Byrd, for all his establishment credentials, appeared with his wife Julian on government lists of "recusants"—those who refused to abjure their allegiance to Rome.
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He is adored by a small group of likeminded tactical recusants for setting his teams up in a theoretically intricate, geometrically inspired, defensively porous 4-3-3, for refusing to compromise on his principles despite all the empirical evidence available to him, and most of all for being staunchly, devotedly, fanatically niche.
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The first statute to address sectarian dissent from England's official religion was enacted in 1593 under Elizabeth I and specifically targeted Catholics, under the title "An Act for restraining Popish recusants". It defined "Popish recusants" as those Other Acts targeted Catholic recusants, including statutes passed under JamesI and Charles I, as well as laws defining other offences deemed to be acts of recusancy. Recusants were subject to various civil disabilities and penalties under English penal laws, most of which were repealed during the Regency and the reign of George IV (1811–30).
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The Popish Recusants Act 1592 (35 Eliz. I, c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England. The Act forbade Roman Catholic recusants from moving more than five miles from their house or otherwise they would forfeit all their property.
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The plot was uncovered and most of the plotters, who were recusants or converts, were tried and executed. Recusants and martyrs are represented in the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales and among the Jacobites, such as the Earls of Derwentwater, particularly those ennobled in the Jacobite Peerage.
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The Wadhams were possibly recusants or crypto-Catholics at a time when Catholics were under penalties in England. Between 1612 and 1613 Dorothy Wadham had her armoury confiscated because she was suspected of recusancy. In 1615 she was granted a formal pardon under the 1593 Act of Parliament against Popish recusants.
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He was a commissioner for recusants in Cornwall in 1675 and commissioner for assessment in Westminster from 1677 to 1680.
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The book is formally addressed to the Duke of Norfolk, whose family was among the most prominent recusants after the Protestant Reformation.
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He was commissioner for recusants in 1675. From 1676 to 1677 he was Sheriff of Lincolnshire. He succeeded his father in 1677.
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In 1675 he was commissioner for recusants for Bedfordshire. He lost his commission of the peace and lieutenancy for Bedfordshire in around 1680.
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He was a Deputy Lieutenant after 1670. In 1672 he became chief auditor and sub-commissioner for prizes. He was commissioner for recusants in 1675.
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After the English Reformation, from the 16th to the 19th century those guilty of such nonconformity, termed "recusants", were subject to civil penalties and sometimes, especially in the earlier part of that period, to criminal penalties. Catholics formed a large proportion, if not a plurality, of recusants, and it was to Catholics that the term initially was applied. Non-Catholic groups composed of Reformed Christians or Protestant dissenters from the Church of England were later labelled "recusants" as well. Recusancy laws were in force from the reign of Elizabeth I to that of George III, but not always enforced with equal intensity.Roland G. Usher, The Rise and Fall of the High Commission (Oxford, 1968 reprint ed.), pp.17–18.
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With the growth of these latter groups after the Restoration of CharlesII, they were distinguished from Catholic recusants by the terms "nonconformist" or "dissenter". The recusant period reaped an extensive harvest of saints and martyrs. Among the recusants were some high-profile Catholic aristocrats such as the Howards and, for a time, the Plantagenet-descended Beauforts. This patronage ensured that an organic and rooted English base continued to inform the country's Catholicism.
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He sold his property in Ilchester in 1674 but was commissioner for recusants for Somerset in 1675. He stood for parliament unsuccessfully at Hertford in the second general election of 1679.
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In 1605 she and Vaux attended a pilgrimage of Catholic recusants to Holywell; the pilgrimage was later suspected by authorities of having been used as cover for planning the Gunpowder Plot.
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18, No. 2 (Jun., 1946), pp. 97–107 celebrated the masses forbidden in a Protestant country.On 24 October 1568, the Portuguese Ambassador's chapel was searched for recusants by Raffe Typpinge of Hoxton.
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He was captured and brought to London, and signed a fresh recantation. Marshall then worked again as a Catholic priest, among the northern recusants. Finally he went into exile, in Leuven and Douai.
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238 Although very reliable, Gerard was known to be on good terms with recusants in his native Lancashire and his wife and daughters were Catholics.Hasler: GERARD, Sir Gilbert (d.1593), of Ince, Lancs.
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Jon Butler, Becoming America, The Revolution before 1776, 2000, p. 35, Most Catholics were English Recusants, Germans, Irish, or blacks; half lived in Maryland, with large populations also in New York and Pennsylvania.
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Recusants were Roman Catholics who refused to attend Church of England services as required by law. Recusancy was punishable by fines of £20 a month (fifty times an artisan's wage). By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Roman Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. However, it had two major weaknesses: membership loss as church papists conformed fully to the Church of England and a shortage of priests. Between 1574 and 1603, 600 Catholic priests were sent to England.
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His sons married into prominent Catholic families and became recusants. Humphrey, the eldest, began the Weld line of Lulworth Castle.Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, Volume 2. H. Colburn, 1847. pp.
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Hengrave Hall Hengrave Hall is a Tudor manor house near Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk, England and was the seat of the Kitson and Gage families 1525-1887. Both families were Roman Catholic recusants.
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There was a statute passed in 1593 that determined penalties against "Popish Recusants" including fines, property confiscation, and imprisonment. Further the Popish Recusants Act of 1605 forbade Roman Catholics from practising the professions of law and medicine. This would explain why Francis and his brother Robert Constable went into the printing trade of their maternal uncle rather than follow their father into law. There is a record at the Norfolk Record Office for the will of a Thomas Constable of Ashill from the period 1536–1545.
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Truro: Blackford; pp. 52–58 During the 17th century, adherents of Roman Catholicism tended to diminish since only a few could afford the penalties exacted by the government. Lanherne, the Cornish home of the Arundells in Mawgan in Pydar, was the most important centre, while the religious census of 1671 recorded recusants also in the parishes of Treneglos, Cardinham, Newlyn East and St Ervan. In the Civil War, the recusants were firmly of Royalist sympathies since they had more to fear from a Parliament opposed to prelacy and popery.
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John Stutsbury was recorded as a recusant in Souldern in 1577 and 1592. John Weedon and his wife were fined for recusancy in 1603 and the Weedons were said to have mortgaged land to a house of Benedictine nuns in Dunkirk. The Kilby family were recusants and were said to have mortgaged land to the Benedictine Douai Abbey, which then was at Douai in France. The Cox family were also Roman Catholics. The number of recusants recorded in Souldern was nine in 1643, 21 in 1676, 19 in 1690 and 25 in 1703.
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He supported Cartwright with equal vehemence. On 24 May 1584 he sent to Burghley a bitter attack on "the undermining ambition and covetousness of some of our bishops", and on their persecutions of the puritans. Repeating his views in July 1586, he urged the banishment of all recusants and the exclusion from public offices of all who married recusants. In 1588 he charged Whitgift with endangering the queen's safety by his popish tyranny, and embodied his accusation in a series of articles which Whitgift characterised as a fond and scandalous syllogism.
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The Act fined those who harboured recusants £10 for every month hidden. The Act stated that it would continue no longer than the end of the next session of Parliament.G. R. Elton (ed.), The Tudor Constitution. Documents and Commentary.
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He became Deputy Lieutenant in 1670. He was commissioner for assessment for Westminster from 1673 to 1680. In 1675 he was commissioner for recusants. In 1679 he was re- elected MP for Corfe Castle in the First Exclusion Parliament.
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He was Deputy Lieutenant from 1670 until his death. He purchased land in Chirton, Northumberland from Ralph Reed in 1672. He built Chirton Hall there with materials from the demolished Warkworth Castle. In 1675 he was commissioner for recusants for Cumberland.
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Pagi, Critic. 418 CE, lvii. About the same time Julian addressed a letter to Rufus, bishop of Thessalonica (410–431), on his own behalf and that of 18 fellow- recusants. Rufus was vicarius of the Roman see in IllyricumInnocent's ep.
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During the interlude between the Bishops' Wars, Thomas stated that he went "to Church now to learn the old way to heaven," as opposed to the more radical preaching heard by "Parliament men."Historical Manuscripts Commission (HMC), Report on Manuscripts in Various Collections, Volume II (London: 1903) pp. 259-260. A few weeks later, Thomas was required by Parliament, as a Justice of the Peace, to present the names of people who refused to receive Communion, then known as recusants. Parliament ordered that the recusants be charged and prosecuted for their recusantry at the next Assizes, and Thomas dutifully complied in January 1641.
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He was commissioner for recusants for Surrey in 1675 and commissioner for rebuilding of Southwark in 1677. He was returned for Gatton in both elections in 1679 and in 1681 and 1685. In 1687 he was removed as assistant of the Grocers’ Company.
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It was later sold to Francis Shirley, head of the local manorial family, who were recusants. After the Dissolution, the eastern part of the priory with the formerly central tower was retained for parish use. The nave and other buildings were demolished.
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In 1662 he became a freeman of Lyme Regis and commissioner for corporations for Dorset until 1663. He was a J.P. for Poole in 1665 and commissioner for assessment for Dorset from 1666 to 1680. In 1675 he was commissioner for recusants.
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The Gage family were Roman Catholic recusants but Sir William chose to conform to the established Church so that he could become an MP in 1722. His seat was the former constituency of Seaford and where he remained until his death in 1744.
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In 1661, he was elected Member of Parliament for Maldon in the Cavalier Parliament. He was commissioner for assessment from 1661 to 1674 and was commissioner for recusants in 1675. Tyrell died in 1676 and was buried at East Horndon on 5 April.
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In 1661 he was re-elected MP for Hedon in the Cavalier Parliament. He was commissioner for corporations for Yorkshire from 1662 to 1663. He was Deputy Lieutenant for East Riding from 1670. In 1675 he was commissioner for recusants for Yorkshire.
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Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 418, 422-3, 439. He volunteered for the 1597 Azores expedition and in the same year became commissioner for the discovery of goods of recusants, a role he held for at least two years.
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From a family of Catholic recusants, Howard was imprisoned in the Tower of London for leaving the country without the permission of Queen Elizabeth. He died there ten years later. Early in the 17th century, Bosham-born Benedictine priest, George Gervase, was executed in London.
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256-7 until he was replaced by Francis Gawdy on 2 November 1570.Inderwick, p.258 Elizabeth's ministers had long been concerned about Catholic influence in the legal profession and had sought to exclude recusants from the Inns of Court from 1569.Inderwick, p.
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In 1673 became commissioner for assessment for Worcestershire until 1680 and J.P. for Worcestershire until his death. He was a commissioner for recusants for Worcestershire in 1675. In March 1679 was elected MP for Leominster. He was Sheriff of Worcestershire from 1679 to 1680.
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The Fermors were recusants and supported the continuation of Roman Catholicism in the area from the English Reformation in the 16th century until after the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791. Late in the 16th century and early in the 17th there were few recusants in Hardwick, but after the Fermors moved from Somerton to Tusmore in 1625 their numbers increased. Roman Catholics formed more than half the village by the 1760s and the overwhelming majority by 1802. Roman Catholic villages went to Mass at the Fermor chapel in Tusmore until 1768, when Tusmore House was being rebuilt and the chapel was closed for refurbishment.
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Popish recusants convict were, within three months of conviction, either to submit and renounce their papistry, or, if required by four justices, to abjure the realm. If they did not depart, or returned without licence, they were guilty of a capital felony. The Oath of Allegiance, enacted under James I in 1606 in immediate aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot, required Catholic recusants to declare their loyalty to James. By the Corporation Act 1661, no one could legally be elected to any municipal office unless he had within the year received the Sacrament according to the rite of the Church of England, and likewise, taken the Oath of Supremacy.
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His father was George Thwing, Esq. of Kilton Castle, Brotton, and Heworth Hall. His mother was Anne, daughter of Sir John Gascoigne and his wife Anne Ingleby, and sister of Sir Thomas Gascoigne, 2nd Baronet, of Barnbow Hall, Barwick in Elmet. Both parents were Yorkshire recusants.
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Burke (1841), p. 82 In 1673 Bridgeman became Commissioner for Assessment in the county of Warwickshire, resigning in 1680. He held the same office in Coventry for two years from 1679. Additionally he served as Commissioner for Recusants in 1675, assigned to the county of Sussex.
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Only 60 names are marked, although they include two colleagues, Blundell and Marshe.S.T. Bindoff (editor): The History of Parliament: Surveys 1509–1558 – Appendix XI (Author: S.T. Bindoff) Broke married within his own Catholic regional circle: the Gatacres were to become mainly recusants, as were his own descendants.
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The service of the National Office of the Veterans and Victims of War of the department of residence delivers the card of the Recusant authorizing the wear of this insignia. The National Recusants' Group () initiated the National Recusant's Day, held annually in France on 6 June.
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James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Abercorn ( – c. 1670) was a Catholic Scottish nobleman. He, his wife, his mother, and most of his family were persecuted by the kirk as recusants. Implementing his father's will, he gave his Irish title of Baron Hamilton of Strabane to his younger brother Claud.
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The Nuttall Encyclopædia notes that Dissenters were largely forgiven by the Act of Toleration under WilliamIII, while Catholics "were not entirely emancipated till 1829".Wood, Rev. James. The Nutall Encyclopædia, London, 1920, p.537. Early recusants included Protestant dissenters, whose confessions derived from the Calvinistic Reformers or Radical Reformers.
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Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith. Catholic England under Mary Tudor (London: Yale University Press, 2009), p. 191. It was also based on Nicolaus van Esch's Exercitia theologiae mysticae. This work by Peryn was to have a long readership among English recusants and was much treasured by Margaret Clitheroe.
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As known recusants the brothers were on several occasions arrested for reasons of national security. Both were also members of the Earl of Essex's rebellion of 1601. John was one of the first men to join the conspiracy, which was led by Robert Catesby. Christopher joined in March 1605.
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The Catholics of Ireland suffered the same penalties as recusants in England, which were exacerbated by impatience with the rebellious nature of the Irish, English contempt for a subject race and the desire for Irish land and property.Burton, Edwin, Edward D'Alton, and Jarvis Kelley: 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia, Penal Laws III: Ireland.
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In 1675 he was commissioner for recusants for Hampshire. In 1676 he was removed from the commission of the peace again at the instance of the bishop of London. He was Sheriff of Hampshire from 1677 to 1678. In February 1679 he was elected MP for in the First Exclusion Parliament.
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He was commissioner for corporations for Dorset from 1662 to 1663 and commissioner for the foreshore in 1662. In 1662, he became a freeman of Lyme Regis. He was commissioner for recusants for Dorset in 1675. In 1679, he was re-elected MP for Shaftesbury in the First Exclusion Parliament.
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In 1661 Strode was re-elected MP for Plympton Erle for the Cavalier Parliament and sat until his death in 1676. He was a commissioner for corporations from 1662 to 1663 and was recorder of Plympton Erle from around 1663 until his death. He was a commissioner for recusants for Devon in 1675.
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Miscellany, ii. He is referred to in the list of priests and recusants apprehended and indicted by Captain James Wadsworth and his fellow pursuivants between 1640 and 1651. It is there stated that he was found guilty "and since is dead", from which it may be inferred that he died in prison.
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He was a gentleman of the privy chamber from 1672 to 1685. From 1673 to 1680, he was commissioner for assessment for Leicestershire and in 1675 commissioner for recusants for Berkshire. He became clerk to the Privy Council extraordinary in 1676, and clerk to the Privy Council ordinary from 1677 to 1685.
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In 1662 he was commissioner for oyer and terminer for the Shropshire circuit and commissioner for corporations until 1663. He was commissioner for recusants in 1675. Whitmore died at the age 78 and was buried at Claverley on 30 May 1677. Whitmore married Anne Corbet, daughter of Thomas Corbet of Longnor, Shropshire.
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Hawarden was born in Lancashire, England. His family were recusants who maintained domestic chapels in their residences in Appleton and Widnes. Edward, after a course at the English College, Douai, remained there as a classical tutor, and after his ordination (7 June 1686), as professor of philosophy.Rudge, F.M. "Edward Hawarden." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 7.
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Other leading Marian churchmen remained in England to serve as private chaplains to Catholic nobles and gentry. Many became leaders of an underground Catholic Church. Catholics were forced to choose between attending Protestant services to comply with the law or refusing to attend. Those who refused to attend Church of England services were called recusants.
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He was knighted in April or May 1662. He became a freeman of Poole and commissioner for foreshore in Dorset in 1662. He was commissioner for corporations from 1662 to 1663 and was Deputy Lieutenant from 1663 to his death. In 1665 he was commissioner for pressing seamen and in 1675 was commissioner for recusants.
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From August 1660 to 1680 he was commissioner for assessment for Essex again. In 1661, he was elected Member of Parliament for Maldon in the Cavalier Parliament. He was commissioner for corporations from 1662 to 1663. In 1675 he was commissioner for recusants and in 1677 became commissioner for assessment for Maldon and for Westminster.
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He was commissioner for assessment for Dorset from 1661 to 1674. In 1662 he was made a freeman of Lyme Regis. He succeeded his father in 1675 and in that year he became commissioner for recusants for Dorset 1675, colonel of the foot militia, Deputy Lieutenant and steward of the manors of Fordington and Ryme.
