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232 Sentences With "radio amateurs"

How to use radio amateurs in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "radio amateurs" and check conjugation/comparative form for "radio amateurs". Mastering all the usages of "radio amateurs" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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A handful of radio amateurs restored communications by jury-rigging phone lines to help the authorities coordinate rescue efforts.
"Basically, radio amateurs started sending text instead of sound like 100 years ago, and they got into converting playboy girls into textmode [like ASCII, PETSCII and teletext]," goto80 said.
XXIII, no. 2, p. 45, Feb. 1939"Radio Amateurs Get Tower Clubhouse" Popular Science, vol.
The Association Royale des Radio Amateurs du Maroc (ARRAM) (in English, Royal Association of Radio Amateurs of Morocco) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Morocco. Key membership benefits of the ARRAM include a QSL bureau for those amateur radio operators in regular communications with other amateur radio operators in foreign countries, and a network to support amateur radio emergency communications. The ARRAM operates a club station with the call sign CN8MC.Association Royale des Radio Amateurs du Maroc (2008).
Radio Amateurs of Canada (2009). "TCA - The Canadian Amateur". Retrieved 30 June 2009. The headquarters is in Ottawa.
MarineTraffic is highly dependent from its community of radio amateurs or AIS Station owner, its photographers and translators.
In 1968 Swedish and Norwegian radio amateurs decided to start an amateur radio station in a cottage on the border between Sweden and Norway. Unusually, it had both a Swedish (SJ9WL) and a Norwegian (LG5LG) call sign. The station is open for rent to all radio amateurs with an amateur radio license.
Moxon antennas are often used by radio amateurs in portable forms and on field days because of their lightweight construction.
Radio Amateurs of Canada (RAC), known in French as Radio Amateurs du Canada, is the national association for Amateur Radio in Canada. It is a not-for- profit membership association with headquarters in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, representing the interests of Amateur Radio all across Canada. Speaking on behalf of Canadian Radio Amateurs, RAC provides liaison with government agencies and carries the Amateur voice about regulatory and spectrum issues to the discussion table with government and industry leaders, nationally and internationally. RAC is the Canadian voting member society of the International Amateur Radio Union.
For radio amateurs living on small parcels of property, such savings can make it possible to use the lower frequency amateur bands.
LABRE was originally founded on February 1, 1931, in São Paulo, with the purpose of representing Brazilian radio amateurs, officially recognized in Brazil since November 5, 1924 (the first news about radio amateurs in Brazil is from 1909). On February 13, 1933, RBR - Rede Brasileira de Radioamadores (Brazilian Radio Amateurs Network) - was founded in Rio de Janeiro (at the time, the federal capital). As the two organizations had the same objectives, that of representing Brazilian radio amateurs, hams from São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro met on February 2, 1934 and sealed the unification of the two entities under the name LABRE - Liga de Amadores Brasileiros de Rádio-Emissão, located in Rio de Janeiro. On October 22, 1934, a ceremony officially celebrates the unification of the two associations.
New Zealand's first satellite, KiwiSAT is currently being designed and built by New Zealand Radio Amateurs with the support of Massey, especially in space environment testing.
Bulgarian Federation of Radio Amateurs official web site. Retrieved Aug. 13, 2008. BFRA is the national member society representing Bulgaria in the International Amateur Radio Union.
In later years, many of the observer / operators were licensed radio amateurs and there is at least one instance recorded of one of the "hams" conducting broadcasts.
In Canada, Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES) is sponsored by the Radio Amateurs of Canada. Often other less formal networks of volunteer radio operators are also used and organized by the local emergency response agencies in conjunction with local ham radio operators. As in the United States, Radio Amateurs of Canada has memoranda of understanding with numerous agencies expected to receive services[2], including the Canadian Red Cross and Salvation Army.
In the act of foundation, preserved at the LABRE headquarters, an excerpt stands out: "that since this day, there would be no more rivalries between Brazilian radio amateurs".
At some point in 1976, a new and powerful radio signal was detected simultaneously worldwide, and quickly dubbed 'the Woodpecker' by amateur radio operators. Transmission power on some Woodpecker transmitters was estimated to be as high as 10 MW equivalent isotropically radiated power. Even prior to 1976, a similar 'woodpecker' interference is remembered by radio amateurs occurring in the high frequencies. As early as 1963, or before, radio amateurs were calling this "the Russian Woodpecker" .
Early DX-peditions were simply exploratory and geographical expeditions in the late 1920s and 1930s, in which one or more radio amateurs participated in order to provide long-distance communications. At the same time they communicated with fellow radio amateurs who wanted to contact a new country. Most notable are the Antarctic expeditions of Admiral Byrd. Another example is the voyage of the schooner Kaimiloa, which traveled the South Pacific in 1924.
Association Royale des Radio Amateurs du Maroc earlier official web site. Retrieved Oct. 29, 2008. The ARRAM represents the interests of Moroccan amateur radio operators before Moroccan and international regulatory authorities.
Examples of such postcodes include , , and . This has led to British Sky Broadcasting subscribers receiving the wrong BBC and ITV regions, and newly licensed radio amateurs being given incorrect call signs.
"Member Societies" . Retrieved August 1, 2008. but in July 2016 the IARU suspended the ARAB's membership following a report that the association is not authorized to represent Bahrain radio amateurs internationally.
EchoLink working on Windows Vista. EchoLink is a computer-based Amateur Radio system distributed free of charge that allows radio amateurs to communicate with other amateur radio operators using Voice over IP (VoIP) technology on the Internet for at least part of the path between them. It was designed by Jonathan Taylor, a radio amateur with call sign K1RFD. The system allows reliable worldwide connections to be made between radio amateurs, greatly enhancing Amateur Radio's communications capabilities.
The Bulgarian Federation of Radio Amateurs (BFRA; Bulgarian: Българската федерация на радиолюбителите) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Bulgaria. Key membership benefits of the BFRA include the sponsorship of amateur radio operating awards, radio contests, and a QSL bureau for members who regularly communicate with amateur radio operators in other countries. BFRA represents the interests of Bulgarian amateur radio operators before Bulgarian and international telecommunications regulatory authorities.Bulgarian Federation of Radio Amateurs (2008).
The Texas DX Society, founded in 1970, is a non-profit organization of radio amateurs in Houston, Texas who have a primary interest in DX chasing and contesting on HF, VHF, and UHF.
LABRE has its headquarters, located in Brasília-DF, and subsidiaries in almost all Brazilian states. Each of these state sub-offices represents radio amateurs from their respective state before the central administration of LABRE.
FUNcube-1 is equipped with a UHF to VHF linear transponder with approx 300 mW PEP output and which can be used by Radio Amateurs worldwide for SSB and CW communications during the weekends.
