Globular grass nest with side entrance, often suspended from rattans, in forest or at forest edge.
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Most rattans differ from other palms in having slender stems, diameter, with long internodes between the leaves; also, they are not trees but are vine-like lianas, scrambling through and over other vegetation. Rattans are also superficially similar to bamboo. Unlike bamboo, rattan stems ("malacca") are solid, and most species need structural support and cannot stand on their own. Many rattans have spines which act as hooks to aid climbing over other plants, and to deter herbivores.
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CalameaeKunth CS ex Lecoq & Juillet (1831) Dictionnaire raisonne des termes de botanique 98. is a palm tree tribe in the subfamily Calamoideae. The type genus is Calamus and many of its members are rattans.
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It shares this habitat with species such as Afzelia xylocarpa, Hydnocarpus spp., the dipterocarps Anisoptera costata, Dipterocarpus alatus, Hopea odorata and Vatica odorata, the bamboos Bambusa spp. and Gigantochloa spp., and the rattans Calamus and Daemonorops.
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Rattans have been known to grow up to hundreds of metres long. Most (70%) of the world's rattan population exist in Indonesia, distributed among the islands Borneo, Sulawesi, and Sumbawa. The rest of the world's supply comes from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Bangladesh.
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Chair, Josephinism style, typical Viennese, around 1780. The seat and back wickerwork panels are woven of rattan, while the frame is hardwood. Rattans are extensively used for making baskets and furniture. When cut into sections, rattan can be used as wood to make furniture.
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As in most seasonal tropical forests the Park has an abundance of epiphytes (such as ferns, orchids and 'ant plants' such as Myrmecodia). Lianas are abundant and include: Ancistrocladus tectorius, box beans: Entada spp., 'monkey ladders': Lasiobema scandens and Rattans: especially Calamus spp. in wet areas.
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Fossilized pollen referable to this genus has been recovered in upper Miocene deposits in northwest Borneo; its long history, and its wide variety of unusual features may indicate its climbing habit evolved independently of other rattans. Bees are observed visitors to the flowers while Anthracoceros convexus feeds on the fruit.
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Their rarity in cultivation is likely due to their extreme spininess and their particular tropical needs. The stems and sheaths are made into rope, baskets and binding in house construction, but, unlike many other rattans they are irregularly knobby and scarred, which generally excludes their use in worked and polished furniture.
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The mountain was very foggy, leeches as well as spiny rattans were abundant, which made the ascent difficult. After three attempts the expedition successfully located a colony of the plants and a set of photographs were obtained which clearly distinguished these plants as different from both N. robcantleyi and N. truncata.
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It remains to be seen whether rattan can be as profitable or useful as the alternatives. Rattans are threatened with overexploitation, as harvesters are cutting stems too young and reducing their ability to resprout.MacKinnon, K. (1998) Sustainable use as a conservation tool in the forests of South-East Asia. Conservation of Biological Resources (E.
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Palms may instead grow in sparse though dense clusters. The trunk develops an axillary bud at a leaf node, usually near the base, from which a new shoot emerges. The new shoot, in turn, produces an axillary bud and a clustering habit results. Exclusively sympodial genera include many of the rattans, Guihaia, and Rhapis.
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In the following December, the American Rattan Company was formed to use their machine, and erected a large shop in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Sawyer devised several auxiliary rattan-processing machines through at least 1855,Splitting Rattans into Strips, List of Patent Claims for the week ending Jan. 2, 1855, Scientific American, Series 1, Vol. X, Number 18, p.
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Thousands of people were at work in the gold mines at Jelai which place had, in consequence, become an important trading centre in the interior. The country also produced vegetables, yams, and tubers which came from the hinterland. A certain amount of sandalwood, damar, and rattans was also exported. Silk weaving existed on a small scale.
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The Satanic nightjar is restricted to Sulawesi, Indonesia. It inhabits lowland and mountain rainforests of the region from 250 to 2300 meters above sea level. It seems to favour edge habitats with low canopies and groves of palms and rattans. It can be found in forest clearings, as well as open spaces created by roads and trails in old-growth forests.
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Le jardin botanique de Cayenne, with the Gaston Monnerville statue in its center. In 1786, Louis XVI had a garden that served as a deposit and nursery for various plants and trees from various destinations. Louis Claude Richard, director of the garden was responsible for bringing from India muscadiers, rattans, trees in, feet of cardamom and pepper. During this period, it was called King's Garden.
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Abbott's babbler usually moves around in pairs close to the ground. They breed from April to July (summer monsoon), with the nest being a carefully placed but bulky cup low in palms or other undergrowth. A study in Thailand found that most nests are placed in spiny palms and rattans. The usual clutch is 3 to 5 eggs which are bright salmon with dark blotches and red lines.
