakhurdia () (May 3, 1893 – July 17, 1975) was a Georgian writer and public figure. Educated and first published in Germany, he married Western European influences to purely Georgian thematic to produce his best works, such as The Right Hand of the Grand Master and David the Builder. Hostile to the Soviet rule, he was, nevertheless, one of the few leading Georgian writers to have survived the Stalin-era repressions, including his exile to a White Sea island and several arrests. His works are noted for their character portrayals of great psychological insight.
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The rebellion was repressed forcefully by the regime with no records of casualties documented. As much as there are records of these restrictions, resistance, and repressions, there were also accounts from the Cham community which deny the oppression by the regime between 1970 and early 1975. While restrictions on certain activities like trade and travel were in place during that period, they were understood to be by-products of the ongoing civil war. Moreover, some Cham had also joined the revolution as soldiers and members of the CPK.
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Hristo Makedonski was born in 1835 in the village of Gorni Todorak in the region of Macedonia (today Ano Theodoraki in the Kroussa municipal unit, Kilkis regional unit, Greece), at that time part of the Ottoman Empire. He studied at the Greek school in his village and has been engaged with trade. After permanent Turkish repressions he became haiduk in the band of Stoimen voivode acting in Maleshevo. In 1862 he joined the First Bulgarian Legion of Georgi Rakovski in Belgrade and fought with the Turks in Belgrade.
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Levashovo Memorial Cemetery () is a cemetery of victims of Soviet repressions during the Great Purge, at Levashovo, Saint Petersburg. Since the NKVD mass graves were opened to the public in 1989, more than 22 memorials have been erected, most notably the Moloch of Totalitarianism statue by sculptors Nina Galitskaia and Vitali Gambarov.Levashovo Memorial Cemetery. Map of the Cemetery Showing its Memorials In 2007, a memorial to Italians who died in the Soviet Gulag Galina Stolyarova Italy’s Gulag Victims Get Memorial The St. Petersburg Times Issue #1285 (51), July 3, 2007 was added to the site.
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He along with fellow partisans Jurgis Krikščiūnas–Rimvydas and Kazimieras Pyplys–Mažytis crossed through the Iron Curtain as a messengers to the West in hopes to attract support for the fighters and to establish contacts with Lithuanians in exile. They carried information collected by partisans about Soviet repressions, killings and deportations, also a letter to Pope Pius XII explaining the situation in occupied Lithuania and asking for support for struggling nation. Lukša returned to Lithuania – he was parachuted to Lithuanian forests in 1950. For a year he was intensively searched for by the Soviet counterintelligence.
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This is the only occurrence of Maslennikov name in The Gulag Archipelago However, in April 1954 he committed suicide, most likely fearing repressions for his long-term affiliation with Beria and NKVD in general. According to Pavel Sudoplatov, who witnessed a shattered Maslennikov in July 1953, Maslennikov had been subject to a lengthy interrogation about a non-existent plan of Beria's to take over absolute power using Maslennikov's troops. His suicide nearly a year later was a shock even for seasoned operatives like Sudoplatov, then incarcerated himself.Sudoplatov, ch.
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In 1993 a museum was open inside the prison devoted to the history of the prison, famous inmates and unusual objects found on the detainees. On 28 April 1995 the monument To the victims of Political repressions made by Mikhail Shemyakin was installed on the embankment across the Neva River from the prison. It depicts two bronze sphinxes with pretty women's faces as seen from the residential houses on the embankment and bare skulls as seen from the prison's side of the river. There is a stylized window with prison bars between the sphinxes.
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President Alexander Lukashenko has described himself as having an "authoritarian ruling style". Western countries have described Belarus under Lukashenko as a dictatorship; the government has accused the same Western powers of trying to oust Lukashenko. The Council of Europe has barred Belarus from membership since 1997 for undemocratic voting and election irregularities in the November 1996 constitutional referendum and parliament by-elections. Dozens of Belarusian government officials responsible for political repressions, forced disappearances, propaganda, electoral fraud have been subject to personal sanctions by the United States and the European Union.
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Therefore, since 2001 Civil Forum started to be the leading democratic organization in Belarus. In 2002 part of Civil Forum members initiating creation of the first liberal party in Belarus - Party of Freedom and Progress. Minsk city organization member Vadzim Akhremka was elected as chairman of Civil Forum and brought new team into leadership of Civil Forum in 2005. Repressions against Chairman Vadzim Akhremka, vice-chairmen, and some members of the Central Council preceding President elections (2006) knocked out the new Civil Forum leadership from their activities in organization.
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During the repressions of 1937, Tabidze's wife Olga Okudzhava,Aunt of Bulat Okudzhava from a family of Old Bolsheviks, was arrested and exiled to Siberia where she died in 1944. Galaktion’s cousin and fellow poet, Titsian Tabidze, like many of the poet’s associates, was also arrested and eventually executed. Tabidze himself was interrogated and savagely tortured by KGB Chief Lavrentiy Beria. This plunged Galaktion into depression and alcoholism. His long silence and solitude saved him from the purges however; he continued to receive titles and awards, and published new poems, but the poet’s life was completely distorted.
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The operation could be traced to small mobile units (Aussenkommando) of interrogators that worked on the numerous Soviet POWs captured during the Operation Barbarossa. Some prisoners, particularly those that had lost loved ones to Soviet repressions or were not ethnic Russians, were willing to cooperate with the Germans. The idea for a wider operation that would go beyond collection of military intelligence originated from "below" and was brought to the attention of Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Himmler. The operation crystallized in summer 1942 despite a March 1942 agreement that defined foreign espionage as an Abwehr function.
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A. M. Fridman was one of the 46 people who signed "the letter of the 46" in 1968 protesting against the closed court proceedings of four Moscow dissidents: A. Ginzburg, Yu. Galanskov, A. Dobrovolskii, and V. Lashkova, addressed to the Supreme Court of Russian Federal Republic and to the Attorney General of the USSR. The text of the letter was published in New York Times on March 23, 1968. A massive internal political campaign of repressions followed, in particular, Fridman was fired from Novosibirsk University, but continued to hold a position at the Institute of Nuclear Physics.
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Commemorative plaque at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln from 1954 Kārlis Ulmanis's legacy for Latvia and Latvians is a complex one. In the postwar Latvian SSR the Soviet régime labelled Ulmanis a fascist, indistinguishable from the Nazis, accusing him of corruption and of bloody repressions against Latvian workers.Concise Latvian SSR Encyclopedia Ulmanis, in fact, had outlawed the fascist party and imprisoned its leader, Gustavs Celmiņš. Among the postwar Latvian émigrés of Latvian cultural background in exile, Ulmanis was idealised by many of those who viewed his 6-year authoritarian rule as a Golden Age of the Latvian nation.
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Forbidden Voices is a documentary film by director Barbara Miller about the fight for Human Rights and Freedom of Speech of three female bloggers: Yoani Sánchez from Cuba, Zeng Jinyan from China and Farnaz Seifi from Iran. The film Forbidden Voices explores the motivation and goals of the online activists’ struggle and traces the consequences and political repressions the three women are facing for their courageous activism. The documentary won the Amnesty International Award 2013 and the WACC SIGNIS Human Rights Award 2012, and was nominated for the Swiss Film Award and the Prix de Soleure in 2013.
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The evening after the terrorist attack, martial law was declared. The attack caused a wave of violent repressions organized by the Military Union with the government's tacit approval. During the following two weeks, approximately 450 people were executed without trial, including poet Geo Milev and journalist Yosif Herbst. (A mass grave of those killed in 1925 was discovered in the 1950s during the construction of a dam, and Milev's corpse was identified by his glass eye - he had lost an eye in World War I.) Many other communists were heavily judged for taking part in the organization.
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Joseph Stalin's regime stopped the migration in 1930 and started a campaign of ethnic cleansing against newcomers and Mongolians. During the Stalinist repressions in Mongolia almost all adult Buryat men and 22–33,000 Mongols (3–5% of the total population; common citizens, monks, Pan-Mongolists, nationalists, patriots, hundreds military officers, nobles, intellectuals and elite people) were shot dead under Soviet orders.Богд хааны жолооч хилс хэрэгт хэлмэгдсэн нь (Mongolian)Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls Some authors also offer much higher estimates, up to 100,000 victims. Around the late 1930s the Mongolian People's Republic had an overall population of about 700,000 to 900,000 people.
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The Kalmyks' main purpose was to migrate to Mongolia and many Kalmyks joined the German Army.Marshal Khorloogiin Choibalsan attempted to migrate the deportees to Mongolia and he met with them in Siberia during his visit to Russia. Under the Law of the Russian Federation of April 26, 1991 "On Rehabilitation of Exiled Peoples" repressions against Kalmyks and other peoples were qualified as an act of genocide. Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj (right) After the end of World War II, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang), led by Chiang Kai-shek, and the Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong.
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Berneri was soon exposing the fierce repressions carried out by Stalinists that had prevailed since the advent of the government of Juan Negrín: the victims of massacres and disappearances included thousands of non- communists, anarchists and also non-Stalinist communists, like the POUM. On May 5, 1937, Camillo Berneri and his anarchist friend Francesco Barbieri were taken out of their apartment by a dozen plainclothes men with red armbands and policemen. The corpses of the two Italian anarchists were found riddled with bullets. Giovanna Berneri raised the children of Antonio Cieri, who also fell in Spain.
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The Baltic Sea near the Bay of Puck, a likely setting for Keyserling's Wellen Wellen (lit. Waves) is a novel by Eduard von Keyserling that was first published in German in 1911. Set during a long hot summer in a small fishing village somewhere on the Baltic Sea, most likely on the Curonian Spit, it depicts a group of aristocratic city-dwellers spending their holidays in that remote part of the German Empire. However, rather than painting a rural idyll, Keyserling focuses on the follies of a doomed fin de siècle society whose self-imposed repressions eventually lead to catastrophe.
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In Ukraine, Makhnovist anarchist leaders also included several Jews."The Makhnovists on The National and Jewish Questions", History of The Makhnovist Movement by Peter Arshinov, Freedom Press The attempts of the socialist Bund to be the sole representative of the Jewish worker in Russia had always conflicted with Lenin's idea of a universal coalition of workers of all nationalities. Like some other socialist parties in Russia, the Bund was initially opposed to the Bolsheviks' seizing of power in 1917 and to the dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly. Consequently, the Bund suffered repressions in the first months of the Soviet regime.
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After the resignation from the Lithuanian Red Cross, Šliūpas lived in Garliava (he moved to nearby in 1939) and had a private medical practice. After World War II, his three daughters retreated ahead of the advancing Red Army and eventually settled in the United States. While his son Mindaugas Šliūpas, member of the Lithuania men's national basketball team, was arrested and deported to Siberia in 1945, he managed to avoid Soviet repressions and worked as a director of the Garliava ambulatory in 1945–1949 and as vaccine administrator in 1949–1951. He died in 1959 at the age of 93.
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Bagrat Galstanian was born in Gyumri, Armenia, on May 20, 1971, and was given the name Vazgen at his baptism. Having attended the Gevorgyan Seminary of Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, in Armenia, he received the ordination of deacon, in 1993 from Bishop Anania Arabajyan. In 1995 he received excellent mark for his thesis on “The Commendatory and Theology of Khosrov of Andzrev on Daily Prayers of our Church.” The same year the Catholicos of All Armenians, Karekin I, ordained Vazgen a celibate priest, in the name of Archbishop Bagrat Vardazarian, who had been martyred in 1937 repressions.
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The Polish November Uprising against Russia (1830–1831), in which many local Poles took part, caused an economic collapse, as the Russian army plundered farms and brought the cholera epidemic to the town. Poles also took part in the January Uprising (1863–1864), which resulted in harsh Anti-Polish repressions from the Russian authorities. Further economic development was halted in the late 19th century, due to proximity of quickly developing industrial town of Żyrardów. During World War I, from 1915 to 1918, Gąbin was occupied by Germany, and afterwards, in 1918, Poland regained independence and the town was reintegrated with Polish territory.
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In the summer of 1939 most of the “henchmen” of the purges, including Nasantogtoh, Bayasgalan, Dashtseveg and Luvsandorj,Baabar 1999, p. 370 were rounded up, arrested, and sent off to Moscow as part of “mop up” operations to eliminate witnesses to the repressions. Luvsansharav was arrested on July 9, 1939 by ministry of internal affairs officials. Charged with counterrevolution, Luvsansharav was transported to Moscow where he was incarcerated in the same prison with former Prime Minister Amar before he was found guilty by the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court on July 5 and executed on July 30, 1941.
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The fierce resistance offered by the Mokheves to the attempts of the Aragvian lords has been greatly reflected in local folklore as well as classical Georgian literature. The establishment of Russian rule in Georgia (1801) was met with hostility by the mountaineers who staged an uprising in 1804, which was promptly suppressed by the Tsarist military. However, the people of Khevi retained their medieval traditions and a unique form of society until the harsh Soviet rule changed their lifestyle through permanent repressions, forcibly removing several families to the lowlands.Tamara Dragadze (1988), Rural Families in Soviet Georgia: A Case Study in Ratcha Province, Routledge, .
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The German invasion of Poland in 1939 was launched in part from Pomeranian soil. Jewish and Polish populations (whose minorities lived in the region) were classified as "subhuman" by the German state during the war and subjected to repressions, slave work and executions.Polonia szczecińska 1890–1939 Anna Poniatowska Bogusław Drewniak, Poznań 1961HITLER'S PLANS FOR EASTERN EUROPE The Origins of the Final Solution Christopher R. Browning, Jürgen Matthäus page 64 University of Nebraska Press, 2007 Opponents were arrested and executed; Jews who by 1940 had not emigrated were all deported to the Lublin reservation.Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.
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In the summer of 1943 the Germans lost their strategic initiative on the Eastern front and were dislodged far to the West. Lithuania was no longer a remote and quiet country to protect their rear. Due to unsuccessful military and labour mobilization, and spreading armed underground activities of the Soviets, the German forces consolidated the mass repressions in Lithuania, but proclaimed the locals responsible for the acts of sabotage. In an attempt to protect the Lithuanians from the terror of Soviet partisans and the retaliation of the Germans, the Lithuanian administrations volunteered to form armed security units consisting of about 30,000 men.
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Mkhitar Djrbashian's father Mkrtich Jerbashkhian kept secret his fluency in French and German languages and his political views to avoid NKVD repressions. Mkhitar Jerbashkhian had two sisters: Sirvard (1904-1990) and Gohar (1921-2000), and a brother Eduard Jerbashkhian (1923-1999), a literary critic, Real Member of Armenian National Academy of Sciences (1982) and the director of Institute of Literature of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences from 1977 to 1999. The family name Jerbashkhian later was simplified to Jerbashian, and in accordance with the Russian spelling is given as Dzhrbashjan or Djrbashian in many mathematical publications.
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He was featured in the series "Surma ei otsinud keegi" and "Viiekümnendad", the latter showing life after the Second World War, including collectivization, and Stalinist repressions in Estonia. Along with and , Järlik produced "" (1988), an important reflection of the democratization, freedom of expression and of the Singing Revolution in Estonia. Järlik participated in the foundation of the Popular Front of Estonia. He was also a member of the Congress of Estonia, the Constituent Assembly, the Estonian Supreme Soviet from 1990 to 1992, and was a member of the Riigikogu from 1992 to 1999 as a member of the Estonian Coalition Party.
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Between 1939 and the 1941 Operation Barbarossa, the Soviet NKVD arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Poles including state officials, civil servants, uniformed officers and scores of the so-called "enemies of the people" such as food producers, engineers, merchants and the clergy. About 65,000 Poles in all were secretly executed. Soon after Czortków’s annexation into the Ukrainian SSR, the new rulers began a campaign of repressions. The Polish inhabitants of Czortków (in 1931 ethnic Poles made up 46.4% of the town's population) organized themselves against the Soviets as early as October 1939, when a conspirational organization Stronnictwo Narodowe (National Alliance) was created.
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On 1-5 September, 1939, in the first days of the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the German Luftwaffe raided Koluszki multiple times. On September 1-3, many inhabitants fled, and Polish anti-aircraft artillery shot down six German planes. On September 6, the Germans entered Koluszki and the occupation began, Koluszki was annexed directly to Germany and its population was subjected to various repressions, including mass arrests, deportations to Nazi concentration camps and murder. Mass arrests of Polish intelligentsia, including teachers, were carried out on November 9, 1939 as part of the Intelligenzaktion.
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As the violent Stalinist repressions in Mongolia drew to a close in 1939, Mongolia’s leader Khorloogiin Choibalsan recruited Damba to assist in the arrest and rendition to the Soviet Union of Deputy Interior Minister Darizavyn Losol, one of the last remaining founding members of the MPRP. Damba deceived Losol into boarding a plane he believed was bound for Dornod Province in eastern Mongolia. Losol was instead flown to Moscow. In 1940, Damba was involved in another high-profile arrest, this time of MPRP First Secretary Banzarjavyn Baasanjav whom Choibalsan sought to have purged to make way for Stalin’s new favorite Tsedenbal.
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In July 1917, residents of the town of Karak fought against the Hashemite forces and turned them back. Later in the year British intelligence reports suggested that most of the tribes in the region east of the Jordan River were "firmly in the Ottoman camp." The tribes feared repressions and losing the money they had received from the Ottomans for their loyalty. Later in the year, the Hashemite warriors made a series of small raids on Ottoman positions in support of British General Allenby's winter attack on the Gaza–Bersheeba defensive line, which led to the Battle of Beersheba.
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The plan of the simultaneous uprising miscarried, however, and, through some misunderstanding, the mining town of Chiatura, western Georgia, rose in rebellion a day earlier, on 28 August. The revolt continued for three weeks in several districts of Georgia and was crushed by the Red Army and Cheka forces. The suppression of the uprising was accompanied by large-scale repressions in which several thousands were killed. On 4 September the Cheka discovered the rebels’ chief headquarters at the Shio-Mgvime Monastery near the town of Mtskheta, and arrested the leaders of the Damkom, including its chairman Andronikashvili.
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Jaspal realizes that Usha is "Rosy" when he finds her novel by the swimming pool and confronts her family members, accusing her of sexually exploiting him. They raid Usha's room and condemn her for ruining their reputation before they throw her erotic novels and swimsuit on the street as the neighbourhood watches. Rehana, Leela and Shireen help Usha gather her belongings from the road and Usha asks Rehana to finish reading the last few pages of Lipstick Dreams. The four ladies reflect on each of their repressions as they pass a cigarette amongst them and revel in their collective desire for freedom.
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Mission to Moscow is a 1943 film directed by Michael Curtiz, based on the 1941 book by the former U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, Joseph E. Davies. The movie chronicles the experiences of the second American ambassador to the Soviet Union and was made in response to a request by Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was made during World War II, when the Americans and Soviets were allies, and takes an extremely solicitous view of not only the USSR in general but of Stalinism and Stalinist repressions in particular. For that reason, it was scrutinized by the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
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By the final decades of the imamate of the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah, many in Persia (then under the Seljuk Empire) had converted to the Fatimid doctrine of Ismailism, while the Qarmatian doctrine was declining. Apparently, the Ismailis of Persia had already acknowledged the authority of a single Chief Da'i (missionary) based in a secret headquarters in the Seljuk capital, Isfahan. The Chief Da'i in the 1070s was Abd al-Malik ibn Attash, a Fatimid scholar who was respected even among Sunni elites. He led a revolt in 1080 provoked by the increasingly severe Seljuk repressions of the Ismailis.
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In the spring of 1945, it became obvious that Communist and pro-Soviet government of Poland would not refrain from using terror as a method of fighting the so-called Cursed soldiers. Apart from mass arrests and repressions, a widespread propaganda operation was carried out, in which soldiers of the former Home Army were presented as "imperialists" and "drivelling midgets of reaction". With the help from Soviet forces, thousands of World War II heroes ended up in prisons across Poland. Northern Lesser Poland, with the cities of Kielce and Radom, was one of main centers of anticommunist resistance.
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In addition, the decree directed that entertainment events are to be restricted and television and radio programming adjusted accordingly.Yushchenko, Viktor. Decree No. 868/2006 by President of Ukraine. Regarding the Remembrance Day in 2006 for people who died as a result of Holodomor and political repressions In 2007, the 74th anniversary of the Holodomor was commemorated in Kyiv for three days on the Maidan Nezalezhnosti. As part of the three-day event, from 23 to 25 November, video testimonies of the communist regime's crimes in Ukraine, and documentaries by famous domestic and foreign film directors were shown.
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She was honoured by an order of the Polish Red Cross for her participation in the exchange of prisoners of war after the Polish-Soviet War. During the years of Joseph Stalin's political repressions, she was often the only person who actually helped the political prisoners, passing on letters and parcels of food, and advocating the shortening of the jail terms and amnesties. Thousands of Soviet intellectuals owed their lives to her. Among them was Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement, who was arrested and imprisoned in the Shpalernaya prison in Leningrad.
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On 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The Soviets established a regime of oppression; most of the high-ranking civil and military officials, intelligentsia and industrialists were arrested, and usually executed soon afterwards. Soviet repressions culminated on 14 June 1941 with mass deportation of around 11,000 people to Siberia, among whom more than half perished in inhumane conditions. When the German Operation Barbarossa started against the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, around 34,000 young Estonian men were forcibly drafted into the Red Army, fewer than 30% of whom survived the war.
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This was a left-wing uprising against the Bolshevik regime by soldiers and sailors. Additionally, the Bolsheviks understood that the majority of intelligentsia did not support them. On March 8, the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) send a letter to People's Commissariat for Education (Narkompros) asking to identify a group of unreliable intellectuals who could be a target of future repressions. On June 4, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin received a telegram from Leonid Krasin about a convention of monarchists, cadets and right-wing members of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in Paris who anticipated an uprising against Bolsheviks in Petrograd.
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The law treats the period of political repressions in Russia and USSR as starting on 25 October (7 November) 1917. The official representative of the project is the noncommercial entity Last Address Foundation for the Commemoration of Victims of Political Repression () founded by the Memorial Society and a number of individual persons through voluntary contributions from private citizens and organizations. On June 15, 2018 "The last address" received a German Karl Wilhelm Fricke award. Its monetary part will be sent to the Ukrainian project "Ostannya Addressa", in order to avoid the status of a "Foreign agent".
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Fr. Vincent Hadleŭski, leader of the Belarusian Independence Party, executed by the Nazis In 1941, a significant part of the Belarusian pro-independence movement chose to collaborate with the Nazis following mass Soviet repressions in Belarus and discrimination of Belarusians in the Second Polish Republic throughout the preceding decades. However, as the war progressed, parts of the collaboration movement became less loyal to the Germans. By 1942, the Belarusian Independence Party emerged as an underground group uniting members of the Belarusian independence movement aiming to overthrow the Nazi rule. The group started preparing an anti-German uprising in Minsk.
