Mainly she settled down to wait for the replications (or not).
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Failed replications root out false claims and help refine imprecise ones.
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One team stood by their initial results, pointing to other successful replications.
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The replications that did work showed weaker effects than the original papers.
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These changes are indoor replications of how paint might work with light outdoors.
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They are replications of works by Dennis Oppenheim, who passed away in 2011.
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Replications are a reminder that in science, this isn't supposed to be the case.
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And again, the replications that did work showed weaker effects than the original papers.
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He expected replications of work in these top-tier journals to be more successful.
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What's more, the replications that did work showed weaker effects than the original papers.
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The more replications of DNA you have, the more those shoelaces get worn away at the end because you have a set number of potential replications to your cells before telomeres, [which are like the plastic ends of a shoelace], will go.
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Additionally, the replications only tested one hypothesis, so papers with multiple hypotheses aren't fully tested.
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A greater degree of transparency and data sharing would make replications easier — and more reliable.
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A greater degree of transparency and data sharing would enable replications, said Stanford's John Ioannidis.
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Interns will instead take part in virtual replications of the company's usual summer internship events.
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So these failed replications don't necessarily mean the theory behind the original findings is totally bunk.
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And some scientists told BuzzFeed News they do not agree with how the replications were done.
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Gilbert and colleagues argue it's because the OSC's methodology was flawed and allowed for poor replications.
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Baxter began to envision a wall of guns—not handguns or shotguns—but hand-stitched replications.
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If the replications are perfect, maybe they could replace real rhino horns in the market entirely.
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It's not uncommon to see replications of Jones' angled shot popping up all across social media.
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Some studies have even put the number of failed replications at more than half of all papers.
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After 2012, questions of methodology started dominating every social-psychology conference, as did the topic of replications.
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ArtEngine uses AI to identify visual flaws in replications and saves developers from having to endlessly tweak environments.
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With the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, not one of the replications definitively confirmed the original results: Two of the papers reproduced parts of the original experiments, one failed to reproduce the original experiment entirely, and the other two replications were impossible to interpret because of technical problems with the models.
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The intention of these tweets wasn't to upload perfect replications — which would just be a boring act of piracy.
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They released their first five replications today, and it turns out that not all of the data is matching up.
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As for the six successful replications it included, why would anyone bother to publish work confirming what was already known?
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The language of photography and film is embedded in the work, but I don't want them to read as replications.
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"We would like to see new interpretations of those traditional building types and styles, but not replications," Ms. Wensel said.
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Replications have not supported the conclusions about the size of the word gap, although they generally do suggest there is one.
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Even for the 13 successful replications, the results of the initial study better supported the hypothesis than the results of reproduction did.
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Who knew so many kind souls out there in this awful world had devoted their time to creating virtual replications of drums?
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Butera said a few (in their study, three) successful replications will cause people's beliefs to converge on an even higher number (80%).
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Flutter has pixel-perfect replications of the iOS UI and Android's Material UI, so developers can build familiar experiences out of the box.
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He posits that everything is based on a prime object and all that develops from that prime object are mere replications and reproductions.
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Just like Mendes, the doll flaunts tousled brown curls that similarly fall over his forehead and features spot-on replications of his tattoos.
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However, it's possible, due to something known as the file-drawer effect, that failed replications of the Milgram experiment have not been published.
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They shared their results in five papers in the journal ELife last week — and not one of their replications definitively confirmed the original results.
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For better or worse, the way studies are done now makes the work of replicating them very hard and the results of replications more dubious.
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"Our results question the purported size of [oxytocin's] effect on trust and emphasize the need for replications," their resulting paper in PLOS stated in summary.
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It's been a painful period for social scientists, who've had to deal with failed replications of classic studies and realize their research practices are often weak.
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This makes it essential companies reach a high level of accuracy in their fish replications before going to market, a sentiment their investor AccelFoods also noted.
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His issue, in short, was that in the process of trying to replicate experiments, the Open Science Collaboration introduced enough error to render the replications meaningless.
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Similarly, we don't need to overhaul the process to start rewarding replications, and in fact, many fields are already beginning to look at them more favorably.
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While the newly launched "Slinky" slides certainly look like exact replications of our beloved #TBT footwear, we did notice a few sleek edits to the design.
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Behind the row of mostly original canopy columns, a second row was arranged by alternating the rough-surfaced original cast-iron columns with smooth steel replications.
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They implied curricula on the HHS list were national models, ignoring the standard that at least two positive replications are needed to make such a claim.
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The system also features synthetic vision, in which detailed terrain and airport replications appear on the screen, to help keep the pilot oriented in low-visibility flight.
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But a larger problem might be that we don't consider retractions, refutations, and failed replications of studies to be stories just as much as the original story.
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The expense also makes it less likely for scientists to do replications of past work, and less likely to run large numbers of subjects through an experiment.
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In a recent paper in the journal Nature Human Behaviour, a team of respected economists and psychologists released the results of 21 replications of high-profile experiments.
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The failed replications have been no surprise to many scientists, including myself, who have lots of experience of false starts and blind alleys in our own research.
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Comparing this figure with the expected success rate of 10 percent to 20 percent for most replications of social programs shows that the field is making progress.
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Dr. Nosek said he planned to rerun the replications of 11 studies whose authors raised concern to try to answer whether design differences accounted for the differing results.
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In response to the embarrassing retractions and failed replications associated with the replication crisis, more researchers are publishing their data and encouraging their colleagues to publish their data.
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Likewise, in the AI & Creativity talk, AIDOL's speculative ideas were mirrored by real-world examples of technology like BachBot, machine-learning software that generates new replications of Bach's symphonies.
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Related: Brooklyn Textile Artists Weave a Delicate Social Fabric Get Wrapped Up in Whimsical Wall Hangings for the Modern Weaver Stunning Silk-Fabric Lifesize Building Replications by Do Ho Suh
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As we wrote in a feature on the biggest problems in science at Vox, journals and funders also needs to rethink their incentive structures to reward more transparency and replications.
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The boîte is a miniature museum archival work that managed exacting toy replications of Duchamp's own works: a project aiming to create interplaying relationships between his artworks and the audience.
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In addition, a review of findings indicates that curricula remained on the list even when it was clear that replications made students more likely to engage in risky sexual practices.
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Up-and-coming social psychologists, armed with new statistical sophistication, picked up the cause of replications, openly questioning the work their colleagues conducted under a now-outdated set of assumptions.
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There was no incentive to replicate, in any case: Journals were largely not interested in studies that had already been done, and failed replications made people (maybe even your adviser) uncomfortable.
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Replicating blocks of data through independent processors — the mining process for many cryptocurrencies – to ensure accurate processing of transactions in the database has rapidly diminishing value as the number of replications increases.
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He analyzed 50 years of replications of the iconic marshmallow study and concluded that children, generation after generation, are growing increasingly better at delaying gratification, an established predictor of success down the line.
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It is hard to imagine why more than two or three replications of transaction data by the computers processing those transactions on geographically dispersed ledgers is necessary to ensure 100 percent transaction accuracy.
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" A spinoff of British music competition "Pop Idol," which aired from 2001 to 2003, the American version's success led to replications of that format around the world, including Australian, Latin American and Indian "Idols.
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In 1989, the Getty Conservation Institute joined the long-resident Chinese archaeological team, the Dunhuang Academy, in a huge conservation project, which included making full-size replications of some of the more spectacular interiors.
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I'd heard you could watch downloads of replications, but I had yet to find one on the free system; curiosity would have to kick my ass before I paid to see something like that.
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Flutter has pixel-perfect replications of the iOS UI and Android's Material UI, so developers can build familiar experiences out of the box, but Flutter's real power is in creating totally custom interfaces and animations.
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Levi's Vintage Clothing brings back a handful of styles ranging from exact replications of denim from 1947 to 1976 and workshirts from the 1950s to sherpa trucker jackets in denim and suede from the 1960s.
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"We will need to wait for a couple more years to see if the replications actually detect the same level of annual modulation," Yale astrophysicist Pryamvada Natarajan, who was not involved in the experiment, told Gizmodo.
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The industry is only now is a position where plant replications will work, said Doug Hollies, an engineer with consultancy Codeco Oilsands Engineering in Calgary, who was involved with drilling thermal projects in the early 2000s.
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But Winkleman insists that the analog measurements, while infinitely slower than modern tools like laser scanners, produce a far more accurate model—a kind of gold master for any future replications or alterations of that weapon.
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From the the light-show ray guns of Overwatch to the military-fetishist replications of licensed assault rifles in Call of Duty, it's how the gun is used, and the context it is used in, that matters.
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When replications fail in this way, particularly in fields like psychology, critics often argue that "hidden moderators" like differences in time, culture or sample composition between the original study and the replicate are the reason for the failure.
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That paper got cited by other scientists a few thousand times — before failed replications many years later made it clear that this finding, and much of the subsequent literature, was little more than researchers chasing patterns in noise.
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Another important reason to do replications, Nosek says, is to get better at understanding what types of studies are most likely to replicate, and to sharpen scientists' intuitions about what hypotheses are worthy of testing and which are not.
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Long story short, it's a digital emulation of analog synthesis, but unless you get paid large sums of money to tell the difference between true analog tones and digital replications, you won't even notice (and maybe not even then).
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And scientists argue that the constant fighting for funding undermines their work, by encouraging researchers to overpromise and engage in questionable practices, overincentivizing publication in top journals, disincentivizing replications of existing work, and stifling creativity and intellectual risk-taking.
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To paraphrase Canaday, the exhibition — like most Sturtevant exhibitions — resembles a group show but is not a group show — clearly, because the works are all by one artist and, made from memory, they are not precise replications of their models.
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The general idea here is to give enterprises that previously used Cassandra for their on-premises workloads an alternative in the Google Cloud portfolio, and these cross-zone replications increase the availability and durability of the data they store in the service.