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Blundellsands was named in honour of the famous Blundell family of Little Crosby, Catholic recusants during the English Reformation, who owned the land upon which the area was built, beginning in the 1870s. Thomas Mellard Reade (1832-1909) architect laying out the Blundellsands estate in 1868. He was also a civil engineer, and geologist and worked at Liverpool University.
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He was reader of his Inn in 1670. In 1671 he succeeded his father in the estates at Marston. He was commissioner for recusants for Oxfordshire in 1675 and also became Serjeant- at-law in 1675 until his death. He was knighted on 16 March 1681 after drafting the address approving of the dissolution of Parliament.
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He was a JP for Yorkshire West Riding from 1672 until before 1680 and commissioner for recusants for West Riding in 1675. In 1681 he became Deputy Lieutenant for Lincolnshire until his death and was High Sheriff of Lincolnshire from 1682 to 1683. He was JP for West Riding of Yorkshire from 1685 until his death.
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Many recusants had to worship in secret at gathering places (such as Mass rocks) in the countryside. In 1666 forty nine Catholics from hiding places in the woods in county Roscommon signed a letter in support of the Pope and protesting the loss of their 'due liberties'. Seventeen Catholic martyrs from this period were beatified in 1992.
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From 1667 to 1669, he was commissioner for assessment for Devon and Exeter. He was Recorder of Bridgwater from 1669 to 1683. He was commissioner for assessment for Devon and Exeter from 1673 to 1680 and commissioner for recusants for Somerset in 1675. In March 1679 he was re- elected MP for Minehead in the First Exclusion Parliament.
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The Jesuits etc. Act 1603 (1 Jac. I, c. 4), full title An Act for the due execution of the Statutes against Jesuits, seminary Priests and recusants, was an Act of Parliament passed by the Parliament of England during the reign of James I. It received the royal assent on 4 July 1604 and confirmed the Elizabethan penal laws.
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Halswell HouseTynte was appointed Deputy Lieutenant for Somerset in about 1672 and JP and commissioner for assessment in 1673. He was created baronet on 26 January 1674. From 1674 to 1675 he was High Sheriff of Somerset. He was also a Commissioner for Recusants in 1675 By 1679 he was of Colonel of the Somerset Militia.
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He appeared on a list made in 1561 of recusants who were at large, but restricted to certain places. He was ordered to remain with Lord Montague, or where he should appoint, and to appear before the commissioners on 12 days' notice. Subsequently he went to the continent, where he spent the remainder of his life.
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340–341 He continued to be active in the Parliament, serving on a committee for recusants, until his death, which was apparently quite sudden, on 27 May 1641.Beaven, p. 276Will of Mathew Cradock (P.C.C. 1641): printed in W.H. Whitmore, 'Notes on the Cradock Family', New England Historical and Genealogical Register, IX (1855), pp. 123-26.
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He was unsuccessful when he stood for Buckinghamshire in 1661. He was commissioner for oyer and terminer for the Norfolk circuit in 1661. Winwood's almshouses in Quainton, Buckinghamshire Richard Winwood memorial, Holy Cross and St. Mary Church, Quainton Winwood became Deputy Lieutenant again in 1670 until 1680 and was commissioner for recusants for Buckinghamshire in 1675.
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Bott sold New Place in 1567 to William Underhill (c.1523 – 31 March 1570), an Inner Temple lawyer and substantial property holder in Warwickshire. He is said to have built 'the oldest surviving portions of Clopton House'. He and his wife were Catholic recusants; however after his death it was reported that his widow 'goeth now to church'.
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He was appointed commissioner for loyal and indigent officers for London and Westminster (1662), collector of customs for London from 1669 to his death and commissioner for recusants for Kent in 1675.The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690, ed. B.D. Henning, 1983 He also served as a deputy lieutenant for London from 1662 to c.
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In 1675 he was commissioner for recusants. He succeeded his father in 1681. History of Parliament Online - Churchill, John Churchill died at the age of about 60 and was buried at Piddlehinton on 22 December 1682. Churchill married firstly Bridget Vaughan, daughter of Charles Vaughan of Ottery St. Mary, Devon on 30 January 1650 and had one daughter.
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A new bridge, North Bridge, was built over the River Hull in the 1540s, protected by artillery in the North Blockhouse. From 1577 onwards, the castle and blockhouses began to be used to contain Catholic recusants, with as many as 16 prisoners being known to have been detained at any one time. The ground-floor of the South Blockhouse was often used for this purpose; the conditions were particularly poor, with contemporary accounts noting that the quarters "have been overflowed with water at high tide, so that they walked, the earth was so raw and moist that their shoes would cleave to the ground". Another Spanish invasion scare in 1597 led to the castle and blockhouses being put on alert, and the recusants were temporarily removed for security reasons.
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Bishops and JPs used this writ to punish and fine recusants who had refused to reconcile with the church after an given period of time. Sometime after presenting his list of recusants for Norfolk, Thomas and a fellow JP Henry Cogan, petitioned Archbishop Laud, asking for forgiveness for proceeding in the writs before their commissions had been properly issued. Thomas' commission was corrected, and he proceeded with what little of the proceedings he could before the outbreak of military hostilities six months later. William Laud, The Works..of William Laud, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury, 7 volumes (1847-1860) 5:620; Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: 1640-1641, p. 342. As order deteriorated in the spring of 1641, Thomas was in London reporting on the trial of the Earl of Strafford and the imprisonment of Laud.
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The term was first used to refer to people, known as recusants,New Catholic Encyclopedia section on 'recusants' who remained loyal to the pope and the Roman Catholic Church and did not attend Church of England services. The "1558 Recusancy Acts" began during the reign of Elizabeth I, and while temporarily repealed during the Interregnum (1649–1660), remained on the statute books until 1888. They imposed punishment such as fines, property confiscation, and imprisonment on those who did not participate in Anglican religious activity.See for example the text of the Act of Uniformity 1559 The suspension under Oliver Cromwell was mainly intended to give relief to nonconforming Protestants rather than to Catholics, to whom some restrictions applied into the 1920s, through the Act of Settlement 1701, despite the 1828 Catholic Emancipation.
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He was commissioner for oyer and terminer on the Home circuit in July 1660, commissioner for sewers for Surrey and Kent in August 1660 and commissioner for assessment for Surrey from August 1660. In 1661, James was elected Member of Parliament for Reigate in the Cavalier Parliament. He was commissioner for recusants in 1675 and commissioner for the rebuilding of Southwark in 1677.
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He was commissioner for assessment for Middlesex from 1673, commissioner for recusants in 1675 and commissioner for assessment for Norfolk from 1677. In 1677 he became a member of the Royal Fishery Company. Hervey died at the age of 64 and was buried at St Mary's Church, Ickworth. Hervey married Elizabeth Hervey, daughter of William Hervey, 1st Baron Hervey of Kidbrooke in 1658.
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He did not stand for parliament after the Restoration when he was described as "an arrant Presbyterian and a very dangerous Commonwealthman". He became JP for Devon again in August 1660 until 1676. In 1667 he was commissioner for inquiry into the Newfoundland government. He was commissioner for assessment from 1673 to 1680 and commissioner for recusants for Devon in 1675.
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Saint Swithun Wells (c. 1536 – 10 December 1591) was an English Roman Catholic martyr who was executed during the reign of Elizabeth I. Wells was a country gentleman and one time schoolmaster whose family sheltered hunted priests. He himself often arranged passage from one safehouse to another. His home in Gray's Inn Lane (where he was hanged) was known to welcome recusants.
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He banished, by proclamation, all monks and friars educated abroad. He also pushed on the colonisation of Ulster, and the plantation of co. Longford in 1618 was followed next year by that of co. Leitrim. His severity against the recusants created enemies, and the fact that he owed his appointment to Villiers made him unpopular with many of his council.
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Ambrose Rookwood (c. 1578 – 31 January 1606) was a member of the failed 1605 Gunpowder Plot, a conspiracy to replace the Protestant King James I with a Catholic sovereign. Rookwood was born into a wealthy family of Catholic recusants, and educated by Jesuits in Flanders. His older brother became a Franciscan, and his two younger brothers were ordained as Catholic priests.
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He heads the list of brothers below as the eldest: #James (c. 1635 – before 1670); #William (died before 1670), who became a colonel but predeceased his father unmarried in the German wars; #George (c. 1636 – before 1683), who succeeded his father as the 3rd Earl but died unmarried in Padua. Both his parents were Catholics and therefore recusants in Scotland.
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Between 1574 and 1603, 600 Catholic priests were sent to England. In 1580, the first Jesuit priests came to England. The Queen's excommunication and the arrival of the seminary priests brought a change in government policy toward recusants. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the 12d fine for missing a service was poorly enforced.
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By good management, as well as by inheritance and marriage, he built up major holdings in property. When war came, he claimed to have expended and lent over £900,000 to the royalist cause. Charles I asked him to keep a low profile in public life. Some noted recusants, such as Gwilym Puw and his chaplain Thomas Bayly, gathered around him at Raglan Castle.
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This impeded the waging of the Anglo- Spanish War. Corbet's involvement was again not large, although at least two of his responsibilities were important. He was made a member of the privileges committee on 21 June, a crucial body in a time of conflict with the Crown. In August he was sent to a conference with the Lords about pardons for recusants.
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Despite his Puritan sympathies, Corbet, unlike Newport, Andrew Thrush and John P. Ferris (editors): History of Parliament Online: Members 1604–1629 – NEWPORT, Richard (1587–1651), of High Ercall, Salop – Author: Simon Healy. Retrieved 18 September 2013. had never shown any predilection for denouncing Catholic recusants. The parliament was dissolved later in the month, having refused to grant Charles the financial independence he demanded.
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He was commissioner for recusants for Dorset in 1675. In 1679 he became a freeman of Lyme Regis. He was elected MP for Lyme Regis in two parliament in 1679 and again in 1681. In 1688 he became a JP for Somerset in February, a commissioner for inquiry into recusancy fines for Somerset in March and a JP for Dorset in June.
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List of Roman Catholic priests and recusants handed over to the English authorities in the London area by James Wadsworth and his fellow pursuivants between 3 November 1640 and the summer of 1651 and as such, it is not a complete list of Roman Catholic clergymen who were executed or banished for their religion under King Charles I and then under the Commonwealth.
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He was sub-commissioner for prizes at Portsmouth from 1672 to 1674 and commissioner for recusants for Dorset in 1675. History of Parliament Online - Bishop, Humphrey Bishop died between September and November 1675. Bishop married by licence dated 4 July 1648, Anne Michell, widow of Theobald Michell of Stamerham and daughter of Henry Goring of Highden, Sussex. They had two sons.
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The Recusancy referred to those who refused to attend services of the established Church of Ireland. The individuals were known as "recusants".The Oxford Companion to Irish History, 2007: Recusancy The term, which derives ultimately from the Latin recusare (to refuse or make an objection),Recuse at Online Etymology Dictionary was first used in England to refer to those who remained within the Roman Catholic Church and did not attend services of the Church of England, with a 1593 statute determining the penalties against "Popish recusants". The native Irish and the "Old English" (who had come to Ireland at the time of the Normans), while subject to the English crown, were overwhelmingly opposed to the Anglican and dissenting churches, and the vast majority remained Catholic, which had tragic implications for the later history of Ireland (such as the Irish Penal Laws).
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Crawford p.310 Persecution of recusants continued under Oliver St John, 1st Viscount Grandison (Lord Deputy 1616–22), and was a major factor in his recall. The anti-Catholic policy ended under Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland (Lord Deputy 1622–29). Falkland offered a program of religious toleration and increased participation by Catholics in public life, popularly known as the Graces, which operated between 1625 and 1634.
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In 1661 he was re-elected MP for Bishop's Castle for the Cavalier Parliament. He became a freeman of Ludlow in 1662, commissioner for corporations for Shropshire from 1662 to 1663 and J.P. for Montgomeryshire from 1662 until his death. He was commissioner for wine duties from 1670 to 1674 and commissioner for recusants in 1675. He was a common councilman, Bishop's Castle by 1679.
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In 1670 he became a member of the Council in the Marches of Wales. He was made a Captain in the Admiralty Regiment in 1672, and a commissioner for recusants in 1675. After leaving parliament in 1679, he concentrated his attention on Ludlow, where he had been a freeman since 1676. He was an Alderman from 1685 onwards, and was Mayor from 1686 to 1687.
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The local inns harboured many fugitives and sheltered recusants. The Royal Agricultural Hall was built in 1862 on the Liverpool Road site of William Dixon's Cattle Layers. The hall was 75 ft high and the arched glass roof spanned 125 ft. It was built for the annual Smithfield Show in December of that year but was popular for other purposes, including recitals and the Royal Tournament.
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After the fall of Ostend, Morgan returned to Wales and served as a Justice of the peace (JP) in Monmouthshire. He was heavily criticised by the Bishop of Hereford Robert Bennet, who accused him of being overly lenient towards recusants, thereby encouraging Catholic rioting. He was briefly imprisoned for failing his duties as a JP, after he left for London whilst riots were ongoing in south Wales.
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The first documentation of the name of Blundell on the Ince Blindell site on Merseyside is that of Richard Blundell in 1212. Following the Reformation the Blundells became recusants and kept their Catholic faith and were subjected to the consequent hardships and hazards. They should not be confused with the Anglican merchant Blundells, one of whom, Bryan (c. 1675-1756), was a prominent mariner and slave trader.
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Some scholars, using both historical and literary evidence, have argued that Shakespeare was one of these recusants. Rowan Williams, former Archbishop of Canterbury, thinks that Shakespeare had a "recusant Catholic background." Some scholars also believe there is evidence that several members of Shakespeare's family were recusant Catholics. The strongest evidence is a tract professing secret Catholicism signed by John Shakespeare, father of the poet.
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In 1540 the Crown sold the manor of Great Coxwell to a local landholder, William Morys (or Morris). Under Queen Elizabeth I the Morris family were recusants. In 1580 the Mass was secretly celebrated at Court House Farm in Great Coxwell. In 1581 Francis Morris, grandson of William Morys, was jailed in the Fleet Prison in London for sheltering the Jesuit priest Edmund Campion.
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Salusbury was a staunch Protestant, writing to the queen's minister, Robert Cecil denouncing recusants. He was also an opponent of the Earl of Essex, with whose supporters he came into conflict in local politics. He almost killed his cousin Owen, an Essex supporter, in a sword fight in 1593. Owen was already being treated with suspicion as a potential rebel, so the duel did Salusbury no harm.
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Cooper was a stout controversialist; he defended the practice and precept of the Church of England against the Roman Catholics on the one hand and against the Martin Marprelate writings and the Puritans on the other. He took some part, the exact extent of which is disputed, in the persecution of religious recusants in his diocese, and died at Winchester on 29 April 1594.
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Polding was born in Liverpool, England on 18 November 1794. His father was of Dutch descent and his mother came from the Brewer family, recusants since the sixteenth century. His family name was also spelled Poulden or Polten. His parents died and at age 8 he was placed in the care of his uncle, Father Bede Brewer, president-general of the English Benedictine Congregation.
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Parliamentarian raids and Royalist requisitioning both placed a great strain on the county. There were tensions from the participation of prominent Catholic recusants in the military and civilian organisation of the county. Combined with the opposition to requisitioning from both sides, bands of Clubmen formed to keep the war away from their localities. The Battle of Worcester in 1651 effectively ended the third civil war.
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He was stannator at Blackmore in 1673 and commissioner for recusants in Cornwall in 1675. By 1690 he was recorder of Tregoney. He was re- elected MP for Cornwall in 1689 and held the seat until his death in 1701. Boscawen was very active in all the parliaments in which he sat, and as a strong Protestant was considered the "great pillar of the presbyterians".
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He collected seventy-two signatures from clerics who supported wakes and church recreation. Opponents were accused of forming illegal puritan conventicles and alehouses. He proceeded to enforce the reading of the Declaration or Book of Sports in church, visiting the clergy who refused with censure and suspension, but earning widespread antipathy in many parishes of his see. Evidence however shows Piers also hunted recusants.
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He became assistant of the Grocers' Company in May 1660 and was again member of the Honourable Artillery Company in July 1660. He was commissioner for assessment for London and Middlesex from 1661 to 1680 and commissioner for assessment for Surrey from 1661 to 1673. He was commissioner for recusants for London in 1675. In 1679 after the Cavalier Parliament was dissolved he retired to his country estate at Hampton, Middlesex.
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Tomb of John and Elizabeth Southcote in St Nicholas Church, Witham, Essex With his wife Elizabeth, daughter of William Robins, alderman of London, Southcote had a son John and two daughters. His remains were interred in the church of Witham, Essex, near his seat. While Southcote conformed to the Elizabethan settlement of the Church of England, his children were Catholic recusants. His son John is known to have attended mass.
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For most of its history Stonor was called Upper Assendon and was a hamlet in an exclave of Pyrton parish. In 1896 the detached part was made into a new civil parish of Stonor, named after the adjacent country house at Stonor Park. In 1922 Stonor and Pishill civil parishes were merged. During and after the English Reformation the Stonor family and many other local gentry were recusants.