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Interwar monument of Tadeusz Kościuszko in Kobryn After the Partitions of Poland of 1795, the town was annexed by Imperial Russia. Catherine II gave Kobryn to Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov for his war merits, especially for the suppression of the Polish Kościuszko Uprising. After the unsuccessful January Uprising anti-Polish repressions intensified: estates were confiscated, insurgents and landowners were deported to Siberia (see: sybirak) and a ban on land acquisition by ethnic Poles was introduced. Kobryn was occupied by Germany during World War I. Kobryń came under Polish control in February 1919,Lech Wyszczelski, Wojna polsko-rosyjska 1919–1920. Wyd. 1.
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In 2001, a Russian Federation-based social organization, "For Faith and Fatherland", applied to the Russian Federation's military prosecutor for a review of Vlasov's case,Valeria Korchagina and Andrei Zolotov Jr. It's Too Early To Forgive Vlasov The St. Petersburg Times. 6 Nov 2001. saying that "Vlasov was a patriot who spent much time re-evaluating his service in the Red Army and the essence of Stalin's regime before agreeing to collaborate with the Germans". The military prosecutor concluded that the law of rehabilitation of victims of political repressions did not apply to Vlasov and refused to consider the case again.
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The Bolsheviks boycotted the coming election. When Witte discovered that Nicholas never intended to honour these concessions, he resigned as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. The position and influence of General Trepov, Grand Duke Nicholas, the Black Hundreds, and overwhelming victories by the Kadets in the 1906 Russian legislative election, forced Witte on 14th to resign, which was announced 22 April 1906 (O.S.). Witte confessed to Polovtsov in April 1906 that the success of the repressions in the wake of the Moscow uprising in 1905 had resulted in his losing all influence over the Tsar.
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He was also elected to parliament for three consecutive National Assembly terms, from 1919 to 1923. Politically, Daskalov belonged to the radical leftist wing of BAPU. He was a major opponent of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO), an autonomist organisation in the region of Macedonia which took a stand against the terms of the Treaty of Neuilly that imposed Yugoslav and Greek rule over most of the region. In 1922–1923, Daskalov was at the helm of major repressions against IMRO's activity in Pirin Macedonia, the northeastern part of the region allotted by the treaty to Bulgaria.
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In 1879 Dumbadze was assigned to the office of the military governor, the commander of the military district of Batumi. There he was put in charge of one of the sotnia detachments in a punitive expedition against rebels in the mountainous regions of Georgia. After promotion in 1880 to the next rank of stabskapitan, Dumbadze was assigned to the Guria infantry regiment, to carry out repressions in the province which, considering the noble Gurian origin of his mother, was the land of his ancestors. There in 1882 Dumbadze personally killed two Georgian rebels and was wounded himself in that skirmish.
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Inhabitants expected Tsar Alexander I to grant them autonomy in response to Napoleon's promises to restore the Commonwealth, but Vilnius did not become autonomous, neither by itself nor as a part of Congress Poland. In 1905, the Great Seimas of Vilnius took place in the current Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society building Following the November uprising in 1831, Vilnius University was closed and Russian repressions halted the further development of the city. Civil unrest in 1861 was suppressed by the Imperial Russian Army.Piotr S. Wandycz, The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795–1918, University of Washington Press, 1974, p. 166.
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The war? Nothing to do with Stalin, says Russia's president, Dmitry Medvedev (30 August 2009) On 30 October 2009, due to the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions, President Medvedev published a statement in his video blog. He stressed that the memory of national tragedies is as sacred as the memory of victory. Medvedev recalled that for twenty of the pre-war years entire layers and classes of the Russian people were destroyed (this period includes the Red Terror mainly under the lead of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the crimes of Joseph Stalin and other evil deeds of the Soviet Bolsheviks).
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The term has acquired a significant notoriety in the context of Soviet political repressions, where deviations from the general line have led to severe punishment. The introduction to a collection of documents from the Stalinist era says that general line statements produced by the Stalinist leadership were written with great care and exact phrasing in prescribed terminology and with established slogans. The goal was to provide a means of political and social control. Once the Central Committee formulated a statement about the party line on a particular issue, it was republished in major newspapers, such as Pravda.
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424 More than 300,000 citizens of Estonia, almost a third of the population at the time, were affected by deportations, arrests, execution and other acts of repression. As a result of the Soviet occupation, Estonia permanently lost at least 200,000 people or 20% of its population to repression, exodus and war. Soviet political repressions in Estonia were met by an armed resistance by the Forest Brothers, composed of former conscripts into the German military, Omakaitse militia and volunteers in the Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 who fought a guerrilla war, which was not completely suppressed until the late 1950s.Valge raamat, pp.
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He also opposed diplomatic protests as such empty actions would do no more than antagonize the Russians and invite repressions. In accordance with the Soviet demand of a new more pro-Soviet government (which became known as the People's Government of Lithuania), Raštikis was slated to become the new Prime Minister, but he was not acceptable to Moscow and the selection of another candidate was supervised by Molotov's deputy Vladimir Dekanozov. Lithuania lost its independence and was gradually converted into a soviet socialist republic. Concurrently, the Lithuanian army was gradually transformed into units of the Red Army.
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Similar to the Saint-Simonians, he had adopted the theocratical ideas of Joseph de Maistre in order to call for the establishment of a "spiritual authority" led by an élite class of priests. After the disaster of 1849, he was completely convinced that the "masses" were not able to establish a harmonious order and needed instruction (a concept similar to other socialist doctrines such as the "revolution from above", the Avantgarde, or the Partei neuen Typs). Constant's activities reflect the socialist struggle to come to terms both with the failure of 1848 and the tough repressions by the new government.
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249: Okoliczności świadczyły o morderstwie.Archiwum Panstwowe w Kaliszu, "Jerzy Lanc (1901-1932)"Sławomir Ambroziak, "Polska Szkola", Kurek Mazurski "Jerzy Lance", Encyklopedia PWN, Before the war the Nazi German state sent undercover operatives to spy on Polish organisations and created lists of people that were to be executed or sent to concentration camps. This mainly took place in Silesia and only according to the few catholic schools in Masuria. Information was gathered on who sent children to Polish schools, bought Polish press or took part in Polish ceremonies and organised repressions against these people were executed by Nazi militias.
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In 1913, while taking a summer course at Harvard University, Bronner met Chicago neurologist and professor William Healy. Healy was equally interested in the study of child delinquency, and subsequently hired Bronner to work as a psychologist at his Chicago Juvenile Psychopathic Institute. In 1914, the institute was renamed the Psychopathic Clinic of the Juvenile Court, and Bronner soon became the assistant director. Bronner and Healy proceeded to shape the study and treatment of delinquent youth, contributing to the scientific understanding that most juvenile crime stemmed from "mental repressions, social conflicts, and family relations", not hereditary factors.
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Their works form the main novelesque body in the modern Bulgarian literature. Writer Emiliyan Stanev with Directors Nikola Korabov and Rumen Surdzhiyski on the set of Ivan Kondarev Some genres were almost sentenced to death like the crime fiction and the science fiction as very few writers cultivated them (Svetoslav Minkov, Pavel Vezhinov, Svetoslav Slavchev, Lyuben Dilov). Generally writers were tempted (or forced to) turn to realist or historical subjects. Allegorical theater comedies and dramas became a skillful way to evade censure which could cost the writers a ban to be published, repressions, exiles, a sentence to prison or even to concentration camp.
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Between Shades of Gray, a New York Times Best Seller, is the debut novel of American novelist Ruta Sepetys. It follows the Stalinist repressions of the mid-20th century and follows the life of Lina as she is deported from her native Lithuania with her mother and younger brother, and the journey they take to a labor camp in Siberia. It was nominated for the 2012 CILIP Carnegie Medal and has been translated into more than 27 languages. Between Shades of Gray was originally intended as a young adult novel, but there have been several adult publications.
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Eduard was a cousin of the Georgian painter and intellectual Dimitri Shevardnadze, who was purged during Stalinist repressions. In 1937 during the Great Purge, his father, who had abandoned Menshevism for Bolshevism in the mid-1920s, was arrested but was released because of the intervention of an NKVD officer who had been Ambrose's pupil. In 1948 at the age of twenty, Shevardnadze joined the Georgian Communist Party (GCP) and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). He rose steadily through the ranks of the Georgian Komsomol and after serving a term as Second Secretary, he became its First Secretary.
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Radical Russian emigres took his safe and easy departure as a sign of his being a Communist sympathizer. Lunacharsky, with his apologetic article ensuring the public at home that Balmont's stance was not in any way anti-Bolshevik, played up to these suspicions. On the other hand, the Bolshevik press accused him of 'treacherousness' for "having been sent to the West on a mission to collect common people's revolutionary poetry and abused the trust of the Soviet government." Condemning repressions in Russia, Balmont was critical of his new environment too, speaking of many things that horrified him in the West.
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By January 1990, Yunus together with Zardusht Alizadeh formed the Social Democratic Party, with the aim of establishing a moderate political voice. In April 1990, Yunus published an essay "The Responsibilities of a Politician", arguing for a democratic middle course and rejecting both extreme nationalism and the violent repressions of the Soviet regime. During the hostilities in the Nagorno- Karabakh conflict in 1992-1993, Yunus served as the Vice-Minister of Defence and Chief of the Information Analytical Centre of Ministry of Defence. Subsequently, Yunus has worked with civil society activists in both Azerbaijan and Armenia to call for peace.
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In order to suppress intellectual opposition to Soviet power, a number of historians working in the university, including Sergey Platonov, Yevgeny Tarle and Boris Grekov, were imprisoned in the so- called Academic Affair of 1929–1930 on fabricated charges of participating in a counter-revolutionary conspiracy aimed at overthrowing the government. Some other members of the staff were repressed in 1937–1938 during the Great Purge. During the 1941–1944 Siege of Leningrad in World War II, many of the students and staff died from starvation, in battles or from repressions. However, the university operated continuously, and evacuated to Saratov in 1942–1944.
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Emblem of the Internal Troops. According to human rights groups, the United States, and the European Union, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and its senior leadership play a key role in human rights violations and political repressions in Belarus. A number of former Ministers and senior officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, including commanders and officers of the police (Militsiya) and of special police units operated by the Ministry (OMON, Almaz) have been included in the sanctions lists of the European Union and the United States.Поўны спіс 208 беларускіх чыноўнікаў, якім забаронены ўезд у ЕС - Nasha Niva, 11.10.
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His Highness and Governor Bekri held constructive talks in the meeting and agreed to collaborate in several thematic areas of mutual interest, including poverty alleviation, education, tourism investment and financial services. The Aga Khan IV had last visited China in 1981. China's Tajiks have been caught up in the country's crackdown on Muslims that has taken place since 2017, despite the fact that they have not tended to be politically active and the repressions have mainly targeted Uighurs. Only a single mosque is allowed to operate in the Tajik region and children under 18 are not permitted to attend it.
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The repressions and upheavals of 1848 resulted in massive censorship of literature, which did not bode well for Baudelaire's perhaps most famous work, Les Fleurs du Mal. Society was so shocked by the satanic references and sexual perversion in the book that at the time it was a critical and popular failure. This put the anticipated reception of Le Spleen de Paris at a disadvantage. Like Flowers of Evil, it wasn't until much later that Paris Spleen was fully appreciated for what it was, a masterpiece that "brought the style of the prose poem to the broader republics of the people".
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He told him, however, that the action had to be "unofficial" in nature and not involve the senior British officers in the Army.; Sardar Ibrahim found his way to Akbar Khan and requested arms from the military. Ibrahim thought that "the time for peaceful negotiations was gone because every protest was being met with repressions and, therefore, in certain areas the people were virtually in a state of revolt...if they were to protect themselves and to prevent the Maharaja from handing them over to India, they needed weapons." The quantity of weapons requested was 500 rifles.
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Trial of "the Nine" after riots June 1956 About 250 people were arrested in the first few days, including 196 workers; several hundred others were arrested in the following weeks. Stanisław Hejmowski, the lawyer who defended them, faced repressions by the government for his statement that the government's actions had led to the death of innocent civilians. The government failed in its attempts to coerce the detainees into stating that they were provoked by foreign (Western) secret services; nonetheless, this became the official line of the government for years to come.Investigation from the official city of Poznań website dedicated to 1956 events.
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225 New York: Routledge Curzon His teaching career also suffered. While he would retain his position as titular head of the Gnessin Institute until his death, in the late 1940s, Gnessin's sister, Elena, was compelled by Communist Party stalwarts to dismiss him from his teaching duties.Tassie, Gregor. (2010) Kirill Kondrashin: His Life in Music Scarecrow Press > Apart from the Conservatoire, other educational institutions incurred > repressions; as a consequence of the anti-cosmopolitanism campaign, the > Gnessin Music Institute received commands and notices from higher bodies to > fire various members of staff, the most distinguished being the composer and > teacher Mikhail Gnessin.
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Thousands of Polish Jews migrated, were deported or later evacuated to Central or Eastern Soviet Union and many of them survived the Holocaust. Some of them died however because of hard conditions, Soviet repressions or in result of Ukraininian nationalist's violence. Two Bund leaders, Wiktor Alter and Henryk Erlich were executed in December 1941 in Moscow as alleged agents of Nazi Germany. Some Jews joined the Polish Communist Army (Józef Różański, Włodzimierz Brus) or Union of Polish Patriots (Julia Brystiger) and returned to Poland in 1944, others were allowed to leave the Soviet Union after the war or around 1956 (Lew Rywin).
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The aim of OB PPS was to stop repressions following in the wake of the revolution, and demonstrate its strength to the Russian government. It organized a series of simultaneous attacks on Russian officials, primarily policemen, in the Russian partition of Poland that occurred on August 15, 1906. There were about 100 incidents, with attacks reported in 18, 19 or 20 cities and towns. Sources vary significantly with regards to the number of fatalities, reporting about 80, 70, 51, 29 or 19 fatalities among Russian officials (primarily policeman) and informants (see Okhrana), and 43 or 69 injured.
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These arrests paralyzed the opposition. The repressions continued and intensified. An estimated 12,000 individuals were imprisoned as "enemies of the people" during the year following the annexation.Lane (2001), p. 52 Between June 14 and June 18, 1941, less than a week before the Nazi invasion, some 17,000 Lithuanians were deported to Siberia, where many perished due to inhumane living conditions (see the June deportation).Anušauskas (2005), p. 140 All banks (including all accounts holding over 1,000 litas), real estate holdings larger than , and private enterprises employing over 20 workers or grossing more than 150,000 litas were nationalized.
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At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material. In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat "enemies of the people" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge. The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia. Many Georgians resent criticism of Stalin, the most famous figure from their nation's modern history; a 2013 survey by Tbilisi University found 45% of Georgians expressing "a positive attitude" to him.
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In the late 1920s–1930s Kandidov published a large number of articles on atheistic and anti-church topics. In his publications, he exposed the reactionary activity of the Russian Orthodox Church in the years of the Russian Revolution and Civil War. He put forward in his book «The Hunger of 1921 and the Church» the thesis: "Every church is a fortress of counter-revolution, every churchman is its agent and a spy!". And on the basis of it justified repressions against believers in God. His book «The Church and Espionage» sustained 5 editions in 1937-1940.
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There are birch bark letters written in modern times, most notably by victims of the Soviet repressions. People in Soviet forced settlements and GULAG camps in Siberia used strips of birch bark to write letters to their loved ones back home, due to inaccessibility of paper. Examples of these letters from Latvian victims of the Soviet regime are currently being considered to be included in the UNESCO "Memory of the World" heritage list. During World War II, propaganda newspapers and leaflets published by guerilla fighters were sometimes printed on birch bark due to shortage of paper.
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However, on the other hand, all these lands (northern Chechnya, Kizlyar, Little Kabarda, historical North Ossetia, East Prigorodny/Western Ingushetia, etc.) had historically been inhabited by Caucasian peoples before the end of the Caucasian Wars. Thus by the start of the Second World War only the historical Terek Left-bank was not administered by autonomies, however, most of the administration and urban population of those regions was dominated by ethnic Russians. This was paralleled with the gradual down-folding of anti-Cossack repressions and their eventual rehabilitation by the mid-1930s, including forming numerous units in the Red Army. Cossacks fought on both sides of the Second World War.
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Statue of Taras Shevchenko Mariupol has monuments to Taras Shevchenko, Vladimir Vysotsky, Arkhip Kuindzhi, and many other famous persons. Monuments in honour of the liberation of Donbass, the metallurgists, and others can also be found in the city. There are also monuments to Makar Maza, Hryhoriy Yuriyovych Horban, K.P. Apatov, and Tolya Balabukha, to seamen–commandos, to pilots V.G. Semenyshyn and N.E. Lavytsky, to soldiers of the Soviet 9th Aviation Division, to victims of political repressions of 1930–1950, etc. During the Soviet period the central square of the city featured a monument to Andrei Zhdanov, after whom the city was named from 1948–1990.
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295 In March 1933, the British Roman Catholic periodical The Tablet in an article titled "The Ides of March" asserted: > [Hitler's] Dictatorship is a usurpation and his enforcement of it is a > brutality. While we write these lines, with news of more arrests and > repressions coming to us every hour, we remember that we have reached the > Ides of March and the anniversary of a never-forgotten assassination. But > Nazism's daggers cannot slay what is noblest and best in Germany. The > Church, now that the Centre is no longer the key-group in German politics, > may be persecuted; but HITLER will not succeed where BISMARCK failed.
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The fleeing Jews were refugees from German-occupied Western Poland and Soviet-occupied Eastern Poland, as well as residents of Kaunas and other Lithuania territories. The Sugihara House, where he was previously issuing transit visas, currently is a museum and the Centre For Asian Studies of Vytautas Magnus University. Following Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Soviet forces fled from Kaunas. Both before and during the German occupation starting 25 June, the anti-Communists, encouraged by the anti-Semitic leadership of the Berlin-based Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF), began to attack Jews, blaming them for the Soviet repressions, especially along Jurbarko and Kriščiukaičio streets.
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While serving in that position, Mammadbeyov effectively suppressed anti-Soviet movements in Chechnya and Dagestan and trained native Dagestanis in civil service, which experienced severe shortage in local cadres. During his term, the first medical, pedagogical and agricultural speciality schools, the Kumyk national theatre, the Dagestan Song and Dance Ensemble, the Folk Instruments Orchestra of Dagestan and the Writers' Union of Dagestan were established. On 27 September 1937, in the midst of the Stalinist purges, Mammadbeyov was removed from his position, expelled from the Communist Party and arrested as an "enemy of state" based on false allegations, accused of being an accomplice to "bourgeois nationalists".Repressions of the 30s.
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When this came in conflict with the Nazi regime he turned to other occult themes, such as the magic of the spheres and the ancient books of magic (Grimoires). After the upheavals and repressions of the second world war, Spiesberger headed an esoteric study circle, where he met his future wife, Christa. As a member of the lodge founded by Gardner Fraternitas Saturni he was brother under his lodge name "Eratus" 1948 in Riesa. Under high usage (hohem Einsatz), he wrote the lodge newspaper "Leaves for applied occult art of living" ("Blätter für angewandte okkulte Lebenskunst"), as well as 42 books as a special titled "Inauguration" ("Einweihung").
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2008, After the repression of the student protests, together with a group of close friends he edited, printed, and distributed pamphlets which denounced the Communist government for their repressions against the protesting students. Solidarność Walcząca, czyli po niepodległość bez kompromisów Magazyn Obywatel nr 5 / 2005 (25) Since 1979, he became the editor of the Biuletyn Dolnośląski (Lower Silesian Bulletin) together with Jan Waszkiewicz, an underground newspaper. He was a delegate to the First National Congress of NSZZ Solidarity. At the end of May 1982, together with Paweł Falicki, he founded the "Organization of Fighting Solidarity" which was a unique political opposition organization in Poland and the countries of the Soviet Bloc.
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They Chose Freedom () is a four-part TV documentary on the history of political dissent in the USSR from the 1950s to the 1990s. It was produced in 2005 by Vladimir V. Kara-Murza. The documentary tells the story of the Soviet dissident movement from its emergence in the late 1950s with the weekly public Mayakovsky Square poetry readings in Moscow. The development of samizdat, opposition demonstrations held in Moscow such as the 1965 Glasnost meeting and 1968 Red Square demonstration, and the harsh repressions unleashed by Soviet authorities against dissenters including forced psychiatric "treatment", prison camps and deportations, are all part of the film's narrative.
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As the organizers feared repressions by the Republic of Austria,At the time of the tribunal, in 1995, two paragraphs of the Austrian penal code still threatened every public endeavour of the LGBT community. §220 penalized the "Advertising for same-sex fornication and the fornication with animals" with up to six months of prison, §221 penalized the "Forming of associations benefiting same-sex fornication" with also up to six months of prison. Therefore all participants of the tribunal could have legally been brought to court and condemned. they asked prominent figures from the international human rights community to join the International Committee and thus protect the endeavour.
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Radlov helped establish the Russian Museum of Ethnography and was in charge of the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersburg from 1884 to 1894. Radlov assisted Grigory Potanin on his glossary of Salar language, Western Yugur language, and Eastern Yugur language in Potanin's 1893 Russian language book The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia. During the Stalinist repressions of the late 1930s, the NKVD and state science apparatus accused the late (ethnically German) Radloff of Panturkism. A perceived connection with the long-dead Radloff was treated as incriminating evidence against Orientalists and Turkologists, some of whom - including Alexander Samoylovich, in 1938 - were executed.
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After his wife Emma Marie Eleanor Rosé-Mahler (1875-1933), Gustav Mahler's youngest sister, died in the year of the Machtergreifung, Rosé was defenceless against the harassment and repressions of the Nazis. In 1941, the old man was taken away by the Gestapo for a harsh interrogation, because he had refused to wear the Judenstern in public, which has been obligatory for Jews since that year, and had not signed a letter with the second name "Israel", which has been obligatory for Jews since 1938. After that, the once celebrated cellist had to move to the so- called ghetto house reserved for Jews in Weimar's Belvederer Allee 6.
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In the Civil War that followed the Russian Revolution, the Cossacks found themselves on both sides of the conflict. Many officers and experienced Cossacks fought for the White Army, and some of the poorer ones joined the Red Army. Following the defeat of the White Army, a policy of Decossackization (Raskazachivaniye) took place on the surviving Cossacks and their homelands since they were viewed as a potential threat to the new regime. This involved dividing their territory amongst other divisions and giving it to new autonomous republics of minorities, and then actively encouraging settlement of these territories with those peoples, but there were also arrests and violent repressions.
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Andrej Chadanvič became the next head of the Center. Since 25 February 2010, he was the initiator of the civil campaign "Tell the Truth!". Neklyayew thinks that finally in the society there appeared the demand for the true information of the current situation in the country, taking into consideration that the powers are lying, hide the real situation or distort the information.Владимир Некляев: белорусское общество живет в условиях обмана и не замечает егоВладимир Некляев собрался в президенты On 18 May 2010 Niaklajeŭ and two other activists were arrested and kept by the law enforcement agencies of Belarus; about 20 activists of the campaign underwent repressions.