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Its publishers, Faculty of 1000, based in London, hope to provide an outlet for the accumulated replications gathering dust in commercial laboratories (Amgen has promised its trove to the venture), and also to stimulate academic scientists to follow suit and provide more.
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In fact, he said in an email, "State-of-the-art techniques designed to evaluate replications say it is 40 percent full, 30 percent empty, and the remaining 30 percent could be full or empty, we can't tell till we get more data."
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"We never want to be at a point where every single study, every one, has to have five direct replications run," says Sanjay Srivastava, a psychologist at the University of Oregon who blogs about issues in the field on his website the Hardest Science.
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The literal application of blockchain technology – the addition of a new transaction to a group or block of previous transactions affecting a discrete item and the encryption and multiple replications of the just-updated block – does not protect against the entering of erroneous data into the block, rendering it worthless.
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Though some of the themes maybe be simple shapes or icons, Zara's replications are near-identical, and the massive scale of this theft from a tight-knit creative scene implies a conscious choice by Zara, Bershka, Pull&Bear, Stradivarius and the parent company Inditex to not bother making significant modifications.
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But this study is "a remarkable example that addresses this knowledge gap; by studying the impacts of tropical cyclones with spatiotemporal replications and control sites, they show that selectivity for more aggressive colonies of Anelosimus studiosus is a robust evolutionary response to cyclone-induced disturbance," Eric Ameca, a researcher at Beijing Normal University, wrote in a Nature commentary.
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For the video "Dillinger Running Series Compilation" (2000), images of Sturtevant dressed as the gangster John Dillinger are projected, with an accompanying soundtrack, from a rotating base across the walls of the gallery's darkened first floor, where her replications "Warhol Gold Marilyn" (1973/2004), "Stella Kingsbury Run (Second Version)" (1989), and two Johns light bulbs in bronze (1987) along with their plaster casts (1968 and 11990) are installed.
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Since this is a relatively new concept there have not been replications of the original research.
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The authors examined the original weapons effect study and subsequent replications and failed replications, concluding that there was no experimental evidence of a cue-elicited weapons-effect on aggressive behavior. Instead, the authors attribute the occasional observed weapons effect to being a result of operant conditioning.
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Highlighting the social structure that discourages replication in psychology, Brian D. Earp and Jim A. C. Everett enumerated five points as to why replication attempts are uncommon: # "Independent, direct replications of others' findings can be time-consuming for the replicating researcher" # "[Replications] are likely to take energy and resources directly away from other projects that reflect one's own original thinking" # "[Replications] are generally harder to publish (in large part because they are viewed as being unoriginal)" # "Even if [replications] are published, they are likely to be seen as 'bricklaying' exercises, rather than as major contributions to the field" # "[Replications] bring less recognition and reward, and even basic career security, to their authors" For these reasons the authors advocated that psychology is facing a disciplinary social dilemma, where the interests of the discipline are at odds with the interests of the individual researcher.
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Her studies have inspired replications and further exploration of different ways perception and imagery can affect things like visual acuity.
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The journal Perspectives on Psychological Science announced a section devoted to replications. Another project announced plans to replicate 100 studies published in the first three months of 2008 in three leading psychology journals. Major funders, including the European Research Council, the US National Science Foundation and Research Councils UK have not changed their preference for new work over replications.
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In our examination of the voluminous pleas, replications, rejoinders, and surrejoinders, we have been unable to find any other, either tendered or accepted.
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This chapter begins with Kubler's thoughts about the way objects become sequences. He discusses the difference between the existence of objects created from short term fashionable durations versus objects that provide solutions to concrete or conceptual problems. Prime Object and Replications A Prime Object is an original - whether that be an actual object or an idea. Replications are the reproductions of the Prime Object.
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The journal welcomes the submission of full-length research articles and short research notes, meta-analyses, replications, introductions to new research tools, theoretical essays, and letters.
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The gradual decrease in size of telomeres as the result of many replications over a lifetime are thought to be associated with the effects of aging.
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In the Pokémon Adventures manga, the Rocket Executives use Arceus' power to create replications of Dialga, Palkia, and Giratina, but they have been calmed down and fled.
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Besides inspiring a number of replications and extensions, the weapons effect and Berkowitz and LePage’s original study has received major criticism. First, replications have not always found the weapons effect. In 1971, Ellis and colleagues gave 104 subjects the opportunity to shock a confederate (a research assistant who pretends to be another person) after receiving no shocks, 2 shocks, or 8 shocks from this confederate. This created angered and non-angered subjects.
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Produced 32 analytical replications of the Old Masters of the Hermitage collection. 1993-2012: Continues to study on his own the heritage of the Old Masters at the State Hermitage.
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In New Hampshire, the success in Dover led to the first attempt to launch a statewide system of safe haven-ministations, with replications in 3 other locations. The Canton OH program integrated the safe haven concept with the Full Service Community Schools concept. With Department of Education funding, the Foundation has replicated Full Service Community Schools in Iowa, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Washington State. The replications were guided by Joy Dryfoos, the Eisenhower Foundation Trustee who founded the Full Service Community School movement.
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Commercial replications, that is, those that require a fee/subscription service to access the MPEP include, an iPhone App called, LawStack MPEP (provides free trial), and an e-Book version provided by Thomson Reuters.
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The Quietus. 1 November 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018. The variety also extends to the record's palette of sounds, which consists of virtual instrument replications of acoustic instruments originating from all across the world.
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Non- commercial replications, that is, those that are provided freely without any fees or charges, include one provided by Tysver Beck Evans LLP and a searchable replication provided by Chhabra Law. The USPTO also provides a searchable replication on its website.
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Without this correction Schrödinger claimed that statistical thermodynamics would predict one thousand mutations per million replications, and ten mutations per hundred replications following the rule for square root of n, far more mutations than actually occur. Schrödinger's separation of random and non-random energy states is one of the few explanations for why entropy could be low in the past, but continually increasing now. It has been proposed as an explanation of localized decrease of entropy in radiant energy focusing in parabolic reflectors and during dark current in diodes, which would otherwise be in violation of Statistical Thermodynamics.
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The cumulative ALLBUS/GGSS 1980-2010 comprises opinion poll data from all of the 18 currently available ALLBUS/GGSS surveys, with a total of 54,243 respondents. It comprises all items that have been surveyed at least two times within the regular ALLBUS/GGSS program (replications).
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The variant which is a candidate for a beneficial mutation in this limited carrying capacity environment must first out-compete the "less fit" variants in order to accumulate the requisite number of replications for there to be a reasonable probability of that beneficial mutation occurring.
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He created the Teaching Family Model as an intervention program for dealing with juvenile delinquents. He helped replicate this model almost 800 times.Fixsen, D.L., Blasé, K, Timbers, G.D. and Wolf, M.M. (2007).In Search of Program Implementation: 792 Replications of the Teaching-Family Model.
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In December 1990, professor Richard Oriani of the University of Minnesota reported excess heat. Groups that did report successes found that some of their cells were producing the effect, while other cells that were built exactly the same and used the same materials were not producing the effect. Researchers that continued to work on the topic have claimed that over the years many successful replications have been made, but still have problems getting reliable replications. Reproducibility is one of the main principles of the scientific method, and its lack led most physicists to believe that the few positive reports could be attributed to experimental error.
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A protocol suggested by Mercer and Pignotti uses a taxonomy intended to classify on both research quality and other criteria. In this protocol, evidence-based interventions are those supported by work with randomized designs employing comparisons to established treatments, independent replications of results, blind evaluation of outcomes, and the existence of a manual. Evidence- supported interventions are those supported by nonrandomized designs, including within-subjects designs, and meeting the criteria for the previous category. Evidence-informed treatments involve case studies or interventions tested on populations other than the targeted group, without independent replications; a manual exists, and there is no evidence of harm or potential for harm.
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Similar to Qadiri's previous records, Desert Strike has a sound palette primarily consisting of 1980s and 1990s-style digital keyboard replications of instruments such as choirs, horns, steel drums, organs, gunshots and explosions.Stewart, Allison (17 December 2012). "Fatima Al Qadiri, ‘Desert Strike’ album review". The Washington Post.
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Early studies overwhelmingly showed positive results, but replications have led to mixed findings. Outcomes have been shown to differ depending on the local context and the guidelines regulating activation of the bodycams. Challenges include training, privacy, storage and the use of recordings further 'downstream' in the judicial system.
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There can be many ways to design a study. Research teams across the world neither have the same theoretical background, nor are they all equipped with the same materials. Crowdsourcing can be useful in the case of conceptual replications (i.e., testing a same research question through different operationalizations).
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This only happens if replication is initiated simultaneously from all origins of replications, and is referred to as synchronous replication. However, not all cells in a culture replicate synchronously. In this case cells do not have multiples of two replication forks. Replication initiation is then referred to being asynchronous.
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In 2011, Nosek and his collaborators set up the Reproducibility Project, with the aim of trying to replicate the results of 100 psychological experiments published in respected journals in 2008. In 2015, their results were published in Science, and found that only 36 out of the 100 replications showed statistically significant results, compared with 97 of the 100 original experiments. In 2014 Nosek was guest-editor of a special issue of the journal Social Psychology dedicated to the publication of preregistered replications. In 2018, Nosek was awarded, alongside Mahzarin Banaji and Anthony Greenwald, with a Golden Goose Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science for their work on implicit bias.
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Eighty of these devices were described as "trick vessels" that showed a real mastery of mechanics, with a real focus on the use of light pressure. Some of the devices seem to be replications of earlier Greek works, but the rest were much more advanced than what the Greeks had done.
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The goal is to select an alternative with minimum average delay time. The figure below shows preliminary simulation results ( i.e. having run only a fraction of the required number of simulation replications). It is clear to see that alternative 2 and 3 have a significantly lower delay time ( highlighted in red).