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During the 17th century, adherents of Roman Catholicism became very scarce in Cornwall; the religious census of 1671 recorded recusants in the parish of Treneglos and four others.Brown, H. Miles (1964) The Church in Cornwall. Truro: Blackford; pp. 78–83 The Reverend J. H. Mason was the vicar in the early 19th century; he was appointed in 1804 by the Prince of Wales (who later became king as George IV).
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A number of those separatists were arrested in the woods near Islington in 1593, and John Greenwood and Henry Barrowe were executed for advocating separatism. Followers of Greenwood and Barrowe fled to the Netherlands, and would form the basis of the Pilgrims, who would later found the Plymouth Colony. 1593 also saw the English parliament pass the Religion Act (35 Elizabeth c. 1) and the Popish Recusants Act (35 Elizabeth c.
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The Giffard family were recusants – Catholics who refused to participate in the worship of the established Church of England. For them, this brought fines, imprisonment and discrimination; for priests it could mean barbarous execution. The Giffards took care to surround themselves with reliable retainers; until the mid-19th century, after Catholic Emancipation, their servants and tenants were mainly Catholic.Victoria County History, Staffordshire, volume 5, chapter 6, s.2.
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Arms of Arundell of Wardour Castle Sir Matthew Arundell of Wardour Castle in Wiltshire (ca. 1532/3/4 – 24 December 1598), known between 1552 and 1554 as Matthew Howard and after his death sometimes called Matthew Arundell-Howard, was an English gentleman, landowner, and member of parliament in the West of England. Although the ancestor of a family of Roman Catholic recusants, Arundell himself conformed to the Church of England.
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Map of the historic counties of England showing the percentage of registered Catholics in the population in 1715–1720. Recusancy, from the Latin recusare (to refuse or make an objection),Burton, E. (1911). "English Recusants", The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company; retrieved 11 September 2013 from New Advent was the state of those who refused to attend Anglican services during the history of England, Wales and Ireland.
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In 1624 he was elected MP for Guildford and was elected MP for Surrey again in 1625. Among his other roles, More was treasurer and receiver general to James I's son, Henry, Prince of Wales, and Chancellor of the Order of the Garter. He was subsidy and loan commissioner, muster commissioner, and commissioner for recusants and seminaries for Surrey. He was a verderer of Windsor Forest and constable of Farnham Castle.
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He was a gentleman of the privy chamber from 1668 to 1685. He was commissioner for recusants for Buckinghamshire in 1675 and commissioner for assessment for Surrey from 1679 to 1680. Tyringham died at the age of about 66 and was buried at Tyringham on 6 August 1685. Tyringham married firstly Elizabeth Winchcombe, widow of Henry Winchcombe of Bucklebury, Berkshire and daughter of George Miller of Swallowfield, Berkshire.
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The Cassey family were recusants and royalists, so between 1647 and 1654 the Commonwealth of England sequestered their property. Between 1660 and 1676 John Cassey sold Wightfield to a prominent recusant, Peter Fermor of Tusmore, Oxfordshire. In 1720 Fermor's son-in-law John More sold Wightfield to a John Snell of Gloucester. It passed to Snell's descendants in the Powell and Barnard families until it was sold in 1881.
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Although outwardly conformist, the school's headmaster John Pulleine came from a notable family of Yorkshire recusants, and his predecessor at St Peter's had spent 20 years in prison for his recusancy. Three Catholic priests, Oswald Tesimond, Edward Oldcorn and Robert Middleton, were also educated at St Peter's. John and Christopher were both married, to Dorothy and Margaret respectively. John had a daughter, born some time in the late 1590s.
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The Popish Recusants Act 1605 (3 Jac.1, c. 4) was an act of the Parliament of England which quickly followed the Gunpowder Plot of the same year, an attempt by English Roman Catholics to assassinate King James I and many of the Parliament. The Act forbade Roman Catholics from practising the professions of law and medicine and from acting as a guardian or trustee; and it allowed magistrates to search their houses for arms.
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After the Gunpowder Plot, James sanctioned harsh measures to control English Catholics. In May 1606, Parliament passed the Popish Recusants Act, which could require any citizen to take an Oath of Allegiance denying the Pope's authority over the king. James was conciliatory towards Catholics who took the Oath of Allegiance, and tolerated crypto-Catholicism even at court. Henry Howard, for example, was a crypto-Catholic, received back into the Catholic Church in his final months.
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He was active in campaigns against recusancy. In 1598 he helped search for the escaped Jesuit priest John Gerard and in the following year served on a commission with his brother-in- law, the Warwickshire MP Edward Greville, to search out recusants' goods and lands. In 1600 he was assessed, as of Shropshire, to furnish one horse for service in Ireland. This was for the expedition of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex.
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They had seven daughters. In 1675 he was made commissioner for recusants in Norfolk. He had become deputy lieutenant of Norfolk by 1676 and in 1681 he succeeded to his father's baronetcy. The 1677 session of parliament began to show fracture lines between Charles II's court and Parliament. Cook supported Robert Paston in backing the former, making him a potential pro-Crown candidate in the 1679 and 1681 elections.E. Bohun, Autobiography 24-25.
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He was commissioner for corporations from 1662 to 1663. In 1675 he was commissioner for recusants. He was re-elected MP for Wootton Bassett in 1679 to the First Exclusion Parliament, and was returned as MP for Cricklade in the Second Exclusion Parliament. He was elected MP for Wootton Bassett again in 1681 and 1685 Pleydell died unmarried at the age of about 92 and was buried at Lydiard Tregoze, Wiltshire on 12 January 1693.
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In 1207 King John visited and donated £5 towards the upkeep of its chapel.. Edward II visited the castle for three days in November 1323, during which time he also visited Norton Priory. A new gate tower was built between 1450-57. During the Tudor period it was primarily used as a prison, an administrative centre, and a court of law. In 1580–81 the castle was designated as a prison for Catholic recusants.
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It was the first internal coup among the Almohads. The Almohad clan, despite occasional disagreements, had always remained tightly knit and loyally behind dynastic precedence. Caliph al-Adil's murderous breach of dynastic and constitutional propriety marred his acceptability to other Almohad sheikhs. One of the recusants was his cousin, Abd Allah al-Bayyasi ("the Baezan"), the Almohad governor of Jaén, who took a handful of followers and decamped for the hills around Baeza.
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By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Roman Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. However, it had two major weaknesses: membership loss as church papists conformed fully to the Church of England, and a shortage of priests. The latter problem was addressed by establishing seminaries to train and ordain English priests. In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at Rome and two more established in Spain.
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Yet Catholic recusants as a whole remained a small group, except where they stayed the majority religion in various pockets, notably in rural Lancashire and Cumbria, or were part of the Catholic aristocracy and squirearchy.Christopher Martin A Glimpse of Heaven: Catholic Churches of England and Wales (London: English Heritage, 2007) Finally, the famous recusant Maria Fitzherbert, who during this period secretly married the Prince of Wales, Prince Regent, and future George IV in 1785.
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VIII, p. 317. In February 1576 Downham forwarded to the Council a return of recusants within his diocese, categorised according to whether they remained "obstinate" or, after examination by him, were considered "conformable". He died in the following year but the return is said to have provided terms of reference for a new ecclesiastical commission acting in conjunction with the Council of the North."The Lancashire Lieutenancy under the Tudors and Stuarts - Part 1", ed.
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Spiller was born in about 1570, fifth son of John Spiller of Shaftesbury, Dorset. His only known education was as a law student at Lincoln's Inn in 1606, but he was already employed in government service as clerk to the Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer by 1594. History of Parliament, article by Alan Davidson and Rosemary Sgroi. He was later responsible for deriving income from recusants and his policies led to the sale of baronetcies from 1611.
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In August the MPs for various counties were commissioned to put into effect an act for the disarming of recusants, yet to be drawn up: Littleton and his friend Sir Richard Leveson received the commission as Staffordshire MPs.House of Commons Journal, volume 2, 21 August 1641. As the country drifted towards war, Littleton remained a resolute Parliamentarian. On 6 June 1642 he wrote to Leveson, an MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme,Wedgwood, p. 31.
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His family were recusants and his grandmother arranged a pension for priest, Benedictine martyr Ambrose Barlow so that he could secretly carry out priestly duties, offering masses in secret in the homes of Catholics in the Leigh parish. Barlow was arrested at Morleys Hall during such a service. His aunt, Elizabeth Tyldesley, was abbess of the Poor Clares at Gravelines in the Spanish Netherlands from 1610 to 1654. Thomas Tyldesley was extremely wealthy according to the lay subsidy rolls.
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It is unclear whether Skeffington or Joan or Giffard paid off the Whorwoods, but the property certainly became part of the Giffard family's estates. After Edward, White Ladies passed to his son, John, who extended the old farm buildings north of the priory site to create Boscobel House about 1630. In 1651, it belonged to John Giffard's daughter, Frances Cotton, at that time a widow. The Giffards were Catholics and the most important Recusants in the area.
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James I The Oath of Allegiance of 1606 was an oath requiring English Catholics to swear allegiance to James I over the Pope. It was adopted by Parliament the year after the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 (see Popish Recusants Act 1605). The oath was proclaimed law on 22 June, 1606; it was also called the Oath of Obedience (). Whatever effect it had on the loyalty of his subjects, it caused an international controversy lasting a decade and more.
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Charles had seen Henrietta Maria in Paris while en route to Spain.; . The married couple met in person on 13 June 1625 in Canterbury. Charles delayed the opening of his first Parliament until after the marriage was consummated, to forestall any opposition.. Many members of the Commons were opposed to the king's marriage to a Roman Catholic, fearing that Charles would lift restrictions on Catholic recusants and undermine the official establishment of the reformed Church of England.
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In 1670, Charles II had signed the Secret Treaty of Dover with Louis XIV of France. In this treaty he committed to securing religious toleration for the Roman Catholic recusants in England. In March 1672, Charles issued his Royal Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the penal laws against the dissenters and eased restrictions on the private practice of Catholicism. Many imprisoned dissenters (including John Bunyan) were released from prison in response to the Royal Declaration of Indulgence.
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The term "recusancy" is primarily applied to English, Scottish and Welsh Catholics, but there were other instances in Europe. The native Irish people, for example, while subject to the British crown, rejected both the Anglican and the dissenting churches, and almost all remained loyal to the Catholic Church, suffering the same penalties as recusants in Great Britain. The situation was exacerbated by land claims, paramilitary violence and ethnic antagonisms on all sides.Burton, Edwin, Edward D'Alton, and Jarvis Kelley.
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ONS Neighbourhood Statistics: 2011 census The parish occupies the north side of lower Nidderdale. In the north of the parish are Brimham Rocks. In the Middle Ages, Hartwith cum Winsley (then known as Brimham) formed part of the lands of Fountains Abbey, which established granges at Wise Ing (near Smelthouses), Braisty Woods, Brimham Grange and Brimham Park. At Brimham Grange there was a chapel, where local recusants kept a Catholic priest in the late 16th century.
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He was High Sheriff of Somerset from 1672 to 1673 and was commissioner for inquiry for Finkley forest and for New Forest in 1672. He was commissioner for inquiry for the New Forest again in 1673. In 1675 he was elected MP for Hampshire for the Cavalier Parliament and was made freeman of Winchester 1675. He was commissioner for recusants for Somerset and Hampshire in 1675 and commissioner for inquiry for the New Forest in 1676 and in 1679.
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Pepys suggested it would be useful "to inquire whether this house was not long ago otherwise disposed of by him" and pointed out another instance where King was defrauding the Company. King was deputy collector of hearth-tax for Suffolk from 1666 to 1667 and his partners accused him of withholding funds during the three-year farm. He was a gentleman of the privy chamber from 1671 to 1685. He was commissioner for recusants for Essex in 1675.
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Foss, p.533 He also owned a country house in Kew, where he entertained the queen on 13 December 1595.Foss, p.534 Some of Puckering's papers as Sergeant and Lord Keeper were printed by John Strype. These include interrogations of Catholic recusants like John Whitfield in 1593, who was involved with Francis Dacre in a plot for a Spanish invasion of Scotland, and the allowance of bread for the students of Christ Church, Oxford.Strype, John, ed.
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In 1572, he was a member of a commission against Roman Catholic recusants in Norfolk, and in 1573 with John Handson and John Grundye he was appointed by John Parkhurst, the Bishop of Norwich, to take charge of "religious exercises termed prophesyings" at Bury St Edmunds. Soon afterwards, such exercises were forbidden on the authority of Queen Elizabeth. He held his prebend at Norwich until 1581, when he resigned. He continued as rector of Redgrave until 1597.
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Jacob, Martin and Nathaniel Harderet were also active as jewellers in this period. King James I gave Abraham and Martin a gift of £200 confiscated from recusants in 1604, Abraham and Nathaniel were confirmed as jewellers to the king in 1608, and Jacob, Abraham's brother, enlarged a chain for Princess Elizabeth in 1610.CSP Domestic James I: 1603-1610 (London, 1857). Martin had been recorded as "Martyn Harderettes", a "stranger" or foreigner in St Faith's parish in Farringdon, London, in 1582.
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The house has a 12th-century private chapel built of flint and stone, with an early brick tower. The house was probably begun after 1280 when Sir Richard Stonor (1250–1314) married his second wife, Margaret Harnhull. During and after the English Reformation the Stonor family and many other local gentry were recusants. In 1581 the Jesuit priests Edmund Campion and Robert Parsons lived and worked at Stonor Park, and Campion's Decem Rationes was printed here on a secret press.
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In 1615 he was appointed Vice-Admiral of Connaught for life and confirmed in the position by George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham in 1619. He surrendered the position in 1627. On 2 July 1616 St John was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland; he received the sword of state on 30 August. His appointment was partly due to his close family connection with the Duke of Buckingham, by then the prime Royal Favourite, and his administration, like Chichester's was marked by persecution of recusants.
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He was regarded as a law reporter of considerable note "and of almost incredible industry". Many of his case reports were published as Reports in the court of queen's bench...from the 12th to the 30th year of the reign of Charles II (1685). More than 150 handwritten folios and quartos of case reports were left unpublished at his death. His other writings included An Explanation of the Laws against Recusants (1681), and An Assistance to Justices of the Peace (1683).
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He sat with Chief-justice Sir Robert Catlin on the trial (9 February 1572) of Robert Hickford, a retainer of the Duke of Norfolk, indicted for adhering to the queen's enemies; and as assessor to the peers on the trial of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk. He took part in the conference of November–December 1577 on the legal method of dealing with recusants. In May 1584 Southcote retired and was succeeded by John Clench. He died on 18 April 1585.
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However, on the day when they were to incur the established penalties they took the oath.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 6.4–6, 7 Appian wrote that many senators refused to take the oath but they relented because Caesar, through the plebeian council, enacted the death penalty for recusants. In Appian's account it is at this point that the Vettius affair occurred.Appian, The Civil wars, 2.12 Appian wrote that Vettius, a plebeian, ran to the forum with a drawn dagger to kill Caesar and Pompey.
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At the first general election of 1679, he was caught up in a double return at Bridgwater, but was returned as Member of Parliament for the borough then and in the second election in October 1679. He was appointed to committees to consider bills to speed up the conviction of recusants and for security against Popery, and to investigate abuses in the Post Office. He voted against exclusion, but was not recorded as speaking. In 1680 he ceased to be Commissioner for Assessment.
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In inheriting his father's title and estates, Littleton took on the traditional role of his family as pillars of the county, serving in a range of administrative, judicial and military posts. From July 1660 until March 1688 he served as a Staffordshire Justice of the Peace, and thereafter as Deputy Lieutenant. He served as a captain in the Volunteer Horse (precursor of the yeomanry). He was a commissioner for assessment, operating the taxation system locally, and for a time a commissioner for recusants.
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During the Reformation, the Tempest family held Masses in their family home Broughton Hall. A priest would regularly travel there to provide for the local Catholics from 1648.How the Recusants survived in Skipton in St Stephen's Parish retrieved 4 February 2014 In January 1694, a Jesuit, Fr Thomas Burnett SJ came to the house and resided there until he died in 1727. From then on, Broughton served as a residence for Jesuit priests to administer to the local Catholic population.
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He was an accomplished scholar, not only in theology, but also in archæology, and he was an active member of the Chetham Holbein and Manx societies. For the first he edited "Abbott's Journal" and "The Tryalls at Manchester in 1694" (1864); for the Manx Society, Chronica Regum Manniæ et Insularum, to which he made valuable additions. An account of Harkirke burial-ground for recusants, and an introduction written by him were published by the Chetham Society in Crosby Records (M.S., 12, 1887).
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William Shakespeare came from a family background of English Catholic recusants. Although William Shakespeare (1564–1616) and his immediate family were conforming members of the established Church of England, Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden, was a member of a particularly conspicuous and determinedly Catholic family in Warwickshire. Some scholars also believe there is evidence that several members of Shakespeare's family were secretly recusant Catholics. The strongest evidence is a tract professing secret Catholicism signed by John Shakespeare, father of the poet.