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Shortly after its creation, the PCdR's leadership was alleged by authorities to have been involved in Max Goldstein's bomb attack on the Parliament of Romania; all major party figures, including the general secretary Gheorghe Cristescu, were prosecuted in the Dealul Spirii Trial.Cioroianu, Pe umerii..., p.27–30 Constantin Argetoianu, the Minister of the Interior in the Alexandru Averescu, Take Ionescu, and Ion I. C. Brătianu cabinets, equated Comintern membership with conspiracy, ordered the first in a series of repressions, and, in the context of trial, allowed for several communist activists (including Leonte Filipescu) to be shot while in custody—alleging that they had attempted to flee.Troncotă, p.
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He sympathized the Revolution and was conscripted into a labour army on the Bolshevik side during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. After demobilisation from the Red Army in 1921, Kosygin attended the Leningrad Co-operative Technical School and found work in the system of consumer co-operatives in Novosibirsk, Siberia. When asked why he worked in the co-operative sector of the economy, Kosygin replied, quoting a slogan of Vladimir Lenin: "Co-operation – the path to socialism!" Kosygin stayed there for six years until Robert Eikhe personally suggested him to quit, shortly before the repressions hit the Soviet consumer co-operation movement.
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The initial period of idealism for IMARO ended, however, with the Vinitsa Affair and the discovery by the Ottoman police of a secret depot of ammunition near the Bulgarian border in 1897. The wide-scale repressions against the activists of the Committee led to its transformation into a militant guerilla organization, which engaged into attacks against Ottoman officials and punitive actions against suspected traitors. The guerilla groups of IMARO, known as "chetas" (чети) later (after 1903) also waged a war against the pro-Serbian and pro-Greek armed groups during the Greek Struggle for Macedonia. IMRO Revolutionaries from Florina, 1903 Hristo Chernopeev's band in 1903.
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In 2018 Diržiūtė starred in Latvian-British historical fiction film The Pagan King, directed by Latvian director Aigars Grauba. In 2018 Diržiūtė played Joana in a film Ashes in the Snow, based on the best-selling book Between Shades of Gray by Ruta Sepetys. It follows the Stalinist repressions of the mid-20th century and follows the life of young girl Lina as she is deported from her native Lithuania with her mother and younger brother, and the journey they take to a labor camp in Siberia. Diržiūtė appeared with actor Rom Blanco in Men in Black: International as a couple at Eiffel Tower.
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In 1972 he prepared a memorandum to the UN on behalf of two underground citizens' groups, which asked for the UN assistance to evacuate the Soviet occupation forces and organize free elections. Smuggled out of the country, the memorandum caused lively interest in the West but resulted also in the wave of KGB repressions at home. Kelam narrowly escaped arrest but lost his job in the Encyclopaedia and all his public activities were suppressed. He stayed for the next dozen years under strict KGB surveillance but continued to operate half-underground, organizing unofficial opposition groups and passing to the West information about human rights violations in the Soviet occupied Estonia.
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The climax of Nikoladze's activity was his successful negotiations in the mid-1880s with Alexander III and his government that reduced the nationwide repressions and saved Vera Figner from the gallows and Chernyshevsky from exile. In 1884, Nikoladze and Guramishvili were living in Saint Petersburg, where their daughter Rusudan (1884-1981) was born. From 1886, he led the liberal group Meore Dasi and though his family lived in Didi Jikhaishi, in the Imereti region of western Georgia, Nikoladze served as the editor of Novoe oborzrenie in Tbilisi. He and Olga's other two children (1888-1931) and Tamara (1892-1939), were born in Didi Jikhaishi.
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Because of repressions by the state of East Germany, there was only a secret punk scene that could develop there. One of the most popular bands were probably Schleim-Keim, who also got popular in West Germany. Only in the last years of the German Democratic Republic did the government allow some bands like Feeling B or Die Skeptiker from East Berlin, but those bands were criticized in the scene for cooperating with the government. Some of these bands applied for and received "amateur licenses" to allow them to perform in state-sanctioned venues, while still maintaining connections with the underground East German punk community.
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Political repressions followed with mass deportations of around 130,000 citizens carried out by the Soviets. The Serov Instructions, "On the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia", contained detailed procedures and protocols to observe in the deportation of Baltic nationals. The Soviets began a constitutional metamorphosis of the Baltic states by first forming transitional "People's Governments." Led by Stalin’s close associates,in addition to the envoys accredited in Baltic countries, Soviet government sent the following special emissaries: to Lithuania: Deputy Commissar of Foreign Affairs Dekanozov; to Latvia: Vishinski, the representative of the Council of Ministers; to Estonia: Regional Party Leader of Leningrad Zhdanov.
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On April 21, 1988, 5000 workers of Stalowa Wola Steelworks organized a meeting, during which they demanded end of repressions of Solidarity activists, and 20,000 złoty salary increase. The first strikes broke out four days later, on April 25, 1988, in mass transportation centers in northern cities of Bydgoszczhe Encyclopedia of world history By Peter N. Stearns, page 885 and Inowrocław. On the next day, one of the biggest companies of the country, Vladimir Lenin Steelworks in Kraków, joined the strike. The workers demanded salary increase, re-employment of Solidarity activists, who had been fired during the martial law, as well as legalization of Solidarity.
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Born in Varshytsia (today, a neighborhood of Kalynivka) in the Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine), he was an heir to an old family of lesser szlachta, or Polish landed gentry. He graduated from a prestigious gymnasium at Kamenets-Podolsk and then the St. Vladimir Imperial University (Kiev). An ethnic Pole, early in his youth he became interested in Ukrainian language, culture and folk traditions. Following the crushing of the January Uprising of 1863 he fled from Russian repressions to Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (Galicia, in brevity) and settled in its capital city of Lemberg (modern Lviv, Ukraine).
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Then the Supreme Macedonian- Adrianople Committee organized a failed uprising in Pirin Macedonia (Gorna Dzhumaya), which merely served to provoke Ottoman repressions and hampered the work of the underground network of SMARO. The primary question regarding the timing of the uprising in Macedonia and Thrace implicated an apparent discordance not only among the SMAC and the SMARO, but also among the SMARO's leadership. At the Thessaloniki Congress of January 1903, where Delchev did not participate, an early uprising was debated and it was decided to stage one in the Spring of 1903. This led to fierce debates among the representatives at the Sofia SMARO's Conference in March 1903.
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She was arrested for a third time during the repressions of the era of Yuri Andropov on January 6, 1983, along with Jānis Rožkalns, Gunārs Astra and Jānis Vēvers, accused of "anti-Soviet propaganda and campaigning." The Soviet Latvian Supreme Court sentenced her in August 1983 to five years at a labor camp in Mordovia and then to three years in a settlement outside of Latvia. During the perestroika age of Mikhail Gorbachev, Doroņina-Lasmane was liberated on January 14, 1987, and was sent to a camp in the Altay region of Siberia for several months. During the summer of 1987, Doroņina-Lasmane returned to Latvia.
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Despite immediate positive recognition of his prize-winning work, Huseynov's work was met with criticism by the Communist Party organs in May 1950. Purged Orientalism: Orientalists Who Were Subject to Repressions in the 1920–50s Huseynov was accused of presenting muridism, a philosophical Sufi movement in the Caucasus in the mid-19th century, and specifically its propagator Imam Shamil, in the preface to his book as a "progressive democratic national liberation phenomenon (...) contrary to Marxist ideas and (...) the movement's reactionist and nationalist nature that served the interests of the English capitalism and the Turkish sultan."On the history of the foreign agent schemes in the Caucasian wars. Voprosy istorii. #2.
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311 Carlist deputies The years of 1879during the 1876 elections, which took place shortly after the Third Carlist War, on key Carlist territories constitutional laws were suspended; "the war was over, but the state of war continued", and the elections of 1876 can not be considered free even by the standards of that age, see Real Cuesta 1985, p. 41-1891 saw very few Carlist deputies, successful only as individuals - the first one elected baron de Sangarrén in 1879 - since officially the party did not participate in the elections.Escudero 2012, pp. 97-98 The movement, defeated during the Third Carlist War, suffered from results of military disaster and the ensuing repressions.
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Augustinus was a stout opponent of the Moravian Church (Waldensians), and in his position at the chancellery he influenced the king to massive repressions against these, in the spirit of Heinrich Institoris. In 1497 Agustinus became canon at Brno, and the following year he was chosen as provost at Olomouc, but because another candidate for that office recurred to Rome, Augustinus could take office only in 1506. Augustinus maintained intensive contacts with other humanists of his time, and was also a member of Conrad Celtis' Sodalitas Litterarum Danubiana in Vienna. A passionate collector of coins, Augustinus presented the Sodalitas Litterarum Danubiana in 1508 a golden cup decorated with ancient coins.
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"Here lived Yekaterina Mikhailovna Zhelvatykh, typist, born in 1905, arrested 11/01/1938, executed 04/05/1938, rehabilitated in 1957" The Last Address (, Posledniy Adres)Posledniy Adres website is a civic initiative to commemorate the victims of repressions in the Soviet Union. The essence of the initiative is that ordinary people deserve to be commemorated, not only "VIPs" which typically receive memorial plaques. A small commemorative plaque (palm-sized) is installed on the houses known as the last residential addresses of those arrested. Every commemorative plaque is dedicated to one person only, with the project operating according to the motto "One name, one life, one sign".
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Beria complained to Stalin about the "low level of labour discipline" among Chechens, the "prevalence of banditry and terrorism", the "failure of Chechens to join the communist party" and the "confession of a German agent that he found a lot of support among the local Ingush". Beria then ordered to implement the operation. When Supian Kagirovich Mollaev, the leader of the local government in the Checheno-Ingush ASSR, heard about the decision, he burst into tears, but soon pulled himself together and decided to follow orders. The Chechen-Ingush Republic was never fully occupied by the Nazi army, but the repressions were officially justified by "an armed resistance to Soviet power".
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While donative practices may activate a cycle of reciprocity, gifts may remain unreciprocated. Each cultural intervention, exemplary or not, engages a "logic of practice" (Pierre Bourdieu) that encourages an infinite variety of exchanges or gifts, challenges, ripostes, reciprocations, and repressions. The logic of practice privileges agency in its unpredictability and provides, according to Habermas, an alternative to money and power as a basis for societal integration. Among the artists engaged in donative art practices and who are mentioned in Barber's writings are: Istvan Kantor, David Mealing, Yin Xiaofeng, REPOhistory, Kelly Lycan & Free Food, Bloom 98, WochenKlausur, Ala Plastica, Peter Dunn & Lorraine Leeson, Art Link, Hirsch Farm Project.
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In 1995, investigative journalist Paul Lashmar suggested that the reputation of prominent academics such as Robert Conquest was built upon work derived from material provided by the IRD. According to Denis Healey The Great Terror was an important influence, "but one which confirmed people in their views rather than converted them". Many aspects of his book continue to be disputed by sovietologist historians and researchers on Russian and Soviet history, such as Stephen G. Wheatcroft, who insists that Conquest's victim totals for Stalinist repressions are too high, even in his reassessments. Nevertheless, anti-communist poet Czesław Miłosz asserts that Conquest has been vindicated by history.
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Muscovy had a similar religion and claimed Ukrainian was a mere dialect, an offshoot of its own language. What clearly defines the boundaries of being Ukrainian is class identity: this leads all the way up to the Bolshevik Revolution. Ukrainian’s were by far peasants, except for the few nobles who were and assimilated by the Poles and Russians. Therefore, as more and more people fled the advance of the Huns, the repressions of Poland, the “borderland” that would become the Ukrainian heartland, between Turkey, Poland, and Muscovy, became settled by Ukrainian serfs fleeing serfdom under Poland of Russia, or “true” slavery under the Turks.
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The Solovetsky Stone is a monument in honor of victims of political repression in the Soviet Union and fighters for freedom. The monument stands in Troitskaya Square in Saint Petersburg, in the vicinity of several other buildings, directly related to political repressions in the USSR—the House of Tsarist Political Prisoners, the prison and the necropolis of the Peter and Paul Fortress, and the Bolshoy Dom. Nowadays it also serves as a central spot of all memorial events and gatherings related to actual human rights problems. The monument consists of a large stone brought from the Solovetsky Islands, the location of Solovki prison camp.
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One-person protest in front of the monument, 2019 The annual mourning ceremony in memory of the victims of political repressions and the Red Terror takes place near the Solovetsky Stone on September 5. Among the annual actions there is the reading aloud of the names of victims of political repression. The Solovetsky Stone also became a location for public meetings dedicated to the victims of political terror, memorable dates in Russia's history, anti-violence and xenophobia, and other human rights initiatives. Anna Politkovskaya, Natalya Estemirova, Stanislav Markelov and Anastasia Baburova, Alexei Devotchenko, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Valeriya Novodvorskaya, Boris Nemtsov, Vladimir Bukovsky, and others were commemorated here.
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Historian Dariusz Gawin of the Polish Academy of Sciences pointed out that the March 1968 events have been mythologized in subsequent decades beyond their modest original aims, under the lasting influence of former members of Komandosi, a left-wing student political activity group. During the 1968 crisis, the dissident academic circles produced very little in terms of written accounts or programs. They experienced a moral shock because of propaganda misrepresentations of their intentions and actions and the unexpectedly violent repressions. They also experienced an ideological shock, caused by the reaction of the authorities (aggression) and society (indifference) to their idealistic attempts to bring about revolutionary reform in the Polish People's Republic.
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ZNP at that time maintained also auxiliary institutions, such as the Pedegogical Institute, and run summer vocational courses. During the war, ZNP continued to exist as part of the underground education in Poland during World War II, in the form of the Secret Teaching Organization. Tajna Organizacja Nauczycielska, WIEM Encyklopedia The Organization was created towards the end of October 1939 in Warsaw response to German closure of most Polish educational institutions and repressions against teachers.Josef Krauski, Education as Resistance: The Polish Experience of Schooling During the War, in Roy Lowe, Education and the Second World War : studies in schooling and social change, Falmer Press, 1992, , , M1 Google Print, p.
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The repressions after the pacification included sentencing of three miners to jail terms of three to four years in prison. On June 1, 2007, more than two decades after the incident, 15 former members of the special platoon were sentenced to prison terms for their part in the killings.Polish court sentences 15 policemen in 1981 massacre at coal mine, International Herald Tribune, May 31, 2007'Wujek' coal mine massacre perpetrators face justice, Polskie Radio, 01.06.2007 Most of them were sentenced to the terms of 2.5 to three years in prison, except their former platoon commander, Romuald Cieślak, who was sentenced to 11 years in prison.
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The former KGB headquarters in Vilnius, now the Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights In July 1944, Vilnius was captured from the Germans by the Soviet Army (see Vilnius Offensive) and the town was once again incorporated into the Soviet Union as the capital of the Lithuanian SSR. The NKVD began repressions against the leaders of the Armia Krajowa and Lithuanians. The war had irreversibly altered the town – most of the predominantly Polish and Jewish population had been repatriated and exterminated respectively, during and after the German occupation. Some members of the intelligentsia and partisan members hiding in the forest were now targeted and deported to Siberia after the war.
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Exposition of the Historical Museum of Sochi, partly reflected in Russian in История Сочи (History of Sochi) at the official site of the city Russian settlements in the area began with a military outpost, which later grew into several villages. Those villages were first populated by the retired soldiers and thus carried the names of the corresponding military units, such as 1st regiment, 2nd regiment, and so forth. The soldiers were then joined by migrants from all over Russia, as well as by Armenians escaping from the Turkish repressions. Armenians built separate villages in the mountains near Dagomys and named them Nor Luys, Lower Armenian Hobzu, Upper- Armenian Loo, etc.
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Vargas meets with Italy's Air Marshal Italo Balbo in the Catete Palace, 15 January 1931. The repressions that followed the communist coup d'état attempt in Brazil in November 1935 increased the cooperation between Brazil and Germany. After Brazil deported the revolutionary Jewish German Olga Benário Prestes, wife of Luís Carlos Prestes to Germany in 1937, Brazil was invited to be part of the Axis Powers at the side of Japan, Italy and Germany. However, when Brazil refused this invitation at the advent of the "Estado Novo" at the end of that same year, the relations between Brazil and the countries of the Axis started to chill.
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The Democratic Republic of Georgia fell to Soviet Russia’s Red Army invasion in 1921. The subsequent political repressions, especially during the abortive August Uprising in 1924, forced many of the Bagrationi family members to flee the Soviet Union; some of them died in purges. One of the émigrés, Prince Irakli of the House of Mukhrani (a collateral branch of the Bagrationi dynasty) (1909–1977), tried to enlist the support of European powers for a Georgian monarchist cause. After settling in Spain before World War II, Prince Irakli founded what he called the Royal House of Georgia and sought support from European governments for a Georgian monarchy independent from Stalin's Soviet Union.
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Starting with the Action (Initiative) Group formed in 1969 by 15 dissidents and the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR founded in 1970 by Andrei Sakharov, early Soviet human rights groups legitimized their work by referring to the principles enshrined in the Soviet constitution and to international agreements. These attempts were later succeeded by the more successful Moscow Helsinki Group (founded 1977). The group as well as the watch groups modeled after it brought the human rights dissidents to increased international attention. The dissident civil and human rights groups were faced with harsh repressions, with most members facing imprisonment, punitive psychiatry, or exile.
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"For your freedom and ours", one of banners of the demonstrators, 1968 In August 1968, the Prague Spring became the second major development from which the human rights movement emerged. For many members of the intelligentsia, Alexander Dubček's political liberalization reforms were connected with the hope for a decline in repressions and a "socialism with a human face". In August 1968, the Soviet Union and its main allies in the Warsaw Pact invaded the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in order to halt the reforms. On 25 August 1968, seven dissidents demonstrated on Moscow's Red Square against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968 Red Square demonstration).
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It included Shelepin, Serdyuk, Mironov, Rudenko, and Semichastny. The hard work resulted in two massive reports, which detailed the mechanism of falsification of the show-trials against Bukharin, Zinoviev, Tukhachevsky, and many others. The commission based its findings in large part on eyewitness testimonies of former NKVD workers and victims of repressions, and on many documents. The commission recommended rehabilitating every accused with the exceptions of Radek and Yagoda, because Radek's materials required some further checking, and Yagoda was a criminal and one of the falsifiers of the trials (though most of the charges against him had to be dropped too, he was not a "spy", etc.).
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In 1977 he was the scientific secretary of international relations of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and head of the Group of History of National Relations in the USSR (Russia). In March 2002 he Was chosen to be consultant, advisor to the Regional Development Department of the Government Office of the Russian Federation. Since January 2005 he is advisor to the Department of Inter-Ethnic Relations of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation. Bugay has published numerous works attempting to justify Stalinist repressions, mainly the deportations of ethnic minorities, including the Koreans, Kalmyks, Balkars, Karachays, Chechens, Meskhetian Turks, and Crimean Tatars.
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The Labour Party in turn accused the church for condemning the protesting workers while never condemning the harsh repressions by the British colonial authorities. The antagonistic talk was further exacerbated with Labour's decision to develop relationships with Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization (AAPSO), believed to be a socialist front organisation. On St. Patrick's Day, 17 March 1961, Gonzi 'interdicted' supporters of the Labour Party, specifically, the Party's Executive Committee, readers, distributors and advertisers in the Party papers and voters and candidates of the Party. The key issue became whether the state should be secularised in line with modern parameters, or whether the Church should retain its privileged position.
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S Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (PFL 1) p. 170-1 He went on to characterise the motivating force, which he called "the self-observing agency as the ego-censor [], the conscience; it is this that exercises the dream- censorship [] during the night, from which the repressions of inadmissable wishful impulses proceed".S Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (PFL 1) p. 479 Another tool used by the dream-censorship was regression to archaic symbolic forms of expression unfamiliar to the conscious mind.Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 48 Where all such measures of censorship failed, however, the result could be the development of nightmares and insomnia.
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In May 1906, a meeting of the Union was held in Helsingfors, which approved these tactics and decided to prepare an armed uprising in alliance with the revolutionary parties. The Peasant Union took part in the elections to the Second Duma and held there several of its members who joined it in the Labor Group. Individual members of the Union were subjected to political persecution in 1905. Against the Union itself, repressions began in 1906, the organizers of the Union Anikin, Professor Anichkov, Mazurenko and others were arrested. The Union’s bureaucracy continued to operate for a while, however, its activities gradually calmed down and finally ceased by the end of 1908.
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In an amazingly brief period, Baazov wrote ten plays (notably The Mutes Began to Speak [მუნჯები ალაპარაკდნენ, 1931], Without Respect of Persons [განურჩევლად პიროვნებისა, 1933], Itska Rizhinashvili [იცკა რიჟინაშვილი, 1936], etc.), most of which became standard items in Georgian repertory in the 1930s. Early in the 1930s, he conceived a trilogy on the Georgian Jews, the first part of which – Pethaim – appeared in Georgian (ფეთხაინი, 1934) and Russian (Петхайн, 1936). His prolific work was terminated by the Soviet political repressions under Stalin. In 1937, he was arrested in Moscow and extradited to Tbilisi where he was either shot or tortured to death during the interrogation.
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The 1990 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church gave an order for the Synodal Commission for Canonisation to prepare documents for canonization of new martyrs who had suffered from the 20th century Communist repressions. In 1991 it was decided that a local commission for canonization would be established in every eparchy which would gather the local documents and would send them to the Synodal Commission. Its task was to study the local archives, collect memories of believers, record all the miracles that are connected with addressing the martyrs. In 1992 the Church established 25 January as a day when it venerates the new 20th century martyrs of faith.
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Born in Moscow to a family of professional revolutionaries involved with the Bolshevik Party. ## Father's Name: Semen Karlovich Brike ## Mother's Name: Nina Nikolaevna Kardasheva # His father was a prominent member of the party and his mother later joined as well before the 1917 October Revolution. # In 1937 and 1938 (during Stalin’s repressions), both of his parents were arrested. His father was ultimately shot and his mother was forced into labor camps and would not be released for many years. # Due to his parents’ absence, he was sent to an orphanage where he then was taken by his mother’s sister after a great deal of effort.
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For his communist convictions and political activity, he spent six years in jail out of the 26 years of his life. Today, the following activists remain prisoners: Olga Nevskaja (RCYL(B) supporter), Viacheslav Luniov and Igor Fedorovich (members of a radical left-wing organization, the AKM). In the Ukraine, young communists Anrei Jakovenko, Igor Danilov, Aleksandr Smirnov, Ilya Romanov and Bogdan Zinchenko are also in prison. The Revolutionary Communist Youth League (Bolsheviks), the Russian Communist Workers' Party - the Revolutionary Party of Communists and the Committee to Defend Political Prisoners Fighting for Socialism are spearheading the struggle to release them and to put an end to what they view as repressions for communist convictions.