Its headquarters is located in the United States. There are 230 Charted Chapters located world-wide. The Association has a Memorial Scholarship Program for licensed radio amateurs who attend a recognized university or college.
Radio amateurs maintain a VHF repeater operating on 146.950 MHz that can reach more than 100 km, covering the village of Alter do Chão and the cities of Belterra, Mojui dos Campos, Óbidos and Oriximiná.
Radio amateurs around the world consider the Finnish part of Märket Reef (as they call it) a separate entity, distinct from Finland and Sweden. The Finnish part of Märket Reef used to be one of the world's most desired "countries" among radio amateurs because of its special status and relative remoteness. One or more amateur radio expeditions to the island occur most years, weather permitting. During these expeditions, tens of thousands of radio contacts are made with people in several parts of the world.
For example, the French territory of Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean is counted as a DX country, even though it is a region of France. The rules for determining what is a DX country can be quite complex and to avoid potential confusion, radio amateurs often use the term entity instead of country. In addition to entities, some awards are based on island groups in the world's oceans. On the VHF/UHF bands, many radio amateurs pursue awards based on Maidenhead grid locators.
The history of the TTFD antenna divides conveniently into three different phases: It was first developed for use as a general purpose antenna on Naval ships in the 1940s. The design became public in the 1950s and was adopted by radio amateurs, but then fell out of use with the advent of shorter wavelengths and the widespread adoption of low-impedance transmitters and antenna feeds. Recently, with the advent of multiple new frequency bands which are not even- integer multiples of existing bands’ frequencies, it has started to draw renewed attention from radio amateurs.
The volunteer organization called RAS formed in 1988, and at the end of 2012, the Union of Russian Radio amateurs established a committee dedicated to emergency communications and even entered into an agreement with MChS, Emergency Situations Ministry.
As of 2006, there is a program of study at the University of Bonn leading to the degree "Master in Disaster Prevention and Risk Governance" As a support function radio amateurs provide additional emergency communication networks with frequent trainings.
Telecommunications service providers include Telus and Shaw, with most wireless carriers providing coverage. The Island is served by the Ganges and Fulford Harbour exchanges. Active Radio Amateurs maintain wireless repeaters located on Mt Bruce. 2 meter band (147.320 MHz).
It is either a state or in more densely populated areas of the U.S., a portion of a state. In Canada, the ARES is coordinated overall by the Radio Amateurs of Canada (RAC) Field Services Organization which has eight (8) Sections: Alberta, British Columbia/Yukon, Manitoba, Maritimes (consisting of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick), Newfoundland/Labrador, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. As is the case in the U.S., each Section is managed by an elected Section Manager. In Canada, the ARES logo is a registered trademark of the Radio Amateurs of Canada Inc.(RAC).
The Dutch Amateur Radio Emergency Service (DARES) was founded in 2003 as a result of the World Radio Conference 2003, where it was decided that licensed Dutch radio amateurs were allowed to offer their services to third parties when there is an emergency. DARES is recognized by the State Department of The Netherlands and supported by the two largest national radio amateur organisations: VERON and VRZA. DARES consists of a group of radio amateurs and shortwave listeners who offer their knowledge and radio equipment during a disaster or major incident. The organisation is built upon the 25 safety regions defined by Dutch authorities.
While horizontal dipoles required two large support masts, this antenna type only needs one large mast. It is therefore widely used by radio amateurs with limited space.Practical Wire Antennas (J. Heys, G3BDQ) In particular for low frequencies this antenna form is interesting.
During their visit in Vilnius, Vanagaitis and Šatas also visited local polish radio amateurs, but they found only a few, as most of them had joined to Polish army and left Vilnius, while others had joined the Red Army and left for SSSR.
The European Radio Amateurs' Organization (EURAO), established in 2005, is an association of independent amateur radio associations in Europe. The association focuses on the individuals engaged in the amateur radio hobby, rather than the hobby itself, and so it includes members from outside Europe.
Packet radio connects computers or whole networks operated by radio amateurs with the option to access the Internet. Note that as per the regulatory rules outlined in the HAM license, Internet access and e-mail should be strictly related to the activities of hardware amateurs.
If high power is used to compensate for an under-sized antenna, even a small antenna will require a full-sized safety zone around it, free of people and animals. Nevertheless, many radio amateurs successfully communicate over very long distances with relatively small antennas.
In the United Kingdom Radio Amateurs Emergency Network (RAYNET) provides the organizational backbone of their amateur radio emergency communications groups along with the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB). It was formed in 1953 in the aftermath of the North Sea flood of that year.
Handy, F.E. W1BDI (1933). "First Annual Field Day Report". QST. Sep. 1933, p. 35. Field day events were promoted as an opportunity for radio amateurs to operate from portable locations, in environments that simulate what might be encountered during emergency or disaster relief situations.
Anyone with radio receiving capabilities can tune in to the satellite's transmissions when it is passing overhead, receive information from the satellite, and upload it to a data base via the PicSat website. A large network of radio amateurs is called upon to collaborate with the tracking the satellite, receive its data and transmit it to the Ground Station. Interested person are referred to the PicSat website to register, follow the updates and become part of the radio network. Radio amateurs that are licensed to transmit can use PicSat as a transponder, when it is not doing science observation or other communication, to talk to other amateurs.
Several radio amateurs have experimented with the possibilities of using VFDs as triode amplifiers. In 2015, Korg released the Nutube, an analogue audio amplifier component based on VFD technology. The Nutube is used in applications such as guitar amplifiers from Vox and the Apex Sangaku headphone amplifier.
Larry Wolfgang, Charles Hutchinson (ed), The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs Sixty Eighth Edition, ARRL, -9, pages 12-29,12-30 The beat frequency oscillator was invented in 1901 by Canadian engineer Reginald Fessenden. What he called the "heterodyne" receiver was the first application of the heterodyne principle.
Most radio propagation beacons are operated by individual radio amateurs or amateur radio societies and clubs. As a result, there are frequent additions and deletions to the lists of beacons. There are, however a few major projects coordinated by organizations like the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU).
Nearly all 20th-century teleprinter equipment used Western Union's code, ITA2, or variants thereof. Radio amateurs casually call ITA2 and variants "Baudot" incorrectly, and even the American Radio Relay League's Amateur Radio Handbook does so, though in more recent editions the tables of codes correctly identifies it as ITA2.
The core of company started even before the Velvet revolution in 1989 with design and production of equipment for radio amateurs. Radio modems for UHF and VHF licensed bands and wireless data networks became RACOM's main focus shortly afterwards, the first radio modem has been developed in 1991.