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As was the case with his contemporary Fr Nathaniel Bacon (SJ), English Jesuits, given their illegal status as recusants, often published under assumed names. Father Plowden presented his translations under the name of the distinguished Welsh Salusbury family.Thomas Salusbury had been executed in 1586 in the Babington Plot Shakespeare's The Phoenix and the Turtle (1601) is dedicated to John Salusbury, also the name of a Welsh Jesuit priest during the Jacobean era. During the Civil War Sir Thomas Salusbury, 2nd Baronet was MP from Denbigh.
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Ashridge Priory retained Ambrosden until the priory was dissolved in 1539 in the Dissolution of the Monasteries. In 1542, the Crown granted Ambrosden to John Denton of Blackthorn, who was lord of the manor of one of the manors of Bicester. Ambrosden remained in the hands of the Denton family until 1604, when Edward Denton and his son-in-law Edward Smyth of Stoke Prior, Worcestershire sold the manor to Margaret Whethill of London. Margaret married Sir Thomas Mildmay of Chelmsford, whose family were recusants.
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Philip Constable of Everingham, Yorkshire was a Royalist in the English Civil War who was connected with Steeple Barton and was made a baronet in 1642. After the Parliamentarians won the war, they deprived him of all his estates. He died in 1644 and is buried in the south aisle of St Mary's parish church. Like the Sheldons, later members of the Constable family were recusants, including Humphrey Constable who was reported as such in 1663 and 1682 and Michael Constable who was reported in 1706.
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The farmhouse stands on the outworks of a Norman castle, indicating a long habitation history of the site. The present building was constructed as a gentry house in the 16th and 17th centuries under the ownership of the Aylworths, Catholic recusants. In the 19th century, the house, now used as a farmhouse, became part of the Duke of Beaufort's Monmouthshire Troy House estate. It was sold to Monmouthshire County Council in 1900, when the Beauforts divested themselves of their extensive Monmouthshire properties, and is now rented.
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Even more discontent resulted when the King allowed his Scottish nobles to collect the recusancy fines. There were 5,560 convicted of recusancy in 1605, of whom 112 were landowners. The very few Catholics of great wealth who refused to attend services at their parish church were fined £20 per month. Those of more moderate means had to pay two-thirds of their annual rental income; middle class recusants were fined one shilling a week, although the collection of all these fines was "haphazard and negligent".
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In 1739 Roman Catholics still outnumbered Anglicans in the parish, and a Roman Catholic priest lived in the parish to serve them. Early in the 19th century it was recorded that the farming families were Catholic but their labourers were Protestant. Until 1900 in the roof of the farmhouse at Moat Farm there was a Roman Catholic chapel that was served by a priest from Hethe. In 1759 it was also recorded that recusants from Godington worshipped at the Fermor family chapel at Tusmore Park.
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As Recorder of London he was famous for rigorously and successfully enforcing the laws against vagrants, mass-priests, and other papists. In 1576 Fleetwood was committed to the Fleet prison for a short time for breaking into the Portuguese ambassador's chapel under colour of the law against popish recusants. His own account of his action, dated 9 Nov, is printed in John Strype's Annals. In 1580 he was made a Serjeant-at- law, and in 1583 a commissioner for the reformation of abuses in printing.
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Crawley was founded in the early 13th century as a market town, and a church dedicated to St John the Baptist was founded a century later. The town lay partly in the parish of Ifield, a neighbouring village: the parish boundary ran up the middle of the wide High Street. After the English Reformation, Anglicanism predominated in the area, Protestant Nonconformity also became well established, and Roman Catholicism was almost unknown. A survey in 1582 found that two inhabitants of Ifield parish were recusants.
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Robert married Stutsbury's daughter and by the time he died in 1598 Robert had acquired a third part. In 1604 John Weedon acquired the fourth and final part of Souldern by quitclaim, thus reuniting the manor after just over a century of division. The Stutsbury and Weedon families were recusants (see below) and during the English Civil War the Parliamentarians confiscated the Weedons' estates. After the English Restoration the Crown restored the estates, which then stayed in the family until John Weedon died in 1710.
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William Petre, 2nd Baron Petre (24 June 1575 – 5 May 1637) was an English peer and Member of Parliament. He was born the son of Sir John Petre, 1st Baron Petre and was educated at Exeter College, Oxford and the Middle Temple. William and his family were recusants – people who adhered to the Roman Catholic faith after the English Reformation. He was elected MP for Essex in 1597, knighted in 1603 and inherited the Barony and the Ingatestone estate on his father's death in 1613.
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As a recusant family, they faced persecution and, in 1638, accordingly, the king seized a third of his estates and granted them on lease to farmers. Siding with the king on the outbreak of the English Civil War, he was seized and imprisoned by Roundheads and his estates were sequestered. His sons are mentioned as serving some of the English Interregnum at Rome and Douay. In 1653 Sir Cecil begged leave to transact under the Recusants Act relating to the sequestered two-thirds of his estates.
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Erskine-Hill, DNB Such schools, while illegal, were tolerated in some areas.'Alexander Pope', Literature Online biography (2000) A look-a-like of Pope derived from a portrait by alt= In 1700, his family moved to a small estate at Popeswood in Binfield, Berkshire, close to the royal Windsor Forest. This was due to strong anti-Catholic sentiment and a statute preventing "Papists" from living within of London or Westminster."An Act to prevent and avoid dangers which may grow by Popish Recusants" (3. Jac.
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Sherard continued to hold a variety of local offices after the Restoration. He was a commissioner of oyer and terminer for the Midland circuit in 1662, and was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Leicestershire in 1667. He received additional appointments in Lincolnshire in 1670, as deputy lieutenant and justice of the piece for the Parts of Lindsey, although he had resigned both of these posts by 1680. He became a deputy lieutenant of Rutland in 1671, and served as a commissioner for recusants in Leicestershire in 1675.
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A law was also enacted which provided that if any "papist" should be found converting an Anglican, or other Protestant, to Catholicism, both would suffer death for high treason. In November 1591, a priest was hanged before the door of a house in Gray's Inn Fields for having said Mass there the month previously. Laws against seminary priests and "Recusants" were enforced with great severity after the Gunpowder Plot (1605) episode during James I's reign. Arrest for a priest meant imprisonment, and often torture and execution.
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In the English-speaking world, the Douay-Rheims Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate by expatriate recusants in Rheims, France, in 1582 (New Testament) and in Douai, France in 1609 (Old Testament). It was revised by Bishop Richard Challoner in the years 1749–52. The 1750 revision is still printed today. Until the prompting for "new translations from the original languages" in Pope Pius XII's 1942 Papal encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu, and by the Second Vatican Council, it was the translation used by most Catholics.
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Stobhall Castle in 1999, looking north Stobhall (or Stobhall Castle) is a country house and estate in Perthshire in Scotland, from Perth. The 17th- century dower house and several other buildings are Category A-listed with Historic Environment Scotland. The lands at Stobhall have been in the hands of the Drummond family, the Earls of Perth, since the 14th century. Stobhall Castle was the ancestral seat of the Drummonds, a stronghold of Roman Catholicism in Scotland after the English Reformation, the Drummonds being staunch Roman Catholic recusants.
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The Stonor family were recusants, and the house included a Roman Catholic chapel at which local Roman Catholics attended Mass. Between 1716 and 1756 John Talbot Stonor, Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District was a frequent visitor. In the 1750s the Stonors sold the house to John Tilson, who had a new house built to a compact Palladian design and re-used at least part of the older house as servants' quarters. Late in the 19th and early in the 20th century, subsequent owners altered and enlarged the Tilson house.
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The Catholic Sussex families which suffered imprisonment or financial ruin at this time were mostly those that were involved in conspiracies against Elizabeth. After the uprising of 1569, the eighth Earl of Northumberland was effectively sent into internal exile in Sussex, at his home at Petworth House. After 1577, central authorities mounted on a growing attack on Catholic recusants, forcing them to abandon apparent conformity at a greater cost. Fines for non-attendance at an Anglican church were increased from 12d per week to 20 pounds per month.
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From 1673 to 1680 he was commissioner for assessment for Montgomeryshire and was commissioner for recusants in 1675, In March 1679 he was re-elected MP for Bishop's Castle for the First Exclusion Parliament. He was a capTain of the infantry militia by 1681 and was a major in the militia from about 1683 to 1686. He was commissioner for assessment for Shropshire and Oxfordshire from 1689 to 1690 and was reinstated as J.P. for Shropshire and Montgomeryshire from 1689 until his death. In 1690 he was elected MP for Bishop's Castle again.
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He was again convinced that the Commons could demand the church abandon "ceremonials" for Puritanism. But when Bancroft proved conciliatory from the Lords, he agreed to drop the matter. His eclectic and conciliatory style continued when the Catholic peer Lord William Howard was allowed to retain his peerage, while at the same time promoting a bill against Recusants on 25 June 1604. Hastings got in trouble with the king when he persuaded the Commons and new Chancellor of Exchequer, Sir George Home to sound out a new Subsidy.
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His wife, Beatrice de Rota, died from smallpox in March 1605 and Lewes quickly married Katherine Argall (née Bocking), the widow of his cousin Sir Thomas Argall, but Katherine also died from the smallpox within six months of the marriage.Memorials of Affairs of State from the papers of Ralph Winwood, vol. 2 (London, 1725), p. 141. He finally married Mary Blount, daughter of Sir Richard Blount of Dedisham and in 1624 the couple were 'justly suspected to be popish recusants'. In May 1624 Lewknor spent sometime incarcerated in the Tower of London15 May. London.
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In 1567 he was appointed Bishop suffragan of Nottingham and later, in 1570, was appointed Bishop of Carlisle. As bishop, he soon gained a reputation as someone dedicated to seeking out recusants. In 1575 he was translated to Durham, as a result of the patronage of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley: his election to that See was confirmed on 9 MayThe Injunctions and other Ecclesiastical Proceedings of Richard Barnes, Bishop of Durham, from 1575 to 1587: p. IX (Accessed 1 February 2014) and he was enthroned at Durham Cathedral on 19 May.
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To Father John Gerard, these words were almost certainly responsible for the heightened levels of persecution the members of his faith now suffered, and for the priest Oswald Tesimond they were a rebuttal of the early claims that the King had made, upon which the papists had built their hopes. A week after James's speech, Lord Sheffield informed the king of over 900 recusants brought before the Assizes in Normanby, and on 24 April a Bill was introduced in Parliament which threatened to outlaw all English followers of the Catholic Church.
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By the time the plotters reconvened at the start of the old style new year on Lady Day, 25 March, three more had been admitted to their ranks; Robert Wintour, John Grant, and Christopher Wright. The additions of Wintour and Wright were obvious choices. Along with a small fortune, Robert Wintour inherited Huddington Court (a known refuge for priests) near Worcester, and was reputedly a generous and well-liked man. A devout Catholic, he married Gertrude, the daughter of John Talbot of Grafton, a prominent Worcestershire family of recusants.
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The earliest written record of the parish church is from 1221, when the Abbess of the Benedictine Elstow Abbey in Bedfordshire disputed with a later Richard de Camville which one of them held the advowson of the parish. The Abbey won, and retained the right until its dissolution in 1539. After this the Crown held the advowson until 1608, when it was sold to Sir Henry Fowkes who immediately sold it on to Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The Fermors were recusants and with their support the majority of Godington parishioners remained Roman Catholic.
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The place names "Church Yard" and "Churchyard Close" indicate roughly where the parish church once stood. The Fermors were recusants and supported the continuation of Roman Catholicism in Tusmore and neighbouring villages from the English Reformation in the 16th century until after the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791. The family always had a resident priest, usually a Jesuit, and several Fermors entered religious orders. All of the Fermor's staff were Roman Catholics, and attended Mass at the Fermor chapel at Tusmore along with co-religionists form neighbouring villages.
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Lartington is a village and civil parish about west of the town of Barnard Castle, in Teesdale, in the Pennines of England. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 135. Lartington is historically in the North Riding of Yorkshire but along with the rest of the former Startforth Rural District it was transferred to County Durham for administrative and ceremonial purposes on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The parish is notable for Lartington Hall, the seat of a Roman Catholic family who were recusants.
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She executed many Protestants by burning. Her actions were reversed by a new Act of Supremacy passed in 1559 under her successor, Elizabeth I, along with an Act of Uniformity which made worship in Church of England compulsory. Anyone who took office in the English church or government was required to take the Oath of Supremacy; penalties for violating it included hanging and quartering. Attendance at Anglican services became obligatory—those who refused to attend Anglican services, whether Roman Catholics or Protestants (Puritans), were fined and physically punished as recusants.
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In 1587 he was resident at Prague, being described in the government's list of recusants abroad as a Jesuit. There he became acquainted with Edward Kelley, who in June 1589 accused him of being an emissary of the pope, and of complicity in a plot to murder Queen Elizabeth. Soon afterwards Perkins arrived in England, and seems to have been imprisoned on suspicion. On 12 March 1590 he wrote to Francis Walsingham, undermining Kelley and appealing to a commendation from the King of Poland as proof of his innocence.
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The Fermors were Roman Catholics and throughout the 18th century they let the Ormond manor to fellow-recusants. Fritwell's Roman Catholic population increased and was served by a priest visiting the village from the Fermor chapel at Tusmore. The Roman Catholic Relief Act was passed in 1791 and a Roman Catholic school had been opened in Fritwell by 1808. However, after 1817 the Catholic population declined and from 1854 no Catholics were recorded until 1897, when Thomas Garner converted to Catholicism and got permission for Mass to be said at the manor house.
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Afterwards, efforts to identify recusants and force them to conform increased. In 1581, a new law made it treason to be absolved from schism and reconciled with Rome and the fine for recusancy was increased to £20 per month (50 times an artisan's wage). Afterwards, executions of Catholic priests became more common, and in 1585, it became treason for a Catholic priest to enter the country, as well as for anyone to aid or shelter him. The persecution of 1581–1592 changed the nature of Roman Catholicism in England.
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With Sir William Petre and Sir William Garrard he was an executor of Maurice Griffith's willThomas F. Mayer and Courtney B. Walters (2008) The Correspondence of Reginald Pole, IV: a Biographical Companion. The British Isles, p.231 and, in consequence of this, played a part as an initial trustee in the founding of Friars School, Bangor.W. Ogwen Williams in The Dominican Jones & Haworth (eds.)(1957), p. 30 Lowe was included in a return of recusants in the Diocese of Rochester in 1577,Miscellanea XII, Catholic Record Society, p.
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Baddesley Clinton The Ferrers appear to have remained Roman Catholic recusants after the Reformation, along with many other members of the Warwickshire gentry. They sheltered Catholic priests, who were under threat of a death sentence if discovered, and made special arrangements to hide and protect them. Several priest holes were built, secret passages to hide people in the event of a search by the authorities. One such priest hole is off the Moat Room, and is simply a small room with a door hidden in the wood panelling.
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King Charles, aware of the unrest, returned to London and summoned Parliament. He remained unconvinced by Oates' accusations, but Parliament and public opinion forced him to order an investigation. Parliament truly believed that this plot was real, declaring, "This House is of opinion that there hath been and still is a damnable and hellish plot contrived and carried out by the popish recusants for assigning and murdering the King." Tonge was called to testify on 25 October 1678 where he gave evidence on the Great Fire and, later, rumours of another similar plot.
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For some time, Cat Hall was leased by All Souls College, and then by Exeter College, until it also was subsumed into the growing Hart Hall early in the 16th century, giving the hall most of the land around what is today its Old Quadrangle. In the latter half of the 16th century, Hart Hall became known as a refuge for Catholic recusants, particularly under Philip Randell as principal (1548–1599). Because of its connection with Exeter College and that college's increasing puritanism, a number of Exeter's tutors and scholars migrated to Hart Hall.
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After 1710, the British military administration continued to utilize the deputy system the Acadians had developed under French colonial rule. Prior to 1732 the deputies were appointed by the governor from men in the districts of Acadian families "as ancientest and most considerable in Lands & possessions,". This appears to be in contravention of various British penal laws which made it nearly impossible for Roman Catholics and Protestant recusants to hold military and government positions. The need for effective administration and communication in many of the British colonies trumped the laws.
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It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government" upon his or her accession. The adherence to the Catholic Church continued at various levels in different parts of Britain, especially among recusants and in the north of England,John Jolliffe, ed., English Catholic Heroes, London: Gracewing Publishing, 2008 but most strongly in Ireland. This would expand in Great Britain, partly due to Irish immigration in the nineteenth century,G.
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These correspondence motets often featured themes of oppression or the hope of deliverance. The Jacobean poet John Donne was another notable Englishman born into a recusant Catholic family. He later, however, authored two Protestant leaning writings and, at the behest of King James I of England, was ordained into the Church of England. Guy Fawkes, an Englishman and a Spanish soldier, along with other recusants or converts, including, among others, Sir Robert Catesby, Christopher Wright, John Wright and Thomas Percy, was arrested and charged with attempting to blow up Parliament on 5 November 1605.