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This novel is about a family of Spanish immigrants in the sixties and about the adventures of one of its main storytellers, Consuelo, the daughter of a prostitute to whom the title refers to. It is set mainly in Montevideo and Buenos Aires, in the midst of the repressions caused by the Southern Cone dictatorships. Mabel and his father run away from their financial bankruptcy in Spain to Argentina in pursuit of the American dream of the first wave of immigration of the century. On their trip, Mabel meets a Danish anarchist and falls in love. Mabel's father dies in Montevideo and this “queen of America” stays in the port's lower neighborhood.
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In post- World War II Poland, the communists initially enjoyed significant popular support due to the land reform, a mass scale rebuilding program and progressive social policies. The popular support eroded because of repressions, economic difficulties, and the lack of freedoms, but the PZPR was kept in power for four decades under the Soviet influence. During this period, some Polish academics and philosophers, including Leszek Kołakowski, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, and Stanisław Ossowski, tried to develop a form of "Polish Marxism", as part of the revisionist Marxist movement. These efforts to create a bridge between Poland's history and Marxist ideology were mildly successful, especially in comparison to similar attempts elsewhere in the Eastern Bloc.
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Another underground newspaper titled Võitlev Eestlane (Fighting Estonian) was published by a group within the editorial staff of the newspaper Postimees. In the autumn of 1941, the precursor to the National Committee of the Republic of Estonia was founded by Heinrich Mark, Ants Oras and Jaan Ots. The organisation was headed by Ernst Kull in 1943 and it was through his efforts that the various groups were merged into a unified opposition to Nazi rule. In June 1942 political leaders of Estonia who had survived Soviet repressions held a hidden meeting from the occupying powers in Estonia where the formation of an underground Estonian government and the options for preserving continuity of the republic were discussed.
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The situation was only exacerbated during the Buddhist Crisis of May 1963, when the Diem government considered the foreign press as its enemy and was unwilling to communicate its side of the story effectively. While the top levels of the US mission in Saigon were inordinately closemouthed around reporters during this period, others, especially those who disagreed with the policy of supporting Diem, were not. They leaked information from discussions with Diem to the press, embarrassing him and thwarting the embassy's vigorous efforts to win an end to the anti- Buddhist repressions. Once again, however, despite occasional factual errors and conflict between the press and the embassy, most of the news commentaries were reasonably accurate.
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144Davies, God's Playground, op.cit. Eventually the extremists among Ukrainians started sabotage and assassinations campaign and Polish government responded with further repressions. Hołówko was one of the few who tried to deal with that problem with negotiations and compromise; he mediated between willing Polish and Ukrainian politicians and proposed various plans to solve the tensions, from releasing Ukrainians prisoners and granting the minorities more rights, up to giving the Kresy regions, inhabited by those minorities, substantial autonomy. However, such pro-Polish Ukrainian politicians were viewed as collaborators by the radical Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, and Hołówko's stance made him enemies among extremist politicians on both sides, who saw profit in further inter-ethnic conflict.
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The compensations were not paid, NGOs claim that applicants to the court are met with repressions, including murders and disappearance.Russian Federation/Chechnya: Human Rights Concerns for the 61st Session of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, Human Rights Watch, 2005 In the most dramatic period of 2000-2002 five plaintiffs died. Rosyjska prokuratura znów nęka obrońców praw człowieka, Gazeta Wyborcza, 2007-02-27 In summer 2006 the European Court on Human Rights decided the first cases concerning forced disappearances in Chechnya; it was accepted the decisions by the European Court might play an important role in changing Chechnya's terrible human rights situation, as more than 100 disappearance cases related to Chechnya are pending in the court.
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But as a result, the MPP withdrew its most aggressively socialist policies, as advised by the Comintern, instead adopting the Шинэ эргэлтийн бодлого (Shine ergeltiin boglogo, the so-called "Policy of the New Turn"). The "New Turn" included the purging of the most leftist members of the leadership under the pretext of нугалаа (nugalaa "bending") and liberalized development of the economy, and was favored by new leaders such as Prime Minister P. Genden. However, they did not realize that this was a temporary tactical retreat by Stalin and the Comintern. Another wave of repressions began in 1937, presided over by Khorloogiin Choibalsan, and resulted in the almost complete elimination of the Buddhist clergy.
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During the briefings that Lodge made to McNamara and Taylor, the ambassador repeated his previously expressed doubts about the potential effectiveness of aid suspension as a lever against Diệm. He also expressed his concern that the foreign aid bill that was being tabled in US Congress could be halted due to negative sentiment over Diệm's repressions of the Buddhists. During the visit, Lodge reiterated in his cables to Washington that he felt that an aid suspension could backfire on the United States by alienating the population as well as the regime. Aware that an aid suspension was a potential recommendation of the mission's report, the USAID director Brent also openly expressed his concerns over such move.
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To explain this phenomenon A. Tarasov used Vladimir Lenin's idea of the possibility of the "power takeover". In Tarasov's interpretation, in the late 1920s – early 1930s a group of Joseph Stalin's supporters, representing the interests of petit bourgeoisie – first and foremost, of the bureaucratic officials, - has defeated the groups representing the interests of the working class and revolutionary intelligentsia in the inner-party struggle, and overtook the power. This became possible because the economy was not socialist yet, while in the multi- structural soviet national economy state capitalism was the most progressive form of economic organization. Through large-scale repressions and eradication of potential political opposition Stalin and his accomplices secured their own political immunity.
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In this speech, Khrushchev described the damage done by Joseph Stalin's cult of personality, and the repressions, known as the Great Purge that killed millions and traumatized many people in the Soviet Union. After the delivery of the speech, it was officially disseminated in a shorter form among members of the Soviet Communist Party across the USSR starting 5 March 1956. Then Khrushchev initiated a wave of rehabilitations that officially restored the reputations of many millions of innocent victims, who were killed or imprisoned in the Great Purge under Stalin. Further, tentative moves were made through official and unofficial channels to relax restrictions on freedom of speech that had been held over from the rule of Stalin.
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Other chapters were located in Shenandoah, PA, Pittston, PA, Mahanoy Plane, PA, and Philadelphia – the coal mining towns were home of large populations of Lithuanian immigrants. In 1892, chapters were established in Marinette, WI, Mount Carmel, PA, Chicago. LMD organized various events – monthly meetings, lectures (for example, about historian Simonas Daukantas, bishop Motiejus Valančius, linguist Georg Sauerwein, philosopher Voltaire; Šliūpas held 31 two-hour lectures on earth and universe, geography, biology, evolution in 1889–1890), protests against Russian Tsarist repressions in Lithuania in 1891 (three events held in May in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Pittston) and 1894 (in response to the Kražiai massacre). LMD chapters also organized small local libraries of Lithuanians publications.
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Shortly after becoming Chairman of the Little Khural in 1936, Dogsom and Prime Minister Anandyn Amar aggravated Interior Minister Choibalsan and Moscow alike when they pardoned prisoners implicated in the Lkhümbe spy ring case in honor of the fifteenth anniversary of the revolution. Dogsom's enemies, particularly Choibalsan, used the event to connect him to the fictitious spy ring and accuse him of being in league with Japanese imperialists. In July 1939 as the Stalinist repressions in Mongolia drew to a close, Choibalsan arranged the arrest of Dogsom and Darizavyn Losol on charges of counterrevolution. Besides Choibalsan himself, the two were the last remaining members of the original "First Seven" founders of the MPP.
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Opposition leaders Vitali Klitschko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk and Oleh Tyahnybok, addressing demonstrators, 27 November 2013 On 29 November, a formal resolution by protest organisers made the following demands.: #The formation of a co-ordinating committee to communicate with the European community. #A statement indicating that the president, parliament, and the Cabinet of Ministers aren't capable of carrying out a geopolitically strategic course of development for the state and demanding Yanukovych's resignation. #The cessation of political repressions against EuroMaidan activists, students, civic activists and opposition leaders. The resolution stated that on 1 December, on the 22nd anniversary of Ukraine's independence referendum, that the group will gather at noon on Independence Square to announce their further course of action.
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To launch, the Canadian and American officers in the UGC, at separate consoles, pressed a button at the same time. The missile would then be guided by a controller at a SAGE console in the UGC, until 10 miles (16 kilometres) from its target(s), then the BOMARC's homing system would take over and steer the missile until detonation. No BOMARCs were launched in Canada; squadron personnel from North Bay and La Macaza fired missiles (non-nuclear warhead) at the Santa Rosa Island Test Facility, Florida. Due to the nuclear nature of the missiles all potential Bomarc personnel underwent Human Reliability Program tests to weed out those with "hidden idiosyncrasies, repressions, emotional disturbances, psychosomatic traits and even latent homosexuality".
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Some historians believe that an important goal of communist propaganda was "to justify political repressions of entire social groups which Marxism considered antagonistic to the class of proletariat",Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, as in decossackization or dekulakization campaigns. Richard Pipes wrote: "a major purpose of Communist propaganda was arousing violent political emotions against the regime's enemies."Richard Pipes (1993) "Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime", p. 309. The most effective means to achieve this objective "was the denial of the victim's humanity through the process of dehumanization", "the reduction of real or imaginary enemy to a zoological state".
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In July 1939 as the Stalinist repressions in Mongolia drew to a close, Choibalsan arranged the arrest of Losol and Dansranbilegiin Dogsom, who, besides Choibalsan himself, were the last remaining members of the original "First Seven" founders of the MPP, on charges of counterrevolution. Choibalsan recruited Dashiin Damba (MPRP General Secretary from 1954 to 1958), to deceive Losol into boarding a plane he believed was bound for Dornod Province in eastern Mongolia. Losol was instead flown to Moscow where he was arrested and confined at Butyrki Prison. He was stripped of his party membership and languished in prison for over a year until he died on July 25, 1940 before his case was brought to trial.
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Conservatory before the Warsaw Uprising, Okólnik Street Named for the Polish composer Frédéric Chopin (whose birth name was Fryderyk Chopin and who studied there from 1826 to 1829), the University dates from the Music School for singers and theatre actors that was founded in 1810 by Wojciech Bogusławski. In 1820 it was transformed by Chopin's subsequent teacher, Józef Elsner, into a more general school of music, the Institute of Music and Declamation; it was then affiliated with the University of Warsaw and, together with the University, was dissolved by Russian imperial authorities during the repressions that followed the November 1830 Uprising. In 1861 it was revived as Warsaw's Institute of Music.The Fryderyk Chopin University of Music at Culture.
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The foundation of the Tiflis Imperial Opera was closely intertwined with the turbulent political processes in Georgia following the country's annexation by the Russian Empire in 1801. In the first half of the 19th century, Georgia remained a restless and poorly integrated part of the empire. Unhappy with Russian policies, in 1832 Georgian aristocracy hatched a plot against the local Russian authorities, which was discovered and resulted in multiple arrests and repressions in the subsequent years. Anxious to reconcile the Georgian opinion in view of these lingering difficulties, the new Viceroy of the Caucasus, Count Mikhail Vorontsov, implemented a number of cultural initiatives, one of which was the foundation of the opera.
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Soon, he joined the PSL, at that time the only influential party in opposition to the communist government. In the articles published in Gazeta Ludowa, he mentioned the outstanding figures of the Polish Underground State (the interview with Stefan Korboński, the report from the funeral of Jan Piekałkiewicz), and the events connected with the fight for liberation of the country (a series of sketches presenting the Warsaw Uprising entitled Dzień Walczącej Stolicy). Due to his collaboration with the PSL, Bartoszewski became subject to repressions by the security services. On 15 November 1946, he was falsely accused of being a spy, resulting in him being arrested and held by the Ministry of Public Security of Poland.
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The appearance of an outstanding leader, a scribe in the Zaporizhian Army of Registered Cossacks, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, was another decisive factor. Having suffered a wrong from Daniel Czapliński, a Polish nobleman, and unable to obtain redress through official channels, Khmelnytsky headed for the Zaporizhian Sich, where he agitated among the Cossacks already embittered by the repressions of the 1630s, and now also made restless by the cancellation of the war they were told to expect. Khmelnytsky effectively caused the Cossack force to change sides. He was able to secure support from the Crimean Khanate, taking advantage of the Tatars' (and their Ottoman overlords')Piotr Pieśniarczyk, Historia Polski w pigułce (History of Poland in a Pill), p.
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The Polish settlers came to Siberia as part of the colonization efforts of the Stolypin reform. In the beginning Polish settlers were doing fairly well and the village developed quickly, but the situation changed after the October Revolution. At the time of the Soviet Union the residents of Belostok resisted compulsory collectivisation for a long time, refused to join the kolkhoz, fought for the right to keep their identity and religion. Between 1936–1938, Poles were affected by mass repressions on the part of the NKVD: attempts were made to ban the use of the Polish language at school, orders undermining everyday life were sent, severe punishments were imposed, and matters of faith and tradition were interfered into.
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In this period the institute studied the history of Karelia, its culture, languages and folk poetry (Russian and Karelian folklore). In 1937—1938 political repressions affected the institute's staff even more, and dismissals continued. The institute's vice director S. A. Makaryev, leading specialists E. A. Haapalainen, N. V. Khrisanfov, N. N. Vinogradov, director of the library E. P. Oshevenskaya were arrested and executed on false accusations of setting up an espionage and rebel nationalist organization at the institute. When the Karelian-Finnish Republic was founded in 1940 it was announced that KRIC needs to be transformed into the regional branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (AS), but World War II impeded the realization of this intention.
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The deportation procedure was established by the Serov Instructions. The first repressions in Estonia affected Estonia's national elite. On 17 July 1940, Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces Johan Laidoner (died 1953, Vladimir prison) and his family, and on 30 July 1940, President Konstantin Päts (died 1956, Kalinin Oblast) and his family were deported to Penza and Ufa, respectively. In 1941 they were arrested. The country political and military leadership was deported almost entirely, including 10 of 11 ministers and 68 of 120 members of parliament. On 14 June 1941, and the following two days, 9,254 to 10,861 people, mostly urban residents, of them over 5,000 women and over 2,500 children under 16,Kareda, Endel (1949).
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Map of Stalin's Gulag camps in Gulag Museum in Moscow A Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Political Repression (День памяти жертв политических репрессий) has been officially held on 30 October in Russia since 1991. It is also marked in other former Soviet republics with the exception of Ukraine, which has its own annual Day of Remembrance for the victims of political repressions by the Soviet regime, held each year on the third Sunday of May. Members of the Memorial society have taken an active part in such commemorative meetings. Since 2007 Memorial has also organised the day-long "Restoring the Names" ceremony at the Solovetsky Stone in Moscow every 29 October.
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Freud considered that there was 'reason to assume that there is a primal repression, a first phase of repression, which consists in the psychical (ideational) representative of the instinct being denied entrance into the conscious', as well as a 'second stage of repression, repression proper, which affects mental derivatives of the repressed representative: distinguished what he called a first stage of 'primal repression' from 'the case of repression proper ("after- pressure").'Sigmund Freud, On Metapsychology (PFL 11) p. 147 and p. 184 In the primary repression phase, 'it is highly probable that the immediate precipitating causes of primal repressions are quantitative factors such as ... the earliest outbreaks of anxiety, which are of a very intense kind'.
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Jews, however, were particularly vulnerable as they faced an uncertain minority status in both Christian or Muslim territory, as well as because they lived mainly in urban areas where they were especially visible to authorities. Many were killed in the course of Almohad invasions or repressions. This pressure to convert resulted in many conversions under duress which were insincere, with many Christians and Jews officially converting in order to escape violence while preserving their livelihoods. Even the famous Jewish philosopher Maimonides was reported to have officially converted to Islam under Almohad rule when he moved from Cordoba to Fes, before finally leaving for Egypt where he was able to live openly as a Jew again.
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"The flight" (Berihah) of Jews was motivated by the raging civil war on Polish lands, in as much as the efforts of a strong Polish-Jewish lobby at the Jewish Agency working towards a higher standard of living and special privileges for the immigrants from Poland. Yitzhak Raphael, director of the Immigration Department – who lobbied on behalf of Polish refugees – insisted on their preferential treatment in Israel. Reports of political repressions by the Communist forces in Poland and the wave of political murders by the security forces under Soviet control were mounting. The United States ambassador to Poland, Arthur Bliss Lane, was troubled by the mass arrests of Polish non-Communists, and their terrorization by the security police.
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The losses affected all ethnic groups, while the interwar intelligentsia all but disappeared. During the 1940s and early 1950s, the city lost a significant part of its population to Stalinist repressions (political imprisonment and deportations), Romanian deportation of Jews (the Holocaust), war, the Soviet famine of 1946–1947, and emigration.Nikolai Bugai, Депортация народов из Украины, Белоруссии и Молдавии : Лагеря, принудительный труд и депортация (deportarea popoarelor din Ucraina, Bielorusia şi Moldova: lagăre, muncă silnică şi deportare), Dittmar Dahlmann et Gerhard Hirschfeld – Essen, Germania, 1999, P. 567-581. After World War II, significant immigration occurred from all over the USSR in a move to rebuild Moldova, develop industry and establish a local Soviet and party apparatus.
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The new shah, Safi, extremely suspicious of Abbas's favorites, resorted to bloody repressions, not without the advice and involvement of his new ministers, including the shah's mentor Khosrow Mirza (Rostam Khan), a Muslim Georgian prince of the Bagrationi dynasty. In late 1632, at Shah Safi's orders, Imam-Quli Khan, and his two sons amongst whom Safiqoli Khan, were killed, and his possessions added to the crown domain. This also formed the prelude to the massacre of the rest of his family. Things came to a head in 1633, after Daud Khan Undiladze, recently removed from his position in the majlis, defected to Georgia and joined his brother-in-law, Teimuraz I, in his rebellion against the Safavid hegemony.
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The dangers presented to the PZPR by the "reactionary" coalition of 1968, against which some had already warned back then, turned out not to be imaginary, but their realization took another two decades. The antisemitic, anti-intellectual and anti-student campaign damaged Poland's reputation, particularly in the West. Despite the worldwide condemnation of the March 1968 repressions, for many years the communist governments would not admit the antisemitic nature of the "anti-Zionist" campaign, though some newspapers published critical articles. In February and March 1988, the Polish communist government announced official apologies for the antisemitic excesses of 1968: first in Israel at a conference on Polish Jewry, and then in a statement printed in Trybuna Ludu.
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Since 1977 the Ukrainian Helsinki Group foreign affiliate began its activities with the participation of Petro Hryhorenko, Nadiya Svitlychna, Leonid Plyushch and later Nina Strokata-Karavanska Nadiya Svitlichna began to host the human rights themed radio programs on Svoboda radio. From the very early days the group endured the repressions of Soviet authorities. In February 1977 the authorities began to arrest members of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group, and within two years all the founding members were tried and sentenced to exile or imprisonment for 7 to 10 years. At the end of 1979, six members of the group were forced to emigrate, while other Ukrainian dissidents were not allowed to do so.
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After Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, Army Group North reached Estonia in July. Initially the Germans were perceived by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its repressions, having arrived only a week after the first mass deportations from the Baltic States. Although hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realized that they were but another occupying power. The Germans pillaged the country for their war effort and unleashed The Holocaust in Estonia during which they and their collaborators murdered tens of thousands of people (including ethnic Estonians, Estonian Jews, Estonian Gypsies, Estonian Russians, Soviet prisoners of war, Jews from other countries and others).
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Poles consist majority in Sapotskin and its surroundings, as well as in Voranava District. The largest Polish organization in Belarus is the Union of Poles in Belarus (Związek Polaków na Białorusi), with over 20,000 members. As Poland supports the pro-democracy opposition in Belarus, Polish-Belarusian relations are poor, and representatives of the Polish minority in Belarus often complain about various repressions, such as the jailing for 15 days, of the former head of the Union of Poles, Tadeusz Gawin. He was sentenced on 2 August 2005 for arranging a meeting between a visiting deputy speaker of the Polish parliament, Donald Tusk, and the ethnic Polish activists including Veslaw Kewlyak, also sentenced for 15 days.
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With the assistance of activists from the KOR and support of many other intellectuals (an Expert Commission was established to aid with the negotiations), the workers occupying the various factories, mines and shipyards across Poland organized as a united front. They were not limiting their efforts to seeking economic improvements, but made and stuck to the crucial demand, an establishment of trade unions independent of government control. Among other issues raised were rights for the Church, the freeing of political prisoners and an improved health service. The party leadership was faced with a choice between repressions on a massive scale and an amicable agreement that would give the workers what they wanted and thus quieten the aroused population.
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The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of communist rule imposed over Poland after the end of World War II. These years, while featuring general industrialization, urbanization and many improvements in the standard of living, were marred by early Stalinist repressions, social unrest, political strife and severe economic difficulties. Near the end of World War II, the advancing Soviet Red Army, along with the Polish Armed Forces in the East, pushed out the Nazi German forces from occupied Poland. In February 1945, the Yalta Conference sanctioned the formation of a provisional government of Poland from a compromise coalition, until postwar elections. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, manipulated the implementation of that ruling.
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Eventually a secret agreement with Nazi Germany allowed Germany and the Soviet Union to successfully invade and destroy the Second Republic in 1939. The following years of Soviet repressions of Polish citizens, especially the brutal mass murder in 1940, known as the Katyn massacre, of more than 20,000 Polish officers and its subsequent Soviet denial for 50 years, became additional events with lasting repercussions on the Polish–Russian relations. In 1944, the Polish Home Army timed their capital's uprising to coincide with the approaching Red Army on the eastern suburbs of the city and the retreat of German forces. However, the Red Army stopped at the city limits and remained inactive there for several weeks.
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After those drastic measures resulted in popular uprisings throughout the country in 1932, several of the MPRP's most hard-line leftists including Zolbingiin Shijee, Ölziin Badrakh, and Prime Minister Tsengeltiin Jigjidjav were blamed, officially expelled from the party, and later executed during the Great Repression. Khorloogiin Choibalsan in 1930s In 1933–34, in what is viewed as a dress rehearsal for the repressions of 1937–1939, MPRP General Secretary Jambyn Lkhümbe and other MPRP elements, particularly Buryat-Mongols, were falsely accused of conspiring with Japanese spies. Over 1,500 people were implicated and 56 were executed. The public hysteria surrounding the Lkhümbe Affair was spurred in part by Japan's invasion of neighboring Manchuria in 1931.
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As at Zimmerwald, the Kienthal conference passed a resolution of sympathy for its "persecuted" comrades. It stated that there have been repressions in Russia, Germany, France, England and even neutral Switzerland and that these repression belie the stated objectives of a "war for liberation" and that these were inspiring examples of revolutionaries who fought social patriotism as much as the policy of their governments. The resolution particularly condemned the persecution of the Jews in Russia and greeted the French and German women who were being released from captivity. It urged the affiliated organization to follow the example of the persecuted comrades to continue to stir up discontent and hasten the overthrow of capitalism.