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After these early genes are transcribed and translated there is a second Uncoating step in which the rest of the genome is released and exposed to the previously produced replications proteins. The viral genome is now replicated as concatamers and transcription and translation of intermediate genes (mainly coding for transcription factors) occurs.
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Of course an exchange request may trigger one or more other internal changes. The object developer can migrate the state and the functionality over the fragments by providing different fragment implementations. Those dynamically change the inside the fragmented objects. A flexible internal partitioning is achieved providing transparent fault-tolerant replications as well.
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The Nativity Mission Center flourished, and by the 1980s had attracted the attention of Catholic educators nationwide. Replications followed creating the Nativity Network of Schools. In 1993, the Christian Brothers opened the first San Miguel School in Providence, Rhode Island. Its replication led to the formation of the Lasallian Association of Miguel Schools.
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Hopes faded with the large number of negative replications, the withdrawal of many reported positive replications, the discovery of flaws and sources of experimental error in the original experiment, and finally the discovery that Fleischmann and Pons had not actually detected nuclear reaction byproducts., , , By late 1989, most scientists considered cold fusion claims dead,, , , and cold fusion subsequently gained a reputation as pathological science. In 1989 the United States Department of Energy (DOE) concluded that the reported results of excess heat did not present convincing evidence of a useful source of energy and decided against allocating funding specifically for cold fusion. A second DOE review in 2004, which looked at new research, reached similar conclusions and did not result in DOE funding of cold fusion.
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Within the California two-spot octopus genome there are substantial replications of two gene families. Significantly, the expanded gene families were only previously known to exhibit replicative behaviour within vertebrates. The first gene family was identified as the Protocadherins which are attributed to neuron development. Protocadherins function as cell adhesion molecules, essential for synaptic specificity.
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Simply put, OCBA is an approach to simulation that will help determine the number of replications or the simulation time that is needed in order to receive acceptable or best results within a set of given parameters.Chen, and Loo H. Lee. Stochastic simulation optimization an optimal computing budget allocation. Singapore Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2011.
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They hypothesized that these individual were not only getting new memories based on VSM experiences, but they were also supplanting memories of the old behaviors. Their hypothesis was substantiated in the 2002 study. Their findings are preliminary and there have not been any published replications, but if substantiated, it raises both interesting methodological and ethical issues.
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Self-related objects are anything that pertains to the self; including in-groups and self-esteem (attitude towards the self). Early research by Nuttin et al. (1985) suggested that people generally have an implicit preference for letters in their own name, known as the Name letter effect. Further replications of this same effect with varying independent variables (e.g.
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Morra, S & Muscella, L. (2016) "A reappraisal of the Bose-Einstein model of the CSVI task : New experimental evidence, replications, and implications". EWOMS-8 - Liège, September 1, 2016.de Ribaupierre, A., Fagot, D., & Lecerf, T. (2011). "Working memory capacity and its role in cognitive development". In P. Barrouillet & V. Gaillard (Eds.), Cognitive development and working memory (pp. 105-133).
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Fewer than half of the attempted replications were successful at producing statistically significant results in the expected directions, though most of the attempted replications did produce trends in the expected directions. Many research trials and meta-analyses are compromised by poor quality and conflicts of interest that involve both authors and professional advocacy organizations, resulting in many false positives regarding the effectiveness of certain types of psychotherapy. Although the British newspaper The Independent wrote that the results of the reproducibility project show that much of the published research is just "psycho-babble", the replication crisis does not necessarily mean that psychology is unscientific. Rather this process is part of the scientific process in which old ideas or those that cannot withstand careful scrutiny are pruned, although this pruning process is not always effective.
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In the cold fusion or polywater controversies many scientists started replications immediately, because the underlying theories did not go directly against scientific fundamental principles and could be accommodated with a few tweaks to those principles. But Benveniste's experiment went directly against several principles, causing most researchers to outright reject the results as errors or fabrication, with only a few researchers willing to perform replications or experiments that could validate or reject his hypotheses. After the Nature controversy, Benveniste gained the public support of Brian Josephson,Brian Josephson, molecule memories, New Scientist letters, 1 November 1997 a Nobel laureate physicist with a reputation for openness to paranormal claims. Experiments continued along the same basic lines, culminating with a 1997 paper claiming the effect could be transmitted over phone lines.
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The album explores simulacra, looking for "the dividing line" between a real object and a simulated version of it. In doing so, it uses synthesized replications of acoustic instruments, such as a square wave keyboard sound meant to be a harpsichord texture. According to The Fader, the use of these sounds gives the album a more "uncanny" vibe than Nathan's previous releases.
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The Americans instead opted for a federal-style building that ended up overpriced and uncomfortable. During World War II, the Legislative Building and Jones Bridge, were totally destroyed and the Post Office Building was severely damaged. While these structures were all reconstructed, his original designs were not followed and were considered poor replications. Arellano retired in 1956 and went back to painting.
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Hori released a similar product line known as the "Battle Pad". In anticipation of Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, both Hori and PDP unveiled similar replications as USB gamepads for Nintendo Switch, both officially licensed. As with their Wii U counterparts, they maintain similar designs to the standard GameCube controllers, but updated to include dual shoulder buttons and Switch system buttons.
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Caching of data, statistics about data usage, replications services, data migration and thin provisioning are all easily implemented in an in-band device. Out-of-band, also known as asymmetric, virtualization devices are sometimes called meta-data servers. These devices only perform the meta-data mapping functions. This requires additional software in the host which knows to first request the location of the actual data.
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There are several methods of finding an optimal design, given an a priori restriction on the number of experimental runs or replications. Some of these methods are discussed by Atkinson, Donev and Tobias and in the paper by Hardin and Sloane. Of course, fixing the number of experimental runs a priori would be impractical. Prudent statisticians examine the other optimal designs, whose number of experimental runs differ.
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"Chunk strength" refers to the frequency of occurrence of any given chunk during the learning phase. The higher the chunk strength of an item, the more likely it is to be determined grammatical.Robinson, P. (2005). Cognitive abilities, chunk-strength, and frequency effects in implicit artificial grammar and incidental L2 learning: Replications of Reber, Walkenfeld, and Hernstadt (1991) and Knowlton and Squire (1996) and their relevance for SLA.
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The eighth and last attempt took place in Gilgil in late March 1948. The attempt was controversial, considering the previous failures, and even the Irgun commander Menachem Begin's support was tepid. Once again it was led by Meridor and involved digging a tunnel. Using improvised printing machines and the Larousse Encyclopedia, El Salvador and Honduras passports were forged, complete with replications of their symbols.
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The Poble Espanyol has replications of 117 buildings representing fifteen autonomous communities of Spain − the autonomous communities of La Rioja and the Canary Islands are not represented. The first is not present because it was not a separate region of Spain when the museum was designed and built. The Canary Islands are not represented because the four designers could not travel to them for economic reasons.
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As a result of this method, care must be taken in the interpretation of Ferguson's three factors, as factor analysis will output an abstract factor whether an objectively real factor exists or not.SAS(R) 3.11 Users Guide, Multivariate Analysis: Factor Analysis Although replication of the nationalism factor was inconsistent, the finding of religionism and humanitarianism had a number of replications by Ferguson and others.
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Carney is the primary author of the power pose phenomenon popularized by Amy Cuddy. The idea of power posing builds on a paper Carney published in 2005 called "Beliefs about the nonverbal expression of social power" and a finding called the facial feedback hypothesis (which has come under some scrutiny for possibly being a false positive finding; however a recent paper suggests the facial feedback hypothesis may be a true phenomenon after all). After many failed replications of Carney's power pose work, Carney posted a note on her personal website explaining that she no longer believed in the effects of power posing on feelings, hormones, and risk-taking behavior. This "position on power poses" note contributed to the discussion of replicability in psychological science by Carney being among a first recent batch of scientists publicly disclosing they did not, after failed replications, have faith in their own research.
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Michael McKubre working on deuterium gas-based cold fusion cell used by SRI International Cold fusion researchers (McKubre since 1994, ENEA in 2011) have speculated that a cell that is loaded with a deuterium/palladium ratio lower than 100% (or 1:1) will not produce excess heat. Since most of the negative replications from 1989 to 1990 did not report their ratios, this has been proposed as an explanation for failed replications. This loading ratio is hard to obtain, and some batches of palladium never reach it because the pressure causes cracks in the palladium, allowing the deuterium to escape. Fleischmann and Pons never disclosed the deuterium/palladium ratio achieved in their cells, there are no longer any batches of the palladium used by Fleischmann and Pons (because the supplier now uses a different manufacturing process), and researchers still have problems finding batches of palladium that achieve heat production reliably.
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From 2002 to 2003, an official Island Xtreme Stunts series of Lego sets was released. The line featured replications of the characters to semi-canonical sets such as skateboard parks and various vehicles used in the game. However, these did not financially impact the success of either the game or the Lego series itself, and the theme was discontinued after the first year. The sets are now collectors' items.
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The bridge restaurants in the United States are, except the Lincoln Oasis, more or less replications of the same design based upon a tied- arch bridge. The Lincoln Oasis,Greco p. 98. designed by David Haid, used a steel frame combined with a glass facade derived from the Italian MSAs at Arda and Cantagallo. The Illinois oasis were renovated in 2003 and have all got a similar look since.
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Other terms that are often mentioned in the same context as interactors, are replicators and vehicles. When replicators are mentioned, they mean things that pass on their entire structure through successive replications, like genes. This is not the same as an interactor, as interactors are things that interact with their environment and natural selection can act upon. Due to this interaction with the environment, interactors cause differential replication.
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The event is followed by a time delay and introduction of post-event information. Finally, participants are retested on their memory of the original event. This original study by Loftus et al. paved the way for multiple replications of the effect in order to test things like what specific processes cause the effect to occur in the first place and how individual differences influence susceptibility to the effect.
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The painting was produced during Courbet's involvement with Realism in art in the mid-1800s. Due to the short amount of time Courbet had to paint it, many original plans for the work had to be discarded. The most noticeable example of this is in the background of the painting. On the back wall of the studio in the painting, Courbet planned to paint replications of other works of his.