On October 6, 2011, a malfunction of Telesat's Anik F2 satellite disrupted communications to Canada's high Arctic region for several hours; CFARS operators were called upon to provide emergency backup communication. CFARS consists of a mix of military stations (publicly owned and operated by DND personnel), military unit/club amateur radio stations (operated and maintained on military sites by volunteer radio amateurs) and individual affiliate radio stations (which are privately owned and operated by individual radio amateurs affiliated with CFARS). Historically, CFARS stations have also been deployed on Canadian Coast Guard vessels for use during search and rescue deployments. Agencies actively served by CFARS include the military, Public Safety Canada, Transport Canada and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Amateur radio operators are also known as radio amateurs or hams. The term "ham" as a nickname for amateur radio operators originated in a pejorative usage (like "ham actor") by operators in commercial and professional radio communities, and dates to wired telegraphy. The word was subsequently adopted by amateur radio operators.
The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union allow amateur radio operations in the frequency range 1,240–1,300 MHz, and amateur satellite up- links are allowed in the range 1,260–1,270 MHz. This is known as the 23-centimeter band by radio amateurs and as the L-band by AMSAT.
TTARS publishes a call book listing radio amateurs in Trinidad and Tobago. Information in the directory includes call sign, name, addresses, and telephone numbers. It is usually distributed at the Annual General Meeting and is updated periodically. Members are also entitled to use the TTARS QSL Bureau for sending and receiving QSL cards.
KiwiSAT amateur radio satellite in its "clean cabinet" being demonstrated at the 2013 Auckland Technology Convention KiwiSAT, an amateur radio satellite developed by AMSAT-ZL, is to be New Zealand's first satellite. It is being designed and built by New Zealand radio amateurs supported by Massey University (Auckland) and various corporate sponsors.
Like a Yagi–Uda antenna ("Yagi"), a quad consists of a driven element and one or more parasitic elements; however in a quad, each of these elements is a loop antenna, which may be square, round, or some other shape. It is used by radio amateurs on the HF and VHF amateur bands.
Operations of Lithuanian radio amateurs was subject to the laws issued by the Lithuanian government in 1939. The permit to keep a short wave transmitter was given to individuals not younger than seventeen and who have passed the necessary examinations. During the first year, the newly licensed radio amateurs could work only telegraph, as telephone was permitted only from second year. The permit also gave the right to emit 50W of an anode power, but after two years it was possible to request for a permit to increase power to 1000W. Owing to the war operations of 1939 coming very near the Lithuanian border, at 6 o’clock on 17 September 1939 the work of all the private radio transmitters in Lithuania, including amateur radio stations, was ceased.
The Soviet–Canadian 1988 Polar Bridge Expedition (also known as Skitrek) began on March 3, 1988, when a group of thirteen Russian and Canadian skiers set out from Siberia, in an attempt to ski to Canada over the North Pole. The nine Russians and four Canadians reached the pole on 25 April and concluded their trek on Wednesday, June 1, 1988, when they reached Ward Hunt Island, Ellesmere, Northern Canada. At the North Pole, they were welcomed by a group of dignitaries from the Soviet Union and Canada, members of the international press, and radio amateurs involved in support and communications. The daily progress of the skiers was followed by many thousands of school children and radio amateurs around the world.
The Radio Amateurs' Emergency Network, also known as RAYNET, is a British national voluntary communications service provided by amateur radio operators. It was formed in 1953 and exists to supplement national communication channels in the event of an emergency. The capitalised word RAYNET is a registered trademark of the Radio Society of Great Britain.
24-hour dials were also used on sidereal clocks. The famous Big Ben clock in London has a 24-hour dial as part of the mechanism, although it is not visible from the outside. In the 20th century, the 24-hour analog dial was adopted by radio amateurs, pilots, submariners, and for military use.
Other DX-peditions focus on operation from islands with little or no local radio amateurs, for the Islands on the Air (IOTA) award which is sponsored by the Radio Society of Great Britain. A small number of DX- peditions focus on activating a specific Maidenhead locator square for the benefit of VHF and UHF operators.
"Radio Amateurs! Have Sets Ready", Cleveland Plain Dealer, November 3, 1921, page 11. In addition, the Cleveland Plain Dealer made arrangements to relay vote totals on election night by telephone to 8ACS for broadcasting by the station."Election Concert of Radio Association to Give Latest Returns", Cleveland Plain Dealer, November 3, 1921, page 11.
The Canadian Amateur (TCA) is a bimonthly amateur radio enthusiast magazine published in Canada. The magazine is published in English and French and draws its subscription base primarily from Canada. The magazine is published six times per year by the Radio Amateurs of Canada. It is a membership journal that is included in membership with the RAC.
The Schematic diagram over the HamSphere Virtual Transceiver System. HamSphere is a subscription-based internet service which simulates amateur radio communication using VoIP connections over the Internet. The simulator allows licensed radio amateurs and unlicensed enthusiasts to communicate with one another using a simulated ionosphere. It was designed by Kelly Lindman, a radio amateur with call sign 5B4AIT.
Retrieved Aug. 4, 2008. The organization was founded on August 22, 1963 by a group of amateur radio operators who met at a restaurant in Bangkok. Among the first orders of business was to address official objections to the communications of radio amateurs in Thailand with amateur radio operators in other countries.Radio Amateur Society of Thailand (2008).
This was done by radio amateurs from the Coventry Amateur Radio Society and the Northampton Radio Club. A working RADAR set was constructed using the two-metre amateur radio band. As with the original experiment the source signal was transmitted from Borough Hill in Daventry. The four target aircraft were flown by pilots with amateur radio licences.
However, Memorandums of Understanding with the American Red Cross, the National Weather Service, the Salvation Army and others lay out the general guidelines for organization and coordination between agencies in times of emergency. ARES of the Radio Amateurs of Canada have MOUs with the Canadian Red Cross Society and PERCS, the British Columbia Provincial Emergency Radio Communication Service.
The WIA is an Australian "peak" Radio Amateur society. It has existed for over 100 years, and a foundation member of the IARU (Region 3). The IARU represents the Radio Amateurs and their global spectrum allocations with ITU. The ITU World Radio Conference is being held this year and the WIA is sending two volunteers - a non trivial expense.
Civil protection plans were not implemented yet. Hamburg Sturmflut North Sea flood Due to telephone landline breakups, warnings could not be forwarded from coastal to hinterland emergency offices. Breakups at alarm siren lines and electricity lines affected the warning system severely. Radio amateurs had to establish emergency operations to support emergency services in means of communication.
In early 1960, William Orr joined a group of radio amateurs (mostly electronic engineers) working to launch a private satellite. By 1962 they had created "OSCAR" (Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio) at a total cost of $63.47. "OSCAR" beat out the $50 million Telstar by seven months for the honor of being the world's first privately owned satellite.