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D'Estrés Sikh pioneers at the Ladder of Tyre in October 1918 At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, many Shiites in Jabal Amel were conscripted and thus had to leave their farms. One year later famine struck as locusts devastated the fields. This triggered another wave of emigration to Africa and also to the US. As opposition to the Turkish rulers grew across the Levant, Arab nationalism was on the rise in Jabal Amel as well. However, in March 1915 the Ottoman authorities launched a new wave of repressions and arrested a number of activists of the Decentralisation Party in Tyre as in other cities like Sidon, Nabatiya, and Beirut.
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According to human rights organisations in the United States, and the European Union, the KGB and its senior leadership play a key role in human rights violations and political repressions in Belarus. The KGB has maintained both the name, the symbols and some of the repressive functions of its Soviet predecessor, the KGB of the Soviet Union. Several dozens former Chairmen and senior officers of the KGB of Belarus have been included in the sanctions lists of the European Union and the United States, especially following the brutal crackdown of peaceful protests that followed the allegedly falsified presidential elections of 2006 and 2010.Поўны спіс 208 беларускіх чыноўнікаў, якім забаронены ўезд у ЕС - Nasha Niva, 11.10.
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Under his Hunger Plan, Hitler starved 4.2 million persons in the Soviet Union largely Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians.Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands, Basic Books 2010 Page 411(this can be verified on Amazon.com) The book points out similarities between the two regimes: Snyder also describes how the two regimes often collaborated and aided one another, at least until the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union (see for example the Gestapo–NKVD Conferences). They collaborated in the killings of Poles (see Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946); between the two of them, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union killed about 200,000 Polish citizens in the period 1939–1941.
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After the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1956), Petrovsky's only son filed an appeal to review his case, and on January, 25, 1958 the Military Collegium of the Soviet Union Supreme Court invalidated the September, 10, 1937 ruling against Petrovsky. All charges were dropped and the case was dismissed for lack of corpus delicti. Petrovsky was posthumously rehabilitated as a victim of political repressions. The Central Archive, Federal Security Service, Russia He married Rose Cohen (1894-1937) a British feminist and suffragist, a founder member of the Communist Party of Great Britain.Francis Beckett: Stalin’s British victims, United Kingdom, 2004 David Petrovsky and Rose Cohen had a son – Alexey Petrovsky (Alyosha).
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Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski promoted Poland's Central Industrial Region Independence stimulated the development of Polish culture in the Interbellum and intellectual achievement was high. Warsaw, whose population almost doubled between World War I and World War II, was a restless, burgeoning metropolis. It outpaced Kraków, Lwów and Wilno, the other major population centers of the country. Mainstream Polish society was not affected by the repressions of the Sanation authorities overall;. many Poles enjoyed relative stability, and the economy improved markedly between 1926 and 1929, only to become caught up in the global Great Depression.. After 1929, the country's industrial production and gross national income slumped by about 50%.. The Great Depression brought low prices for farmers and unemployment for workers.
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After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who denounced him and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society. Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international Marxist–Leninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who established the Soviet Union as a major world power. Conversely, his totalitarian government has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repressions, ethnic cleansing, deportations, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines that killed millions.
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By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin. There were mass expulsions from the party, with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. Great Terror in the Bykivnia mass graves Repressions further intensified in December 1936 and remained at a high level until November 1938, a period known as the Great Purge. By the latter part of 1937, the purges had moved beyond the party and were affecting the wider population. In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti- Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals.
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Unfortunately the memoirs of "true" Trotskyists (as opposed to the ones falsely accused of Trotskyism during Soviet repressions), are close to none, because all these real political opponents were physically eliminated. Fortunately the policy of glasnost had led to the opening of numerous archives, which make it possible to better trace the evolution towards Stalinism. Rogovin writes that the treatise did not consider the debunking of various misconceptions, in order not to unnecessarily disrupt the harmony of the exposition of the second alternative mentioned above: to demonstrate that Stalinism was not the only logical possibility of the evolution of the principles of Bolshevism. With the above purpose in mind, the major focus of the treatise was necessarily Trotskyism and the Left Opposition movement within Bolshevism.
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The Treaty of Rapallo two years later drew the border between Klana and Studena so that Studena remained a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) while Klana, Škalnica, Lisac and Breza were annexed into the Julian March of Italy. Klana soon became one of the largest border garrisons of the Italian kingdom, where there were stationed up to 10,000 Italian soldiers. Despite the high concentration of troops and attempt at Italianization, which almost immediately began and culminated in various fascist repressions and the introduction of the Italian language in school and other institutions, Klanans still preserved their Croatian identity. One of the most stalwart guardians of the Croatian language was Pastor Ivan Koruza, who was in Klana from 1896 to 1942.
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Carlos Arias Navarro and Franco in 1975 Arias Navarro was born in Madrid on 11 December 1908. He served in the Ministry of Justice since 1929 as attorney in Málaga and Madrid. Arias was close to the right-wing sectors and joined the Francoist side during the Spanish Civil War. He was public prosecutor in the trials set up by the triumphant rightists in Málaga after the conquest of the city. There he earned the nickname "The Butcher of Málaga" (Carnicero de Málaga) for his role in the imposition of the death penalty to true or perceived sympathizers of the Republican side, in one of the harshest repressions following Francoist victory with an estimated total of 17,000 people summarily executed.
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The Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population () is a department within the Government of Kazakhstan, which provides leadership and intersectoral coordination in the field of labor, labor safety and labor protection, employment, pension and social security, compulsory social insurance, population migration, social support for needy categories of citizens and families with children, as well as on the appointment and payment of state social benefits for disability, in case of loss of breadwinner and age, special state benefits, state special general allowance for people working in underground and opencast mining, for work with especially harmful and especially difficult working conditions, lump-sum monetary compensation to citizens who suffered as a result of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk Test Site and political repressions.
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The return of the Soviets brought renewed repressions to the west Ukrainian intelligentsia and in 1946 Krypiakevych was deported east to Kiev with many of his colleagues being accused in the Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism (see Soviet Union and Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism). For several years, he experienced political persecution, but in 1948, he was able to return to Lviv, and, with the help of the Soviet Ukrainian historian, Fedir Shevchenko, learned to adapt his historical writing to Soviet conditions and to the Soviet censors. From 1951, he headed the Institute of Social Sciences at the Lviv branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1958, he was elected an "Academic" of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.
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Poznańskie, 1979, p. 27 (in Polish) The Duchy of Pomerania under the native Griffin dynasty existed for over 500 years, before it was partitioned between Sweden and Brandenburg- Prussia in the 17th century. At the turn of the 20th century there lived about 14,200 persons of Polish mother-tongue in the Province of Pomerania (in the east of Farther Pomerania in the vicinity of the border with the province of West Prussia), and 300 persons using the Kashubian language (at the Łeba Lake and the Lake Gardno), the total population of the province consisting of almost 1.7 million inhabitants. The Polish communities in many cities of the region, such as Szczecin and Kołobrzeg, faced intensified repressions after the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933.
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He proclaimed Zaaminsky Bek and organized the murder of a local police officer named Sobolev, after which he then appointed his own ministers and announced a military campaign to capture the railway stations of Obruchevo and Ursatievskaya. Along the way, his force killed any Russian person that was encountered. The Governor-General of the Steppe Region Nikolai Sukhomlinov postponed the draft service until September 15, 1916 (28 September, ); however, it had no effect on stopping the uprising in the province. Even the requests by Alikhan Bukeikhanov and Akhmet Baitursynov who were the leaders of a Kazakh nationalist movement which later became known as the Alash Party did not calm the population in an attempt to prevent brutal repressions towards unarmed civilians.
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The Sixtiers (Russian: Шестидесятники, Ukrainian: Шістдесятники) were representatives of а new generation of the Soviet Intelligentsia, most of whom were born between 1925 and 1945, and entered the culture and politics of the USSR during the late 1950s and 1960s — after the Khrushchev Thaw. Their worldviews were formed by years of Stalin's repressions and purges, which affected many of the Sixtiers' immediate families; and World War II, where many of them had volunteered to fight. Sixtiers were distinguished by their liberal and anti-totalitarian views, and romanticism that found vivid expressions in music and visual arts. Although most of the Sixtiers believed in Communist ideals, they had come to be strongly disappointed with Stalin's regime and its repression of basic civil liberties.
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There were large groups of prewar Polish citizens, notably Jewish youth and, to a lesser extent, the Ukrainian peasants, who saw the Soviet power as an opportunity to start political or social activity outside their traditional ethnic or cultural groups. Their enthusiasm however faded with time as it became clear that the Soviet repressions were aimed at all groups equally, regardless of their political stance. British historian Simon Sebag Montefiore states that Soviet terror in the occupied eastern Polish lands was as cruel and tragic as the Nazis' in the west. Soviet authorities brutally treated those who might oppose their rule, deporting by 10 November 1940 around 10% of total population of Kresy, with 30% of those deported dead by 1941.
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Crampton 1983, pp.179 In the vast majority of cases it was local Bulgarians who seized the vacant land but Bulgarians from other parts of Bulgaria where there had been little Turkish emigration and Bulgarian refugees from Ottoman repressions in Macedonia and Western Thrace also took part in the seizures. In later months the publication of the terms of the Treaty of Berlin naturally intensified the flow of refugees from these areas and according to the prefect of Burgas province as helping themselves to émigré land "in a most arbitrary fashion" . In Burgas and the rest of Eastern Rumelia the Treaty of Berlin intensified the land struggle by making Bulgarians more determined to seize sufficient land before Ottoman sovereignty was restored.
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In 1999 after the Kosovo war, many of the Kosovo Albanian players left the Serbian club FK Trepča and decided to found their own club. The club colours are black and green. The Albanian club received the name KF Trepça, the Albanian name for FK Trepča, thus there were two clubs in the city with almost the same name. However, the Football Federation of Kosovo was not recognized by FIFA and UEFA until 2016.Mitgliedsverbände tagen in Sydney (german)B92:Srbi s Kosova razočarani u FSS (Serbian) The main supporters of KF Trepça are TORCIDA 1984 which were formed on 20 March 1984 with a lot of repressions under the Serb-Yugoslavian regime and occupation in that time until the end of the war in 1999.
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Pospelov Commission was a commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Presidium headed by Pyotr Pospelov whose findings had laid the basis and the contents of Nikita Khrushchev's "secret speech" On the Personality Cult and its Consequences. According to Khrushchev's speech, "the commission was instructed to inquire into how it was possible to carry out massive repressions against the members and candidate members of the Party elected at the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party". The commission was set by the Presidium on December 31, 1955. In addition to its chairman Pospelov, it included Central Committee secretary Averky Aristov, All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions chairman Nikolai Shvernik and deputy chairman of the Party Control Committee P.T. Komarov.
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In 1956, with de-Stalinization unfolding in the Soviet Union, the MPRP embarked on a similar policy in Monoglia, producing the first public denunciation of Marshal Choibalsan. The deceased dictator was criticized for committing "errors" against socialist principles, including his role in the repressions and the establishment of his cult of personality, and a special commission was formed to reevaluate purge victims in the Stalin-Choibalsan years. While Damba supported giving the commission access to top-secret Interior Ministry files on the purges, Tsedenbal, a former protégé of Choibalsan, was opposed to continuing de-Stalinization efforts. When in 1957 Tsedenbal planned to arrest the Commission’s Chairman Bazaryn Shirendev and another rival as "imperialist spies," Damba persuaded him to delay and then drop the charges.
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The immediate cult status that Phystech gained among talented young people, drawn by the challenge and romanticism of working on the forefront of science and technology and on projects of "government importance," many of them classified, made it an untouchable rival of every other school in the country, including MSU's own Department of Physics. At the same time, the increasing disfavor of Kapitsa with the government (in 1950 he was essentially under house arrest) and anti-semitic repressions of the late 1940s made Phystech an easy target of intrigues and accusations of "elitism" and "rootless cosmopolitanism." In the summer of 1951, the Phystech department at MSU was shut down. "Повесть древних времён или предыстория Физтеха", Ch 6 by N.V. Karlov.
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"The Supreme Soviet of the USSR unambiguously condemns the practice of forceful deportation of the entire nations as the most terrific felony, contradicting the basics of the international legislation and humanitarian nature of socialistic order. The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics guarantees that violations of human rights and norms of humanity at the state level will never be repeated in our country. The Supreme Soviet of USSR considers it necessary to take the relevant legislative measures to unambiguously restore the rights of all Soviet peoples who had undergone repressions." On the Recognition as Unlawful and Criminal The Repressive Acts Against Peoples Who Were Subjected to Forced Resettlement, and On Guaranteeing Their Rights, USSR Supreme Soviet Declaration, 14 November 1989.
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By the mid-1960s critically minded adults and youngsters in Moscow (later they would be known as dissidents) were confronted by a growing range of information about ongoing political repressions in the Soviet Union. For example, in letters home from the prison camps the writers Yuli Daniel and Andrey Sinyavsky, sentenced and imprisoned in 1966, told of far greater numbers of political prisoners than they and others had previously believed to exist. For the circle of future editors, this picture was amplified by Anatoly Marchenko's My Testimony, a seminal text which began circulating in samizdat in December 1967. It provided a detailed account of his time in labor camps and Soviet prisons (1960–1965), as well as describing the conditions there.
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The Free Choice 2008 Committee is an entity chaired by chess champion Garry Kasparov and dedicated to an unconditional adherence to fundamental democratic values. To this end, they have issued a declaration protesting what they see as a drift toward autocracy by the presidential regime of Vladimir Putin. > ...the presidential regime has reduced both chambers of the Russian > parliament to the condition of puppets, and has turned the prosecutor’s > office and court into an instrument of blackmail and political repressions. > For the sake of power the Kremlin has trampled the principle of > inviolability of private property, imposed illegal taxes on business, and > divided entrepreneurs into "bad" and "good" depending on their submission > and readiness to support the president’s political projects.
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Hickman told his attorneys that he had killed Parker upon the direction of a supernatural deity he called "Providence". This claim was touted by Hickman's defense attorney in court, who attempted to explain Hickman's actions by reason of insanity. The defense professed that Hickman was mentally ill and deeply influenced by his religious zealot grandfather who had exposed him to "frenzied religious exorcisms... Out of the limbo of his subconscious mind, surcharged with severe repressions of his awful childhood, homicide and mutilation ideated." Hickman was one of the first defendants to use California's new law that allowed pleas of not guilty by reason of insanity (despite having initially told police that he needed the $1,500 ransom to attend Park College, a Bible college in Kansas City).
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Baraka believes the Civil War and the Emancipation served to create a separate meta-society among Negroes, separating the Negroes more effectively from their masters with the institution of Jim Crow laws and other social repressions. The Reconstruction period brought about liberty for the American Negro and an austere separation from the white ex-slave owners and the white society that surrounded them. Organizations such as the KKK, Pale Faces, and Men of Justice emerged, seeking to frighten Negroes into abandoning their newfound rights, and to some extent succeeding. The Negro leaders — or educated, professional or elite Negro Americas such as Booker T. Washington— and many of the laws that were made to separate races at the time, divided blacks into different groups.
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Polish Prime minister Józef Cyrankiewicz was rewarded for the Polish rejection of the Plan with a huge 5 year trade agreement, including $450 million in credit, 200,000 tons of grain, heavy machinery and factories. In July 1947, Stalin ordered these countries to pull out of the Paris Conference on the European Recovery Programme, which has been described as "the moment of truth" in the post-World War II division of Europe. Thereafter, Stalin sought stronger control over other Eastern Bloc countries, abandoning the prior appearance of democratic institutions. When it appeared that, in spite of heavy pressure, non-communist parties might receive in excess of 40% of the vote in the August 1947 Hungarian elections, repressions were instituted to liquidate any independent political forces.
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After capitulation of Poland he was caught by the Germans, and spent the war in Oflag II-C in Woldenberg. Young Andrzej, together with mother Zofia (née Zamojska) and grandmother, was in 1940 deported by the Soviets (see Soviet invasion of Poland, Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)) to Kazakhstan, where they stayed until 1946.Opozycja PRL, Andrzej Gwiazda After the return and reuniting with Stanisław Gwiazda, the family first settled in Upper Silesia, then they moved to Gdańsk, where Andrzej studied electronics at Gdańsk University of Technology, graduating in 1966.Andrzej Gwiazda in Encyklopedia Solidarności After graduation, he worked at Cybernetics Institute of the University, and in 1973 took a job at Power Supplies Factory Elmor in Gdańsk. Gwiazda married Joanna Duda-Gwiazda in 1961.
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Over the next seventy years, Mongolia "pursued policies in imitation of the devised by the USSR" as a Soviet satellite state. Mongolian supreme leader Khorloogiin Choibalsan, acting under Soviet instructions, carried out a mass terror from 1936 to 1952 (see Stalinist repressions in Mongolia), with the greatest number of arrests and executions (targeting in particular the Buddhist clergy) occurring between September 1937 and November 1939. Soviet influences pervaded Mongolian culture throughout the period, and schools through the nation, as well as the National University of Mongolia, emphasized Marxism-Leninism. Nearly every member of the Mongolian political and technocratic elite, as well as many members of the cultural and artistic elite, were educated in the USSR or one of its Eastern European allies.
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Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to govern the Soviet Union. However, Joseph Stalin, an elected General Secretary of the Communist Party, managed to suppress all opposition groups within the party and consolidate power in his hands. Leon Trotsky, the main proponent of world revolution, was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929, and Stalin's idea of Socialism in One Country became the primary line. The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the Great Purge, a period of mass repressions in 1937–38, during which hundreds of thousands of people were executed, including original party members and military leaders accused of coup d'état plots.Abbott Gleason (2009). A Companion to Russian History. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 373.
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International experts and the Belarusian opposition traditionally name the state TV as one of the main instruments of propaganda by the authoritarian regime of Alexander Lukashenko. It is being accused of misinformation, advocating political repressions and rigging of elections, smearing regime critics.Посол Польщі Генрик Літвін: Втратити добрий час – це великий ризик для України - СЕРГІЙ ЛЕЩЕНКО, Ukrayinska Pravda, 8 November 2011. Henryk Litwin, former ambassador of Poland to Belarus: "Television in Belarus is exclusively state propaganda"Edward Lucas Podcast: Belarus propaganda - 20.01.2017. Edward Lucas, editor at The Economist: “in Belarus the state television maintains Soviet levels of venom and mendacity.“ Employees and top managers of state TV channels, including channels of BTRC, have several times been subjects to sanctions from the EU and the United States.
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During the Perestroika and the dissolution of the USSR, Czerwony Sztandar and later Kurier Wileński led numerous social campaigns. Among them were campaigns against demolition of the Rasos Cemetery and for creation of Polish kindergartens to prevent the growing Lithuanization of Polish children. Kurier Wileński is also, along with Gazeta Wyborcza, responsible for media coverage of the festival Kaziuki Wilniuki (inspired by Kaziuko mugė in Vilnius) held annually on March 3 to 6 in Lidzbark Warmiński. On August 5, 2005, journalists of Kurier Wileński, together with colleagues from newspapers Tygodnik Wileńszczyzny and Magazyn Wileński, radio station Znad Wilii, quarterly Znad Wilii and TV program Album Wileńskie organised a protest in front of the Belarusian embassy in Vilnius against repressions of Polish journalists in Belarus.
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The Polish Hearth Club in Exhibition Road, London, a Polish "hub" during and after WWII When the Second World War ended, a communist government was installed in Poland. Most Poles felt betrayed by their wartime allies and declined to "return to Poland" either because their homeland had become a hostile foreign state or because of Soviet repressions of Poles, Soviet conduct during the Warsaw uprising of 1944, the trial of the Sixteen, and executions of former members of the Home Army. To accommodate Poles unable to return to their home country, Britain enacted the Polish Resettlement Act of 1947, Britain's first mass immigration law. Initially, a very large Polish community was centred around Swindon, where many military personnel had been stationed during the war.
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An outright hostility towards the Soviet regime established in Georgia in 1921 plunged his poetry into decadence characterized with the sense of hopelessness, and disappointment in the revolutionary ideas of his youth. However, with the exacerbation of political repressions in the Soviet Union, Abasheli adopted a more conformist line and gradually became fully accommodated to the Soviet ideological dogmas to the point of collaborating with Grigol Abashidze in writing the original lyrics for the Anthem of the Georgian SSR which contained, among other things, a panegyric to Joseph Stalin. Abasheli is also remembered as an author of the first Georgian science fiction novel "A Woman in the Mirror" (ქალი სარკეში; 1930). Several of his poems were translated into Russian by Boris Pasternak.
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The Lithuanian Helsinki Group (full name: the Public Group to Promote the Implementation of the Helsinki Accords in Lithuania; ) was a dissident organization active in the Lithuanian SSR, one of the republics of the Soviet Union, in 1975–83. Established to monitor the implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, better known as Helsinki Accords, it was the first human rights organization in Lithuania. The group published over 30 documents that exposed religious repressions, limitations on freedom of movement, political abuse of psychiatry, discrimination of minorities, persecution of human right activists, and other violations of human rights in the Soviet Union. Most of the documents reached the West and were published by other human rights groups.
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NKVD chiefs responsible for conducting mass repressions (left to right): Yakov Agranov; Genrikh Yagoda; unknown; Stanislav Redens. All three were themselves eventually arrested and executed. The third and final trial, in March 1938, known as The Trial of the Twenty-One, is the most famous of the Soviet show trials, because of persons involved and the scope of charges which tied together all loose threads from earlier trials. Meant to be the culmination of previous trials, it included 21 defendants alleged to belong to the so-called "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites", led by Nikolai Bukharin, the former chairman of the Communist International, former premier Alexei Rykov, Christian Rakovsky, Nikolai Krestinsky and Genrikh Yagoda, recently disgraced head of the NKVD.
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A lot of people were grateful to him until death, because during the famine of 1933-34 the villagers were saved from such participation, which was waiting for other people. Balytskyi drafted a contract with the authorities relative to the grain savings of the state agricultural enterprise, but during the repressions Balytsky was transferred first to the Urals by a people's commissar of the NKVD and later he was convicted and sent to a camp. According to legends it is known that he happened to come to the people, repressed by him and he was hanged in the chamber. You can't fail to remember the chief agronomist of the farm, named Tsentylovych K. F. He was the son of the landowner.
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With the kingdom's autonomy limited by the Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland, the period under Namestnik Paskevich – known in Poland as the "Paskevich Night" – became infamous for political and economic repressions, as well as for Russification. Viceregal Palace, Warsaw, with statue of Ivan Paskevich, before 1900 On the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 he was appointed to command the Russian troops sent to aid Austria, and finally compelled the Hungarians' surrender at Világos. In 1854 Paskevich took command of the Army of the Danube, which was then engaging the Turks in the initial stage of the conflict which evolved into the Crimean War. Though he laid siege to Silistria, Paskevich advocated aborting the campaign due to Austria's threat to intervene in the war.
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In January 1931, he was appointed First Secretary of the Lower Volga Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and worked in the position until 1934 when he became the First Secretary of the Stalingrad Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On February 9, 1934, Ptukha was reelected as a candidate member of Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at the 17th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From 1935 to September 13, 1937, he served as the Second Secretary of the Far Eastern Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It was around this time that Ptukha became a member of the NKVD troika and actively participated in Stalinist repressions and the Great Purge.