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", June 12, 2013. Last accessed: June 20, 2013. The television critic for the Los Angeles Times, Mary McNamara, discussed the "seductive power of theater", writing, "Yet for all the hope pinned on internal illumination, the first thing Love, Marilyn does is remind us how beautiful Monroe really was. Her face has been so thoroughly replaced in popular culture by commercialized replications that the real thing is a surprising thrill to behold.
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An incubator shaker (or thermal shaker) can be considered a mix of an incubator and a shaker. It has an ability to shake while maintaining optimal conditions for incubating microbes or DNA replications. This equipment is very useful since, in order for a cell to grow, it needs oxygen and nutrients that require shaking so that they can be distributed evenly around the culture. A vortex shaker in use.
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Rapay-Markish began working as a sculptor at the Kiev Experimental Ceramic Art Factory () (KEKHZ). Her work was known for its feminine qualities, which represented images of famous artists and porcelain figurines of women in the Ukrainian national costumes. Replications of her sculptures were then made at the Polonne ceramic factory and the Korosten porcelain factory. She was a gifted painter and, during this period, decorated porcelain dishes, plates, and platters.
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The Proteus phenomenon is the tendency in science for early replications of a work to contradict the original findings, a consequence of publication bias. It is akin to the winner's curse. The term was coined by John Ioannidis and Thomas A. Trikalinos in 2005 named after the Greek god Proteus who could rapidly change his appearance. A 2013 paper argued that the phenomenon might be "desirable or even optimal" from a scientific standpoint.
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To improve the quality of replications, larger sample sizes than those used in the original study are often needed. Larger sample sizes are needed because estimates of effect sizes in published work are often exaggerated due to publication bias and large sampling variability associated with small sample sizes in an original study. Further, using significance thresholds usually leads to inflated effects, because particularly with small sample sizes, only the largest effects will become significant.
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Pearce, John The Wesleys in Cornwall. Truro: D. Bradford Barton, 1964 In 1881 the estate was ″about 1300 acres of land, pretty much in a ring- fence″. The house was rebuilt in 1888 incorporating some replications of 17th- century features and some original 17th-century ones (though not all in situ) in the exterior. Inside the 17th-century parlour with its fine ribbed plaster ceiling and the 17th-century open-well stair have been retained.
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Furthermore, subjects rated the predictions that the True Colors system made about them as accurate. However, this could be the result of hindsight bias and/or confirmation bias. Subjects retested after a 30 to 50 day delay were given the same classification ~95% of the time. However, the research was performed by an 11-year True Colors Certified Trainer, the research was not published in a peer-reviewed journal, and there are no published replications.
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Listen Presto is in ternary form with a coda. The piece begins with a fortissimo introduction with a thick texture in the left hand consisting of chromatic sextuplets. The melody is a "rising quasi-military" idea, interspersed between replications of the left hand figure, the mostly two-note melody being a strong unifying element. The middle section is a brief period of pianississimo falling figures in the right hand and rising scales in the left.
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One such replication is a magnetic field-free space (MF), which produces an area with a weaker magnetic field than that of Earth. MF treatment produced mutagenic results, and has been used to cultivate new mutant varieties of rice and alfalfa. Other replications of space conditions include irradiation of seeds by a heavy 7 Li- ion beam or mixed high-energy particles. These space-bred varieties are already being introduced to the public.
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Various studies and replications have examined the liking gap and provide validity for the occurrence of this phenomenon. The liking gap is a newer idea and requires more research in order for it to be more widely accepted. Although no specific all-encompassing factor can explain why it happens, it does seems to appear in many interactions. The first study done was to see if there was a liking gap with a random stranger.
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It has been argued that some studies test experts with objects that are slightly outside of their domain of expertise. More to the point, failures to replicate are null effects and can occur for many different reasons. In contrast, each replication adds a great deal of weight to a particular argument. With regard to "face specific" effects in neuroimaging, there are now multiple replications with Greebles, with birds and cars, and two unpublished studies with chess experts.
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For example, the scientific journal Judgment and Decision Making has published several studies over the years that fail to provide support for the unconscious thought theory. Replications appear particularly difficult when research trials are pre-registered and conducted by research groups not highly invested in the theory under questioning. These three elements together have resulted in renewed attention for replication supported by psychologist Daniel Kahneman. Scrutiny of many effects have shown that several core beliefs are hard to replicate.
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Pharmaceutical companies and venture capitalists maintain research laboratories or contract with private research service providers (e.g. Envigo and Smart Assays Biotechnologies) whose job is to replicate academic studies, in order to test if they are accurate prior to investing or trying to develop a new drug based on that research. The financial stakes are high for the company and investors, so it is cost effective for them to invest in exact replications. Updated on June 14, 2017.
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At the time of his death, Eysenck was the living psychologist most frequently cited in the peer- reviewed scientific journal literature. A 2019 study found him to be the third most controversial of 55 intelligence researchers. Eysenck's research purported to show that certain personality types had an elevated risk of cancer and heart disease. Scholars have identified errors and suspected data manipulation in Eysenck's work, and large replications have failed to confirm the relationships that he purported to find.
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A digital collectible card game (DCCG) is a computer or video game usually played online that emulates collectible card games (CCG), or in many cases, doesn't use card-like images at all, but instead icons, avatars or other symbols to represent game pieces. Originally, DCCGs started out as replications of a CCG's physical counterpart such as Magic: The Gathering, but many DCCGs have foregone a physical version and exclusively release as a video game, such as with Hearthstone.
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Conversely, these participants did worse on the math test when instead their gender identity—which is associated with stereotypes of inferior quantitative skills—was made salient, which is consistent with stereotype threat. Two replications of this result have been attempted. In one case, the effect was only reproduced after excluding participants who were unaware of stereotypes about the mathematical abilities of Asians or women, while the other replication failed to reproduce the original results even considering several moderating variables.
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This was answered when modern computers were used to determine that there was indeed an occurrence of this sixth trait in the English language. By using the complete set of words that had previously been grouped into 75 different clusters, the replications showed the existence of the sixth trait that was previously missing. This research across cultures, led to the trait, Honesty-Humility, to be added to the Big 5 and becoming a new model; The HEXACO model.
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Each year, The Brooklyn Latin School celebrates Founders' Day to recognize the hard work of those individuals and partner organizations—magistri, discipuli, staff, parents, Replications, Inc., Boston Latin School—who have made and continue to make the school's formative years a success. Prize declamation is also one tradition of Founder's Day. Founders' Day reminds those in the Brooklyn Latin School community of their roots, and it inspires them to live up to the school's tradition of excellence.
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FTI leverages local storage plus multiple replications and erasures techniques to provide several levels of reliability and performance. FTI provides application-level checkpointing that allows users to select which data needs to be protected, in order to improve efficiency and avoid space, time and energy waste. It offers a direct data interface so that users do not need to deal with files and/or directory names. All metadata is managed by FTI in a transparent fashion for the user.
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Lane, R.D. and Nadel, L. (2020) Neuroscience of Enduring Change: Implications for Psychotherapy, Oxford University Press, USA Studies have also demonstrated engram specific manipulation of retrieval-extinction on remote memories. The Epigenetic priming of behavioral memory updating was shown to enable retrieval-extinction interference. Additional conceptual replications and demonstrations of reconsolidation updating using other forms of behavioral and non-invasive interferences have been reported. Some studies failed to replicate retrieval-extinction effects and disputed the results.
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Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 37–48.. Web 2.0 is considered a set of helpful tools that can foster collaboration (sometimes also referred to as Science 2.0). Further, citizen science is seen as a form of collaboration that includes knowledge and information from non-scientists. Fecher and Friesike describe data sharing as an example of the pragmatic school as it enables researchers to use other researchers’ data to pursue new research questions or to conduct data-driven replications.
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He also designed for Fortune, and Girl Scouts of the United States. In addition to his many contributions to graphic design, Lustig was an accomplished interior and architectural designer. In 1949, he designed what has become known as the "Lustig Chair" for Paramount Furniture in Beverly Hills, CA. His original design continues to inspire modern interiors and replications of the chair are still in production. Lustig's interior design work also influenced younger designers like Paul Tuttle.
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Its diffusion toward the nucleic membrane can lead it to mutate DNA sequences that are actively transcribed on the genome. In single growth assays, A1 has been found to impact HIV replications. Additionally, A1 has reduced Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication, although the mechanism is still not known. The antiviral properties of A1 extend to both DNA and RNA due to its deamination function, which can hinder DNA replication and consequently suppress further infection by HIV or HBV.
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In contrast to norms in the physical sciences, the focus is typically on the average treatment effect (the difference in outcomes between the treatment and control groups) or another test statistic produced by the experiment. A single study typically does not involve replications of the experiment, but separate studies may be aggregated through systematic review and meta-analysis. There are various differences in experimental practice in each of the branches of science. For example, agricultural research frequently uses randomized experiments (e.g.
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Hull suggested a resolution based upon a distinction between replicators and interactors. The term "replicator" includes genes as the most fundamental replicators but possibly other agents, and interactor includes organisms but maybe other agents, much as do Dawkins' 'vehicles'. The distinction is as follows: :replicator: an entity that passes on its structure largely intact in successive replications. :interactor: an entity that interacts as a cohesive whole with its environment in such a way that this interaction causes replication to be differential.
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On 10 October 2000, Grindhouse Releasing co-distributed the film in collaboration with Anchor Bay Entertainment on DVD in both a limited-edition tin-box set, and a standard DVD. Both releases featured the fully uncut 89-minute version of the film. There were only 20,000 limited-edition sets released for purchase. The limited-edition set was packaged in a tin box with alternative cover artwork, including an informative booklet on the film's production as well as various miniature poster replications.