Before World War II, British radio amateurs had been allocated a band at 56 MHz. After the war ended, they were moved the 5 metre band (58.5–60 MHz) instead. This only lasted until 1949, as by then the 5-metre band had been earmarked for BBC Television broadcasts. Meanwhile, in 1948, 72-72.8 MHz was allocated to France (till 1961).
The Omroepvereniging VARA (), the VARA Broadcasting Association, was a Dutch public broadcasting association primarily operating in the fields of television, radio, publishing and interactive media. It was a member of Netherlands Public Broadcasting. The association was founded in 1925 as the Vereeniging van Arbeiders Radio AmateursThe word vereeniging is an antiquated spelling; today this word is spelled vereniging. (Association of Worker Radio Amateurs).
PLRI (Parallel Logic Radio Interface) is a set of circuits of interest to radio amateurs Amateur Radio (hams). These circuits are fully compatible with IRLP (Internet Radio Linking Project). IRLP is trademarked by Dave Cameron. The circuit shown below is the Deluxe PLRI interface, and is used to connect a radio to a PC using a parallel port and sound card.
Although not as convenient as a wide-range radio, amateurs who have invested a great deal of money or time in a fine-quality radio may find it more economical to extend the radio's range when new bands come available, rather than replace it. Some transceiver manufacturers are supportive of add-on transverters, and design in circuitry and cabling attachments for them.
The Royal Union of Belgian Radio Amateurs (UBA) (in Dutch, Koninklijke Unie van de Belgische Zendamateurs, in French Union Royale Belge des Amateurs- Emetteurs, in German Königliche Union der Belgischen Funkamateure) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Belgium. UBA is the national member society representing Belgium in the International Amateur Radio Union.International Amateur Radio Union (2008). "Member Societies".
With the support of the publisher of a small Dutch language magazine called Radio, the Vlaamsche Radio Bond ("Flemish Radio Association") was founded in Ghent on September 22, 1929. The new organization established its own magazine called CQ VRB. After World War II, the two organizations agreed to combine into a unified national radio society for Belgium.Royal Union of Belgian Radio Amateurs (2008).
A chart showing how Television channel frequencies in various countries relate to the 4-metre amateur band. In addition to the traditional users (United Kingdom, Gibraltar and the British Military Bases in Cyprus), an increasing number of countries in Europe and Africa have also allocated the 4-metre band to radio amateurs as a result of the decline in VHF television broadcasts on the 4 metre band. Movement away from the old Eastern European VHF FM broadcast band and migration of commercial stations to higher frequencies have led to slow but steady growth in the number of countries where 4-metre operation is permitted. Whilst not formally allocated at an ITU or Regional level, in Europe CEPT now recognises the increased access to 70 MHz by radio amateurs with footnote 'EU9' which has helped underpin further growth.
In the autumn of 1986, a group of Soviet scientists and radio amateurs made plans to ski to the South Pole, starting at the Antarctic coast. They intended to use amateur shortwave radio for all their communication with the outside world, especially the support stations in Moscow. However, it is not a good idea to rely on radio propagation conditions to the other side of the world, even with a support station on the Antarctic continent itself; so, in November, 1986, the University of Surrey (UoS) UoSAT centre was contacted to investigate the feasibility of using the UoSAT- OSCAR-11 satellite to relay information to the skiers.University of Surrey, UoSAT group, correspondence between Dr M Sweeting, then head of the UoSAT department, and Mr Pat Gowen G3IOR, Norwich, UK on behalf of Leonid Labutin UA3CR, Moscow (Radio Amateurs) Since UoSAT-2 (a.k.a.
In Norway, the band segment 493–510 kHz was allocated to radio amateurs on November 6, 2009. Only radiotelegraphy is permitted. In New Zealand, the band segment of 505 to 515 kHz was allocated temporarily, pending an international frequency allocation. In the Netherlands Amateur radio operators have allocated the band segment from 501 to 505 kHz with a maximum of 100 watts PEP on January 1, 2012.
For scientific, artistic and historical reasons the tower is listed as historical monument; for preservation and utilization this must be taken into consideration. After the restoration the building was reopened to the public in 2003. Since then you can see inside an exhibition of historical postcards on the subject of "Bismarck-Towers all over the world". Since 2006 the Viersen licensed radio amateurs look after the tower.
Amateur radio frequency allocation is done by national telecommunication authorities. Globally, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) oversees how much radio spectrum is set aside for amateur radio transmissions. Individual amateur stations are free to use any frequency within authorized frequency ranges; authorized bands may vary by the class of the station license. Radio amateurs use a variety of transmission modes, including Morse code, radioteletype, data, and voice.
The Organisasi Amatir Radio Indonesia (ORARI) (in English, Amateur Radio Organization of Indonesia) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Indonesia. According to a 2000 census compiled by the International Amateur Radio Union, Indonesia has the thirteenth-largest population of amateur radio operators in the world.International Amateur Radio Union (2008). "Status Summary of Radio Amateurs & Amateur Stations of the World" .
Then the frequency can be read from the dial. Wavemeters are used for frequency measurements that do not require high accuracy, such as checking that a radio transmitter is operating within its correct frequency band, or checking for harmonics in the output. Many radio amateurs keep them as a simple way to check their output frequency. Similar devices can be made for detection of mobile phones.
Commercial passive receiver development was abandoned with the advent of reliable vacuum tubes around 1920, and subsequent crystal radio research was primarily done by radio amateurs and hobbyists. Many different circuits have been used.a list of circuits from the wireless era can be found in is a collection of 12 circuits The following sections discuss the parts of a crystal radio in greater detail.
In order to give other amateurs a chance to confirm contacts at new or exotic locations, amateurs have mounted DXpeditions to countries or regions that have no permanent base of amateur radio operators. There are also frequent contests where radio amateurs operate their stations on certain dates for a fixed period of time to try to communicate with as many DX stations as possible.
July 12–13, 2009: Tenth annual Night of Nights: Historic coast stations, ships and radio amateurs on the air commemorating the anniversary of the "end of Morse code in America". KPH, KSM and amateur station K6KPH were due to be on air at the KPH site. Coast stations scheduled to be on air included KFS in Half Moon Bay, in Alabama and KLB in Seattle, WA.
In most administrations, unlike other RF spectrum users, radio amateurs may build or modify transmitting equipment for their own use within the amateur spectrum without the need to obtain government certification of the equipment. Licensed amateurs can also use any frequency in their bands (rather than being allocated fixed frequencies or channels) and can operate medium to high- powered equipment on a wide range of frequencies so long as they meet certain technical parameters including occupied bandwidth, power, and prevention of spurious emission. Radio amateurs have access to frequency allocations throughout the RF spectrum, usually allowing choice of an effective frequency for communications across a local, regional, or worldwide path. The shortwave bands, or HF, are suitable for worldwide communication, and the VHF and UHF bands normally provide local or regional communication, while the microwave bands have enough space, or bandwidth, for amateur television transmissions and high-speed computer networks.