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The early directors did not much understand the nation they were governing; they especially had an innate inability to see Catholicism as anything else than counter- revolutionary and royalist. Local administrators had a better sense of people's priorities, and one of them wrote to the minister of the interior: "Give back the crosses, the church bells, the Sundays, and everyone will cry: " The Directory denounced the arbitrary executions of the Reign of Terror, but itself engaged in large scale illegal repressions, as well as large-scale massacres of civilians in the Vendee uprising. The economy continued in bad condition, with the poor especially hurt by the high cost of food. State finances were in total disarray; the government could only cover its expenses through the plunder and the tribute of foreign countries.
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Thorvaldsen's statue of Copernicus, erected in 1830 in front of the Staszic Palace (now headquarters of the Polish Academy of Sciences) Though the Society was founded in 1800, its traditions harked back to the Thursday dinners that had been held in the final decades of the 18th century by Poland's last king, Stanisław August Poniatowski. From 1824 the Society was headquartered in the Staszic Palace (after its renovation in 1820–23), purchased for the Society by one of its most prominent members, Stanisław Staszic. In 1828 the Society had 185 members. The Society flourished in the Duchy of Warsaw and Congress Poland, but was eventually dissolved by the Russian authorities in the aftermath of the failed November Uprising of 1830–31, when many Polish cultural organizations were delegalized as part of the repressions.
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After unsuccessful attempts to offer his services to the Secretary Central Committee Alexander Yakovlev (1987), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme RSFSR Vitaly Vorotnikov and the chairman of the KGB Victor Cherbrikov (1988) Kurginyan was close to the second (later the first) Secretary of the CPSU MGK Yuri Prokofiev and was introduced into groups of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee. In September 1990, at the brainstorm in the Council of Ministers Kurginyan proposed rigid confiscatory measures and mass repressions against "speculators informal economy", calling the remark Deputy Prime Minister Leonid Abalkin "we already went through it in 1937". He supported in this period close contact with the "Union". Sergei Kurginyan (in the background) at the forum 'The Caucasus today and tomorrow: an open dialogue of young people.
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Based on information from the KGB, Soviet leaders felt that Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin's actions had destabilized the situation in Afghanistan. Following his initial coup against and killing of Taraki, the KGB station in Kabul warned Moscow that Amin's leadership would lead to "harsh repressions, and as a result, the activation and consolidation of the opposition." The Soviets established a special commission on Afghanistan, comprising KGB chairman Yuri Andropov, Boris Ponomarev from the Central Committee and Dmitriy Ustinov, the Minister of Defence. In late April 1978, the committee reported that Amin was purging his opponents, including Soviet loyalists, that his loyalty to Moscow was in question and that he was seeking diplomatic links with Pakistan and possibly the People's Republic of China (which at the time had poor relations with the Soviet Union).
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1154: "Rozporządzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 20 września 2001 r. w sprawie określenia miejsc odosobnienia, w których były osadzone osoby narodowości polskiej lub obywatele polscy innych narodowości" (Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers concerning the Determination of Places Used for the Imprisonment of Ethnic Poles Regardless of Their Citizenship or Polish Citizens Regardless of Their Ethnicity) of 20 September 2001 (see online). as a legal technicality resorted to for the purposes of including former Mittelsteine inmates within the category of persons eligible for special care and protection of the Polish State as veterans and/or victims of Nazi or Communist repressions a class of persons previously established by the Veterans and Certain Victims of Repressions Act of 24 January 1991 (Dz.U.1997.142.950).Dz.U.1997.142.
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In September 1955 GZI MON became part of the Committee for Public Security (Komitet do spraw Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego), which was the successor of Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego, more commonly known as the Urząd Bezpieczeństwa or UB, and the name was changed to the Main Directorate of Information of the Committee for Public Security, or GZI KdsBP. In November 1956 the GZI Kds.BP separated from the Committee for Public Security, and returned to its previous role, becoming again the Main Directorate of Information of the Ministry of Defense. After the reform instituted by Władysław Gomułka in 1956, and the role the GZI played in repressions and executions, the Main Directorate of Information of Ministry of Defense was canceled in 1957 and replaced by the Military Internal Service (Wojskowa Służba Wewnętrzna, or WSW).
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Likewise, among some 30,000 Ukrainian nationalists who fled to polnischen Gebiete, thousands joined the pokhidny hrupy (pl) as saboteurs, interpreters, and civilian militiamen, trained at the German bases across Distrikt Krakau. See also: The existence of Sonderdienst formations was a grave danger to Catholic Poles who attempted to help ghettoized Jews in cities with sizable German and pro-German minorities, as in the case of the Izbica, and Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghettos, among many others. Anti-Semitic attitudes were particularly visible in the eastern provinces which had been occupied by the Soviets following the Soviet invasion of the Kresy. Local people had witnessed the repressions against their own compatriots, and mass deportations to Siberia, conducted by the Soviet NKVD, with some local Jews forming militias, taking over key administrative posts, and collaborating with the NKVD.
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The real student leaders of Euromaidan said they were not invited to take part in the discussion, and Levin's statements (which included claims of being "used" by opposition politicians) were said to be uncharacteristic for the real leaders of the student strikes, such as stopping repressions against students and dismissal of Education Minister Dmytro Tabachnyk. During the roundtable President Yanukovych proposed an amnesty for detained demonstrators.Ukraine court frees protesters held after Kyiv clashes, BBC News (13 December 2013) After the talks Klitschko stated "Not a single step was made to meet the opposition, I have the impression that the authorities today did not listen to a single one of the demands of the opposition". A Ukrainian court did free nine people arrested on 30 November on 13 December.
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The organizers, encouraged by the Georgian emigrants in Europe, had still more expectations that the Western powers intended to help. They also hoped that the Georgian revolt would further other Caucasian peoples to rise in arms, but the secret negotiations with Armenian and Azeri nationalists yielded no results and even more promising talks with the Muslim Chechen leader, Ali Mitayev, were finally aborted due to mass arrests and repressions in Northern Caucasus. The Georgian branch of the Soviet secret police, Cheka, with recently appointed Deputy Chief Lavrentiy Beria playing a leading role, managed to penetrate the organization and carried out mass arrests. A prominent Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party activist, David Sagirashvili, was arrested and then deported to Germany in October 1922 along with sixty-two other members of Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party.
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Lyudmila Alexeyeva emigrated in 1977. The Moscow Helsinki Group founding members Mikhail Bernshtam, Alexander Korchak, Vitaly Rubin also emigrated, and Pyotr Grigorenko was stripped of his Soviet citizenship while seeking medical treatment abroad. The Ukrainian Helsinki Group suffered severe repressions throughout 1977-1982, with at times multiple labor camp sentences handed out to Mykola Rudenko, Oleksy Tykhy, Myroslav Marynovych, Mykola Matusevych, Levko Lukyanenko, Oles Berdnyk, Mykola Horbal, Zinovy Krasivsky, Vitaly Kalynychenko, Vyacheslav Chornovil, Olha Heyko, Vasyl Stus, Oksana Meshko, Ivan Sokulsky, Ivan Kandyba, Petro Rozumny, Vasyl Striltsiv, Yaroslav Lesiv, Vasyl Sichko, Yuri Lytvyn, Petro Sichko. By 1983 the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had 37 members, of whom 22 were in prison camps, 5 were in exile, 6 emigrated to the West, 3 were released and were living in Ukraine, 1 (Mykhailo Melnyk) committed suicide.
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Choibalsan became Mongolia's unquestioned leader backed by Soviet advisors, a growing Red Army presence in the country, and by younger apparatchiks who were more closely aligned with the Soviet Union, such as future leader Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal. In the 50 years following the repressions, any public discourse on the matter was discouraged or condemned.Kenneth Christie, Robert Cribb, Robert B. Cribb 2002, pg 161 At the time of his death in 1952, Choibalsan was widely mourned as a hero, a patriot, and ultimately a martyr for the cause of Mongolian independence. Remnants of his strong personality cult, as well as successful efforts by his successor Tsendenbal to obstruct "de-Stalinization" efforts that could have shed light on the purges, helped solidify the positive regard many Mongolians held of their former leader.
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The Program of Land and Liberty also envisioned a course of actions, aimed at "disorganization of the state", in its members opinion. In particular, it allowed for physical elimination of "the most harmful or prominent members of the government". The most famous terrorist act of Land and Liberty was the assassination of the Chief of the Gendarmes Nikolai Mezentsov in 1878. However, Land and Liberty didn’t yet consider terror a means of political struggle against the existing regime, perceiving it as revolutionary self- defense and their revenge towards the government. Land and Liberty’s disappointment with the revolutionary activity in the countryside, intensification of the governmental repressions and political discontent during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78 and ripening of the revolutionary situation favored the conception and development of the new sentiments in the organization itself.
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Afterwards, due to repressions of artistic intelligentsia, of which a number of art critics, for example F. L. Ernst, M. F. Bilyashyvskyy, D. M. Scherbakivskyy, M. O. Makarenko and others were subjected, the foundation of the Academy was postponed. In 1941 at the request of artistic intelligentsia the Ukrainian authorities resumed planning for the Academy’s foundation, but this time the Second World War was the obstacle. Right after the war a range of scientific research institutions for building-architectural and artistic profile were opened in Ukraine within the Academy of Architecture (in 1956 it was reorganized into the URSS Academy of Architecture and Building and it was liquidated in 1964). The Institution on the Theory and History of Architecture, the Institution of Monumental Painting and Sculpture, and the Institution of Artistic Industry were among them.
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The state prosecutor, Margus Kurm, said that there are no documents or witnesses to prove Männil had participated in executions, arrests, or repressions. Regarding those individuals whom Männil had interrogated, Kurm said that there is no evidence that Männil was aware of the detainees being destined for repression or execution. Several aspects support the view that Männil was unaware of such possibilities: The interrogations in question took place on September 4 and 5, at which time the Wehrmacht had been in Tallinn for only six days. Zuroff criticized the investigations as "a pathetic whitewash for political reasons of an active Nazi collaborator" and cited the prosecutor's contention that Männil was purposely targeted by the Wiesenthal Center as the best proof that Estonia lacks the political will to prosecute a prominent Estonian.
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Posthumously rehabilitated, Tukhachevsky on a 1963 postage stamp of the Soviet Union Monument to victims of the repressions in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia The Great Purge was denounced by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev following Stalin's death. In his secret speech to the 20th CPSU congress in February 1956 (which was made public a month later), Khrushchev referred to the purges as an "abuse of power" by Stalin which resulted in enormous harm to the country. In the same speech, he recognized that many of the victims were innocent and were convicted on the basis of false confessions extracted by torture. To take that position was politically useful to Khrushchev, as he was at that time engaged in a power struggle with rivals who had been associated with the Purge, the so-called Anti-Party Group.
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After the Polish–Soviet War theater of the Russian Civil War, Poles were often persecuted by the Soviet Union. In 1937, NKVD Order No. 00485 enacted the beginning of the Polish repressions. The order aimed at the arrest of "absolutely all Poles" and confirmed that "the Poles should be completely destroyed". Member of the NKVD Administration for the Moscow District, A. O. Postel () explained that although there was no word-for-word quote of "all Poles" in the actual Order, that was exactly how the letter was to be interpreted by the NKVD executioners. By official Soviet documentation, some 139,815 people were sentenced under the aegis of the anti-Polish operation of the NKVD, and condemned without judicial trial of any kind whatsoever, including 111,071 sentenced to death and executed in short order.
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In 1969 the Metropolitan, temporarily residing in Rome, was raised by Pope John XXIII to the newly created position of Major Archbishop, with rights equivalent to those of a Patriarch, however not named so as not to provoke a new wave of repressions against the Catacomb Church in Ukraine and avoid hampering ecumenical dialogue with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. Following the collapse of Soviet Union the Major Archbishop returned to his archepiscopal see in Lviv, and it enjoyed a papal visit from Pope John Paul II June 2001. In 2004 the Major Archbishop was transferred to the Ukrainian capital Kyiv, with the Major Archeparchy of Lviv renamed by Pope Benedict XVI to its current name. The title of the suppressed Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Kamyanets was united with it on 2004.12.06.
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According to some local accounts, people had confidence in the Khmer Rouge when they first came to the village communities who assisted the locals with food and provisions, and there were no bans on local culture or religion; even if restrictions were imposed, the consequences were not harsh. The CPK were considered heroes of the revolution as they struggled for the cause of the peasantry and nation against the United States (Hinton, 2005:58). As the Cham communities were to be found across DK, various Cham communities might have experienced the effects of the CPK pre-1975 differently; some communities experienced the repressions and restrictions while others did not. Only when Pol Pot had consolidated power by the end of 1975 that the persecution became more severe and affected all of the Cham people indiscriminately.
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To help sell the books, the press had its own bookstores in Vilnius, Warsaw, and Varniai (1853–1864). The bookstore in Vilnius was particularly large, numbering 20,000 titles in 1821. In 1853, the bookstore moved to new three-floor premises. It had sections of English, French, German, Italian, Lithuanian books and operated a library. Historian and librarian estimated that the bookstore in Kražiai sold about 8,000 books from late 1859 to March 1863. After the death of Józef Zawadzki, the press was inherited by his son Adam (1814–1875) but was managed by his wife until 1851. The failed Uprisings of 1831 and 1863 brought a wave of repressions and restrictions on books and periodicals. The university was closed in 1832 taking away textbook and academic publishing while Lithuanian press was banned in 1864.
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23 May 2011 In August 2008, Lebanon's cabinet completed a policy statement which recognized "the right of Lebanon's people, army, and resistance to liberate the Israeli-occupied Shebaa Farms, Kafar Shuba Hills, and the Lebanese section of Ghajar village, and defend the country using all legal and possible means." Gebran Tueni, a late conservative Orthodox Christian editor of an-Nahar, referred to Hezbollah as an "Iranian import" and said "they have nothing to do with Arab civilization." Tuení believed that Hezbollah's evolution is cosmetic, concealing a sinister long-term strategy to Islamicize Lebanon and lead it into a ruinous war with Israel. While Hezbollah has supported popular uprisings in Egypt, Yemen, Bahrain and Tunisia, Hezbollah publicly sided with Iran and Syria in their own violent repressions of dissent.
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Between 1922 and 1991 the history of Russia became essentially the history of the Soviet Union, effectively an ideologically-based state roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. From its first years, government in the Soviet Union-based itself on the one-party rule of the Communists, as the Bolsheviks called themselves, beginning in March 1918. The approach to the building of socialism, however, varied over different periods in Soviet history: from the mixed economy and diverse society and culture of the 1920s through the command economy and repressions of the Joseph Stalin era to the "era of stagnation" from the 1960s to the 1980s. During this period, Soviet Union won the World War II, becoming a superpower opposing Western countries in the Cold War.
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The minaret and eastern entrance of the mosque According to historical sources like al-Jazna'i, the mosque was founded in 859-860 by Maryam bint Mohammed bin Abdullah al-Fihri (sister of Fatima al-Fihri, who founded the Qarawiyyin Mosque at the same time). Construction was also aided by additional funds donated by a group of local residents of Andalusi background. The latter had come to the city as refugees in 818, fleeing the city of Cordoba after a failed uprising which resulted in severe repressions from the Ummayyad emir al-Hakam I. The original construction was modest; according to the 12th-century Andalusian geographer Al-Bakri, the mosque consisted of seven vaults and a small sahn where a walnut tree and several other trees were planted. The mosque had access to abundant water from an artificial water channel known as Wadi Masmuda.
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At the same time, the Bolshevik authorities supported policies that promoted the Ukrainian language and self-identity, opening 700 Ukrainian- language schools and a Ukrainian department in the local university.Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World, edited by A.L. Pawliczko, University of Toronto Press, 1994. Russian historians claim that Cossacks were in this way forcibly Ukrainized, while Ukrainian historians claim that Ukrainization in Kuban merely paralleled Ukrainization in Ukraine itself, where people were being taught in their native language. According to the 1926 census, there were nearly a million Ukrainians registered in the Kuban Okrug alone (or 62% of the total population)Kuban Okrug from the 1926 census demoscope.ru During this period many Soviet repressions were tested on the Cossack lands, particularly the Black Boards that led to the Soviet famine of 1932-1934 in the Kuban.
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In a clear opposition to pluralism of the world, he manifestly claimed existence of the selective values which are absolute and universal in the earthly scale. His theoretical pedagogy, more precisely philosophy of education, was based on the specific ideological mode of nonviolence philosophy, which was particularly attractive in the period of development of anti-communist opposition and political repressions in the communist Poland. He left an explicit context of the Communist Ideology in favour of his own ideology on both similarity of life and creativity, and action and rationalism which by an ecumenic approach married the Christian theology with selected concepts of Marxism with the background in logic. However, his philosophy was able to inspire educational theory and practice in Poland by freedom, tolerance, independent choice, individual rights, and the dictate of the related professional duties of an educator.
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Human rights activists in the Soviet Union were regularly subjected to harassment, repressions and arrests. In several cases, only the public profile of individual human rights campaigners such as Andrei Sakharov helped prevent a complete shutdown of the movement's activities. The USSR and other countries of the Soviet bloc had abstained from affirming the 1948 U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, citing its "overly juridical" character as well as the infringements on national sovereignty that it might enable. The Soviet Union signed later legally-binding documents issued by the UN General Assembly — the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) in 1973 (and the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) — but they were neither widely known or accessible to people living under Communist rule, nor were they taken seriously by the Communist authorities.
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According with the principles of Lenin's nationality policy in the early years of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR), i.e. in the 1920s, a policy was carried out which aimed at the Belarusization of public life as well as at the terminological development of the Belarusian language. In the early 1930s Soviet state and party leaders began their ideological struggle against alleged "local nationalisms", putting an end to Belarusization and resulting in grave repressions and physical elimination of the pro-Belarusian intelligentsiya in the 1930s and 1940s.Plotnikaŭ, B. (2000): Äußere Ursachen für die begrenzte Verwendung der weißrussischen Sprache. In: Die Welt der Slaven 45 (2000), 49-58. In 1934 Russian was declared language of interethnic communication for the whole territory of the Soviet Union, and in 1938 Russian was introduced as an obligatory subject in all schools in non-Russian Soviet republics.
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Antanas Sniečkus, the leader of the Communist Party of Lithuania from 1940 to 1974, supervised the mass deportations of Lithuanians. In the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, repressions and the mass deportations were carried out by the Soviets. The Serov Instructions, "On the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia", contained detailed procedures and protocols to observe in the deportation of Baltic nationals. Public tribunals were also set up to punish "traitors to the people": those who had fallen short of the "political duty" of voting their countries into the USSR. In the first year of Soviet occupation, from June 1940 to June 1941, the number confirmed executed, conscripted, or deported is estimated at a minimum of 124,467: 59,732 in Estonia, 34,250 in Latvia, and 30,485 in Lithuania.
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Less than two years after the liberation of the country, the monarchy was formally abolished, and Hoxha rose to power as the symbolic head of state of Albania. During his 40-year-rule, he focused on rebuilding the country, which was left in ruins after World War II, building Albania's first railway line, raising the adult literacy rate from 5% to 98%, wiping out epidemics, electrifying the country and leading Albania towards becoming agriculturally self-sufficient.40 Years of Socialist Albania, Dhimiter Picani Detractors criticize him for a series of political repressions which included the establishment and use of forced labor camps, extrajudicial killings and executions that targeted and eliminated dissidents, a large number of which were carried out by the Sigurimi secret police. Hoxha's government was characterized by his proclaimed firm adherence to anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism from the mid-1970s onwards.
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The August Uprising (, agvistos adjanq’eba) was an unsuccessful insurrection against Soviet rule in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic from late August to early September 1924. Aimed at restoring the independence of Georgia from the Soviet Union, the uprising was led by the Committee for Independence of Georgia, a bloc of anti-Soviet political organisations chaired by the Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party. It represented the culmination of a three-year struggle against the Bolshevik regime that Soviet Russia's Red Army had established in Georgia during a military campaign against the Democratic Republic of Georgia in early 1921. Red Army and Cheka troops, under orders of the Georgian Bolsheviks Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze,Anton Ciliga, Au pays du mensonge déconcertant, 1938 suppressed the insurrection and instigated a wave of mass repressions that killed several thousand Georgians.
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The Vistula bridge demolished by sappers of the Polish Army in September 1939 after the Wehrmacht invasion According to the city's website, Tczew was the location of the start of World War II when German bombers attacked Polish sapper installations to prevent the bridge from being blown up at 04:34 on 1 September 1939 (the shelling of Westerplatte commenced at 04:45). During the German occupation of Poland (1939–45) Tczew, as Dirschau, was annexed into Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia of the administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Danzig of Germany's Third Reich. The Polish population was subjected to mass arrests, repressions, expulsions and murder. The SS-Heimwehr-Sturmbann Götze entered the town in September 1939 to carry out actions against Poles, including mass arrests with the help of local Germans organized in the Selbstschutz, who denounced local Polish activists.
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Kliment Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, Alexander Kosarev and Vyacheslav Molotov on the 7th Conference of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol). Jul 1932 Kaganovich (together with Vyacheslav Molotov) participated with the All-Ukrainian Party Conference of 1930 and were given the task of implementation of the collectivization policy that caused a catastrophic 1932–33 famine (known as the Holodomor in Ukraine). Similar policies also inflicted enormous suffering on the Soviet Central Asian republic of Kazakhstan, the Kuban region, Crimea, the lower Volga region, and other parts of the Soviet Union. As an emissary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Kaganovich traveled to Ukraine, the central regions of the USSR, the Northern Caucasus, and Siberia demanding the acceleration of collectivization and repressions against the Kulaks, who were generally blamed for the slow progress of collectivization.
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The museum is located in the family home of the composer. In the plebiscite of 1920 3,020 inhabitants voted to remain in Weimar German East Prussia, 140 votes supported Poland. In the interwar era the town was the residence of the fictional Kuba spod Wartemborka, a pseudonym of a figure in Polish press in Warmia created by which ridiculed Germanisation efforts against Poles in the region.Słownik biograficzny katolicyzmu społecznego w Polsce: Tom 2 Ryszard Bender, Ośrodek Dokumentacji i Studiów Społecznych, page 187 1994Teoretyczne, badawcze i dydaktyczne założenia dialektologii Sławomir Gala, Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe, page 332 - 1998 Polish organisations continued to thrive in the town, up until Second World War; as Nazi party was elected to power in Germany, repressions intensified, eventually many Polish activists were either imprisoned or, like Pieniężny, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and prisons.