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"Robert Greenberry, picture-drawer", figures in the lists of recusants returned by the Westminster justices to the crown in 1628. Among the pictures belonging to Charles I was one of 'Diana and Callisto, bigger than life, a copy after Grimberry,' sold to Captain Geere for 22l. This is more probably a copy by Greenbury, as the king also possessed 'Two copies of Albert Dürer and his father, which are done by Mr. Greenbury, by the appointment of the Lord Marshall.' John Evelyn in his 'Diary' writes on 24 Oct.
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In the 16th century the south aisle of St. James' church was converted into the Fermor family chapel. However, after the English Reformation the Fermors were Recusants and had a private Roman Catholic chapel at the manor house. When Thomas Fermor died in 1580, his will provided for the founding of a "free school" for Somerton boys to be instructed in "virtue and learning". Somerton's present school building dates from the 18th and 19th centuries, but includes a late 16th-century window which may be from the original building.
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Musicologist Margaret Gynn described how Byrd had taken what was originally "a love-song of the road" and transformed it by giving it the "serious religious character of a pilgrimage". According to Bradley Brookshire, the variations form a sort of "covert speech" addressed to Catholic recusants in Elizabethan culture. He argues that it includes "musically encoded symbols of Catholic veneration and lament."Bradley Brookshire, "Bare ruined quiers, where late the sweet birds sang", Covert Speech in William Byrd's Walsingham variations, in Walsingham in Literature and Culture from the Middle Ages to Modernity, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
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This moderation in exacting the oath helped to prevent an outcry against it, and enabled the Government to deal with the recalcitrant in detail. Many years elapsed, for instance, before it was imposed on the graduates of the universities. The last laws passed by Elizabeth against Catholics (1592-3) enjoined a new test for Recusants (35 Eliz. c. 2). It comprised (1) A confession of "grievous offence against God in contemning her Majesty's Government"; (2) Royal Supremacy; (3) A clause against dispensations and dissimulations, perhaps the first of its sort in oaths of this class.
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It is suggested that the name is connected with the adjoining town of Prescot which has had a church for over a thousand years. The present Eccleston Hall dates from the 1820s but there have been halls on the site from the late mediaeval period. The Eccleston family, who were Lords of the Manor of Eccleston, were recusants and there was a Catholic chapel in the old hall which was built in the Tudor era. Richard Seddon (1845–1906), 15th Prime Minister of New Zealand, was born in Eccleston and attended the local grammar school.
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Above the map, a Cross of Lorraine symbolizing hope and support for the oppressed. On either side, the relief initials “R” and “F” for () (French Republic), at the bottom, the relief semi-circular inscription () (I HAVE FOUGHT A GOOD BATTLE). On the reverse, the circular relief inscription along the top ¾ of the medal circumference () (TO THE RECUSANTS 1939 – 1945 WAR). The medal hangs from a 37 mm wide silk moiré bright yellow ribbon with three 1 mm wide red vertical stripes spaced 1 mm apart and located 2 mm from the outer edges.
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Here he lay in irons, instructing and hearing confessions at his prison grate until April 1585. His jailer was then bribed by Victor White, a leading townsman, to release the priest for one night to say Mass and administer the Paschal Communion in White's house on Passion Sunday. The jailer secretly warned the President of Munster to take this opportunity of apprehending most of the neighbouring recusants at Mass. In the morning an armed force surrounded the house, arrested White and others seized the sacred vessels, and sought the priest everywhere.
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Reckless but brilliant Cambridge scholar Kit Marlowe is conscripted by Francis Walsingham to be a spy for Queen Elizabeth. It is love at first sight for Kit and Walsingham's young cousin Thomas, and Kit is soon sent to the English college at Rheims to ferret out recusants conspiring against the Queen and her Church of England. Walsingham and his agents have enabled a conspiracy, later known as the Babington Plot, as a means to effect the execution of Elizabeth's rival, Mary, Queen of Scots. Kit is instrumental in the arrest of the conspirators, but horrified by their execution.
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After the initial invasion force under the mercenary Thomas Stukley had achieved nothing successful in 1578, the intervention under FitzGerald caused the English authorities to monitor the recusants closely, and try to finance the campaign against the papal forces with exactions from them. Campion and Persons crossed separately into England. In June 1580 Thomas Pounde, then in the Marshalsea Prison, went to speak to Persons. This action then resulted in a petition from Pounde to the Privy Council to allow a disputation where the Jesuits would take on Robert Crowley and Henry Tripp, who used to preach to the Marshalsea inmates.
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The ultimate dispossession of most of the Irish Catholic landowning class was engineered, and recusants were subordinated under the Penal Laws. During the 17th century, Ireland was convulsed by eleven years of warfare, beginning with the Rebellion of 1641, when Irish Catholics rebelled against the domination of English and Protestant settlers. The Catholic gentry briefly ruled the country as Confederate Ireland (1642–1649) against the background of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms until Oliver Cromwell reconquered Ireland in 1649–1653 on behalf of the English Commonwealth. Cromwell's conquest was the most brutal phase of the war.
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The two priests, condemned and "very bloodily handled", were executed. The Catholic community responded to news of these plots with shock. That the Bye Plot had been revealed by Catholics was instrumental in saving them from further persecution, and James was grateful enough to allow pardons for those recusants who sued for them, as well as postponing payment of their fines for a year. On 19 February 1604, shortly after he discovered that his wife, Queen Anne, had been sent a rosary from the pope via one of James's spies, Sir Anthony Standen, James denounced the Catholic Church.
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The Test Acts were a series of English penal laws that served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman Catholics and nonconformists. The underlying principle was that only people taking communion in the established Church of England were eligible for public employment, and the severe penalties pronounced against recusants, whether Catholic or nonconformist, were affirmations of this principle. Similar laws were introduced in Scotland with respect to the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. In practice nonconformists were often exempted from some of these laws through the regular passage of Acts of Indemnity.
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The first marriage united the Catholic Rookwood and Protestant Drury families and the second marriage was between Elizabeth Drury of Lawshall and Robert Drury of Hawstead. Thirty years later Elizabeth is named on the list of Papist recusants who had refused to attend Church of England services. Coldham Hall Ambrose Rookwood of Coldham Hall was involved in the Catholic conspiracy to blow up King James I and his Parliament. Rookwood had one of the finest studs of horses in the country and was invited to join the Gunpowder Plot conspiracy as his horses might be necessary to facilitate a swift retreat.
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Many who began as recusants gradually drifted into conformity. John did not succeed his father as Justice of the Peace until 1573, the same year he was pricked High Sheriff of Staffordshire. Both these offices required taking the Oath of Supremacy, swearing to accept the monarch as "the only supreme governor of this realm, and of all other her Highness's dominions and countries, as well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes, as temporal." Imposed by the Act of Supremacy 1558, failure to meet this requirement more than once had been turned into a treasonable offence by a further act of 1562.
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Banned by his college fellowship from marrying, he has no fear of permanent entanglement, but does not seek to draw Julian into a sexual relationship. Their friendship is resented by Giles Yarde, who is himself in love with Julian. After a few weeks, Squire Yarde summons Herrick and Meg back to Devon, but the Conybeares stay on. When the Vice-Chancellor of the University, Dr John Cosin, is threatened with the loss of his position because of his supposed Catholic leanings (early 1641), the authorities begin to crack down on recusants, and three Catholic priests are arrested while giving mass.
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Elizabeth Tyldesley (or Clare Mary Ann, OSC) (1585–1654) was a 17th-century abbess at the Poor Clare Convent at Gravelines. Elizabeth Tyldesley born in 1585, was the daughter of Thomas Tyldesley of Morleys Hall, Astley and Myerscough Hall and Elizabeth Anderton of Lostock, in Lancashire (now Greater Manchester). Her family were recusants and her mother arranged a pension for the Roman Catholic priest, Ambrose Barlow, so that he could secretly carry out priestly duties, offering Mass in the homes of Roman Catholics in the Leigh parish. Her grandfather, Edward Tyldesley, had left her a dowry of £500, but she never married.
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He volunteered to join the relief of the Palatinate led by Sir Horace Vere in 1620, but did not actually go abroad; in the following year, he was made a justice of the peace for the Parts of Lindsey. Bertie was appointed a commissioner for recusants in Lincolnshire in 1624. He and Lord Willoughby again went abroad that year to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands. In the following year, he was commissioned a major of foot, and was appointed to various commissions for land improvement in Lincolnshire (Deeping Fen and the River Glen) while abroad.
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Eager to depart, al-Adil undertook only a half-hearted effort to dislodge al-Bayyasi from the hills of Baeza in the winter of 1224-25. The campaign proved a humiliation – al-Bayyasi's little band of followers managed to fend off the much larger armies that al-Adil sent after them. Al-Adil quickly acquired a reputation for incompetence and poor military skills, which spread across the water to Morocco, emboldening the recusants and shaking the confidence of his allies. Determined to seize Marrakesh before it was too late, al-Adil decided to ignore al-Bayyasi and stepped up the transportation of troops.
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He was a student of Middle Temple in 1663 but was never called to the bar as he came "much short of his father’s intellectual parts". In 1665, he was elected Member of Parliament for Bere Alston in the Cavalier Parliament although through the tardiness of the Sheriff of Devon he did not take his seat until nearly a year later. He was commissioner for recusants for Devon in 1675 and commissioner for assessment for Buckinghamshire from 1679 to 1680. He did not stand for parliament again as his father preferred to nominate more eminent representatives for the family borough.
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It was also to Buckingham’s influence that Shelton owed his promotion as Solicitor General in October 1625 and was knighted by Charles I at Hampton Court that month. He sat in Parliament for Bridgnorth in Shropshire but his lack of debating power rendered him no match for Coke and the great opposition lawyers of the day. In 1628 he was appointed Treasurer of the Inner Temple. As Solicitor General, Shelton was appointed to a commission to compound with recusants in November 1625 and in December 1633 to the reinforced High Commission, which exercised ecclesiastical jurisdiction in England and Wales.
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Firle Place from rear On 23 April 1744, his cousin, Sir William Gage, 7th Baronet, died without children, and Gage inherited the baronetcy and the family estate of Firle Place. Sir William's late father was Gage's uncle - Sir John Gage, 4th Baronet, Sheriff of Sussex. The main line of the family, up to the 7th Baronet, had been Roman Catholic recusants who had purchased their baronetcy from King James I, and Gage quietly resumed practising Roman Catholicism, although his children were raised in the Church of England. At the 1747 general election, he was returned again for Tewkesbury and joined the opposition.
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SS Peter and Paul has also a Sanctus bell, cast in 1701 by Henry Bagley II, who had foundries in the Northamptonshire villages of Chacombe and Ecton. Steeple Aston had a small number of recusants in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries and a small number of Quakers in the 17th century. Methodist meetings were held in the home of one of the villagers for a few years early in the 19th century but had ceased by 1817. Meetings were held in 1838 and 1839 to hear Primitive Methodist preachers and were well- attended despite uproarious organised protests.
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Although the Puritans did not necessarily object to these sports and games in general, they did object to allowing them on Sundays. In the early seventeenth century, Puritans came to dominate several localities and managed to succeed in banning Sunday sports. In 1617, in Lancashire, there was a particularly intense quarrel between the Puritans and the local gentry (many of whom were Catholic recusants) over the issue of Sunday sports. In response to the controversy raging in his diocese, Thomas Morton, Bishop of Chester, asked the king for a ruling on the propriety of Sunday sports.
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Hodges was educated at Sherborne, of which he became a governor in 1669 and later a benefactor to the library, Queen's College, Oxford and Lincoln's Inn. He was called to the Bar in 1666 and became a bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1685. He was joint auditor of excise for Dorset in 1662, commissioner for recusants in 1675, and commissioner for rebels’ estates in Somerset and Dorset in 1685 along with his fellow Old Shirburnian and MP Thomas Wyndham. He became Recorder of Dorchester in 1671, a JP from 1673 to 1688, Recorder of Bridport in 1677 and MP for Bridport in 1685.
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By 1673, Ashley was worried that the heir to the throne, James, Duke of York, was secretly a Roman Catholic. Shaftesbury became a leading opponent of the policies of Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby who favoured strict interpretation of penal laws and compulsory Anglican adherence. Shaftesbury, who sympathized with Protestant Nonconformists, briefly agreed to work with the possible heir to the throne the Duke of York (James), who opposed enforcing the penal laws against Roman Catholic recusants. By 1675, however, Shaftesbury was convinced that Danby, assisted by high church bishops, was determined to revert England to an absolute monarchy.
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Later Charles spent the night hiding in one of Boscobel's priest holes. He was moved from Boscobel to Moseley Old Hall, another Catholic redoubt near Wolverhampton, and ultimately escaped the region posing as the servant of Jane Lane of Bentley, whose family were also landowners at Broom Hall and at the Hyde in Brewood. The Lanes, although friends and business partners of the Giffards, were not recusants but of Puritan sympathies and Jane's brother, Colonel John Lane, had taken Parliament's side in fighting around Wolverhampton during the Civil War.Keith Farley: Charles I and the First Civil War at Wolverhampton Local History.
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After the Norman conquest of England the manor was held successively by the De Salcey, Willescote or Williamscote, Babington, Browne and Browne-Mostyn families. After the English Reformation the Browne family were recusants with their own Roman Catholic chapel and priest, and they ensured the survival of Catholicism in this part of Oxfordshire. Kiddington Hall was built in 1673, and in the 18th century "Capability" Brown laid out the gardens. In 1850 the architect Charles Barry rebuilt the house so completely that no external trace of the original building is visible, added a new stable block and remodelled the gardens.
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He was present at a debate held in 1581 in the Tower of London, between Father Edmund Campion, a Jesuit, Father Ralph Sherwin and a group of Protestant theologians. He was so impressed by the Catholics that he experienced a spiritual conversion. He renounced his previous, frivolous life and was reconciled with his wife. Arundel, with much of his family, remained Catholic recusants during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He was himself suspected of disloyalty, and was regarded by the discontented Roman Catholics as the centre of the plots against the queen’s government, and even as a possible successor.
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The Privy Council of Scotland was a body that advised the monarch. In the range of its functions the council was often more important than the Estates in the running the country. Its registers include a wide range of material on the political, administrative, economic and social affairs of Scotland. The council supervised the administration of the law, regulated trade and shipping, took emergency measures against the plague, granted licences to travel, administered oaths of allegiance, banished beggars and Gypsies, dealt with witches, recusants, Covenanters and Jacobites and tackled the problem of lawlessness in the Highlands and the Borders.
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The Dudley campaign was directed specifically against Littleton, who was an ally and client of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, a major force not only in the county but at Court. On the day of the election, 6 October 1597, Whorwood, supposedly neutral, rallied the Dudley supporters on one side of the market square in Stafford. It was later alleged that Whorwood used his authority as Sheriff to release Catholic recusants from the county gaol and allowed them and their wives to vote. He certainly permitted Edward Lord Dudley, a peer to add his voice to his brother's vote.
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Initially a trusted Parliamentarian, he was entrusted with his share of commissions and committees. On 26 March 1641 he was appointed to a committee on a bill described as being "to prevent Dangers, that may happen by Popish Recusants."House of Commons Journal, volume 2, 26 March 1641 pm. Not surprisingly, in May he agreed to the terms of the Protestation that he would "promise, vow, and protest, to maintain and defend, as far as lawfully I may, with my Life, Power, and Estate, the true, reformed, Protestant Religion..."House of Commons Journal, volume 2, 3 May 1641 pm.
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In August 1584 Henry Vaux was mentioned in a report to Sir Francis Walsingham, the Queen's spymaster, and from this time onwards his name appeared regularly in confessions and the reports of spies. (Henry Vaux unwittingly had two apostate priests in his employ). By May 1585, the government knew that Henry Vaux was serving as treasurer for the priest-smuggling network. At around that time he attended a large meeting of Jesuits, recusants, and secular clergy in Hoxton which established a fund for the support of the Catholic clergy and to which he promised one hundred marks.
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The town took over responsibility for these defences in 1553, leading to a long running dispute with the Crown as to whether the civic authorities were fulfilling their responsibilities to maintain them. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the defences were used to imprison Catholic recusants, who were often held in harsh conditions. The castle and blockhouses saw service during the sieges of the English Civil War in the 1640s, and remained in used during the interregnum. After the restoration of Charles II, the buildings were neglected until the King redeveloped the eastern defences of Hull in 1681, creating a larger fortification called the Citadel.
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Backhouse did not immediately accustom himself to this new way of life. His Oxford peer John Chamberlain wryly reported that in 1600-01 Backhouse, as the county's newly made sheriff, was "almost out of heart" after being informed Queen Elizabeth I was visiting, as he felt himself "altogether unacquainted with courting", though he ultimately performed "very well". In Berkshire, Backhouse occupied minor several municipal offices. He was justice of the peace in the county from 1593 until his death; sheriff of Berkshire, in 1600-01; commissioner of recusants in Berkshire, 1602; joint collector of aid in Berkshire, 1613; and commissioner of sewers in Buckinghamshire and Berkshire, 1622.