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The design of computer experiments has considerable differences from design of experiments for parametric models. Since a Gaussian process prior has an infinite dimensional representation, the concepts of A and D criteria (see Optimal design), which focus on reducing the error in the parameters, cannot be used. Replications would also be wasteful in cases when the computer simulation has no error. Criteria that are used to determine a good experimental design include integrated mean squared prediction error and distance based criteria .
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For example, it is possible to explain implicit partisanship or implicit egotism in terms of a halo effect, however these concepts will be discussed more in subsequent sections. Pioneered by Edward Thorndike in 1920, the halo effect is the judgement of attribute "A" being influenced by a known but irrelevant attribute "B". For example, subsequent replications commonly use physical attractiveness as attribute "B" and attribute "A" being a judgement of the subject. More specifically a study Landy and Sigall et al.
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Science writers Martin Gardner and Terence Hines and the philosopher Theodore Schick have written that if psychokinesis were possible, one would expect casino incomes to be affected, but the earnings are exactly as the laws of chance predict. Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey argues that many experiments in psychology, biology or physics assume that the intentions of the subjects or experimenter do not physically distort the apparatus. Humphrey counts them as implicit replications of PK experiments in which PK fails to appear.
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In a series of studies published in 2012 and later peer-reviewed, Hamid Seyedsayamdost showed that some of the most famous results in experimental philosophy were not reproducible. This work gave rise to a focused attention on reproducibility in experimental philosophy. Several philosophers have carried out independent replications and to date all have confirmed Seyedsayamdost's results. Some of the areas covered in this debate include the instability and malleability of philosophical intuitions, determinism and moral responsibility, cultural diversity, gender differences and socioeconomic diversity.
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The Teaching-Family Model (TFA) is a model of care for troubled youth used internationally in group homes, foster care, schools, home-based treatment, and other youth and dependent adult care programs. It was developed in the 1960s through research at the University of Kansas. Researchers included Montrose Wolf (the inventor of time-out as a learning tool to shape behavior) and Gary Timbers. The model has been replicated over 800 times, although not all of the replications have proven effective and successful.
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The notion of a replicating portfolio is fundamental to rational pricing, which assumes that market prices are arbitrage-free – concretely, arbitrage opportunities are exploited by constructing a replicating portfolio. In practice, replicating portfolios are seldom, if ever, exact replications. Most significantly, unless they are claims against the same counterparties, there is credit risk. Further, dynamic replication is invariably imperfect, since actual price movements are not infinitesimal – they may in fact be large – and transaction costs to change the hedge are not zero.
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The circular domed ceiling has notable acoustics and has been studied by acoustical designers, due to its repute. A speaker on the theater stage can speak in a normal voice without a microphone and be heard clearly by all in attendance. The theater's interior walls retain the original Art Deco murals by John Gabriel Beckman. The theater's facade had a painted mural of an Art Deco-style underwater world scene, which was later replaced with replications of Beckman's design created in Catalina Pottery-style tiles.
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In the subset of 500 studies, analysis indicated that 78.9% of published replication attempts were successful. A study published in 2018 in Nature Human Behaviour sought to replicate 21 social and behavioral science papers from Nature and Science, finding that only 13 could be successfully replicated. Similarly, in a study conducted under the auspices of the Center for Open Science, a team of 186 researchers from 60 different laboratories (representing 36 different nationalities from 6 different continents) conducted replications of 28 classic and contemporary findings in psychology.
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Based on coursework in experimental methods at MIT, Stanford, and the University of Washington, it has been suggested that methods courses in psychology and other fields emphasize replication attempts rather than original studies. Such an approach would help students learn scientific methodology and provide numerous independent replications of meaningful scientific findings that would test the replicability of scientific findings. Some have recommended that graduate students should be required to publish a high-quality replication attempt on a topic related to their doctoral research prior to graduation.
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The Jakarta Method is a 2020 non-fiction book by American journalist and writer Vincent Bevins. It concerns American support for the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66, during which an estimated one million communists, suspected communists, Chinese Indonesians, and others were killed, and subsequent replications of the strategy in Latin America and elsewhere. The killings in Indonesia by the American-backed Indonesian forces were so successful in culling communism that the term "Jakarta" was later used to refer to the genocidal aspects of similar, later plans.
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The ER activity can be monitored using immunohistochemical methods in applications like tissue analysis for tumorgenesis. The activation of the ER through binding to the estrogen hormone stimulates the mammary cell division, catalyzing the cell division and DNA replication process. This results in exponential multiplication of replications of the mutated genes, along with large amounts of genotoxic waste in response to this estrogen metabolism pathway. These ill effects highly increase the chances of malignant cell formation, and in turn, increases the chance of tumor formation.
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Cell Res. 37, 614–636 (1965). After several replications, certain cells can lose their ability to divide, but still remain functionally viable. These phenomena became known as cellular senescence, and could be viewed as both helpful and harmful to an organism; it could be helpful in a sense that the senescence could act as a powerful tumor-suppressive mechanism, but harmful in the sense that it could result in the accumulation of non- dividing cells in healthy tissues which could lead to impaired regenerative capacity and function.
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It starts with the spotting and immobilization of an array of DNA templates onto a glass slide. The slide is then assembled face-to-face with a second slide pre-coated with a protein-capturing reagent, and a membrane soaked with cell extract is placed between the two slides for transcription and translation to take place. The newly synthesized his-tagged proteins are then immobilized onto the slide to form the array. In the publication in 18 of 20 replications a protein microarray copy could be generated.
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They appear slimy and resemble yeast within 48 hours, reaching full maturity at 16 weeks. The ascomata that have been grown in lab have been shown to fully mature and develop septae but are unable to produce asci and ascospores. Artificial daylight is thought to be the limiting factor that prevents the production of asci. Further replications of the above experiments revealed that the structure formed may actually be a pseudothecium, an ascocarp that resembles a ascocarp but whose asci do not organize into a hymenium.
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Conjugated estrogens (CEs), or conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs), sold under the brand name Premarin among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and for various other indications. It is a mixture of the sodium salts of estrogen conjugates found in horses, such as estrone sulfate and equilin sulfate. CEEs are available in the form of both natural preparations manufactured from the urine of pregnant mares and fully synthetic replications of the natural preparations. They are formulated both alone and in combination with progestins such as medroxyprogesterone acetate.
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It is often difficult to trace or track the origin of a prime occurrence as we typically see the offspring and relatives to the prime through replications and mutations. Frequently a perceived Prime Object is the result of subtle changes to a true Prime Object through: social, economic or political influences. The person copying the prime object will never have the same circumstances or feelings as the original maker. Investigating the history of an object or idea can give clues as to how authentic is the Prime Object.
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Quite often, Primes are not evident without a significant amount of replications, over a significant period of time, to observe that something influential and indivisible of its parts has presented itself: "When we consider the class of these great moments, we are usually confronted with dead stars. Even their light has ceased to reach us. We know of their existence only indirectly, by their perturbations, and by the immense detritus of derivative stuff left in their paths." At this point in Chapter 2 Kubler compares great moments in art and inspired ideas to "dead stars".
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New Energy is the ninth studio album by British electronic musician Kieran Hebden, released under his alias Four Tet on 29 September 2017 by Text Records. The album follows a more uptempo, listener-friendly style than previous Four Tet records while containing elements of those albums and a variety of musical styles as well as virtual instrument replications of culturally-tinged instruments. The album garnered critical acclaim, landing on several year-end lists by publications such as PopMatters, Q, Uncut, The Guardian, and Pitchfork, and reached number 48 on the UK Albums Chart.
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The virus inserts a gene (known as a viral oncogene) normally near the cellular myc (c-myc)gene. The c-myc gene is normally turned off in the cell; however when it is turned on it is able to push the cell into the G1 phase of the cell cycle and cause the cell to begin replication, causing unchecked cell proliferation while allowing the viral gene to be replicated. After many replications where the viral gene stays latent tumours begin to grow. These tumours are normally derived from one mutated/transformed cell (clonal in origin).
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Non- replicated experiments are used by knowledgeable experimentalists when replications have prohibitive costs. When the block-design lacks replicates, interactions have been modeled. For example, Tukey's F-test for interaction (non-additivity) has been motivated by the multiplicative model of Mandel (1961); this model assumes that all treatment-block interactions are proportion to the product of the mean treatment-effect and the mean block- effect, where the proportionality constant is identical for all treatment- block combinations. Tukey's test is valid when Mandel's multiplicative model holds and when the errors independently follow a normal distribution.
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Reader also noted that he and his co-counsel had advised Thornton to wage battle out of concern that with the "extraordinary and unprecedented prejudice" against the defendant, a fair jury could not be obtained. The matter was adjourned to 22 November to allow Ashford's counsel to file pleadings. At subsequent hearings, each side submitted replications (affidavits) with his version of the evidence. Ashford sought for the Court to rule that the evidence against Thornton was strong and that the defendant was thus ineligible to wage battle; Thornton sought the opposite.
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FurReal is noted for its animatronic replications of creatures and domestic animals as an alternative to live pets, or emulating the behaviors of pets commonly desired by children including horses, cats, rabbits and dogs. Certain robotics may be designed to represent creatures unfit for domestication, like elephants, lions, tigers, leopards, jaguars, unicorns and bears. Bouncy, a robotic puppy, can jump and turn in a circle when a child waves their hand across her head. With Zambi, a robotic elephant manufactured and intended for charitable sales, a portion of its proceeds benefit charities.
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Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications. Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure. Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research. Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.
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Cattell's factor analytic approach, used to identify the universal personality structures, inspired countless studies in the decades following the introduction of the 16PF. Using Cattell's original clusters, the 16 Personality Factors, and original data, multiple researchers independently developed a five factor model of personality over this period. From the early 1960s on, these explorations typically included a factor called "agreeableness" or "sociability." Despite repeated replications of five stable personality factors following Cattell's pioneering work, this framework only began to dominate personality research in the early 1980s with the work of Lewis Goldberg.