Pulsed radiofrequency is the technique whereby radio frequency (RF) oscillations are gated at a rate of pulses (cycles) per second (one cycle per second is known as a hertz (Hz)). Radio frequency energies occupy 1.0 x 104 Hz to 3.0 x 1011 Hz of the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio frequency electromagnetic energy is routinely produced by RF electrical circuits connected to a transducer, usually an antenna.The ARRL Handbook for Radio amateurs.
The 6-meter band (50 MHz) and the 4-meter band (70 MHz) are used by radio amateurs. Short wave-like propagation is only possible under special circumstances, including frequent E skip events in the summer season. This leads to strong signals in the 800 - 2000 km range allowing the reception of distant TV stations (TV DX). World wide connections are possible but remain a challenge on these frequencies.
Project OSCAR Inc. started in 1960 with the radio amateurs from the TRW Radio Club of Redondo Beach, California, many of whom worked at TRW and defense industries, to investigate the possibility of putting an amateur satellite in orbit. OSCAR stands for Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio. Project OSCAR was responsible for the construction of the first amateur radio satellite, OSCAR-1, successfully launched from Vandenberg AFB in California.
The Arecibo Radio Telescope spherical reflector antenna has been used for detecting terrestrial television signals reflected off the lunar surface. Since 1953, radio amateurs have been experimenting with lunar communications by reflecting VHF and UHF signals off the Moon. Moonbounce allows communication on Earth between any two points that can observe the Moon at a common time. Since the Moon's mean distance from Earth is , path losses are very high.
These frequencies are used for secure military communications. They can also penetrate to a significant depth into seawater, and so are used for one-way military communication to submerged submarines. Early long distance radio communication (wireless telegraphy) before the mid-1920s used low frequencies in the longwave bands and relied exclusively on ground-wave propagation. Frequencies above 3 MHz were regarded as useless and were given to hobbyists (radio amateurs).
One of the problems with providing coverage of an area the size of the UK was installing sufficient DF stations to cover the entire area to receive skywave signals reflected back from the ionised layers in the upper atmosphere. Even with the expanded network, some areas were not adequately covered and for this reason up to 1700 voluntary interceptors (radio amateurs) were recruited to detect illicit transmissions by ground wave.
The "Wilton Scheme" was operated briefly from March to May 1945. It was feared that British Prisoners of War might be used as hostages by the Germans. Attempts were made to make radio contact with the prisoners, to get information about such a situation, if it developed. In various POW camps, radio amateurs and signals officers had constructed radio receivers and, in some cases, transmitters (kept for emergency use).
The SARL web site provides an online marketplace for members to trade radio and related equipment. Members also have access to a database of assigned South African radio amateur call signs. The SARL offers South African hams an online QSL system to capture and confirm local contacts with fellow radio amateurs. The organisation offers frequent amateur radio licence examination opportunities for people interested in obtaining their amateur radio licence.
The FUNcube distributed ground station network (DGSN) is used in which radio amateurs receive packets and send these via the internet to the central data collection server, called the data warehouse Data decoding is possible with the free dashboard software provided by the FUNcube team. To enable easy reception, one of the FUNcube team members, Howard Long G6LVB, has created a USB connected receiver called the FUNcube Dongle.
Ofcom is no longer responsible for setting and conducting amateur radio exams, which are now run by the Radio Society of Great Britain on their behalf. The Radio Society of Great BritainRadio Society of Great Britain (RSGB) is the United Kingdom's recognised national society for amateur radio operators. The society's patron is Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and it represents the interests of the UK's licensed radio amateurs.
A DXer operates during a holiday DXpedition to Muscat, Oman. A DX-pedition is an expedition to what is considered an exotic place by amateur radio operators, perhaps because of its remoteness or because there are very few radio amateurs active from that place. This could be an island, a country, or even a particular spot on a geographical grid. The activity was pioneered by one-time ARRL president Robert W. Denniston.
Some such groups in Canada have elected not to offer their services under the Radio Amateurs of Canada (RAC) banner. However, their essential purpose remains the same and, in times of need, they often work side-by-side with ARES groups. Radio clubs independent of the ARRL or the RAC and ARES also participate in emergency communications activities in some areas. Many ARES operators are also part of storm spotter networks, e.g.
She learned the radio essentials and Morse alphabet by participating in the construction and commissioning of radio transmitter-receivers and mastered all of the key aspects of amateur radio. Soon she became the first female amateur radio operator of Romania, using her husband's call-sign, CV5BI. She contacted other radio amateurs from all over Europe and even Africa from 1931 to 1933. She gave birth to Titu- Marius on the 2nd of April, 1933.
The Swedish Society of Radio Amateurs (, SSA) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Sweden. Key membership benefits of the SSA include the sponsorship of amateur radio operating awards, radio contests, and a QSL bureau for members who regularly communicate with amateur radio operators in other countries. SSA represents the interests of Swedish amateur radio operators before Swedish and international telecommunications regulatory authorities. The SSA publishes a membership magazine called QTC.
The E layer (sporadic E-layer) is characterized by small, thin clouds of intense ionization, which can support reflection of radio waves, rarely up to 225 MHz. Sporadic-E events may last for just a few minutes to several hours. Sporadic E propagation makes VHF-operating radio amateurs very excited, as propagation paths that are generally unreachable can open up. There are multiple causes of sporadic-E that are still being pursued by researchers.
The disaster struck on a Saturday night, and hence many government and emergency offices in the affected area were not staffed. As telephone and telegraph networks were disrupted by flood damage, amateur radio operators went into the affected areas with their equipment to form a voluntary emergency radio network. These radio amateurs provided radio communications for 10 days and nights, and were the only people able to maintain contact from affected areas with the outside world.
Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, pp. 64-5. The number of messages sent by telegraph began to decline in the mid-twentieth century, due to competition with the telephone and the internet. Although still used by radio amateurs and hobbyists, the last use of Morse code for signalling came to an end on January 31, 1999, when it was no longer required for international distress signalling by ships at sea. Western Union discontinued its telegraph service in 2006.
Project OSCAR Inc. started in 1960 with radio amateurs from the TRW Radio Club of Redondo Beach, California, many of whom worked at TRW and defense industries, to investigate the possibility of putting an amateur satellite in orbit. Project OSCAR was responsible for the construction of the first Amateur Radio Satellite, OSCAR-1, that was successfully launched from Vandenberg AFB in California. OSCAR-1 orbited the earth for 22 days, transmitting a “HI” greeting in Morse Code.