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In 1622 James Ussher, then bishop of Meath, preached a sermon before the Lord Deputy to which exceptions were taken by the recusants. Hampton sent him a letter of mild rebuke, but indicating that the sermon had been in some respects indiscreet. By 1622 Hampton had (using his own personal wealth as well as church funds) built a palace at Drogheda, then the principal place of residence of the archbishops, and restored the cathedral church of St. Patrick, Armagh, which had been reduced to ruins by Shane O'Neill. He recast the great bell, and repaired the old episcopal residence at Armagh, to which he added new buildings.
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As the 19th century wore on non- conformist ministers increasingly began to conduct services within the workhouse, but Catholic priests were rarely welcomed. A variety of legislation had been introduced during the 17th century to limit the civil rights of Catholics, beginning with the Popish Recusants Act 1605 in the wake of the failed Gunpowder Plot that year. But although almost all restrictions on Catholics in England and Ireland were removed by the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, a great deal of anti-Catholic feeling remained. Even in areas with large Catholic populations, such as Liverpool, the appointment of a Catholic chaplain was unthinkable.
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He was commissioner for corporations for Yorkshire from 1662 to 1663, commissioner for assessment for Lindsey, Lincolnshire from 1663 to 1669, commissioner for oyer and terminer for the Northern circuit in 1665 and commissioner for recusants for the East. Riding in 1675. He was re-elected MP for Beverley in the two elections of 1679 and in February 1680 he was seen in London coffee houses speaking against the Duke of York and making his audience drink to the Duke of Monmouth. He was re-elected MP for Beverley in 1681 and 1685. Warton died in London at the age of about 65 and was buried at St John’s, Beverley.
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In 1642, during the English Civil War, the 'Protestation' in support of the Anglican Church was signed by 207 men in Midhurst, but 54 'recusant Papists' refused at first to sign it. Two days later 35 of these did sign, probably excepting the special clause denouncing the Roman Faith, as did their colleagues at Easebourne, where there was an equal number of recusants. By 1676 the estimated numbers of Conformists (Anglicans) was recorded as being 341, of Roman Catholics 56, and of Non-conformists 50. In 1672 the wealthy local coverlet maker, Gilbert Hannan, founded a grammar school for twelve poor boys in the upper room of the Market House.
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A branch of the Tempest family of Holmside, County Durham Robert Surtees, History of Durham, Vol II, p. 271 descended from Nicolas Tempest (1486–1539), described as of Stanley Byers and Stanley Parke, the fourth son of Robert Tempest and Anne Lambton of Holmside. The Stella branch of the family combined agricultural and mercantile interests with large scale involvement in the coal trade via Newcastle upon Tyne in the late 16th and 17th centuries, with many members being noted recusants, adherents to the old Catholic faith after the Reformation.James, M., Family, Lineage and Civil Society: A Study of Society, Politics and Mentality in the Durham Region, 1500–1640, p.
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Richard Shuttleworth married a daughter of the Urmstons from Westleigh and brought part of the Westleigh inheritance to Bedford. This family lived at Shuttleworth House, or Sandypool Farm as it is also known, which is south of the Bridgewater Canal near to the old manor house, Bedford Hall, which survives today as a Grade II listed building. Another prominent Bedford family, the Sales of Hope Carr Hall, had a great deal of influence in Bedford for over 400 years, and owned more land than the Shuttleworths. The family were recusants and secretly kept the "old faith" when Roman Catholicism was subject to civil or criminal penalties.
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The court is presided over by the incumbent of the church, and still has the right to rule on matters such as Between the 12th and 19th centuries, the court ruled on matters mostly pertaining to the church and adherence to Christian rituals not only in Masham, but also in the surrounding areas. People were fined for having non-Christian customs in burials, for not paying money into the collection plate, for wearing hats during communion and for setting up a school without permission. One man from nearby Ellington was excommunicated for not providing bread and water for a village walk. Others were punished for being Catholics or Recusants.
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The measures put in force shortly after Elizabeth's accession became much harsher after the Rising of the North (1569) and the Babington Plot in particular, the utmost severity of the law being enforced against seminary priests. "Priest hunters" were tasked to collect information and locate any priests."Priest Holes", Historic UK An Act was passed prohibiting a member of the Roman Catholic Church from celebrating the rites of his faith on pain of forfeiture for the first offence, a year's imprisonment for the second, and imprisonment for life for the third. All those who refused to take the Oath of Supremacy were called "recusants" and were guilty of high treason.
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Davies was very much committed to reform not just in the law but in religious affairs too. He was all for banishing Catholic clergy from Ireland and for enforcing church attendances, and strict measures to this end were taken on his return. He delivered a powerful speech on 23 November 1605 in the Court of Castle Chamber, dealing with the summonsing of recusants to answer their contempt of the king's proclamations. In May 1606 he submitted his report of his circuit of the province of Munster to Sir Robert Cecil, the king's secretary, and was made serjeant at law after his appointment as Attorney General.
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William and Mary in Brewood parish church. These were displayed by law in all churches after the Glorious Revolution, when the English Penal Laws against both Catholics and Protestant dissenters were in full force. Like many of the Staffordshire and Shropshire gentry, the Giffard family remained Catholic Recusants throughout the Reformation and the English Civil War, sheltering priests and hearing mass in their houses, despite continuing to be buried in ornate tombs in the chancel of the Anglican parish church for four generations of religious turmoil and persecution. John Giffard, who held Chillington in the reign of Elizabeth I came into direct confrontation with the monarch.
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Several of his contemporaries at Wolverhampton were also ambitious, rising clerics, like the consecutive Hatherton prebendaries Godfrey Goodman, a Catholic sympathiser and future bishop, and Cesar Callendrine,Collections for a History of Staffordshire, 1915, p. 330. a German Calvinist minister who long headed the Dutch Reformed Church in London. Hall found St Peter's under the thumb of Walter Leveson: "the freedom of a goodly Church, consisting of a Dean and eight prebendaries competently endowed, and many thousand souls lamentably swallowed up by wilful recusants, in a pretended fee-farm for ever." Because of this the prebend was worth only 19 nobles or £6 3s. 4d.
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In February 1624, his father arranged his return to Parliament as knight of the shire for Bedfordshire, replacing Oliver's uncle Sir Beauchamp St John. St John's father owned large estates there and dominated the representation of the county; Oliver was returned alongside his father's first cousin, Sir Oliver Luke, who was likewise supported by the family interest. On 27 April, St John certified to the House that there were no recusants holding office in his county, but does not otherwise appear in Parliamentary records. After his father was created Earl of Bolingbroke on 28 December, St John adopted the courtesy title of Lord St John of Bletsoe.
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In the mid- to late-1620s, the religious atmosphere in England began to look bleak for Puritans and other groups whose adherents believed that the English Reformation was in danger. King Charles I had ascended the throne in 1625, and he had married a Roman Catholic. Charles was opposed to all manner of recusants and supported the Church of England in its efforts against religious groups such as the Puritans that did not adhere fully to its teachings and practices. This atmosphere of intolerance led Puritan religious and business leaders to consider emigration to the New World as a viable means to escape persecution.
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Southwest of the parish church is an 18th-century barn that seems to include the remains of an early 14th-century chapel. This may be linked with the D'Oyley family of Oxford, who held the manor of Pishill and in 1406 received a licence to build a chapel at the manor house that used to be in the village. The Stonor family of Stonor Park, just over away, were recusants during and after the English Reformation. With the support of the Stonors and Jesuit priests who stayed with them, a number of Pishill families remained Roman Catholic throughout the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.
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Galloway represents the bishops as arguing that to make any alterations in the prayer-book would be tantamount to admitting that popish recusants and deprived puritans had suffered for refusing submission to what "now was confessed to be erroneous". Galloway was popular as a preacher, and his services were sought in 1606 as one of the ministers of St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh; first on 3 June by the town council, then on 12 September by the four congregations which met there. He was not, however, appointed till the end of June 1607. In 1610, and again in 1615 and 1619, he was a member of the high commission court.
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Anyone who took office in the Irish church or government was required to take the Oath of Supremacy; penalties for violating it included hanging and quartering. Attendance at Church of Ireland services became obligatory – those who refused to attend, whether Roman Catholics or Protestant nonconformists, could be fined and physically punished as recusants by the civil powers. Initially Elizabeth tolerated non-Anglican observance, but after the promulgation in 1570 of the Papal Bull, Regnans in Excelsis, Roman Catholics were increasingly seen as a threat to the security of the state. Nevertheless, the enforcement of conformity in Ireland was sporadic and limited for much of the sixteenth century.
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Among the bills he favored were acts to bar recusants from serving in Parliament, to punish simony and scandalous ministers, to discourage vexatious suits against clergymen, and enforce observation of the Sabbath. His brother attempted to have him appointed to the parliamentary seat of Richard Benson, the recently deceased MP for Ludlow, despite Francis already holding a seat, but the scheme failed. Eure did not stand for Parliament in 1614, and later became Chief Justice of North Wales. Because of his local ties, he was expected to transfer to South Wales, but did not; this brought a complaint and call for his removal from a Catholic barrister.
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Waller's army during June lived off whatever they could requisition, first in the Vale of Evesham, then Bromsgrove and Kidderminster. The Talbot family who held Grafton became central figures in the county's military organisation under the Royalists. The promotion of Catholics and recusants like the Talbots was a source of controversy in Worcestershire, referred to for instance by the Clubmen in their attempts to resist the demands of both armies in the later part of the first war. In the third civil war of 1649, the Talbots joined King Charles II at the Battle of Worcester with a force of local men and had a role in his escape.
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1825 Porte left his vast estates to his co-heirs, three daughters. Elizabeth, who inherited the family seat at Etwall, married Sir Thomas Gerard of Bryn: the pair were known to be Catholic recusants during the reign of Elizabeth I and their younger son, John Gerard was to leave a valuable record of his life as an underground Jesuit priest. They were to face constant financial difficulties as a result of their religious and political choices and Thomas was imprisoned for a time, accused of involvement in a plot to free Mary, Queen of Scots. Margaret married Thomas Stanhope, one of a large Nottinghamshire family of politically active brothers.
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It was later alleged that Whorwood, a Catholic sympathiser, improved their chances by drafting in at least five recusants from the county gaol and allowing even their wives to raise their voices in favour of Sutton, while Dudley brought in at least a hundred voters, most of them not qualified. About 800 voters came to Stafford for the election on 6 October and Whorwood rallied the Dudley supporters on one side of the market square. The vote was by voices and it immediately became apparent that Blount and Littleton were the most popular candidates, at least 200 ahead of Sutton. To confirm the result, Littleton demanded a poll.
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Donne, however, could not obtain a degree from either institution because of his Catholicism, since he refused to take the Oath of Supremacy required to graduate. In 1591 he was accepted as a student at the Thavies Inn legal school, one of the Inns of Chancery in London. On 6 May 1592 he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn, one of the Inns of Court. In 1593, five years after the defeat of the Spanish Armada and during the intermittent Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), Queen Elizabeth issued the first English statute against sectarian dissent from the Church of England, titled "An Act for restraining Popish recusants".
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He was a candidate for the post of master of the wards in the same year; was one of four commissioners sent to Ireland on 11 September 1613 to investigate Irish grievances, and reported that Ireland had no very substantial ground for complaint. In 1614 Cornwallis was suspected of fanning the parliamentary opposition to the king. John Hoskins, who had made himself conspicuous in the House of Commons of England by his denunciation of Scots and Scottish institutions, declared when arrested that he was Cornwallis's agent. Cornwallis disclaimed all knowledge of Hoskins, but admitted that he had procured the election of another member of parliament, and had supplied him with notes for a speech against recusants and Scotchmen.
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Lewknor and his wife were twice more accused of being recusants at the Middlesex sessions. Lewknor's last official engagement was on Sunday 29 November 1626, when Charles I dispatched him to attend François de Bassompierre: "Lucnar came to bring me a very rich present from the king, of four diamonds set in a lozenge, and a great stone at the end; and the same evening sent again to fetch me to hear an excellent English play". Lewes Lewknor died on 11 March 1627 and his post of Master of the Ceremonies reverted to his assistant John Finet. Lewknor's son Thomas survived him, but having become a Jesuit priest he died childless in 1645.
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Directed at the time of interest in the Spanish Match (August 1623) by warrant under the great seal to soften the rigour of the statutes against recusants, Doddridge, according to Yonge, was hoped to discover a way to dispense with the statutes altogether. He concurred in the judgment delivered by Chief-Justice Nicholas Hyde on 28 November 1627 in Darnell's Case, refusing to admit to bail the five knights committed to prison for refusing to subscribe the forced loan of that year, and he was arraigned by the House of Lords in April of the following year to justify his conduct. His plea was that "the king holds of none but God".
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By consummate tact and boldness Acquaviva succeeded in playing the king against the pope, and Sixtus against Philip. For prudential reasons, he silenced Juan de Mariana, whose doctrine on tyrannicide had produced deep indignation in France; and he also appears to have discountenanced the action of the French Jesuits in favour of the League, and was thus able to secure solid advantages when Henry IV overcame the confederacy. During his period as General, the already worldwide Jesuit Missions grew in India and Japan and were established in China, under Alessandro Valignano. Acquaviva saw missions established in Paraguay and Canada and he promoted them throughout Protestant Europe, in particular to English Recusants during the Elizabethan Age.
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While the French may have had initial influence in the formation of the Roman Catholic community in the Louisville area, eventually immigrants from Germany comprised the bulk of the Archdiocese's communicant strength later in the mid-19th century, particularly in the city of Louisville. However, much of the Catholic population in areas southeast of Louisville is of English extraction, consisting of descendants of recusants who originally settled in Maryland in colonial times. In 1841, the diocese was moved from Bardstown to Louisville, becoming the Diocese of Louisville. The Diocese of Louisville was elevated in 1937 to become the Archdiocese of Louisville, and the "metropolitan" (supervising) province for all the dioceses in Kentucky and Tennessee with an Archbishop of Louisville.
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A strong supporter of the royal prerogative, he carried matters with a high hand against the Puritans in Northamptonshire, compelling them to attend church regularly on the Sunday, to observe holy days, and to contribute to church funds, imposing penances on recusants, and commuting them for fines, and holding courts by preference at inconvenient times and places, fining those who failed to appear. In 1621 the mayor and corporation of Northampton presented a petition to parliament complaining of these grievances, and the speaker issued his warrant for the examination of witnesses. The king, however, intervened to stop the proceedings, and during his progress through Northamptonshire knighted Lambe on 26 July at Castle Ashby.
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On 30 July 1604 he was appointed constable of Carlow, and on 6 May 1605 he became President of Munster. In 1613 he strongly upheld the Protestant party in opposition to the recusants in the disputes about the speaker of the Irish House of Commons; and on 17 May 1619 he was reappointed governor of Clare. He became one of the sureties for Florence MacCarthy Reagh, who had been imprisoned since his surrender in 1600, and who dedicated to Thomond his work on the antiquity and history of Ireland. He died on 5 September 1624, at Clonmel, and was buried in Limerick Cathedral, where a monument with inscription was erected to his memory.
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While most of the population gradually conformed to the established church, a minority of recusants remained loyal Roman Catholics. Within the Church of England, Puritans pressed to remove what they considered papist abuses from the church's liturgy and to replace bishops with a presbyterian system of church government. After Elizabeth's death, the Puritans were challenged by a high church, Arminian party that gained power during the reign of Charles I. The English Civil War and overthrow of the monarchy allowed the Puritans to pursue their reform agenda and the dismantling of the Elizabethan Settlement for a period. After the Restoration in 1660, the Settlement was restored, and the Puritans were forced out of the Church of England.
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Powers to impose martial law in the province and to pursue the King's enemies with "fire and sword" were eventually granted, in 1604, some years after Rokeby's death, to the Chief Justice's superior, the Lord President of Connaught. Rokeby earned the good regard of Adam Loftus, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and of MP William FitzWilliam, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, both of whom suggested that he might in due course replace Loftus as Lord Chancellor. He returned to England for good in about 1577 and became Master of Requests about 1586. He was also employed on several commissions for the detection of recusants and traitors, including those which indicted William Parry and Anthony Babington.
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On 12 January, he introduced a measure that would require every peer, including the Duke of York, to take the Oath of Allegiance renouncing the pope and recognising the royal supremacy in the church (the oath was first required by the Popish Recusants Act of 1605). On 24 January, the Earl of Salisbury introduced a bill requiring that any children of the Duke of York should be raised as Protestants. His proposed legislation further provided that neither the king nor any prince of the blood could marry a Catholic without parliamentary consent, on pain of being excluded from the royal succession. Shaftesbury spoke forcefully in favour of Salisbury's proposal; he was opposed by the bishops and Lord Finch.
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Peter also directed the choir in its first commercial recording of Peter Philips motets for the Naxos Records label. Peter’s successor Ivan Patterson introduced repertoire from the 19th and 20th centuries; under Ivan’s direction the group also explored the medieval period in more detail, particularly focusing on works by women composers of the period. Cantor Alastair Carey was appointed as director in 2001. Alastair’s expertise lies in vocal production, choral blend and the repertoire of the Renaissance, particularly the sacred choral music of the English school and the Recusants. Under Alastair’s guidance the group toured overseas and claimed silver and bronze awards at the 35th International Choral Competition in Tolosa, Spain in 2003.