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The decision, endorsed unanimously by the Parliament of Georgia instructs the government to organize various memorial events on every February 25 and to fly national flags half-staff to commemorate, as the decision puts it, hundreds of thousands of victims of political repressions of the Communist occupational regime. Georgia's establishment of Soviet Occupation Day followed the example of Moldova. Moldova's president Mihai Ghimpu instituted in 2010, Soviet Occupation DayVladimir Socor, Moldovan Government Chickens out of Historical Assessment of Communism to remember the Soviet occupation on June 28, 1940,Vladimir Socor, Russia Defends Soviet Occupation of Moldova but the Constitutional Court cancelled his decree on July 12, 2010.Moldpres, Moldovan top court says presidential decree on Day of Soviet Occupation unlawful In Latvia the Occupation of the Latvian Republic Day was declared an official remembrance day on May 18, 2000; it is observed on June 17.
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An appendix provides an incomplete list of 20th century death tolls which editor Gilles Perrault attributes to the capitalist system. The list includes certain death tolls from the two World Wars, colonial wars, anticommunist campaigns and repressions, ethnic conflicts, and victims of famines or malnutrition; bringing the incomplete total to a 100 million deaths attributed to capitalism in the 20th century. Edited by Gilles Perrault, the other contributors to the book include historians, sociologists, economists, trade unionists and writers such as Caroline Andréani, François Arzalier, Roger Bordier, Maurice Buttin, François Chesnais, Maurice Cury, François Delpla, François Derivery, André Devriendt, Pierre Durand, Jean-Pierre Fléchard, Yves Frémion, Yves Grenet, Jacques Jurquet, Jean Laïlle, Maurice Moissonnier, Robert Pac, Philippe Paraire, Paco Peña, André Prenant, Maurice Rajsfus, Jean Suret-Canale, Subhi Toma, Monique and Roland Weyl, Claude Willard and Jean Ziegler. The book has been translated into Greek, Italian and Czech.
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After 1918, several members of the Society of the Upper Volga Railway, including entrepreneur and railway pioneer N.V. Belyaev suffered repressions, and the Upper Volga Railroad Society as well as the lines of the railway built up – were nationalized and handed over to the People's Commissariat of Railways. The "tsarist" plans for the construction of the Kalyazin-Uglich-Rybinsk line were recalled in the 1930s during industrialization when it became necessary to deliver construction materials for the construction of the Uglich hydroplant. In a short time the Kalyazin- Uglich branch (48 km), opened for traffic in 1937, was finally completed based on the project plans of the Upper Volga Railroad Society. With the flooding of the bed of the Uglich reservoir in some areas, it was necessary to move the roads, and some of the settlements were flooded, including the historic town of Kalyazin.
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USP was founded in 1996. The general secretary of USP is Henri Tohou who, on 19 February 1990 initiated and led with few students of the Yopougon University Campus (Abidjan), the first significant Ivorian students' uprising against President's Félix Houphouët-Boigny's regime, one of the most brutal French-sponsored dictatorships of Africa. Along with other students, they targeted the MEECI, the former national students movement from which the ruling party drew its young supporters, which was later replaced by FESCI (Federation of students and school pupils), founded in April 1990 under the leadership of Henri Tohou, Martial Ahipeaud, Azowa Beugre Amos, and Ahononga Gregoire. Following continuous unrest initiated by students of the Yopougon Campus where Tohou was living and brutal repressions from the military, especially the elite military force, the rapid intervention force of para-commandos led by the then- Commander Faizan attacked the students.
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The incident was over after one hour, as the activists left the location after being ordered to do so by the local police, and no arrests were made. On April 6, 1976, six prominent refuseniks – including Alexander Lerner, Anatoly Shcharansky, and Iosif Begun – condemned the JDL's anti-Soviet activities as terrorist acts, stating that their "actions constitute a danger for Soviet Jews ... as they might be used by the [Soviet] authorities as a pretext for new repressions and for instigating anti-Semitic hostilities." On March 16, 1978, Irv Rubin, chairman of the JDL, said about the planned American Nazi Party march in Skokie, Illinois: "We are offering $500, that I have in my hand, to any member of the community ... who kills, maims or seriously injures a member of the American Nazi party." Rubin was charged with solicitation of murder but was acquitted in 1981.
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Russia of the Future (), originally the Progress Party (; Partiya Progressa) and formerly known as the People's Alliance (; Narodnyiy Alyans), is a political party in Russia founded on 15 December 2012 by member of the Russian opposition Leonid Volkov and later refounded on 19 May 2018 by Russian government critic and anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny, who is also an opposition activist and founder of Russian non-profit organisation the Anti- Corruption Foundation. The party is yet to be formally registered by Russia's Ministry of Justice. Russia of the Future is opposed to Russian President Vladimir Putin and ruling party United Russia. The party's platform stood for the decentralization of power in Russia, cutting the number of government officials, lustration for those responsible for political repressions and reducing the president's powers, possibly switching to a parliamentary republic under the rule of law and ensuring the independence of the judiciary.
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The censorship rules made exception solely for the publications in the specialist press, academic journals, and university lecture notes. However, as compared to the aforementioned famous case of Hartman, he had never been involved into a real political activity, such like direct supporting of anti-governmental student protesters, membership in oppositionist organizations, membership in a political party. Hence, he almost completely smoothly came through the communist period of Polish statehood and avoided the various unpleasant circumstances produced by the state authorities and services against their ideological enemies in the Polish academia, which usually included regular persecutions and repressions by sudden often brutal hearings, firing from a university teacher's job, ban on public lectureship, forced political emigration, internment during the period 1981–1983 of the martial law in Poland. Similarly to Hartman, for his oppositionist activity he was "exiled" from his alma mater to the Institute of Mathematics of the PAS.
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The White Terror was especially harsh in the southern part of Spain (Andalusia and Extremadura). The rebels bombed and seized the working-class districts of the main Andalusian cities in the first days of the war, and afterwards went on to execute thousands of workers and militants of the leftist parties: in the city of Cordoba 4,000; in the city of Granada 5,000; in the city of Seville 3,028; and in the city of Huelva 2,000 killed and 2,500 disappeared. The city of Málaga, occupied by the Nationalists in February 1937 following the Battle of Málaga, experienced one of the harshest repressions following Francoist victory with an estimated total of 17,000 people summarily executed. Carlos Arias Navarro, then a young lawyer who as public prosecutor signed thousands of execution warrants in the trials set up by the triumphant rightists, became known as "The Butcher of Málaga" (Carnicero de Málaga).
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The Dungans being numerically few compared to the local Turkic Muslims, they picked a somewhat neutral partyone Ghulam Husayn, a religious man from a Kabul noble familyas the puppet padishah. By the early fall of 1864, the Dungans of the Ili Basin in the Northern Circuit also rose up, encouraged by the success of Ürümqi rebels at Wusu and Manas, and worried by the prospects of preemptive repressions by the local Manchu authorities. The General of Ili, Cangcing (), hated by the local population as a corrupt oppressor, was sacked by the Qing government after the defeat of his troops by the rebels at Wusu. Attempts by Mingsioi, Cangcing's replacement, to negotiate with the Dungans proved in vain. On November10, 1864, the Dungans rose both in Ningyuan (the "Taranchi Kuldja"), the commercial center of the region, and Huiyuan (the "Manchu Kuldja"), its military and administrative headquarters.
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Secret Teaching Organization (, TON also translated as the Secret Teaching Society or Clandestine Teaching Organization) was an underground Polish educational organization created in 1939 after the German invasion of Poland to provide underground education in occupied Poland. The Organization was created towards the end of October 1939 in Warsaw response to German closure of most Polish educational institutions and repressions against teachers.Josef Krauski, Education as Resistance: The Polish Experience of Schooling During the War, in Roy Lowe, Education and the Second World War : studies in schooling and social change, Falmer Press, 1992, , , M1 Google Print, p.128-138Ewa Bukowska, Secret Teaching in Poland in the Years 1939 to 1945, London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association To forestall the rise of a new generation of educated Poles, German officials decreed that Polish children's schooling should end after a few years of elementary education.
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Sihanouk attributed the insurrection to the Khmer Rouge and blamed the "Thai patriotic front" to have been the instigating force in the background. Sihanouk's incorrect political analysis and the inappropriate actions of FARK against civilians caused a serious alienation process between Cambodia's population and the official armed forces. Many people fled FARK's repressions and joined rebel groups of whom the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea became the most prolific. As long as Sihanouk remained in power these forces received very limited military assistance from Hanoi because this might have alienated Sihanouk's government and affected North Vietnamese and Viet Cong access to Cambodian territory and the Sihanoukville supply route. The 1969 U.S. bombing campaigns inside Cambodian territory caused the Vietnamese to penetrate deeper into the country where they came into more frequent hostile contact with FARK, who reportedly conducted joint operations with South Vietnamese forces against the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong.
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General Kiszczak's grave (November 2015) Kiszczak (as well as Jaruzelski) remains one of the most controversial figures in contemporary Polish history, with fierce debates taking place about whether he was a patriot or a traitor. His critics hate him for the communist-era repressions that caused the suffering of many Poles and have accused him of acting in the interests of Moscow. But other Poles praise Kiszczak for relinquishing power without violence and point out that he deserves credit for eventually opening a dialogue with Solidarity and its leader Lech Wałęsa in the Round Table talks that led to partially free elections in 1989 and the end of communism in Poland. To some critics, Kiszczak redeemed himself already in 1984 when, as minister of internal affairs, he oversaw the prosecution and conviction of secret police officers who had abducted and murdered a pro-Solidarity priest, Jerzy Popiełuszko.
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The chairman of a human rights group Memorial Arseny Roginsky stated: "This is the fruit of creeping re-Stalinization and [...] they [the authorities] want to use his name as a symbol of a powerful authoritarian state which the whole world is afraid of". Other human rights organizations and survivors of Stalin's repressions called for the decorations to be removed in a letter to Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov.Andrew Osborn, "Josef Stalin 'returns' to Moscow metro", Telegraph, 05 September 2009, Mikhail Shvydkoy, the special representative of the President of Russia for the international cultural exchange, responded to the controversy: Shvydkoy commented that what Stalin did in respect of the Soviet and in particular Russian people cannot be justified and he does not even deserve a neutral attitude, much less praise. However, he said "it's necessary to remember your own butchers" and without that memory they can "grow among us again".
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During the period of the West Ukrainian National Republic, as a former member of parliament, Stefanyk became the vice-president of the Ukrainian National Rada, and in 1919 he went to Kiev for the signing of the agreement with the Ukrainian National Republic on the unification of Ukraine. In 1922 he became the district head of the Ukrainian Radical party. Recognizing him as the greatest living writer in western Ukraine, the government of Soviet Ukraine decreed a life pension for Stefanyk, which he turned down in protest against the repressions in Ukraine. In addition to his five collections of novellas, Stefanyk published stories, in several editions of collected works: an edition in 1927 in Soviet Ukraine; a jubilee edition (Lviv 1933); an émigré edition edited by his son, Yurii Stefanyk (Regensburg 1948); and the three-volume academic edition, published in Ukrainian SSR (1949–54).
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Muravyov himself imposed an indemnity of 5 million rubles on the Kievan "bourgeoisie" for the maintenance of Soviet troops. According to the Ukrainian Red Cross, in the first days after the establishment of Muravyov’s power in Kiev, up to 5 thousand people were killed, of which up to 3 thousand were officers. It was one of the largest, if not the largest, instantaneous massacre of Russian officers in the entire Civil War. On January 27, Muravyov sent a report to Antonov-Ovseenko and Ulyanov on the capture of Kiev: Victor A. Savchenko accompanied this statement by Muravyov with the following remark: Muravyov was a staunch opponent of “Ukrainization,” and his troops carried out mass repressions against the Ukrainian intelligentsia, officers, and the bourgeoisie, it even became dangerous to speak Ukrainian in the streets. The People’s Secretariat of Ukraine, which had moved to Kiev from Kharkov, demanded the removal of Muravyov from the city, calling him “the leader of the bandits”.
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With one historian calling it the "greatest shock to the Jewish community [of Iraq]," the execution of Ades came as a profound shock to the Jewish community. As he was an assimilated and non-Zionist Jew, the affair significantly reduced support for assimilation into Iraqi society and increased support for emigration as a solution to the crisis in the Iraqi Jewish community. The Jewish community general sentiment was that if a man as well connected and powerful as Shafiq Ades could be eliminated by the state, other Jews would not be protected any longer. The Israeli National Archives has written that after Ades’ September 1948 hanging under false accusations, as well as other legal repressions such as travel bans, “the persecutions caused many Jews to secretly cross the border to Iran and from there escape to Israel.” By October following his execution, all Jews were dismissed from their government positions in the Iraqi government, totaling around 1,500 people.
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He joined VLIK and once again became responsible for its finances. He headed VLIK's finance committee which grew to become the Lithuanian National Foundation. Bielinis and others organized the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania in exile – they held a congress in September 1949 in Prien am Chiemsee, Germany, and sent out many declarations and memorandums to political leaders in Europe and United States concerning Lithuania's occupation, mass deportations, and other Soviet repressions He was also a member of the special commission organizing the Lithuanian World Community and preparing the Lithuanian Charter in 1949.. Bielinis moved to the United States in September 1949 and joined the cultural life of Lithuanian Americans, including the – he established the federation's Book Fund in 1953. In 1951, he was one of the founders of the Lithuanian-American Community and a member of the Committee for a Free Lithuania, which was related to the National Committee for a Free Europe and later joined the Assembly of Captive European Nations.
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Smith in his The Wealth of Nations commented, "All for ourselves, and nothing for other people, seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of mankind." However, a section of economists influenced by the ideology of neoliberalism, interpreted the objective of economics to be maximization of economic growth through accelerated consumption and production of goods and services. Neoliberal ideology promoted finance from its position as a component of economics to its core. Proponents of the ideology hold that unrestricted financial flows, if redeemed from the shackles of "financial repressions", best help impoverished nations to grow. The theory holds that open financial systems accelerate economic growth by encouraging foreign capital inflows, thereby enabling higher levels of savings, investment, employment, productivity and "welfare",welfare in terms of preference satisfaction Hayek F.A. 1976 Law, Legislation and Liberty: Volume 2 London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 15–30.
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The widespread strikes of 1980 were far from being the first clashes between the ruling party and the working class in Poland after World War II. Despite having a "socialist" government, the elite of the Polish ruling class averaged an income twenty times that of the blue-collar worker. This elite ruling class owned or largely controlled the police, media and industry of the state, including the state-organized unions. Insufficient pay and food shortages, in addition to a growing movement in favor of independent union activism led to strikes in 1956 and 1970 which left hundreds of workers dead from clashes with police, and both the 1970 and 1976 strikes ended with some concessions but subsequent additional repressions from management. Workers were increasingly dissatisfied with their standard of living and the half-hearted responses of the government to their calls for social justice, and when in July 1980 the government attempted to raise the price of meat even further, sit-in strikes started up again.
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Multiethnic history recognises the numerous peoples in Ukraine; transnational history portrays Ukraine as a border zone for various empires; and area studies categorises Ukraine as part of Eurasia, or more often as part of East-Central Europe. Plokhy (2007) argues that looking beyond the country's national history has made possible a richer understanding of Ukraine, its people, and the surrounding regions.Serhii Plokhy, "Beyond Nationality" Ab Imperio 2007 (4): 25–46, After 1991, historical memory was a powerful tool in the political mobilization and legitimation of the post-Soviet Ukrainian state, as well as the division of selectively used memory along the lines of the political division of Ukrainian society. Ukraine did not experience the restorationist paradigm typical of some other post-Soviet nations, including the Baltic states, although the multifaceted history of independence, the Orthodox Church in Ukraine, Soviet- era repressions, mass famine, and World War II collaboration were used to provide a different constitutive frame for the new Ukrainian nation.
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The Communist movement in the south was gravely set back after the suppression of the 1940 uprising, an upsurge of the Hoa Hao movement taking advantage of the new situation. Surviving Communists then purged their own ranks, condemning several to death on the accusation of being double agents. Much later, on the seventeenth anniversary of the uprising, the former chairman of the Viet Minh Committee of the south, Tran Van Giau, cited the November 1940 example as a warning to militants to bide their time against Diem's repressions, least a premature uprising in the south be crushed in 1957 as in 1940 The principal reasons for these failures were that the communists had insufficient men and arms and that the colonial police and security services had broken into the party's communications networks. The repression was directed by the governor of Indochina, Rivoal and his inspector of political and administrative affairs, Brasey, whose chief aide was Nguyen Van Tam.
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Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania, who together with the Czechs had laid siege to Vienna, had to hurry back to his country and make peace with Ferdinand, which seriously compromised the situation of the Czech insurgents, crushed in the course and in the aftermath of the Battle of White Mountain. Afterwards the Lisowczycy ruthlessly fought to suppress the Emperor's opponents in Glatz (Kłodzko) region and elsewhere in Silesia, in Bohemia and Germany. After the breakdown of the Bohemian Revolt the residents of Silesia, including the Polish gentry in Upper Silesia, were subjected to severe repressions and Counter-Reformational activities, including forced expulsions of thousands of Silesians, many of whom ended up in Poland. Later during the war years the province was repeatedly ravaged in the course of military campaigns crossing its territory, and at one point a Protestant leader, Piast Duke John Christian of Brieg, appealed to Władysław IV Vasa for assuming supremacy over Silesia.
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Old centre of Dubno As part of anti-Polish repressions, the Russian administration closed down the Bernardine and Carmelite monasteries and confiscated them from the Catholic Church. In 1870 Dubno was declared a Fortified Town, which imposed serious limitations on settlement and housing construction, further limiting the development. However, it remained a notable centre of commerce, most notably because of numerous Czech settlements around the town, that gave it the nickname of the brewery of Volhynia. The castle was ruined in 1915 during the World War I. Historic Polish coat of arms of Dubno Retaken by Poland after the state's independence in 1918 and finally granted to Poland in the Peace of Riga, it was a seat of a powiat and a notable military garrison of both the KOP, and the Polish Army, with the 43rd Rifle Regiment (part of the 13th Kresy Infantry Division), and the 2nd Regiment of Mounted Artillery (part of Volhynian Cavalry Brigade) stationed here.
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In September 1955 Główny Zarząd Informacji Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej (GZI MON - that name applied from 1950), became part of the Committee for Public Security (Komitet do spraw Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego what means KGB in Russian), which was the well known successor to Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego more usually known as Urząd Bezpieczeństwa or UB, responsible for political police, counter-intelligence, intelligence and government, protection, and now becoming the Main Directorate of Information of Committee for Public Security or GZI KdsBP. In November 1956 GZI KdsBP separated from Committee for Public Security, and returned to its previous role, becoming again the Main Directorate of Information of Ministry of National Defense. After the reform instituted by Władysław Gomułka in 1956, and the role GZI played in repressions and executions, one year later in 1957 the Main Directorate of Information of Ministry of National Defense was dismantled and replaced by Military Internal Service (Wojskowa Służba Wewnętrzna - or. WSW).
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Some scholars have suggested the inclination of Mongolians to avoid blaming Choibalsan for the purges is in effect an attempt to exonerate themselves for what happened.Kenneth Christie, Robert Cribb, Robert B. Cribb 2002, pg 162 Public anger over the violence of the purges falls predominantly on the Soviet Union and the NKVD, with Choibalsan viewed sympathetically (if not pathetically) as a puppet with little choice but to follow Moscow's instructions or else meet the fate of his predecessors Genden and Amar. With the end of socialist rule in 1990, however, re-examination of the Socialist Era, and particularly the Great Repression, has occurred and there does seem to be an attempt by some Mongolians to come to terms the country's past in a more general context. In 1991 mass graves of monks executed during the repressions were uncovered near Mörön,Mass Buddhist Grave Reported in Mongolia The New York Times, October 1991 and in 2003 in Ulaanbaatar.
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In July 1944 in Lublin Ochab became an official plenipotentiary of the command of the First Polish Army. In September he was promoted to the post of the Army's deputy commander for political affairs. He claimed having participated in the military struggle for Warsaw and in the drive to push across the Vistula at that time. In November Ochab was discharged from the army and directed to work for the Polish Committee of National Liberation, the nascent communist government, where he became deputy chief of the Public Administration Department. From the beginning of 1945 the PKWN was turned into the Provisional Government and Ochab was an undersecretary in the Ministry of Public Administration, advancing in April to the post of minister. As the plenipotentiary general for the Recovered Territories (previously German lands assumed by Poland), on 25 June 1945 Ochab issued a directive banning and threatening penalties for persecution of Germans still present there or applying repressions like the ones used by the Nazi Germany against Poles.
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In Carnia, German authorities established even the Cossacks of Don and Kuban led by general Krasnov and prince Zulikize, who created commands in Verzegnis and Paluzza and organized wide plunders and devastations, collaborating into the massive repression of partisans. Political authorities and military divisions of RSI participated to the repression and the fight against the Resistance formations: divisions of X MAS initially manifested unrealistic anti-Slavic defence purposes on the borderlands but then they ended (completely ousted by Rainer, who did not tolerate any fascist "interference" in the territories he administered) to dedicate themselves in the repression of Garibaldi and Osoppo Brigades,. while some members of the republican police, like Gaetano Collotti and Giuseppe Gueli, organized in Trieste violent and aggressive police apparatus against partisans and their supporters.. The Ispettorato Generale di Pubblica Sicurezza (General Inspectorate of Public Security) was formed in Trieste in May 1942 and used its repressions techniques against the Slovenian partisan resistance eeven before the 8 September 1943.
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In this tough and intricate situation, characterized by inter-ethnic hatreds, spirit of vengeance, opposite nationalisms and ideological extremes, repressions, internments and roundups, the first partisan formations were formed near Udine against the Nazi Germany and collaborationist RSI, with the autonomists of Mario Cencigh, communists of Giacinto Calligaris and Mario Lizzero, militants of the Action Party led by Fermo Solari. In Venezia Giulia there were the Brigata Proletaria ("Proletarian Brigade", destroyed in Gorizia by Germans) and other communist formations were created in Tarnova, Trieste and Istria.. The two main groups of Resistance in those regions were the communists, from the working class of Eastern Veneto, and the rural populations and bourgeois, firmly anchored to the Catholic Church, both united by the anti-German hate but divided by ideologies, while the socialist and Action formations were particularly weak. On November–December 1943, the Osoppo Brigades were formed with the merger between the socialist and Action formations with the catholic ones.
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During the years 1939–1940 he sang in the Vanemuine choir and after the war and the change of regime he became the long-time theatre director of the Vanemuine. Already before 1940, Ird, coming from the working class, felt sympathy towards a leftist worldview meaning working class against the power—for that reason he had several collisions with the society order in force. Because of his political views, Ird was a suitable candidate for the theatre director’s post at the Vanemuine. All of his „leavings“ from that post were connected to the repressions of the power that even Kaarel Ird couldn’t escape (in the 1950s he was forced to leave the Vanemuine). In 1948–1949 Ird was the director of ESSR Government of Arts, in 1950–1952 he managed a drama company in Tartu and in 1952–1955 he was the head stage director of Pärnu Endla Theatre. The state honoured him with many high rewards for his long work as theatre and stage director.