According to the LRMD web site, the society was founded in 1938 and was re- activated in 1988. In 1939, it was recognized as the national member for Lithuania by the IARU.Brief history of LRMDCalendar of IARU, Dec 1939 In 1940, members LRMD were radio amateurs from two groups: 64 who had permits for transmitters and others as radio listeners. The LRMD has been legalised by the government as having all the rights of an official organization.
On 28 October 1939, after the Battle of Wilno (1939), immediately after the Red Army withdrew from Vilnius, the first to visit Vilnius on that day were the radio amateurs Petras Vanagaitis LY1J and Julius Šatas, LY1S. During their visit, the Vilnius radio station (at the time known as Polish Radio Wilno and damaged by the bombing) was restored back into operations. Its transmitters in Liepkalnis worked on a frequency of 536 kHz (559,7 meter wavelength).
Within the AWMN community personal relationships play a very active role in the network development, encouraging its members to have a more active role in the community's social life. Users are categorised as backbone nodes and AP client nodes. The backbone nodes are nodes routing data that have no origin and destination themselves. The network is a mosaic of people from varying ages and educational backgrounds including IT and telecommunications professionals, radio amateurs, IT students and technology enthusiasts.
Spectrogram of an 18.1 kHz VLF signal, picked up using a small loop antenna and a sound card. The vertical stripes are distant lightning strikes. VLF signals are often monitored by radio amateurs using simple homemade VLF radio receivers based on personal computers (PCs). An aerial in the form of a coil of insulated wire is connected to the input of the soundcard of the PC (via a jack plug) and placed a few meters away from it.
L. D. Wolfgang, C.L. Hutchinson, The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs Sixty-Eighth Edition, ARRL1990 , page 12-10 Stability must take into account temperature, voltage, and mechanical drift as factors. The oscillator must produce enough output power to effectively drive subsequent stages of circuitry, such as mixers or frequency multipliers. It must have low phase noise where the timing of the signal is critical.Peter Fortescue, Graham Swinerd, John Stark (ed.): "Spacecraft Systems Engineering", Wiley 2011 , sections 12.3.
Submillimeter amateur radio refers to Amateur radio activity in the sub- millimeter region (275 GHz to 3 THz) of the electromagnetic spectrum. While no international frequency allocations exist for amateur radio in the sub- millimeter region, a number of administrations permit radio amateurs to experiment on Terahertz frequencies. Amateurs who operate in the region must design and construct their own equipment, and those who do, often attempt to set communication distance records on sub-millimeter frequencies.
The Association of Radio Amateurs of Slovenia (, acronym ZRS) is the national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Slovenia. Key membership benefits of ZRS include the sponsorship of amateur radio operating awards and radio contests. ZRS also supports local competitions in Amateur Radio Direction Finding as well as a national team that travels to regional and world championship events. ZRS represents the interests of Slovenian amateur radio operators before Slovenian and international telecommunications regulatory authorities.
Transmitting and receiving stations should be nearly equidistant from the geomagnetic equator. The first large-scale VHF TEP communications occurred around 1957 – 58 during the peak of solar cycle 19. Around 1970, the peak of cycle 20, many TEP contacts were made between Australian and Japanese radio amateurs. With the rise of cycle 21 starting around 1977, amateur contacts were made between Greece/Italy and Southern Africa (both South Africa and Rhodesia/Zimbabwe), and between Central and South America by TEP.
By virtue of their low voltage operation, Gunn diodes can serve as microwave frequency generators for very low powered (few-milliwatt) microwave transceivers called Gunnplexers. They were first used by British radio amateurs in the late 1970s, and many Gunnplexer designs have been published in journals. They typically consist of an approximately 3 inch waveguide into which the diode is mounted. A low voltage (less than 12 volt) direct current power supply, that can be modulated appropriately, is used to drive the diode.
Glowbug transmitter hand built by AI2Q "Glowbug" is a term used by US amateurs to describe a simple home-made tube-type radio set, reminiscent of the shortwave radio-building craze of the 1920s and 30s. Generally, any small, home-built tube-type transmitter or receiver may be referred to as a glowbug. The majority of glowbug transmitters are designed to be used in the CW radiotelegraphy mode. A number of radio amateurs also build their own tube receivers and AM voice transmitters.
The operation proceeds over a Labor Day weekend. Disguised as a Mayflower moving and storage crew, the crooks cut telephone and alarm wires and move up through the building, gathering the residents as they go and robbing each apartment. Jimmy, the son of two of the residents, is a paraplegic and asthmatic who is left behind in his air-conditioned room. Using his amateur radio equipment, he calls up other radio amateurs, based in other states, who contact the police.
In Belgium, amateurs were allocated 501–504 kHz on a secondary basis on 15 January 2008. Only CW may be used with a maximum ERP of 5 W. On 14 August 2013, an additional allocation for 472–479 kHz has been added allowing all modes of transmission. In Norway, the band 493–510 kHz was allocated to radio amateurs on 6 November 2009. Only radiotelegraphy is permitted. After WRC-12, this allocation was replaced with an allocation of 472–479 kHz.
Contacts with radio amateurs from far Siberia broke a new distance record on this band.Na pasmah p. 26 Radioamator Nr 6 1957 For the International Geophysical Year on October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first earth's artificial satellite Sputnik 1 and set up to broadcast a beep on 20 and 40 MHz frequencies, its signal was received by scientists and ham radio operators worldwide. A special permission of 38-40 MHz was issued to Club station SP5PRG in Poland.
Project OSCAR Inc. started in 1960 with the TRW Radio Club of Redondo Beach, California and radio amateurs who worked at TRW and other California defense companies, to investigate the possibility of putting an amateur satellite in orbit. Project OSCAR was responsible for the construction of the first Amateur Radio Satellite OSCAR-1, that was successfully launched from Vandenberg AFB in California . OSCAR 1 orbited the earth for 22 days, transmitting the “HI” greeting you see in Morse Code above.
A group of amateur radio operators during DX-pedition to The Gambia in October 2003. A DX-pedition is an expedition to what is considered an exotic place by amateur radio operators and DX listeners, perhaps because of its remoteness, access restrictions or simply because there are very few radio amateurs active from that place. This could be an island, a country, or even a particular spot on a geographical grid. "DX" is a telegraphic shorthand for "distance" or "distant" (see DXing).
It was announced that, starting about September 1, 1920, 9BY was planning to inaugurate concerts to be broadcast on Thursday evenings."Strays", QST, September 1920, page 44. A few weeks later, on election day, November 2, the station was reported to be planning to broadcast election results,"Radio Amateurs to Get Returns", Decatur Review, November 1, 1920, page 14. and later that month it was reported that 9BY's weekly broadcasts featured promotional phonograph records provided by the Pathé Frères Phonograph Company.