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Secondly, what number of Popish recusants, or such as are > suspected of recusancy, are there among such inhabitants at present? > Thirdly, what number of other Dissenters are resident in such parishes, > which either obstinately refuse, or wholly absent themselves from, the > Communion of the Church of England at such time as by law they are > required?Edward Carpenter, The Protestant Bishop: Being the Life of Henry > Compton, 1632-1713, Bishop of London (London: Longmans, Green and Co, 1956), > p. 31. After Compton received the results, he estimated the proportion of Anglicans to Nonconformists as 23 to 1; Anglicans to Roman Catholics 179 to 1; Anglicans and Nonconformists to Roman Catholics 187 to 1.
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One year after James acceded to the English throne, a law was enacted imposing the death penalty in cases where it was proven that harm had been caused through the use of magic, or corpses had been exhumed for magical purposes. James was, however, sceptical of the evidence presented in witch trials, even to the extent of personally exposing discrepancies in the testimonies presented against some accused witches. In early 1612, the year of the trials, every justice of the peace (JP) in Lancashire was ordered to compile a list of recusants in their area, i.e. those who refused to attend the English Church and to take communion, a criminal offence at that time.
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In addition to crypto-Christianity, where Christians practiced their faith secretly in an anti-Christian society, there have been instances of crypto-Catholics in Protestant territories where Catholicism was banned and heavily persecuted (such as England from 1558 - see Recusants, and in Ireland - see Recusancy in Ireland), as well as in Eastern Orthodox countries (in particular, territories annexed by the Russian Empire during its expansion, or during the Cold War), and crypto-Protestants in Catholic territories (such as French Huguenots after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes). Protestants in Eritrea, a Christian-majority country, number about 2% of the population and often practice in secret to avoid persecution and torture from the authorities.
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Both Elizabeth and her husband were labelled as recusants — those who chose Catholic leanings over the Church of England. In her book, Elizabeth uses a decidedly Catholic- inspired curriculum for her son to learn from; many of the poems and teachings that inspired her work came from the Catholic tradition. Historians have also found evidence that Elizabeth's kinsman, Robert Southwell, S.J., was hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn for his Catholic beliefs in 1594. Elizabeth was most likely in London at this time, as Christopher had just begun his time at Gray's Inn; she quotes him many times throughout her book, and it is clear that his Catholic sympathies were used as inspiration for her writings.
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Sacheverell was the son of Henry Sacheverell, a country gentleman, by his wife Joyce Mansfield. His family had been prominent in Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire since the 12th century; William inherited large estates from his father. He was admitted to Gray's Inn in 1667, and in 1670 he was elected Member of Parliament for Derbyshire.History of Parliament Online - Sacheverell, William He immediately gained a prominent position in the party hostile to the Court, and before he had been in the House of Commons for six months, he proposed a resolution that all "popish recusants" should be removed from military commands; the motion, enlarged so as to include civil employment, was carried without a division on 28 February 1672/1673.
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4, concerning popish recusants. The banquet which, according to custom, he gave on this occasion (3 August) is described by Evelyn, who was present, as "so very extravagant and great as the like hath not been seen at any time". He mentions the Duke of Ormonde, the lord privy seal Robartes, the Earl of Bedford, John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse, and George Savile, 1st Viscount Halifax as among the guests, besides "a world more of earls and lords". In Trinity term of the following year he was made serjeant-at-law, presenting the king with a ring inscribed with the motto, "Rex legis tutamen", and was appointed steward of the court of common pleas, with a salary of £100.
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The word, "Recusants", which Fr. Franklin uses to describe Catholics who absent themselves from compulsory Humanist worship, dates from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England. The word was originally used to describe both Catholics and Puritans who, despite heavy fines and imprisonment, refused to attend weekly Anglican services. The conspiracy to suicide bomb President Felsenburgh and its grisly aftermath are inspired by the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in which a small group of English Catholic noblemen led by Robert Catesby planned to blow up King James I of England during an address before Parliament. Like its fictional counterpart, the Gunpowder Plot was exploited for propaganda and used to justify a campaign to completely and permanently destroy Roman Catholicism.
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There is evidence of the site having been occupied by a leading family during the Gallo-Roman period. By the thirteenth century Gœrlingen (albeit not spelled according to twenty-first century spelling) was numbered among the parishes under the archpriests of Bockenheim, the village being under the county of Sarrewerden to which the tithe was paid. In 1314 Gœrlingen was listed among the assets of the Abbey of Lixheim, but by 1542, when fears of a further Turkish attack on Vienna prompted a general census of assets in the empire, Gœrlingen had disappeared from the Lixheim records. In 1557 the County of Nassau-Sarrewerden allocated seven deserted villages, of which Gœrlingen was one, to Huguenot recusants from Normandy, Lorraine and elsewhere.
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Hays, R. & McGee, C.; Joyce, S. & Newlyn, E. eds. (1999) Records of Early English Drama; Dorset & Cornwall Toronto: U.P. During the Twelve Days of Christmas between 1466-67, the household accounts of the Arundells of Lanherne, Mawgan-in-Pydar, record expenditures to buy white bonnets for minstrels, cloth and bells for Morris dancers, as well as materials for costumes for the "disgysing" (mummers or guise dancers), an activity which involved music and dancing. Then followed a long period of contention which included the Cornish Rebellion of 1497, the 1549 Prayer Book Rebellion, the Persecution of Recusants, the Poor Laws, and the English Civil War and Commonwealth (1642–1660). The consequences of these events disadvantaged many gentry who had previously employed their own minstrels or patronised itinerant performers.
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"The Gunpowder Treason" in a Protestant Bible of the 18th century. Greater freedom for Roman Catholics to worship as they chose seemed unlikely in 1604, but the discovery of such a wide-ranging conspiracy, the capture of those involved, and the subsequent trials, led Parliament to consider introducing new anti-Catholic legislation. The event also destroyed all hope that the Spanish would ever secure tolerance of the Catholics in England. In the summer of 1606, laws against recusancy were strengthened; the Popish Recusants Act returned England to the Elizabethan system of fines and restrictions, introduced a sacramental test, and an Oath of Allegiance, requiring Catholics to abjure as a "heresy" the doctrine that "princes excommunicated by the Pope could be deposed or assassinated".
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During the disturbances produced by Titus Oates's pretended revelations, the House of Lords voted on 7 December 1678 that Huddleston, Thomas Whitgreave, the brothers Penderell, and others involved in Charles II's escape should "for their said service live as freely as any of the King's Protestant subjects, without being liable to the penalties of any of the laws relating to Popish recusants". When Charles II lay dying on the evening of 5 February 1685, his brother and heir the Duke of York brought Huddleston to his bedside, saying, "Sire, this good man once saved your life. He now comes to save your soul." Charles declared that he wished to die in the faith and communion of the Holy Roman Catholic Church.
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The remainder of Hare's life was mainly spent on documenting the history, rights, and privileges of the university and town of Cambridge. In a list of recusants in London, drawn up in October 1578, his name occurs, and it is stated that he used to hear mass at the house of Lord Paulet. Hare was residing in Norton Folgate at some period between 1581 and 1594. In 1600 he was in some trouble, presumed to be on account of his religion; On 23 January 1601 the Cambridge senate passed a grace that a letter should be written in the name of the university to Sir Robert Cecil, so that Hare might not be hindered in his good works related to the highways.
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Some locals were closet Recusants, Tory or Jacobite in political orientation, not happy being used against their Scottish neighbours. National government conceded to their sensitivities by appointing a Council of the North and a Secretary of State for the Northern Department, but these were abolished upon the government suspecting its link with independent Northern influence on national affairs, especially in connection to the American War of Independence. Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond was Governor General of British North America, after his father had pioneered the peace settlement with the Americans and pressed for a "Union of Hearts" with the Irish. Irish Catholics dispossessed of their lands and experiencing discrimination at home, found a warm welcome from Yorkshiremen in the cities of the West Riding.
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So at Wolverhampton, Ambrose Sparry and his assistant, Richard Clayton, were among a host of claimants left impoverished by the return of the prebendal lands and other estates to the Levesons. They complained of the magnitude of the task they were expected to perform: "the town so swarms with Papists as to be called little Rome, and there are 20 gentry families of recusants, some of whom were so turbulent last summer that the justices had to call in a troop of horse." All of this was echoed in the petition by their supporters. In May 1654 it transpired that the County Committee had not even been informed of the discharge of Leveson's sequestration, so the meagre augmentations of which the clergy complained were actually overpayments.
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Many of these, especially the Scots-Irish or their descendants, emigrated to the American colonies, particularly in the eighteenth century before the American War of Independence. Under the Penal Laws, which were in force between the 17th and 19th centuries (although enforced with varying degrees of severity), Roman Catholic recusants in Great Britain and Ireland were barred from holding public office, while in Ireland they were also barred from entry to the University of Dublin and from professions such as law, medicine, and the military. The lands of the recusant Roman Catholic landed gentry who refused to take the prescribed oaths were largely confiscated during the Plantations of Ireland. The rights of Roman Catholics to inherit landed property were severely restricted.
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He read to Catesby a letter he had received from Persons, urging him to speak to the Pope before attempting any scheme, but fearful of being discovered, Catesby declined. So Garnet wrote to Aquaviva, claiming to have prevented several outbreaks of violence, and of his suspicion that there was "a risk that some private endeavour may commit treason or use force against the King". As he had done following the failed Bye Plot, he urged the pope to publicly warn against the use of force, attempting to hide his knowledge of the plot by suggesting that the warning be aimed at recusants in Wales. He also sent Sir Edmund Baynham to deliver the same message, and when Parliament was prorogued on 28 July, Garnet satisfied himself that the danger had been averted.
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Arundel and much of his family remained Catholic recusants during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. He himself was suspected of disloyalty and regarded by the discontented Roman Catholics as the centre of the plots against the Queen's government, even as a possible successor. His family also attempted to leave England without permission; while some might have been able to do this unobserved, Arundel was a second cousin (once removed) of the Queen. In 1583 he was suspected of complicity in the Throckmorton Plot and prepared to escape to Flanders but his plans were interrupted by a visit from Elizabeth at his house in London and her order that he confine himself there. In September 1584 he became a Roman Catholic, hiding his conversion and attempting next year once more to escape abroad.
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The Royal Declaration of Indulgence was Charles II of England's attempt to extend religious liberty to Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms, by suspending the execution of the Penal Laws that punished recusants from the Church of England. Charles issued the Declaration on 15 March 1672. It was highly controversial and Sir Orlando Bridgeman, son of a bishop, resigned as Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, because he refused to apply the Great Seal to it, regarding it as too generous to Catholics. In 1673 the Cavalier Parliament compelled Charles to withdraw the declaration and implement, in its place, the first of the Test Acts (1673), which required anyone entering public service in England to deny the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation and to take Anglican communion.
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If I shall do to the contrary, I subject myself thenceforward, > as if it were now, to all the penalties of the law against relapsed > heretics, recusants, seditious offenders, traitors, backbiters, sycophants, > who have been openly convicted, and also to those ordained against > perjurers. I submit myself also to arbitrary correction, whether by the > Archbishop of Trier or by any other magistrates under whom it may befall me > to dwell, and who may he certified of my relapse and of my broken faith, > that they may punish me according to my deserts, in honor and reputation, > property and person. In testimony of all which I have, with my own hand, > signed this my recantation of the aforesaid articles, in presence of notary > and witnesses. (Signed) CORNELIUS LOOSÆUS CALLIDIUS.
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The son of John Gee (died 1631), parish priest of Dunsford, Devon, and his wife Sarah, he was a nephew of Edward Gee; a brother Sir Orlando Gee (1619–1705) was knighted in 1682. He matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford, 13 July 1612, aged 16, and migrated to Exeter College, where he graduated B.A. 28 February 1617, and M.A. 17 October 1621. After taking holy orders, Gee by 1619 was a curate at Newton-le-Willows, near Winwick, places then in Lancashire. In the years to 1623 his activities as cleric including clandestine marriages, work on behalf of John Bridgeman, the bishop of Chester, contact with the Stanley family of Winwick who were recusants, and undermining Josiah Horne who held the Winwick living at the time of the Spanish Match controversy.
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2, the consequences of such non-conformity were limited to Popish recusants. A Papist, convicted of absenting himself from church, became a Popish recusant convict, and besides the monthly fine of twenty pounds, was prohibited from holding any office or employment, from keeping arms in his house, from maintaining actions or suits at law or in equity, from being an executor or a guardian, from presenting to an advowson, from practising the law or physic, and from holding office civil or military. He was likewise subject to the penalties attaching to excommunication, was not permitted to travel from his house without licence, under pain of forfeiting all his goods, and might not come to Court under a penalty of one hundred pounds. Other provisions extended similar penalties to married women.
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The British Constitution, however, did not accept it and George IV later moved on. Cast aside by the establishment, she was adopted by the town of Brighton, whose citizens, both Catholic and Protestant, called her "Mrs. Prince". According to journalist Richard Abbott, "Before the town had a [Catholic] church of its own, she had a priest say Mass at her own house, and invited local Catholics", suggesting the recusants of Brighton were not very undiscovered.: Maria FitzherbertRichard Abbott, "Brighton's unofficial queen" The Tablet, 1 September 2007, 12–13. In a new study of the English Catholic community, 1688–1745, Gabriel Glickman notes that Catholics, especially those whose social position gave them access to the courtly centres of power and patronage, had a significant part to play in 18th-century England.
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Professor Peter Davidson of Oxford University claimed that the carol was written by Anna Alcox in the 1650s, but her name was not attributed to it as she was from a family of Catholic recusants; she was also six years old at the time of writing and was under the age of legal responsibility. The oldest written copy of the carol was found in 1709 under the title "The Sinner's Redemption, The Nativity of our Lord & Saviour Jesus Christ, With His Life on Earth, and Precious Death on the Cross", in an undated collection by Thomas Deloney. In 1861, in his "A Garland of Christmas Carols", John Camden Hotten called it "this rude old carol" and stated it was a favourite of the peasantry. He also noted the regular reprints by broadsides.
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Another Act of Supremacy was passed in 1559 under Elizabeth I, along with an Act of Uniformity which made worship in the Church of England compulsory. Anyone who took office in the English church or government was required to take the Oath of Supremacy; penalties for violating it included hanging and quartering. Attendance at Anglican services became obligatory—those who refused to attend Anglican services, whether Roman Catholics or Protestants (Puritans), were fined and physically punished as recusants. In the time of Elizabeth I, the persecution of the adherents of the Reformed religion, both Anglicans and Protestants alike, which had occurred during the reign of her elder half- sister Queen Mary I, was used to fuel strong anti-Catholic propaganda in the hugely influential Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
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In Düsseldorf, eighteen men and boys, taken by surprise at the singing of Prime in the Church of St. Lawrence, had been cast down one by one into the city sewer, each chanting as he vanished: Christi Fili Dei vivi miserere nobis, and from the darkness had come the same broken song until it was silenced with stones. Meanwhile, German prisons were thronged with the first batches of recusants. The world shrugged its shoulders, and declared that they had brought it on themselves, while it yet deprecated mob violence, and requested the attention of the authorities and the decisive repression of this new conspiracy of superstition. And within St. Peter's Church the workmen were busy at the long rows of new altars, affixing to the stone diptychs the brass-forged names of those who had already fulfilled their vows and gained their crowns.
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Potts declares that "this Countie of Lancashire ... now may lawfully bee said to abound asmuch in Witches of divers kinds as Seminaries, Jesuites, and Papists", and describes the three accused women as having once been "obstinate Papists, and now came to Church". The judges would certainly have been keen to be regarded by King James, the head of the judiciary, as having dealt resolutely with Catholic recusants as well as with witchcraft, the "two big threats to Jacobean order in Lancashire". Samlesbury Hall, the family home of the Southworths, was suspected by the authorities of being a refuge for Catholic priests, and it was under secret government surveillance for some considerable time before the trial of 1612. It may be that JP Robert Holden was at least partially motivated in his investigations by a desire to "smoke out its Jesuit chaplain", Christopher Southworth.
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Fawkes may have become a Catholic through the Baynbrigge family's recusant tendencies, and also the Catholic branches of the Pulleyn and Percy families of Scotton, but also from his time at St. Peter's School in York. A governor of the school had spent about 20 years in prison for recusancy, and its headmaster, John Pulleyn, came from a family of noted Yorkshire recusants, the Pulleyns of Blubberhouses. In her 1915 work The Pulleynes of Yorkshire, author Catharine Pullein suggested that Fawkes's Catholic education came from his Harrington relatives, who were known for harbouring priests, one of whom later accompanied Fawkes to Flanders in 1592–1593. Fawkes's fellow students included John Wright and his brother Christopher (both later involved with Fawkes in the Gunpowder Plot) and Oswald Tesimond, Edward Oldcorne and Robert Middleton, who became priests (the latter executed in 1601).