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A naval action during the siege, drawing by André Castaigne, 1888/9 US Military Academy After his decisive victory over the Persian king Darius III in 333 BCE and the conquest of Persia, Alexander the Great moved his armies south, exacting tribute from all of coastal Phoenicia's city-states. Tired of Persian repressions, they mostly welcomed the new ruler, yet Tyre resisted his ambitions: Tyre's king Azemilcus was at sea with the Persian fleet, when Alexander arrived in 332 BCE at the gates and proposed to sacrifice to Heracles in the city, which was home to the most ancient temple of Heracles. However, the Tyrian government refused this and instead suggested that Alexander sacrifice at another temple of Heracles on the mainland at Old Tyre. Hellenistic statue from Tyre, Altes Museum Berlin Angered by this rejection and the city's loyalty to Darius, Alexander started the Siege of Tyre despite its reputation as being impregnable.
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Map showing the distribution of Muslims within the Soviet Union in 1979 as a percentage of the population by administrative division. After the Bolshevik revolution, Islam was for some time (until 1929) treated better than the Russian Orthodox Church, which Bolsheviks regarded as a center of the "reaction", and other religions. In the declaration "Ко всем трудящимся мусульманам России и Востока" (To All Working Muslims in Russia and the Orient) of November 1917, the Bolshevik government declared the freedom to exercise their religion and customs for Muslims "whose beliefs and customs had been suppressed by the Czars and the Russian oppressors".Ко всем трудящимся мусульманам России и Востока In the second half of 1920s and in 1930s, state repressions, suppression and atheist propaganda against all religions increased. E.g. in 1930, out of the 12,000 mosques in Tatarstan, more than 10,000 were closed, from 90 to 97% mullahs and muezzins were deprived of the right to exercise their profession.
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This could well be one of the simpler factors as to why the Cambodian government and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) do not prosecute the pre-1975 Khmer Rouge perpetrators before Pol Pot consolidated his power. As such, the accounts of those who experienced the repressions prior to 1975 were not considered to be part of the genocide as the case for a systematic annihilation of a people based on ethnic or religious profiling was not concrete enough. In 1975, upon the victory of the CPK over the Khmer Republic forces, two brothers of Cham descent who had joined the Khmer Rouge as soldiers returned home to Region 21 within the Kampong Cham province, where the largest Cham Muslim community could be found. The brothers then told their father of the adventures they had experienced being part of the revolution which included killing Khmers and consuming pork, in the hopes of convincing their father to join the communist cause.
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The Charter of the German Expellees () of 5 August 1950, announced their belief in requiring that "the right to the homeland is recognized and carried out as one of the fundamental rights of mankind given by God", while renouncing revenge and retaliation in the face of the "unending suffering" (unendliche Leid) of the previous decade, and supporting the unified effort to rebuild Germany and Europe. The charter has been criticised for avoiding mentioning Nazi atrocities of Second World War and Germans who were forced to emigrate due to Nazi repressions. Beata Ociepka, "Związek Wypędzonych w systemie politycznym RFN i jego wpływ na stosunki polsko-niemieckie 1982–1992", page 235, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1997 Critics argue that the Charter presents the history of German people as starting from the expulsions, while ignoring events like the Holocaust. Professor Micha Brumlik pointed out that one third of signatories were former devoted Nazis and many actively helped in realisation of Hitler's goals.
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During the Cold War, deprived of the use of the archives of her native land, Polonska-Vasylenko collected and reprinted many of her earlier studies on Zaporozhia (1965–67), wrote several memoirs of intellectual life in revolutionary and Soviet Ukraine including a history of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (2 vols. 1955-58), published a book on the Stalin repressions of Ukrainian historians (1962), and turned increasingly toward synthesis, at the end of her career, publishing a volume on Ukrainian historiography (1971) and a two volume general history of Ukraine (1973–1976). In her general approach to Ukrainian history, Polonska-Vasylenko followed the lead of her distinguished emigre predecessor, Dmytro Doroshenko, and wrote in a conservative vain, stressing the importance of the Cossack officer class and the Ukrainian gentry into which they were later transformed. She saw the strivings of this class for national unity and independence, or, at least autonomy, as one of the main currents of Ukrainian history, and she characterized the nineteenth century as a time of Russian and Austrian occupation.
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By October 1978 it was apparent that arrests and repressions had resulted in the dissolution of AFTU. But the cause of trade union rights was to be invigorated by a new group, the Free Interprofessional Association of Workers known by its Russian acronym, SMOT, whose first press conference was held in Moscow on 28 October 1978. The objectives of SMOT were to defend its members in cases of violation of their rights in different spheres of their daily activities: political, domestic, religious, spiritual, cultural, social, and economic; to look into the legal basis of the workers' complaints; to ensure that these complains were brought to the notice of relevant organizations; to facilitate a quick solution to complaints of workers; and in cases of negative results, to publicize them widely before international and Soviet public. The leadership of SMOT was headed by a native of Leningrad electrician Vladimir Borisov incarcerated in Soviet mental hospitals because of his human rights activism for a total of nine years in the 1960s and 1970s.
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Forbidden Voices describes how Internet access in Cuba is still prohibited for the average citizen, and Internet censorship in China and Internet access in Iran are very harsh, the blogs of the three protagonists are censored, blocked or even shut-down by their governments. Seen by their governments as dissidents the bloggers are often under surveillance and facing harsh repressions. Yoani Sánchez has been beaten and arrested, as well as publicly defamed on Cuban State TV for fighting for Human Rights in Cuba; Retrieved October 17, 2009. Zeng Jinyan lived for years with her husband Hu Jia (Activist) and her new born daughter under house arrest in Beijing for their fight for Human Rights in China;"Activist Couple Accoused of Endangering State Security", Human Rights Watch, May 21, 2007"Zeng Jinyan - The TIME 100," TIME Magazine, May 14, 2007"Chinese rights activist Zeng Jinyan disappears" International Herald Tribune, August 9, 2008 and Farnaz Seifi has been arrested for her fight for Gender Equality in Iran and forced in to exile.
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During 16th century it the Order sold it to the Sapieha noble family from nearby Kodeń. In 1631 the Eastern Rite parish of St. Nicetas the Martyr was established, which accepted the Union of Brest of 1596 at some time during the 17th century, thus restoring communion the successor of St. Peter. Following the Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the village first fall under Austrian rule and later became a part of the semiautonomous so-called Congress Poland which saved the parish from the first waves of repressions against the Ruthenian (Belarusian and Ukrainian) Greek-Catholic Church until the brutal liquidation of the Eparchy of Kholm by the Russian Empire in 1875. Following the establishing of the Second Polish Republic in 1918, the parish in Kostomłoty, along with a number of other parishes (over 40 by 1939), returned into the Union in 1927, however maintaining a distinct Byzantine- Slavonic Rite, different from the Byzantine-Ukrainian Rite which has developed in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church that survived under Austrian rule in the region of Galicia.
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The Federal Police "Operation Unlocked", started a day before based on complaints, conducted 3 search and 1 temporary arrest warrants on companies suspected of supporting the strike. Some companies are accused by security minister Raul Jungmann of taking advantage of the strike to pressure the government. The government claimed that the diesel price reduction would cause R$3.4 billion in expenses, which would result in an increase in taxes on exporters, soft drinks and chemical industries and that some programs would have cuts as well, including R$368.9 million on transport, R$135 million on SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde), R$55.1 million on education, R$4.1 million on prevention and repressions on drug trafficking and R$1.5 million on police. At this point, the president has proposed three provisional measures: exemption from tolls on trucks with suspended axles (attending one of the striker´s goals); a reserve of 30% of Conab (Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento), transports to autonomous truckers; and the setting of a minimum shipping price.
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Both chairman of "Harmony Centre's" Parliamentary faction Jānis Urbanovičs and leader of the alliance Nils Ušakovs have rejected calling Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 an "occupation", arguing that from the perspective of international law it was an "annexation" instead, because Kārlis Ulmanis actively collaborated with Soviet representatives in Latvia, and compared recognizing occupation of Latvia to repressions against the society. However, they admitted that "If it had been clearly stated already at the very beginning that recognizing the fact would in no way harm people who immigrated during the Soviet times, Harmony Center would agree to recognize even ten such occupations." Ušakovs has emphasized that "no doubt Latvia was forcibly annexed by the Soviet Union and it was followed by brutal Stalinist regime crimes against Latvia and its people", but also believed it's important to say that Soviet regime ended when the then-Russian Federation’s army left the country, claiming that otherwise, certain politic forces could bring up "de-occupation" again. Later Urbanovičs summarized similarly: "there were occupations in Latvia, there are no occupants".
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Some of the men were pre-war members of IMRO, and thus harbored deep Bulgarian convictions, some to assist in self-defense of Greek attacks,Добрин Мичев. Българското национално дело в Югозападна Македония (1941—44 г.) others due to pro-Nazi sentiments, some to avenge repressions inflicted on them by Greek authorities during the Metaxas dictatorship, and many others to defend themselves from attacks by other Greek resistance movements, which saw them as collaborationists with the Italian, Bulgarian and German forces. In the summer of 1944, Ohrana constituted some 12,000 local fighters and volunteers from Bulgaria charged with protection of the local population.Ivan Alexandrov, Macedonia and Bulgarian National Nihilism, Macedonian Patriotic Organization, "TA" Australia Incorporated, , 1993. p. 30. During 1944, whole called by the Greeks Bulgarophone (now Slavophone) villages were armed by the occupation authorities to counterbalance the emerging power of the resistance and especially of Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS). On 5 April 1944, rebel group EAM-ELAS attacked a German convoy of lorries killing 25 soldiers.
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On 10 January 1938, Yu Ming, Charge-D of the Chinese embassy in Moscow, Soviet Union lodge representations to the Soviet Union, urging the authority to release the Chinese. The Chinese request to meet the chief officer of the Department of the Far East of People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs on the following day (11 January 1938) was declined by the officer who claimed to be sick. On 13 January, some Chinese reported to Chinese consulates in Vladivostok and Khabarovsk that the detained Chinese were starving and even tortured to death, yet the NKDA reject any meeting or food donation by the Chinese consulates. On 28 January, the Chinese Consulate in Vladivostok reported to the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "how could we believe that (the Soviet authority) said the Chinese all committed espionage!" The Politburo published the Repressions against "national lines" in the USSR (1937-1938) (Репрессии по «национальным линиям» в СССР (1937—1938) in Russian), which extended the purges against nationalists including the Chinese and began to be carried out in February.
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Kossert, Andreas: Masuren, p. 209 The Gazeta Ludowa (The Folk's Newspaper) was published in Lyck in 1896–1902, with 2,500 copies in 1897 and the Mazur in Ortelsburg after 1906 with 500 copies in 1908 and 2,000 prior to World War I. Wojciech Kętrzyński was a Polish historian born in Masuria who expressed that ethnic Masurs are closely related to Poles and emphasized Polish claims on the Masuria region Polish activists started to regard Masurians as "Polish brothers" after Wojciech Kętrzyński had published his pamphlet O Mazurach in 1872Kossert, Andreas: Masuren, pp. 205ff. and Polish activists engaged in active self-help against repressions by the German state Kętrzyński fought against attempts to Germanise MasuriaNational cultures at the grass-root level Antonina Kłoskowska, page 228, Central European University Press, 2001 The attempts to create a Masurian Polish national consciousness, largely originating from nationalist circles of Provinz Posen, however faced the resistance of the Masurians, who, despite having similar folk traditions and linguistics to Poles, regarded themselves as Prussians and later Germans.Kossert, Andreas: Masuren.
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In 1969 and again in 1979, plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin's legacy, but on both occasions were defeated by critics within the Soviet and international Marxist–Leninist movement. Gorbachev saw the total denunciation of Stalin as necessary for the regeneration of Soviet society. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the first President of the new Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. His successor, Vladimir Putin, did not seek to rehabilitate Stalin but emphasised the celebration of Soviet achievements under Stalin's leadership rather than the Stalinist repressions; however, in October 2017 Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory". Communist Party of Russia laying wreaths at Stalin's Moscow grave in 2009 Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride.
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Andrzej Nowak, Between Imperial Temptation and Anti-Imperial Function in Eastern European Politics: Poland from the Eighteenth to Twenty-First Century, Slavic Euroasian Studies, Hokkaido University, online Although the Moscow side was willing to agree to some parts of the proposed treaties (like extradition of the crime suspects), it was strictly opposed to points about religious tolerance (non-Orthodox religions, especially Catholicism, were persecuted in Russia, unlike in Commonwealth, which allowed all faith to be preached) and free movement of people (according to Polish scholars). To transform the Russian tsardom into a republic modeled on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth has proven to be a too ambitious project. Many Russians were afraid of polonization, as was already happening with Lithuanian and Ruthenian nobility, and a growing danger stemming from the increasing number of peasant and even noble refugees escaping the Russian Empire,Jerzy Czajewski, "Zbiegostwo ludności Rosji w granice Rzeczypospolitej" (Russian population exodus into the Rzeczpospolita), Promemoria journal, October 2004 nr. (5/15), , Table of Content online , Polish languageAndrzej Nowak, The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation, Sarmatian Review, January 1997, online to which Russian tsar Ivan responded with the policy of violent repressions, the so- called oprichnina.
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First historic and cultural reserves in Ukraine were created in 1920s. Resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR proclaimed next territories as reserves: Ancient Greek Colony of Olbia (31 May 1924), the Monk's Hill in Kaniv - Taras Shevchenko burial (20 August 1925), Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (29 September 1926), Monastery of Barefoot Carmelites in Berdychiv (8 March 1928), Castle-Fortress in Kamianets-Podilskyi (23 March 1928), Prince Ostrogski Castle in Starokostiantyniv (15 January 1929), so called Dytynets in Chernihiv, territories of Chernihiv Saint Trinity Elijah Monastery and Chernihiv Yelets Dormition Monastery (18 March 1929) as well as Novhorod-Siverskyi Saint Transfiguration Monastery and Saint Cyril Church in Kyiv. In total at the end of 1920s in the Ukrainian SSR existed 9 historic and cultural reserves. At that time there was started creation of reserves of local significance. Particularly according to respective decisions of local authorities there existed historic and archaeological reserve in Verkhniy Saltiv (1929; Vovchansk Raion), manor house and park "Kachanivka" (1928), others. During 1930s due to mass repressions among specialists of cultural heritage conservation and fall of the cultural heritage conservation system, many reserved territories lost their reserved status.
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Political scientists have characterized the protests as having many faces due to bringing together people who may not have a lot of common ground in terms of political orientations, as a result of which the demonstrations are also believed to have managed to transcend the old divide between left- and right-wing leaning Bulgarians, while exhibiting similarities to the anti-Oresharski protest movement in terms of being dominated by political rather than social demands. A major factor behind the citizen energy to protest has been the deep crisis of trust in the political elites, which has notably resulted in delegitimizing Boyko Borisov and Ivan Geshev, with resignation regarded as the only useful political move from the standpoint of the latter two. Writer Stefan Tsanev has been critical of the protest methods, such as the throwing of rotten produce at government buildings, and the non- compromising tone adopted by them, drawing parallels with the repressions associated with the dekulakization in Bulgaria. This, coupled with the lack of clarity as to what the plan is once the aims of the protests are achieved, has in his view lessened the protesters' appeal to the intellectuals.
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In 1933–1934, the Second Secretary of the Middle Volga Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in Samara.Forensic Newspaper, August 1, 2011, No. 97, Page 15 From December 1934 to July 1937, he was the First Secretary of the newly created Orenburg Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).Handbook on the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union During this period, mass repressions took place in the Orenburg Oblast,Note by the Commission of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionOrenburg Region: People, Events, FactsAlmanac "Russia. 20th Century" during which, in particular, all members of the Bureau of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) were killed.Orenburg in the Years of the First Five-Year PlansUral Historical Encyclopedia From July 9, 1937 to January 1938 – Secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. In 1938–1953 and 1956–1957 – Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (from March 15, 1953 to July 15, 1956 this position was held by Nikolai Pegov, and Gorkin was deputy).
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The campaign was followed by an #Initiative project aiming to increase youth participation in decision making and civic life and issued more 500 small scale grants were issued to support activities in more than 20 municipalities of Georgia.. George Melashvili also was a lecturer at the School of Diplomacy of the Free University. He served as the youth delegate at the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe and is actively involved in different initiatives promoting civic engagement, regional cooperation, and international development. He is the holder of the first prize award for his essay about Janri Kashia’s book “Totalitarianism” and Mikheil Javakhishvili Medal for a documentary film about Soviet repressions, and is the winner of the MLOW contest held by the United Nations Academic Impact and was invited to the United Nations to make a speech about the UN Sustainable Development Goals. During the opening event of the "Europe in a suitcase" project held by the Europe-Georgia Institute and the Friedrich Naumann Foundation, Melashvili initiated the Oliver Wardrop Discussions to bring together British and Georgian politicians and young leaders and foster dialogue and cooperation between the countries.
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In terms of human costs, the Thirty Years' wars many economic, social, and population dislocations caused by the hardline methods adopted by Ferdinand II's strict counter-reformation measures and almost continual employment of mercenary field armies contributed significantly to the loss of life and tragic depopulation of all the German states, during a war which some estimates put the civilian loss of life as high as 50% overall. Studies mostly cite the causes of death due to starvation or as caused (ultimately by the lack-of-food induced) weakening of resistance to endemic diseases which repeatedly reached epidemic proportions among the general Central European population—the German states were the battle ground and staging areas for the largest mercenary armies theretofore, and the armies foraged among the many provinces stealing the food of those people forced onto the roads as refugees, or still on the lands, regardless of their faith and allegiances. Both townsmen and farmers were repeatedly ravaged and victimized by the armies on both sides leaving little for the populations already stressed by the refugees from the war or fleeing the Catholic counter- reformation repressions under Ferdinand's governance.Charles W. Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 (2nd ed.
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Although the percentage of Estonians in the total population of the Estonian SSR declined due to Soviet migration policies, the total number of ethnic Estonians increased over the Soviet period as a whole. This was due to a positive natural growth rate of some 1 or 2 thousand per year. As an example, in 1970, the number of live births of Estonians was 14,429 and the number of deaths was 12,356, giving natural increase of 2,073 ethnic Estonians. In 1940–1941 and 1944–1951 during the Soviet deportations from Estonia tens of thousands of Estonian citizens were forcibly resettled to Siberia. During the first year of occupation, 1940–1941, alone, an estimated 43,900 lives were irrecoverably lost, not counting refugees.Valge raamat, page 42 The following three-year Nazi occupation brought with it a loss of 32,740 lives, again not counting refugees. Another 16,000 deaths were caused through Soviet repressions in the years following 1944. During the first year of Soviet occupation (1940–1941) over 8,000 people, including most of the country's leading politicians and military officers, were arrested. About 2,200 of the arrested were executed in Estonia, while most others were moved to prison camps in Russia, from where very few were later able to return.
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Two events shaped the evolution of the RKKA rifle divisions during the initial period of the Second World War: the decision in 1938 to reorganise the Army, in part due to and following the repressions of the officer corps in 1937, and the 1939 campaign in Poland, and later war against Finland. In the course of the Second World War the Soviet Union's Red Army raised over four hundred and fifty numbered rifle divisions (infantry). Usually the rifle divisions were controlled by the higher headquarters of the rifle corps. But scores of these formations were reformed several times; the total number of divisional formations formed may have been as high as 2,000, according to Craig Crofoot. On 22 June 1941 the Red Army had 103 divisions in the western military districts, of which 70 were organised according to peace-time TO&E; 04/100 with 10-thousand bayonet strength (actual number of rifles 7,818), but brought up to the 12-thousand strength (TO&E; 04/400), with another six at the 11-thousand strength. Another 78 rifle divisions in the interior military districts were organised according to peace-time TO&E; 04/120 6-thousand (5,864) bayonet strength (actual number of rifles 3,685).
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Distribution of Lithuanian speakers in the Second Polish Republic During the Interwar period of the 20th century (1920–1939) Lithuanian-Polish relations were characterised by mutual enmity. Starting with the conflict over the city of Vilnius, and the Polish-Lithuanian War shortly after the First World War, both governments - in an era when nationalism was sweeping through Europe - treated their respective minorities harshly.Żołędowski, Białorusini i Litwini..., p. 114Makowski, Litwini..., pp.244-303 When Poland annexed the town of Sejny and its surroundings back in 1919, repressions towards the local Lithuanian population started, including the Lithuanian language being banned in public, Lithuanian organizations (with 1300 members), schools (with approx. 300 pupils) and press being closed, as well as the confiscation of property and even burning of Lithuanian books. Beginning in 1920, after the staged mutiny of Lucjan Żeligowski, Lithuanian cultural activities in Polish controlled territories were limited; newspapers were closed down and editors arrested. One editor - Mykolas Biržiška - was accused of treason in 1922 and received the death penalty; only direct intervention by the League of Nations spared him this fate. He was one of 32 Lithuanian and Belarusian cultural activists formally expelled from Vilnius on September 20, 1922 and given to the Lithuanian army.
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From 1810 up to the 1819 Angostura Congress that created Gran Colombia, and into the era of national independence since 1831, the National Armed Forces helped shaped the political, economical, social and national affairs of Venezuela, with so many military led- governments that led the nation until the late 1950s (with a brief break in the 1940s), several of them under strong military dictators. After Marcos Perez Jimenez left in 1958, the military role in government affairs ended with the framing of the 1961 Constitution and the replacement by civilian leaders of the military anti-Jimenez government that took power after the 1958 coup. However, the years that followed saw 2 coup attempts by military personnel with the help of groups disillusioned by government policies in the 1960s, and military repressions of student and civil rallies and actions from the late 60s onward, all these happening while fighting rebel groups present in the national territory and on the Venezuelan-Colombian border region. All these led up to the events of the 1989 Caracazo, in which National Guardsmen crushed anti-government actions and riots in the capital area with great severity, causing the deaths of hundreds, which in turn resulted in the coup attempts of 1992 and 1993.
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Counting first on the specific deterrent effect of the executions, the regime used the death penalty mainly to eliminate fascists, saboteurs, traitors or members of the resistance groups, etc. Although it could also directly eliminate them, the authorities decided to follow the legal procedures. This was meant to provide the appearance of legality that aimed to improve regime's image and also had a general deterrent feature. Although leading jurists debated and attempted to abolish capital punishment in 1956, legal provisions and actual use tightened in 1958 when the Stalinist ruler Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej initiated a new wave of repressions. In 1958, the act of contacting foreigners in order to provoke the state into neutrality or an act of war was made subject to the death penalty; this was a clear reference to measures taken by Imre Nagy during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and was made more urgent by the withdrawal of Soviet occupying forces that summer, which led the regime to clamp down on internal dissent. The definition of "economic sabotage" and "hooliganism" was broadened by the decree no, 318/1958, and a fierce campaign against economic criminality lasted for the following two years with 87 executions recorded, 28 of them for embezzlement only.
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