Kicksat reached its orbit and transmitted beacon signals that were received by radio amateurs. Telemetry data allowed the prediction of the orbit and the reentry on May 15, 2014 at about 01:30 UTC. Due to a non-redundant design, a timer reset while on-orbit and the femtosatellites were not deployed in time, and burned up inside the KickSat mothership when the undeployed satellite-deployment mechanism reentered Earth's atmosphere. It is one of several crowdfunded satellites launched during the 2010s.
The picosatellite was 13 cm long and has a mass of 570 grams. It has five plaques in its structure. Solar arrays in the cylinder are responsible for powering the components of Tancredo-1. Some space exists inside the satellite what can be used for small scientific experiments in space, in the case of Tancredo-1, two payloads were used: one voice recorder for radio-amateurs, educational payload and one simplified Langmuir probe to study the formation of plasma bubbles in the ionosphere.
Like the QRA system before it, Maidenhead locators were enthusiastically adopted by radio amateurs beyond contesting, and it is now in widespread use. Maidenhead locators are still used as part of the formulas for scoring in many VHF amateur radio contests and as the basis of earning awards like the American Radio Relay League's VHF/UHF Century Club, URE TTLOC, etc. operating award. In IARU Region 1 rules, VHF distance calculations are carried out between Maidenhead subsquare centres assuming a spherical Earth.
As was common at a number of early stations, the engineers soon tired of their repetitive talking, and began to play phonograph records to provide test signals. This in turn drew the attention of interested local amateur radio enthusiasts, who enjoyed hearing music instead of the usual telegraphic code used almost universally for radio communication at this time. In addition, during the fall of 1919 Canadian Marconi formed a separate company, Scientific Experimenter, Ltd., to sell equipment to radio amateurs.
In 2005 the first idea of EURAO arise and immediately several European radio amateurs' associations started to strengthen their relationship and to work together, becoming a de facto association. In 2009 these associations constituted a Promoters Committee with the aim to do the necessary steps to fully legalize the Organization. In 2010 the EuroBureauQSL service was launched like a coordinated network of QSL bureaus members already run. In 2011 the first face to face Meeting took place in Barcelona (Spain).
Radio amateurs were considered ideal for such work because they were widely distributed across the United Kingdom. The VIs were mostly working men of non-military age, working in their own time and using their own equipment (their transmitters had been impounded on the outbreak of war, but their receivers had not). They were ordered to ignore commercial and military traffic, to concentrate on more elusive transmissions. Each VI was given a minimum number of intercepts to make each month.
Consequently, a high powered transmitter can effectively broadcast over 1000 kilometers by using multiple "skips" off of the ionosphere. And, at times of favorable atmospheric conditions good "skip" occurs, then even a low power transmitter can be heard halfway around th world. This often occurs for "novice" radio amateurs "hams" who are limited by law to transmitters with no more than 65 watts. The Kon-Tiki expedition communicated regularly with a 6 watt transmitter from the middle of the Pacific.
TORU also transfers sounds from the spacecraft that may provide indirect information about the docking process. While ships are sufficiently close when docking to make signal travel delay insignificant, cosmonauts claim that TORU has a certain delay when operating the ship from the space station remotely. Some radio amateurs think they have observed TORU docking signals. TORU was first tested in 1993 (Progress M-15) and actually used next year to dock Progress M-24 (after two unsuccessful attempts to dock automatically).
The website features a forum page, where amateur radio operators can add products they would like to sell, or general topics and Q&A.; The website offers registered users a webpage where they can post pictures of their ham radio shack, and tell cool facts about themselves. Their page also provides their email address, and mailing address for other radio amateurs to send them QSL cards. It is one of the starting places to find a local amateur radio club.
In Austria, Amateur Radio Emergency Network Austria (ARENA) - The Amateur Radio Emergency Network Austria is a national voluntary service that is provided to the community by licensed radio amateurs. ARENA is part of the OEVSV and IARU - the national and international amateur radio associations. Our focus is to support the public in the event of crises when conventional communication systems fail. Many of our members are volunteers in organizations such as the Austrian Red Cross, Civil Defense, fire brigades, military and related institutions.
The Eesti Raadioamatööride Ühing (ERAU) (in English, Estonian Radio Amateurs Union) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Estonia. Key membership benefits of ERAU include the sponsorship of amateur radio operating awards and radio contests, and a QSL bureau for those members who regularly communicate with amateur radio operators in other countries. ERAU publishes a semi-annual membership magazine called ES-QTC. ERAU represents the interests of Estonian amateur radio operators before Estonian and international telecommunications regulatory authorities.
The Dutch Amateur Radio Emergency Service (DARES), which was founded on 12 May 2004, is a non-profit organization made out of licensed radio amateurs in the Netherlands. DARES participants are able to set up a national, continental or international radio network in case of an emergency situation, like a power outage on a large scale, a flooding, a cyber attack causing severe damage to communication networks, or other emergency situations, where the safety of a large group of people are in danger.
The Íslenskir Radíóamatörar, ÍRA, in English, Icelandic Radio Amateurs is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Iceland. Key membership benefits of the IRA include the sponsorship of amateur radio operating awards and radio contests, and a QSL bureau for those members who regularly communicate with amateur radio operators in other countries. IRA represents the interests of Icelandic amateur radio operators before Icelandic and international telecommunications regulatory authorities. IRA publishes a monthly membership magazine called CQ TF.Íslenskir Radíóamatörar (2008).
Municipal Statute prohibits installation of equipment and systems, fixed telecommunication and radio devices, particularly equipment for radio, television and mobile telephony, and systems for radio amateurs. This prohibition is exempt for military installations, civil protection and forest protection.Statuto Comunale di Castel Gandolfo, articolo 17 Statuto del Comune di Castel Gandolfo Most services such as hospitals or cinemas are based outside the city in larger centers like Marino, Frascati, Albano Laziale and Genzano di Roma. However, these centres are all reached by car or public transport.
65px FBB is a free and open source bulletin board system for packet transmissions of radio amateurs. Written in C programming language, it allows transmission of messages over the AX.25 packet radio network by VHF, PACTOR on HF and Internet. Originally a MS-DOS program, the current versions run on Linux and 32-bit Windows. Created in 1986 and consistently maintained, it can be compared to DPBOX and Winlink system, with which it is compatible (Routing mail by the Open FBB forwarding protocol).