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The Parthenon replications are seen to balance out the voids and surfaces on the building (windows and walls) while at the same time balancing the purist abstraction of the ideal cube form. The panels tie in the history of western architecture and seem to project the idea that Adolf Loos was a classical architect and not a radical. Another key part of the Rufer house is the seemingly random arrangement of windows. With the blank white walls giving no distraction, the most noticeable aspect of the house are the windows.
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As a patron of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago, he was also responsible for the Oriental Institute joining efforts on the temple endeavor with the Egypt Exploration Society. Example of a relief in Temple Chapel of Osiris, Temple of Seti I, Abydos, Egypt Calverley was appointed director of the Temple project. With the increased funds, Broome was hired as Calverley's assistant in 1929. During eight seasons at the Temple, the two women were responsible for all the paintings and replications, with the help of a small staff of artists.
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Lastly, Pilotwings 64 features a "Birdman" mode that puts the character in a bird suit and gives players the opportunity to freely explore the game's detailed, object-dense environments set among its four distinct islands. One of the islands is based on the United States, and has geographical replications of famous landmarks including the Statue of Liberty and Mount Rushmore and major cities such as Los Angeles, Chicago, and New York City. Representations of Nintendo characters and many other interesting quirks can be found in the landscapes of the game.
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Concerns have been expressed within the scientific community that the general public may consider science less credible due to failed replications. Research supporting this concern is sparse, but a nationally representative survey in Germany showed that more than 75% of Germans have not heard of replication failures in science. The study also found that most Germans have positive perceptions of replication efforts: Only 18% think that non-replicability shows that science cannot be trusted, while 65% think that replication research shows that science applies quality control, and 80% agree that errors and corrections are part of science.
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William R. Newman (born March 13, 1955) is Distinguished Professor and Ruth N. Halls Professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University. Most of Newman’s work in the History of Science has been devoted to alchemy and "chymistry," the art-nature debate, and matter theories, particularly atomism. Newman is also General Editor of the Chymistry of Isaac Newton, an online resource combining born-digital editions of Newton’s alchemical writings with multimedia replications of Newton’s alchemical experiments. In addition, he was Director of the Catapult Center for Digital Humanities and Computational Analysis of Texts at Indiana University.
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In 1518, he received a copyright from Pope Leo X for his four-block print The Death of the Ananias. This work, along with many more of Ugo's chiaroscuro works from this time period, are considered by scholars to be the best examples of "truly reproductive prints." Although Ugo was focused on reproducing and replicating sketches, engravings, and prints by other artists while in Rome, he began to develop his own unique style. An early example of this is present in Ugo's replications of Raphael's sketches, where he chose colors for his prints dissimilar to the ones used by Raphael.
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A scale can be created as the simple sum or average of questionnaire responses over the set of individual items (questions). In so doing, Likert scaling assumes distances between each choice (answer option) are equal. Many researchers employ a set of such items that are highly correlated (that show high internal consistency) but also that together will capture the full domain under study (which requires less-than perfect correlations). Others hold to a standard by which "All items are assumed to be replications of each other or in other words items are considered to be parallel instruments".
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However, replications by other researchers failed to produce this number (most likely due to the developing nature of the factor analysis method). Although the 12 factors were not replicated, there were five traits that were being consistently produced. These 5 traits would become the foundation of the Big 5 model of personality assessment and would be later supported by replication studies that used more words than Cattell had in his previous research. As the Big 5 became more and more accepted, it led to researchers wondering if these traits would be consistently found in other languages.
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F1000Research publishes multiple article types including traditional research articles, single findings, case reports, protocols, replications and null or negative results. The journal has been criticized for unclear peer-review standards in relation to its inclusion in PubMed, but has since clarified how articles are indexed in the PubMed and PubMed Central databases. F1000Research also publishes posters and slide presentations in biology and medicine. In October 2014, F1000Research's Managing Director Rebecca Lawrence took part in a Reddit Science AMA (Ask Me Anything) as part of Open Access Week, to answer questions about the F1000Research publication format and about open science in general.
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The species within the family Pseudonocardiaceae form a distinct clade in phylogenetic trees based on concatenated protein sequences. Additionally, Nakamurella multipartite, currently part of the order Frankiales, also formed a clade with the Pseudonocardiaceae species in 100% of the bootstrap replications of the phylogenetic trees. A conserved signature indel has been identified which is found in N. multipartite and all but one of the Pseudonocardiaceae species. This one-amino-acid insertion in UMP kinase serves to both provide a molecular marker for nearly all of the Pseudonocardiaceae and suggests N. multipartite is closely related to this group.
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Reproducibility is a major principle of the scientific method. It means that a result obtained by an experiment or observational study should be achieved again with a high degree of agreement when the study is replicated with the same methodology by different researchers. Only after one or several such successful replications should a result be recognized as scientific knowledge. With a narrower scope, reproducibility has been introduced in computational sciences: Any results should be documented by making all data and code available in such a way that the computations can be executed again with idenitical results.
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The youth group, Same Difference Youth Group, has a strong tradition of fellowship with each other and connecting with other Presbyterian youth through camps at Mo Ranch and the annual Senior High Youth Conference within Grace Presbytery. The Youth have also been leaders in service, volunteering at Our Calling, Union Gospel Mission, as well as mission trips within Texas in recent years. Bethlehem Revisted In 1997, Central Presbyterian Church initiated “Bethlehem Revisited,” an event portraying a full representation of life in Bethlehem when Christ was born. It includes replications of homes, shops and other facilities authentic to the time period.
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DNA viruses are therefore less error prone, are generally less diverse, and are more slowly evolving than RNA viruses. In both cases, the likelihood of mutations is exacerbated by the speed with which viruses reproduce, which provides more opportunities for mutations to occur in successive replications. Billions of viruses are produced every day during the course of an infection, with each replication giving another chance for mutations that encode for resistance to occur. Multiple strains of one virus can be present in the body at one time, and some of these strains may contain mutations that cause antiviral resistance.
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Overall, critical reception of the album was positive, though many reviewers criticized select tracks. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine complimented the artists involved for not settling for "mere replications" of Holly's song, for playing "fast and loose", and for "radically reinterpreting the original" recordings. However, Erlewine described Karen Elson's cover of "Crying, Waiting, Hoping" as "overly ornate" and categorized Lou Reed's "Peggy Sue" as "turgid grind". David Fricke of Rolling Stone criticized McCartney's "It's So Easy" and Nash's "Raining in My Heart", describing the latter as a "deft balance of folk-rock sparkle and overcast-afternoon sigh".
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More recent research has shown that H3K27me3 and H4K20me1 are also common in early embryos. Other methylation markings associated with transcriptionally active areas of DNA, H3K4me2 and H3K4me3, are missing from the Xi chromosome along with many acetylation markings. Although it was known that certain Xi histone methylation markings stayed relatively constant between species, it has recently been discovered that different organisms and even different cells within a single organism can have different markings for their X inactivation. Through histone methylation, there is genetic imprinting, so that the same X homolog stays inactivated through chromosome replications and cell divisions.
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Musical training in childhood correlates with higher than average IQ. However, a study of 10,500 twins found no effects on IQ, suggesting that the correlation was caused by genetic confounders. A meta-analysis concluded that "Music training does not reliably enhance children and young adolescents' cognitive or academic skills, and that previous positive findings were probably due to confounding variables." It is popularly thought that listening to classical music raises IQ. However, multiple attempted replications (e.g.) have shown that this is at best a short-term effect (lasting no longer than 10 to 15 minutes), and is not related to IQ-increase.
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Killeen argues that new results should be evaluated in their own right, without the "burden of history", with flat priors: that is what p-rep yields. A more pragmatic estimate of replicability would include prior knowledge, via, for instance, meta-analysis. Critics have also underscored mathematical errors in the original Killeen paper. For example, the formula relating the effect sizes from two replications of a given experiment erroneously uses one of these random variables as a parameter of the probability distribution of the other while he previously hypothesized these two variables to be independent,"p-rep" at Pro Bono Statistics criticisms addressed in Killeen's rejoinder.
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It is equally difficult to generate a prime occurrence, which is why replicating one is a more prevalent practice. For example, today's hammer is generally various permutations of a "T" shaped object with a metal head placed on a wooden handle - if the entire object itself is not metal. The Prime Object of that hammer may have been a rock used to pound something into the ground. The problem with classifying a Prime Object is knowing when we are in the presence of a prime object, especially since most (if not all) objects that we come across are really replications of a previous concept.
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Inventors and Artists Role in the Progress of Ideas Kubler discusses how the general public is not interested in furthering the progress of culture. The masses are content with copies or replications of an idea; these copies are still recognizably linked to the thought, object, or idea being copied. This general public merely requires modest updating, little change of the actual object. "Public demand recognizes only what exists, unlike the inventors and artists whose minds turn more upon future possibilities, whose speculations and combinations obey an altogether different rule of order, described here as a linked progression of experiments composing a formal sequence" (85).
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The Open Science Framework provides a platform and useful tools to support reproducible research. Psychology has seen a renewal of internal concerns about irreproducible results (see the entry on replicability crisis for empirical results on success rates of replications). Researchers showed in a 2006 study that, of 141 authors of a publication from the American Psychology Association (APA) empirical articles, 103 (73%) did not respond with their data over a six-month period. In a follow up study published in 2015, it was found that 246 out of 394 contacted authors of papers in APA journals did not share their data upon request (62%).
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One major difference in this study is that the effects that avatars had on participants' behavior depended on how much the avatar resembled the user. This difference was tested by assigning some users avatars that had been created using photographs of their actual faces. The Proteus effect has also been used to explain successful replications of the work by Frank and Gilovich (1988) and Johnson and Downing (1979). The results of two studies by Jorge Peña, Jeffrey T. Hancock, and Nicholas A. Merola found that attitude towards aggressive behavior in a virtual setting was increased in individuals who used avatars wearing black cloaks or clothing that resembled KKK uniforms.