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Some rattan fruits are edible, with a sour taste akin to citrus. The fruit of some rattans exudes a red resin called dragon's blood; this resin was thought to have medicinal properties in antiquity and was used as a dye for violins, among other things. The resin normally results in a wood with a light peach hue. In the Indian state of Assam, the shoot is also used as vegetable.
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Eremospatha is a genus of climbing flowering plants in the palm family found in tropical Africa.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families These rattans are uncommon in cultivation and poorly understood by taxonomists;. Closely related to Laccosperma, they differentiated by the near complete absence of bracts and bracteoles.Uhl, Natalie W. and Dransfield, John (1987) Genera Palmarum - A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore.
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Calamus latifolius is a climbing plant, part of a subfamily, Calamoideae, whose members are usually called rattans in English, they are part of the Arecaceae, or palm, family. It is a moderately robust climber, growing up to 30m, usually with a cluster of stems and a leafsheath 3cm in diameter. Its leaves are curate, 2-3m long, with a prominenently kneed, spiny (3cm long) leafsheath. Both female and male flowers are simply decompound.
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For their own needs, rattan is practically not used, unless what is available from it to make brooms. The gathering of rattans in the life of the tribe is of paramount importance, since it is the main source of their income. In 1965 the Kanaq people collected as many as 20 trucks of rattan. The collection of this plant involves groups of families, which they would go together in the jungle for a few days.
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Part of a group, the subfamily Calamoideae, whose members are usually called rattans in English, Calamus godefroyi, is a climbing plant, and part of the Arecaceae, or palm, family. It is native to Cambodia, central Laos and northeast Thailand , and possibly southern Vietnam. C. godefroyi grows as a liana with an ascending stalk, sometimes climbing, up to 30m long. It grows near rivers in Cambodia, it is described as occurring in marshy, forested areas below 200m.
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In October 1993 Foodland Associated Limited (FAL) bought the majority shareholding from Coles Myer and shortly after bought all remaining public shares and delisted Progressive from the New Zealand stock exchange. With this purchase Progressive Enterprises became the parent company for a number of FAL brands. Progressive Enterprises consisted of: Foodtown Supermarkets, Countdown, 3 Guys, Georgie Pie Restaurant, Rattans and Supervalue. On 17 June 2002 Progressive Enterprises Ltd bought Woolworths (NZ) Ltd from Hong Kong-based owners Dairy Farm Group.
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Pogonotium is a dioecious genus of flowering plant in the palm family found in Malaysia and Borneo. Its close relatives are climbing rattans and while partially armed with climbing apparatus, its habit is sprawling and leaning but not effective climbing. The reduced inflorescence nestled between the auricles is unusual and distinguishes it from similar relatives like Calamus, Daemonorops and Ceratolobus.Uhl, Natalie W. and Dransfield, John (1987) Genera Palmarum - A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore.
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Calamus tetradactylus is a climbing plant in the Arecaceae, or palm, family, and is part of a subfamily, Calamoideae, whose members are usually called rattans in English. It is native to southeast and east Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, south and central Laos, and Yunnan and elsewhere in southeast China. It grows in evergreen forest and scrub between 100 and 1,000m elevation. In Cambodia, it is described as a large and long rattan, its stalk growing from 20 to 70m long, growing in secondary formations near rivers.
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About 1827 he went to Boston, where he engaged in trade. He originated the rattan business in the United States, and discovered several methods of utilizing the rattan waste, while of the split rattans he made furniture and carriage bodies. He established a large factory for these manufactures in South Reading, Massachusetts, where his rattan works covered seven acres of ground. In 1868 South Reading voted to change its name to Wakefield, in recognition of his benefactions, particularly the gift of a town-hall that cost $100,000.
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In young plants the trunks, petioles and rachises are covered in spines. Mature plants typically lose rachis and petiole spines but will retain trunks spines in its new growth. The suckering stems are small to mostly moderate and are among the few in the palm family that branch; among rattans it is the only one with splitting stems. The trunks are bare at the bottom but retain persistent leaf bases in its youngest parts; enlarged paper- like appendages, ocreas, form where the petioles meet the stem.
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The single-stemmed (not clumping) plant grows to 5-6m in the park, and is noted for its big parallelogram-shaped leaf, with a wrinkled surface and wavy border. Subspecies bousigonii has rachis bracts that are strictly tubular and for the most part intact, not splitting, and the first order branches are inserted at the mouth of the bracts. The smitinandii subspecies is "one of the most attractive of all Thai rattans ... glossy undulate diamond-shaped leaflets and its neat low habit give it considerable horticultural potential[, a]mong Thai species it is very distinctive." John Dransfield.