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Edith Blake, 2nd wife of Edward Phelips Phelips was the son of Edward Phelips of Montacute House and his wife Anne Pye, daughter of Sir Robert Pye of Faringdon, Berkshire . He was baptised on 26 September 1638. He was a lieutenant of militia horse in Somerset by 1661. In 1661, he was elected Member of Parliament for Ilchester in the Cavalier Parliament. He was commissioner for assessment from 1661 to 1680, joint auditor of excise in 1662, commissioner of corporations from 1662 to 1663 and J.P. from 1662 to February 1688. He was knighted by 24 April 1666 and was lieutenant-colonel of horse in the militia in the same year. In 1675 he was a commissioner for recusants 1675. He was high steward of Ilchester from 1679 to his death and a colonel of militia horse, Somerset between 1679 and 1687.
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This statute, under which most of the English Catholic martyrs were executed, made it high treason for any Jesuit or any seminary priest to be in England at all, and a felony for any one to harbour or relieve them. The last of Elizabeth's anti-Catholic laws was the Act for the better discovery of wicked and seditious persons terming themselves Catholics, but being rebellious and traitorous subjects. Its effect was to prohibit all recusants from going more than five miles from their place of abode, and to order all persons suspected of being Jesuits or seminary priests, and not answering satisfactorily, to be imprisoned until they did so.35 Eliz. c. 2 Penal Laws Mary, Queen of Scots by Nicholas Hilliard 1578 However, Elizabeth did not believe that her anti- Catholic policies constituted religious persecution.
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Sir Richard Edgcumbe (13 February 1640 - 3 April 1688) was an English politician. Mount Edgcumbe, 1869 He was the eldest son of Piers Edgcumbe of Mount Edgcumbe House and Cotehele, Calstock, Cornwall, and his wife, Mary, daughter of Sir John Glanville of Broad Hinton, Wiltshire. He was the Member of Parliament for Launceston from 19 March 1661 to 14 February 1679 and MP for Cornwall from 1679 to 1681. He was appointed Knight of the Order of the Bath (KB) in 1661 in order to attend the coronation of Charles II. He held a number of public appointments, namely Commissioner for Assessment for Cornwall (1663–1680), for Devon (1673–1680) and for Hampshire (1679–1680), Deputy Governor (1670–1672), Assistant Governor (1678–death) and Deputy-Lieutenant of Cornwall (1670–death) and of Devon (1676–death) and Commissioner for Recusants for Cornwall (1675).
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Perhaps through the influence of Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, he was chosen as a Member of Parliament for Poole in 1571 and Dorchester in 1572, 1576, and 1581. He was also superintendent over the Jesuits and Catholic recusants during their imprisonment in Wisbech Castle. Carleton was an 'ardent' Puritan who believed that Elizabeth I's only 'reliable subjects' were Puritans like himself, and put forward to Lord Burghley a proposal that the Queen's Catholic subjects should be settled on plantations in Ireland, as well as a proposal for a militia composed 'chiefly of such as be religious' to guard the Queen. He befriended Percival Wiburn, a Puritan preacher in Northampton, and after Wiburn had been silenced by the authorities, brought two other radical ministers from London, Nicholas Standon and Edward Bulkeley, whose sermons were given at Carleton's home at Overstone.
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St Anne's Church in Upperton was wrecked, and demolished without replacement in 1955; only the tower of St John the Evangelist's Church in Meads survived; a Junkers Ju 88 destroyed St Mary's Church at Hampden Park (again, apart from its bell tower) in 1940; and the newly built St Elisabeth's Church on Victoria Drive was damaged. After the war, new Anglican churches were built on two 20th-century housing estates: St Peter's at Hydneye dates from 1953, and St Richard's in Langney was completed in 1956. Some older Anglican churches have since been demolished, although one—St Philip's in the east end of town—was replaced by a mixed-use building which retains some worship space. After the English Reformation, Roman Catholicism in the Eastbourne area faded away. Censuses in 1603, 1676, 1724 and 1780 recorded no recusants in the area, although a few still lived in nearby villages.
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See for example the text of the Act of Uniformity 1559 The purpose of the Acts was to compel Irish Catholics and members of other churches such as the Puritans or Presbyterians to attend their local Church of Ireland church. After 1570, when Elizabeth was excommunicated by the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, persecution increased; and the hunting down of the Gerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, the Desmond Rebellions and the desolation of Munster, in addition to the torture, trial before military tribunal, and hanging of Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley outside the walls of Dublin. Many others who kept to the Catholic religion were treated in the same fashion. The reign of James I (1603-25) started tolerantly, but the 1605 Gunpowder Plot confirmed an official anti-Catholic religious bias, and the recusant fines continued, but not at the higher levels imposed on English Catholics by the Popish Recusants Act 1605.
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In raising the £21,000 needed to repair Dover Harbour, which had deteriorated steadily since its construction by Henry VIII, Elizabeth's Privy Council resolved to find a way to extract this sum from the nation. Alongside taxes on recusants, ships and alehouses, the Privy Council sent forth a benevolence to the church, urging wealthy clergymen to donate at least one tenth their income for 3 years to fund the repairs. Ultimately, the benevolence took 5 years to collect, and the funding of the repair came to rely predominately on ship tariffs. However, the idea of benevolences on the clergy did come to inspire future financial actions in Elizabeth's reign. Prompted by the financially taxing French campaigns of the 1590s, Elizabeth's chief advisor and Lord High Treasurer Lord Burghley drew up plans for a benevolence in 1594 of 3,000, expected to net the Queen £30,000, but these plans were never put into practice.
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It defined "Popish recusants" as those "convicted for not repairing to some Church, Chapel, or usual place of Common Prayer to hear Divine Service there, but forbearing the same contrary to the tenor of the laws and statutes heretofore made and provided in that behalf". Donne's brother Henry was also a university student prior to his arrest in 1593 for harbouring a Catholic priest, William Harrington, and died in Newgate Prison of bubonic plague, leading Donne to begin questioning his Catholic faith. During and after his education, Donne spent much of his considerable inheritance on women, literature, pastimes and travel. Although no record details precisely where Donne travelled, he did cross Europe and later fought alongside the Earl of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh against the Spanish at Cadiz (1596) and the Azores (1597), and witnessed the loss of the Spanish flagship, the San Felipe.
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'It is not unknowne to Lancashire what horses and cattell of her husband's were killed upon his grounds in the night most barbarously at two seuerall times by seminary priests (no question) and recusants that lurked thereabouts.' Her piety, however, was such as to impress them in spite of her dislike of their creed. 'Once a tenant of her husband's being behinde with his rent, she desired him to beare yet with him a quarter of a yeare, which he did ; and when the man brought his money, with teares she said to her husband, "I feare you doe not well to take it of him, though it be your right, for I doubt he is not well able to pay it, and then you oppresse the poore."' It is perhaps characteristic of the times that her biographer insists upon the circumstance that 'she never used to swear an oath great or small.
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James was, however, sceptical of the evidence presented in witch trials, even to the extent of personally exposing discrepancies in the testimonies presented against some accused witches. The accused witches lived in Lancashire, an English county which, at the end of the 16th century, was regarded by the authorities as a wild and lawless region, "fabled for its theft, violence and sexual laxity, where the church was honoured without much understanding of its doctrines by the common people". Since the death of Queen Mary and the accession to the throne of her half-sister Elizabeth in 1558, Catholic priests had been forced into hiding, but in remote areas like Lancashire they continued to celebrate mass in secret. In early 1612, the year of the trials, each justice of the peace (JP) in Lancashire was ordered to compile a list of the recusants in their area – those who refused to attend the services of the Church of England, a criminal offence at that time.
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In 1670 he became Deputy lieutenant for Lincolnshire and in 1671 a Commissioner for concealments. In Parliament he was chairman of the committee of elections and privileges from 8 February 1673 to 30 December 1678. He was a Commissioner for recusants in 1675 and an assistant to the Sons of the Clergy in 1678. Meres was re-elected MP for Lincoln at the first general election of 1679 and was chairman of the committee of elections and privileges from 19 March to 27 May 1679. He was returned again at the second general election of 1679. He was a Lord of the Admiralty from 1679 to 1684 and a Commissioner for assessment for Essex, Leicestershire and London from 1679 to 1680. By 1680 he was a captain in the foot militia. He was returned in a contest as MP for Lincoln at the 1681 English general election and also became a Justice of the Peace for Holland in 1681.
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Fasham, p. 117. The castle had a gatehouse, although later damage means that its design remains uncertain. Historian John Kenyon concludes that Banbury Castle is "remarkable for its early concentric shape", which is usually seen in somewhat later castles such as Harlech or Beaumaris. By the second half of the 13th century the castle was being used as a prison by the bishops of Lincoln. The castle was bought by Edward Seymour, the Duke of Somerset, in 1547; it passed shortly afterwards to John Dudley, the Duke of Northumberland, who sold it to the Crown in 1551."Banbury: Buildings," A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 10: Banbury Hundred, pp. 29–42, accessed 22 June 2011. Shortly after this the prison in the castle diminished in size, vanishing entirely by the 1560s. The prison was recreated in the 1580s, however, for holding recusants, that is to say Roman Catholics who refused to attend Church of England services as was required by law.
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He became alderman of London in 1664 and paid £720 to be excused from the office in 1665. He was assistant of the Worshipful Company of Grocers from 1664 to 1687. In 1665 he was appointed with his brother, Sir Alexander Bence of Dublin, as joint receiver of crown rents from all lands in Ireland returned to Roman Catholic proprietors or in which the Adventurers were concerned. He was warden of the Grocers Company from 1667 to 1668 and master of the Grocers Company from 1668 to 1669. In 1669 Bence defeated Samuel Pepys, the official candidate, in a by-election at Aldeburgh for the Cavalier Parliament. He was assistant of the Royal African Company from 1672 to 1673 and commissioner for assessment for Aldeburgh from 1673 to 1680. In 1675 he was commissioner for recusants for Suffolk and was assistant of the Royal African Company until 1677. He became Deputy Lieutenant of London in 1676 until 1683 and became freeman of the East India Company in 1678.
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Sir John Duke, 2nd Baronet (3 January 1632 - July 1705 )Leigh Rayment gives day of burial as day of death was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1679 and 1698. Duke was the son of Sir Edward Duke, 1st Baronet of Benhall, Suffolk and his wife Ellenor Panton, daughter of John Panton of Westminster and of Brunslip, Denbighshire. John Burke, John Bernard Burke A genealogical and heraldic history of the extinct and dormant baronetcies His father had been MP for Orford. He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and travelled abroad in 1657. He was commissioner for assessment for Suffolk from 1661 to 1680 and became a Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. for Suffolk in 1671. He succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father in 1673. He was commissioner for recusants in 1675 and mayor of Orford from 1677 to 1678.Basil Duke Henning The House of Commons, 1660-1690, Volume 1 In February 1679, Duke was elected Member of Parliament for Orford.
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In 1674 he is mentioned as endeavouring to prevent the justices putting into force the laws against the Roman Catholics and Nonconformists. In the panic of the "Popish Plot" in 1678 he exhibited a saner judgment than most of his contemporaries and a conspicuous courage. On 6 December he protested with three other peers against the measure sent up from the Commons enforcing the disarming of all convicted recusants and taking bail from them to keep the peace; he was the only peer to dissent from the motion declaring the existence of an Irish plot; and though believing in the guilt and voting for the death of Lord Stafford, he interceded, according to his own account, with the king for him as well as for the barrister Richard Langhorne and Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland. His independent attitude drew upon him an attack by the notorious informer Dangerfield, and in the Commons by the Attorney General, Sir William Jones, who accused him of endeavouring to stifle the evidence against the Romanists.
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Ketch took office in 1663, succeeding the late Edward Dun, to whom he had been apprenticed. He is first mentioned in the Proceedings of the Old Bailey for 14 January 1676, although no printed notice of the new hangman occurred until 2 December 1678, when a broadside appeared called The Plotters Ballad, being Jack Ketch's incomparable Receipt for the Cure of Traytorous Recusants and Wholesome Physick for a Popish Contagion. In 1679, there appears from another pamphlet purporting to be written by Ketch himself, and entitled The Man of Destiny's Hard Fortune, that the hangman was confined for a time in the Marshalsea prison, "whereby his hopeful harvest was like to have been blasted." A short entry in the autobiography of Anthony à Wood for 31 August 1681 describes how Stephen College was hanged in the Castle Yard, Oxford, "and when he had hanged about half an hour, was cut down by Catch or Ketch, and quartered under the gallows, his entrails were burnt in a fire made by the gallows".
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Newby Hall Memorial to Edward Blacket in Ripon Cathedral Sir Edward Blackett, 2nd Baronet (25 October 1649 – 23 April 1718) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1689 and 1701. Blackett was the eldest surviving son of William Blackett and his wife Elizabeth Kirkley.George Edward Cokayne Complete Baronetage, Volume 4 His father was a merchant of Newcastle and owned extensive property including coal mines. Blackett became a member of the Merchant Adventurers' company of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1672. He married an heiress in 1674 and at some time after he acquired the estate of Newby Park at Ripon, Yorkshire. He was a J.P. for Northumberland and the North Riding of Yorkshire from 1677 and J.P, for Ripon from 1679. From 1679 to 1680, he was High Sheriff of Northumberland which was during the Popish Plot and he was active in levying fines on recusants. However he was probably an opponent of exclusion, because he stayed on the commissions of the peace in 1680. He succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father in 1680.
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In 1654 Gerard and John were both arrested on suspicion of being involved in the Gerard's conspiracy. Gerard was released without charge, but John was tried for high treason, was found guilty of plotting to assassinate the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell and was executed in May of that year. After the Restoration Gerard was a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber by June 1660 probably until 1685, he was also a lieutenant in the 1st troop of life guards commanded by his cousin (1661–1668). Gerald also held many local government positions: Constable, Durham 1661–1676; commissioner for assessment, county Durham 1661–80, Westminster 1661–1663, Middlesex 1665–1689, 1679–1680, Lincolnshire 1673–1674, Yorkshire (North and West Ridings) 1673–1680, (East Riding) 1679–1680, improvement, Kingswood chase 1661, corporations, Yorkshire, 1662–1663, loyal and indigent officers, county Durham, London and Westminster 1662; justice of the peace county Durham 1663–1680, (North Riding) 1676–1680, Middlesex 1677–1680; deputy-lieutenant county Durham 1663–c.1680, (North Riding) by 1679–c.1680; sheriff, county Durham 1665–1675; commissioner for recusants, county Durham and North Riding 1675.
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A 1636 print showing Dover on horseback presiding over his Olimpick Games Robert Dover (1575/82–1652) was an English attorney, author and wit, best known as the founder and for many years the director of the Cotswold Olimpick Games. He was probably born between 1575 and 1582 in Norfolk, one of four children sired by a John Dover, but as the parish registers in Great Ellingham did not begin until 1630 it is impossible to be certain. Dover was a scholar at the University of Cambridge in 1595, possibly as a sizar at Queens' College: (one of three entries under the name "Robert Dover") during his time at Cambridge the "Gog Magog Games" were held on the Gog Magog Hills outside Cambridge, although it is not known whether these were already being termed "Olympik" as was the case by 1620. Dover left university early to avoid swearing the Oath of Supremacy, and a Robert Dover was among those questioned by Lord Burghley's officers looking for recusants in Norfolk. On 27 February 1605 Dover was admitted to Gray's Inn, and was probably called to the bar in 1611.
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Sir William Bassett (1628 – 25 September 1693) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1669 and 1693. Bassett was the son of William Bassett of Claverton and his second wife Elizabeth Killigrew, daughter of Sir Joseph Killigrew of Lothbury, London and Landrake, Cornwall. He was baptised on 17 April 1628. He succeeded to the estate of Claverton on the death of his father in 1656. He was knighted on 7 July 1660 and one of those recommended as Knight of the Royal Oak with an estate of £1,800 per annum. He was a commissioner for assessment for Somerset from August 1660 to 1680. In 1661 he was made freeman of Bath and was also a captain of militia horse for Somerset. He became J.P. for Somerset in 1662. History of Parliament Online – Bassett, William In 1669, Bassett was elected Member of Parliament for Bath in the Cavalier Parliament. He was commissioner for recusants for Somerset in 1675. By 1679 he was a major in the militia, He was re-elected MP for Bath in first election of 1679, but lost his seat in the second election that year. He was Deputy Lieutenant from 1680 to 1687.
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He was suspected as a plotter because of his catholic religion and connections with several of the known plotters. Among others, he had briefly employed Guy Fawkes, a native of Lewes in East Sussex, as a footman. In addition he had stayed away from Parliament on 5 November following a warning from Robert Catesby, the leader of the plot. Anthony-Maria Browne spent about a year in the Tower of London, died in 1629 and is buried in Midhurst Church. Later in the 17th century this influence began to wane. By 1621 there were about forty households of recusants in Midhurst. In 1634 one John Arismandy appointed John Cope and Richard Shelley to administer certain moneys after his death to provide a priest for the poor Catholics of Midhurst, to say masses every week for his soul and 'my lords ancestors'. This deed was found in the 19th century in a box hidden in the chimney of an old house with rosaries and other religious objects. In the mid-1630s Sir Anthony Browne employed the fashionable cook, Robert May to be the chef at Cowdray House. In 1565 he published one of the earliest British cook-book – The Accomplisht Cook.O'Flynn, Maurice.
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