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Steamtown National Historic Site (NHS) is a railroad museum and heritage railroad located on in downtown Scranton, Pennsylvania, at the site of the former Scranton yards of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (DL&W;). The museum is built around a working turntable and a roundhouse that are largely replications of the original DL&W; facilities; the roundhouse, for example, was reconstructed from remnants of a 1932 structure. The site also features several original outbuildings dated between 1899 and 1902. All the buildings on the site are listed with the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Yard-Dickson Manufacturing Co. Site.
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Collaborating with Professor Jodi Forlizzi, McLaren developed a digital learning game called Decimal Point to teach decimal fractions and decimal operations to middle school students. In 2017, they conducted a study, which involved 153 students from two middle schools, 70 students learned about decimals from playing Decimal Point, whereas 83 students learned the same content by a more conventional, computer-based approach. In the study, the game led to significantly better gain learning gains, on both an immediate and delayed posttest and was rated by the students as significantly more enjoyable. They later ran several replications of the study and achieved the same results.
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Imagine further, you conduct exactly the same little experiment, but with the line-drawing in Figure 4. The result, you theoretically get this time, may be such that "...the distance in the chain of two drawings on the one hand, and their degree of difference on the other hand should be two variables independent of one another."; meaning that it was a chain of stable replications. Theoretically, this is because Figure 4 looks like a five-branched star, drawn without lifting the pencil, whereas Figure 3 has no perceivable meaning (at least in our western culture), the second chain is a SCCC but not so the first.
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DNA from cells after two replications had been completed was found to consist of equal amounts of DNA with two different densities, one corresponding to the intermediate density of DNA of cells grown for only one division in 14N medium, the other corresponding to DNA from cells grown exclusively in 14N medium. This was inconsistent with dispersive replication, which would have resulted in a single density, lower than the intermediate density of the one-generation cells, but still higher than cells grown only in 14N DNA medium, as the original 15N DNA would have been split evenly among all DNA strands. The result was consistent with the semiconservative replication hypothesis.
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Hearthstone, one of the leading games of the genre A digital collectible card game (DCCG) or online collectible card game (OCCG) is a computer or video game that emulates collectible card games (CCG) and is typically played online or occasionally as a standalone video game. Many DCCGs are types of digital tabletop games and follow traditional card game-style rules, while some DCCGs use alternatives for cards and gameboards, such as icons, dice and avatars. Originally, DCCGs started out as replications of a CCG's physical counterpart, but many DCCGs have foregone a physical version and exclusively release as a video game, such as with Hearthstone.
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Some software (written in scripting languages such as Perl or Python) can be installed and/or run on any supported platform without porting, recompilation or re-packaging of any sort. A systems administrator might conceivably locate such software in a `/software/common` export. In some cases, organizations may also use regional or location-based variable/dynamic mappings -- so that users in one building or site are directed to a closer file server which hosts replications of the resources that are hosted at other locations. In all of these cases, automounter utilities allow the users to access files and directories without regard for the actual physical location.
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Although Baumeister used an evolutionary approach to explain his findings, Hyde & Durik suggest that a sociocultural approach related to social constructionism is more appropriate. Hyde & Durik pointed out that in Baumeister's Western sample: ∗ Men have many more levels of power over women than women have over men ∗ Groups of people who have less power often attempt to acculturate their behaviour to those that are more powerful ∗ Both gender roles and social constructions influence both men and women's behaviour, particularly in the area of sexuality whereby heterosexuality is expected for both men and women. Although other studies have attempted to replicate Baumeister's findings, no successful replications have yet to be found.
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John Cox, a former 737 pilot and pilots' union safety representative, and Chesley Sullenberger, who successfully ditched US Airways Flight 1549 in the Hudson River, both did Flight Simulator replications of Flight 302. Cox described the rapid onset of unforeseen events as a "...breeding ground for confusion and task saturation." Sullenberger commented that "Even knowing what was going to happen, I could see how crews would have run out of time and altitude before they could have solved the problems." While defending the pilots' actions, Sullenberger was also highly critical of allowing someone with only 200 hours of flight experience to be first officer.
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There can be reliable phenomena that are not limited to the laboratory. For example, increasing the number of bystanders has been found to inhibit helping behaviour with many kinds of people, including children, university students, and future ministers; in Israel; in small towns and large cities in the U.S.; in a variety of settings, such as psychology laboratories, city streets, and subway trains; and with a variety of types of emergencies, such as seizures, potential fires, fights, and accidents, as well as with less serious events, such as having a flat tire. Many of these replications have been conducted in real-life settings where people could not possibly have known that an experiment was being conducted.
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As with many cognitive processes in the brain, current and upcoming research seeks to gain better insight into the functions and outcomes of how we think. Research for counterfactual thinking has recently been investigating various effects and how they might alter or contribute to counterfactual thinking. One study by Rim and Summerville (2014) investigated the distance of the event in terms of time and how this length of time can affect the process by which counterfactual thinking can occur. Their results showed that "people generated more downward counterfactuals about recent versus distant past events, while they tended to generate more upward counterfactuals about distant versus recent past events", which was consistent in their replications for social distance as well.
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In their 1995 paper, Metcalf and Allen maintained that they uncovered in animal behavior a pattern of period doubling leading to chaos. The authors examined a well-known response called schedule-induced polydipsia, by which an animal deprived of food for certain lengths of time will drink unusual amounts of water when the food is at last presented. The control parameter (r) operating here was the length of the interval between feedings, once resumed. The authors were careful to test a large number of animals and to include many replications, and they designed their experiment so as to rule out the likelihood that changes in response patterns were caused by different starting places for r.
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The consequence is that some areas of psychology once considered solid, such as social priming, have come under increased scrutiny due to failed replications. Nobel laureate and professor emeritus in psychology Daniel Kahneman argued that the original authors should be involved in the replication effort because the published methods are often too vague. Others such as Dr. Andrew Wilson disagree and argue that the methods should be written down in detail. An investigation of replication rates in psychology in 2012 indicated higher success rates of replication in replication studies when there was author overlap with the original authors of a study (91.7% successful replication rates in studies with author overlap compared to 64.6% success replication rates without author overlap).
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Over the first twenty years of his research Callahan worked his way through the lithic technologies of the European Paleolithic, Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Woodland traditions of the Americas with another five years spent deciphering the technologies of the European Mesolithic, all the while voluntarily restricting himself to replications of prehistoric forms. Not content to stop there Callahan spent the next twenty years of his life working his way through the complex stone technologies of the European Neolithic. Only after that was Callahan ready to start his work on the Post Neolithic and Non-Traditional technologies where he was once again in uncharted territory, working by trial and error to produce forms that had never been seen before.
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One particular program that is of interest is teaching-family homes (see Teaching Family Model), which is based on a social learning model that emerged from radical behaviorism. These particular homes use a family style approach to residential treatment, which has been carefully replicated over 700 times.Dean L. Fixsen, Karen A. Blasé, Gary D. Timbers and Montrose M. Wolf (2007) In Search of Program Implementation: 792 Replications of the Teaching-Family Model. Behavior Analyst Today Volume 8, No. 1, pp. 96–106 Behavior Analyst Online Recent efforts have seen a push for the inclusion of more behavior modification programs in residential re-entry programs in the U.S. to aid prisoners in re-adjusting after release.
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Hunter-gatherer societies would depend on portable mnemonic devices and techniques that would allow them to use the landscape as a mnemonic tool, such as the method of loci. Kelly has observed similar techniques within the modern Australian Aborigines, who use features on the landscape as visual cues to retrieve information. On the other hand, societies that were less mobile but not completely settled would create local replications of the landscape to access information, such as circles of timber or stone, sequences of mounds and other prehistoric built environments. Kelly's research also indicates that both nomadic and sedentary societies rely on performance and entertainment as a part of their complex knowledge storage system.
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Parapsychologists have interpreted the cumulative data on this and similar DMILS experiments to suggest that one person's attention directed towards a remote, isolated person can significantly activate or calm that person's nervous system. In a meta-analysis of these experiments published in the British Journal of Psychology in 2004, researchers found that there was a small but significant overall DMILS effect. However, the study also found that when a small number of the highest-quality studies from one laboratory were analyzed, the effect size was not significant. The authors concluded that although the existence of some anomaly related to distant intentions cannot be ruled out, there was also a shortage of independent replications and theoretical concepts.
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Criticism of the theory has come from attempted replications of the Schachter and Singer (1962) study. Marshall and Zimbardo (1979, and Marshall 1976) tried to replicate the Schachter and Singer’s euphoria conditions. Just as Schachter and Singer did, the subjects were injected with epinephrine or a placebo, except the administrator told the subjects that they will be experiencing non-arousal symptoms. Then the subjects were put into four different conditions: subjects injected epinephrine and were exposed to a neutral confederate, another in which they received the placebo and were told to expect arousal symptoms, and two conditions in which the dosage of epinephrine was determined by body weight rather than being fixed.
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In 41% of patients with MTS skin lesions appeared either before or during the time of diagnosis of the primary malignancy. Studies have shown that cancerous lesions in MTS develop as a result of mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes (MMR), which lead to a buildup of unstable microsatellite sequences and replications errors, predisposing one to different malignancies. Given that this is an autosomal dominant condition with multiorgan involvement, diagnosis requires a thorough medical history and physical in suspected cases of SGc in order to rule out potential visceral tumors. A number of SGc associated mutated proteins (B-catenin, p 53, p21, Shh, Androgen receptor, E-cadherin) have been shown to cause dysregulation in cell signaling.