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The prices the weavers received were, by one estimate, 20 > to 40 percent less than they could have gotten in the marketplace. :-passage from, Nobel Peace Prize awardee and economist Muhammad Yunus's From Vanderbilt to Chittagong The Company's Board of Trade records from 1793, 1815, and 1818, state that "as a rule the Company’s gomastas and other inferior servants extracted perquisites from the weavers, and not infrequently they were whipped or beaten with rattans [canes]." There were various kinds of "perquisites." One such was an extra charge: this might be a commission (dasturi), tribute (salami), or simply "expenses" (kharcha).
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The agricultural sector is another key economic sector of the state. Historically an agrarian economy, Pahang's agriculture was dominated by the production of vegetables, rice, yams and tubers in the past. With extensive support by the federal agencies and institutions like FELDA, FELCRA and RISDA, the agricultural sector was rapidly expanding, with the inclusion of products like rubber and palm oil as the main agricultural produce, The state is home to the largest FELDA settlement known as 'Jengka Triangle' centred in Bandar Tun Razak, Maran District. Pahang was historically a primary exporter of forestry products like sandalwood, damar and rattans.
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Among rattans they are relatively delicate and vinelike, very spiny and densely clustering, stems eventually becoming bare and covered in leaf scars. The leaves, rachises, and petioles (when present) may be equipped with simple climbing adaptations like barbs, cirrus, and grapnel spines but the climbing habit mostly relies on stem spines, and their leaning, sprawling nature. With the most reduced inflorescence in the Calaminae, the large panicle remains enclosed within a tough, woody, occasionally armed bract. Nearing antithesis the beaked end develops splits, exposing the flowers; the bract usually remains persistent, later developing another longitudinal split in fruit, or rarely falling away.
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The conservation status of this palm is likely to be under very little threat, as the species is widespread, common and widely cultivated, though local sub-taxa/varieties might be under threat. Vernacular names include: wai krit (Thailand); phdau sa:ng, phdau saèng (Khmer, phdau=rattan, sa:ng/saèng="for two"),; re peu (Alak); wai hangnou, wai hangnounyai, wai savang (Lao Loum); kaceck doikanair (Phong); may (common and commercial name for small diameter rattans), may tat, nep, may ruot ga (Vietnam). The fruit is eaten in Cambodia, the rattan is much appreciated in basket making, and a traditional medicine decoction of the root is taken for fever. The cane from this species is of high quality, and probably of trade importance, especially in Vietnam.
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As the palm is favoured by forest loss and tolerates harvesting well, it is of no conservation concern. Vernacular names include: Thai, wai ngamkhao, wai namhang, wai sambai, wai mon, wai som, wai dong; Khmer phdau kraek (phdau=rattan), phdao chhvaing krek; Hmong, katengparua; Alak, rebou; Lao, wai ton, wai nyair, wai na, wai khom, wai namhang, wai keethao, wai nang, wai tiudeet, wai namleuang; Khamu, blong chang; Andaman Islands dudh beth (beth is common to rattans); in Tripura state, India, bet gota, rigorusam; in Songhason Hills, Assam, pri; Chinese 柳条省藤 liu tiao sheng teng. The rattan or cane is of moderate quality, and is used in many places for handicrafts and sometimes traded. In Cambodia it is described as being used to make rough baskets, ropes and canes.
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The fluctuating character of the output was due to the uncertainty of the labour supply. The mining population was recruited exclusively from the districts of southern China, and during certain years an increased demand for labourers in China itself, in French Indo-China, in the Dutch colonies, and in South Africa temporarily and adversely affected immigration to the Straits of Malacca. The output had, moreover, been affected from time to time by the price of tin, which was $32.20 per pikul in 1896, rose to $42.96 in 1898, to $74.15 in 1900, and averaged $80.60 in 1905. Exclusive of tin, the principal exports were $108,000 worth of Para rubber, $181,000 of copra, $54,000 of hides, $48,000 of patchouli, and considerable quantities of timber, rattans and other jungle produce.
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Locally known as may ra at Bạch Mã National Park, central Vietnam (may common to many rattans' names), before 1990 it was harvested for markets, however in 2005 it was only used locally, harvested when the stems are 1-1-5cm diameter, and so allowing the clumped palm to grow the height given above. In Cambodia, there is demand for the plant to make ropes and baskets, it is known as phdau saôm or phdau soë:ng (in Khmer phdau='rattan'). In the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, rattan are integral materials to the livelihood of the inhabitants, this includes K. lacioniosa, known as rassi beth or rope beth. Small diameter canes are used to make fences and rafts, the same and the leaves are used for decorative purposes (such as tables and benches), especially during rituals and ceremonies of the Nicobarese.
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