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Design of experiments (DOE) is a fundamental part of experimentation, modeling, and simulation. Banks Banks (2010) C. M. Banks, “Introduction to Modeling and Simulation”, in J. A. Sokolowski and C. M. Banks (Editors), Modeling and Simulation Fundamentals: Theoretical Underpinnings and Practical Domains, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2010. states, "Experimental design is concerned with reducing the time and effort associated with simulating by identifying the information needed to be gathered from each simulation replication, how many replications need to be made, and what model parameter changes need to be compared." After a conceptual model has been implemented as a programmed model, DOE is necessary to perform experimentation and obtain simulation results in the most timely and cost-efficient manner.
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The reactivation of hTERT, and subsequently telomerase, in human iPS cells has been used as an indication of pluripotency and reprogramming to an ES (embryonic stem) cell-like state when using mortal cells. Reprogrammed cells that do not express sufficient hTERT levels enter a quiescent state following a number of replications depending on the length of the telomeres while maintaining stem cell-like abilities to differentiate. Reactivation of TERT activity can be achieved using only three of the four reprogramming factors described by Takahashi and Yamanaka: To be specific, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4 are essential, whereas c-Myc is not. However, this study was done with cells containing endogenous levels of c-Myc that may have been sufficient for reprogramming.
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Bianca and Maggie subsequently became American soap opera's first same-sex supercouple. Soap opera analyst C. Lee Harrington stated, "While the past decade has witnessed a growing number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender characters in primetime dramas and situation comedies, daytime soap operas offer unique challenges (and possibilities) regarding the inclusion and 'normalization' of varied sexualities in entertainment television." Daytime television has been ahead of primetime for some time in exploring diverse or controversial storylines and characters, with the one glaring exception being homosexuality. Gay and lesbian issues or characters were invisible in 1950s and early 1960s TV. When it came to the mainstream shows, audiences were built up as "replications of the idealized, middle-class nuclear family, defined as monogamous heterosexual couples with children" (Buxton, 1997, p. 1477).
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Video and audio of Arnold Schwarzenegger as Adam Gibson from The 6th Day is loosened up and reworked by a videomaker, subjecting him to "a cruel series of digital replications". It opens with "dreamed double encounters," followed by "the looped abyss of eyes within eyes, a mosaic of multiplying greetings" ("I'm Adam Gibson"), a looped descent, a montage of Schwarzenegger's reaction shots (slowed), and a pulsing screen atop a screen in which "even the frames are replicating". The manipulation stops with the arrival of the Sabbath, when "the videomaker rests," and the Schwarzenegger of his creation appears to be perimitted to speak angrily for himself, demanding that he be left alone. The videomaker replies, calling his creation a "Frankenstein", and exults in his own powers to digitally re-create him yet again.
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During this period, he was also producing documentary and instructional films dealing with various aspects of primitive technology as well as beginner flint knapping kits and tool reproductions that he was sold to universities, colleges, and hobbyists around the country. Callahan produced several catalogue editions that contain not only his stone tool and instructional materials but a good deal of his philosophy and ethical stances towards the field of flint knapping. Two of the more unusual items to be found in Callahan’s Piltdown Productions inventory are his nontraditional obsidian knives and his obsidian scalpels. The nontraditional obsidian knives, which Callahan began producing in quantities in 1984, were made with the same traditional tools as are his prehistoric replications, but in a variety of shapes and sizes that are not based on any known prehistoric typology.
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Examples of publication bias are given by Ben Goldacre and Peter Wilmshurst. In the social sciences, a study of published papers exploring the relationship between corporate social and financial performance found that "in economics, finance, and accounting journals, the average correlations were only about half the magnitude of the findings published in Social Issues Management, Business Ethics, or Business and Society journals". One example cited as an instance of publication bias is the refusal to publish attempted replications of Bem's work that claimed evidence for precognition by The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (the original publisher of Bem's article). An analysis comparing studies of gene-disease associations originating in China to those originating outside China found that those conducted within the country reported a stronger association and a more statistically significant result.
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Reassemblage is the second studio album of Portland, Oregon duo Visible Cloaks, consisting of musicians Spencer Doran and Ryan Carlile. The record is named after Trinh T. Minh-ha's 1982 documentary film of the same name, since both works observe its subject matter without showing meaning to it. Reassemblage departs from Doran's past hip-hop releases for a more high- quality style inspired by the works of Japanese synthesizer music acts such as Yellow Magic Orchestra and Ryuichi Sakamoto, all of which were featured on Doran's 2010 mix Fairlights, Mallets & Bamboo. Reassemblage uses Doran's "fourth world Japan" music structure similar to the "fourth world" concept of composer Jon Hassell, where virtual replications of acoustic instruments specific to nations all across the globe are played together to create a virtual world.
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In laboratory replications it was found that participants spend a disproportionate amount of time looking at a weapon in a scene, and this looking time is inversely related to the likelihood that individuals will subsequently identify the perpetrator of the crime. Other researchers have suggested arousal may also increase the duration of attentional focusing on the arousing stimuli, thus delaying the disengagement of attention from it. Ochsner (2000) summarized the different findings and suggested that by influencing attention selectivity and dwell time, arousing stimuli are more distinctively encoded, resulting in more accurate memory of those stimuli. While these previous studies focused on how emotion affects memory for emotionally arousing stimuli, in their arousal- biased competition theory, Mather and Sutherland (2011) argue that how arousal influences memory for non-emotional stimuli depends on the priority of those stimuli at the time of the arousal.
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A never before released hologram shows Art acting upon the free will to self- replicate and kill a conscious being, Adam. As Anaximander is experiencing history redefining itself through these explanations, the reader learns that the examiners, Pericles, and Anaximander herself are all replications of Art’s orangutan being. The examiners sadly reveal that The Academy never accepts new applicants and that the examination is a way to control the “virus” that Anaximander is subject to. The virus is found in all candidates that find a particular interest in Adam Forde’s life and allows the infected orangs, another name for Art–like androids, the ability to understand the extent of free will these mechanical beings possess. In a final act to control the virus, Pericles enters the examination rooms and breaks Anaximander’s neck, disconnecting her for the final time.
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In 1821, Boston Manufacturing Company built a major expansion in East Chelmsford, which was soon incorporated as Lowell, Massachusetts--which came to dominate the cloth production and clothing industry for decades. Slater's Mill was established in the Blackstone Valley, which extended into neighboring Massachusetts, (Daniel Day's Woolen Mill, 1809 at Uxbridge), and became one of the earliest industrialized region in the United States, second to the North Shore of Massachusetts. Slater's business model of independent mills and mill villages (the "Rhode Island System") began to be replaced by the 1820s by a more efficient system (the "Waltham System") based upon Francis Cabot Lowell's replications of British power looms. Slater went on to build several more cotton and wool mills throughout New England, but when faced with a labor shortage, resorted to building housing, shops, and churches for the workers and their families adjacent to his factories.
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Driven by wild drum rhythms, all of the songs have lead melodies that are performed by hyperreal computer program replications of acoustic sounds such as clarinets, choirs, accordions, tympanis, harps and marimbas; crystal-like synthesizer sounds similar to alert messaging sounds, sound effects of birds singing and water, and Williams' downplayed vocals are also present. A sound module was also used to create guitar strumming sounds similar to error message sound effects. In using hyper-real computer programs that try to reproduce real-life instruments, he noticed "quirks and glitches within them," such as samples that go out of the range an actual instrument can handle, and Williams took advantage of those quirks in order to make the instrument sounds more unique to listen to. In "Airdrop", vox, saxophone and kantele sounds are played together and sped-up to create a pitch wheel'd sound similar to dolphin noises.
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The controversy led to Plooij's departure from the University of Groningen. "However, an increasing number of researchers are providing empirical support for [Plooij's] findings",Woolmore & Richer (2003:23) with multiple replications in diverse cultures and family circumstances. Critical review by other researchers of van Geert's methodology and data analysis has suggested that "studies that fail to find regression periods must be carefully scrutinized to ensure they have not simply failed to see through the 'noise' in their data, such that they have mistaken their own failure to find the phenomenon for the phenomenon's nonexistence." Re-analysis of the de Weert-van Geert data has shown that they actually confirm age-linked regression periods when extraneous challenges due to "special parental conditions" in three of the four mother-infant dyads in their study are taken into account (maternal depression and phobias, rigid schedules imposed for sleeping, contact, and feeding).
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Behavioral contagion, largely discussed in the behaviors of crowds, and closely related to emotional contagion, plays a large role in gatherings of two or more people. In the original Milgram experiment on obedience, for example, where participants, who were in a room with only the experimenter, were ordered to administer increasingly more severe electrical shocks as punishment to a person in another room (from here on referred to as the "victim"), the conflict or social restraint experienced by the participants was the obligation to not disobey the experimenter – even when shocking the victim to the highest shock level given, a behavior which the participants saw as opposing their personal and social ideals (Milgram, 1965, p. 129). Milgram also conducted two other experiments, replications of his original obedience experiment, with the intent being to analyze the effect of group behavior on participants: instead of the subject being alone with the experimenter, two confederates were utilized. In the first of the two experiments, "Groups for Disobedience", the confederates defied the experimenter and refused to punish the victim (p. 130).
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What has been positively achieved by the set-of-MSL-peers abstraction, albeit, is radical restriction of the scope of MAC-cognizant software mechanisms to the small, subjacent MOS. This has been accomplished, however, at the cost of eliminating any practical MLS abilities, even the most elementary ones, as when a SECRET-cleared user appends an UNCLASSIFIED paragraph, taken from an UNCLASSIFIED file, to his SECRET report. The MSL implementation would obviously require every "reusable" resource (in this example, the UNCLASSIFIED file) to be replicated across every MSL peer that might find it useful—meaning either much secondary storage needlessly expended or intolerable burden on the cleared administrator able to effect such replications in response to users' requests therefor. (Of course, since the SECRET user cannot "browse" the system's UNCLASSIFIED offerings other than by logging out and beginning an UNCLASSIFIED system afresh, one evidences yet another severe limitation on functionality and flexibility.) Alternatively, less sensitive file systems could be NFS-mounted read-only so that more trustworthy users could browse, but not modify, their content.
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