Both of these systems would automatically store and forward messages between amateur radio stations. With no one in the group able to take royalties due to the amateur radio regulations, the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) later adopted APlink for their National Traffic System (NTS) digital messages. The system was widely adopted by radio amateurs, the United States military, and state and local emergency preparedness teams. It was credited with being one of the few communications systems that worked in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.
In Trinidad and Tobago, hams are allowed to use a repeater which is located on 148.800 MHz. This repeater is used and maintained by the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), but may be used by radio amateurs in times of emergency or during normal times to test their capability and conduct emergency drills. This repeater can also be used by non-ham NEMA staff and REACT members. In Australia and New Zealand ham operators are authorized to use one of the UHF TV channels.
The W1AW station is used for regular Morse code training transmissions for those wishing to learn and also broadcasts a variety of bulletins of interest to radio amateurs. The ARRL/VEC (Volunteer Examiner Coordinator) sponsors amateur radio license examinations for the three classes of U.S. amateur license. License classes and examinations are held in various locations throughout the year. Although the FCC currently recognizes 14 different organizations as VECs, the VEC sponsored by the ARRL oversees about two-thirds of all U.S. amateur radio license examinations.
The USSR monitored the Apollo missions telemetry.We "saw" how the Americans landed on Moon, "Novosti kosmonavtiki", December 2005 (in Russian) In the US it was legal for amateur radio operators to monitor the telemetry, but the FCC did issue a directive that required all disclosure of Apollo telemetry interception be cleared by NASA. In August 1971, radio amateurs Paul Wilson (W4HHK) and Richard T. Knadle, Jr. (K2RIW) heard voice signals from Apollo 15 while it circled the Moon. They described their work in an article for QST.
Marconi watching associates raise kite antenna at Signal Hill, December 1901 Cabot Tower, located at the top of the hill, features exhibits about Guglielmo Marconi and the wireless station that operated in the tower. There is a gift shop, and an amateur radio station VO1AA, which may be operated by visiting amateur radio operators in the summer months. It is sponsored by the Society Of Newfoundland Radio Amateurs. An active amateur radio repeater, VO1AAA 146.790+, is located inside the building and is operational year round.
The dish was remounted in November 2012.Dish Dwingeloo radio telescope back on tower , ASTRON, 2012. Radio amateurs along with amateur and professional astronomers, use the telescope for projects, one being Earth–Moon–Earth communication, also known as moonbounce, which allows for people on different parts of Earth to communicate via the Moon. In this technique, radio wave signals are aimed at the Moon by one location, bounce off the Moon's surface, and are detected by an antenna at a different location on Earth.
Mount Abu HAM Radio Club (MHRC) is a non-profit organization for amateur radio operators all over the world. The club was established on 17 October 2013 at Mount Abu with ‘One World, One Family, One Communications’ as its objective and has been registered under Indian Societies Registration Act of 1860. MHRC has more than 200 active HAMs as its members and is also a member of various international HAM clubs such as ARSI Amateur Radio Society of India, EURAO European Radio Amateurs' Organization.
Logbook of the World Logo Logbook of the World (LoTW) is a web-accessed database provided by the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) to implement a contact verification service among amateur radio operators. Using LoTW, radio amateurs (hams) can claim and verify contacts (QSOs) made with other amateurs, generally for claiming credit for operating awards, such as DXCC. This kind of verification formerly required exchange of paper QSL cards and submission to ARRL, a slow and somewhat expensive process. LoTW began operation in 2003.
This current permission is granted until 30 January 2017. RSM had originally requested permission for a small group of dedicated radio amateurs "with good experience", but as the permission has been given to RSM as an organisation, then this may possibly be modified in the future in the light of evidence accrued. (Source: Z35BY, Z32TO, RSM) United Kingdom (ITU Region 1) The UK was allocated 11 frequency blocks of varying bandwidths in January 2013. Full information is contained in the United Kingdom entry above.
The UBA was founded on 25 January 1947, when separate amateur radio organizations based in Flanders and Wallonia merged. The Réseau Belge (literally, "Belgian Network") was founded in September, 1923 in Brussels and drew its membership primarily from the French-speaking radio amateurs in Brussels and Wallonia. In February 1926, the Réseau Belge began publishing a membership magazine called QSO. Flemish amateur radio operators were eager to see Dutch language articles in QSO, but were unable to persuade the editor of Réseau Belge to publish them.
In large contests the number of people taking part is a significant percentage of radio amateurs active on the HF bands, although they in themselves are a small percentage of the total amateurs in the world. There are regional contests that invite all stations around the world to participate, but restrict which stations each competitor may contact. For example, Japanese stations in the Japan International DX Contest (sponsored by Five Nine magazine) may only contact other stations located outside Japan and vice versa.JIDX Contest Committee (2005).
However, the station traces its history to earlier broadcasts made in a joint effort by Fred Laxton, associated with General Electric, Earle J. Gluck,Gluck was later a partner in competitor WSOC, and was the first president of WSOC-TV when it launched in 1957. a Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company engineer and Frank Bunker, a Southern Bell Telephone Company employee. During World War I a ban was in place that suspended amateur radio transmissions. In late 1919 the ban was lifted, and all three became licensed radio amateurs.
OSCAR-1 orbited the earth for 22 days, transmitting the "HI" greeting in Morse code (four dots, then two dots .... ..). Project Oscar was responsible for launching three other amateur radio satellites during the 1960s: OSCAR 1, OSCAR 3, and OSCAR 4. In 1969, AMSAT-NA was founded by radio amateurs working at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and the Baltimore- Washington DC region, to continue the efforts begun by Project OSCAR. Its first project was to coordinate the launch of Australis-OSCAR 5, constructed by students at the University of Melbourne.
The challenges of communicating by radio while at sea (callsign W5SMM) led Poor to develop software that integrates Internet with amateur radio to store and forward messages; this system is today part of a major amateur-supported emergency communications network. While sailing, Poor wanted a better way to communicate with those around him. This led to him developing, in 1985, the original computer program, APlink (AMTOR-Packet Link). Then as part of a group of radio amateurs, acting as the architect Poor helped to developed what became Winlink.
As told to Fisk, station HAM was not located at Harvard, but at Roxbury High School. After corresponding with Hyman, Fisk concluded that the story had nothing to do with the fact that radio amateurs are called "hams"; rather, the term goes back to the early days of wire telegraphy when unskilled, incompetent operators were pejoratively called hams by their more experienced colleagues. The 1909 Wireless Registry in the May edition of Modern Electrics listed Earl C. Hawkins of Minneapolis, Minnesota, as operating with the unofficial callsign "H.A.M." according to the Wireless Association of America.
In Germany, 33 frequencies were available for RC use, and in Switzerland, ten frequencies are available. These frequencies fall within the LPD433 band used by short range devices in Europe. In North America, licensed amateurs may conduct RC operations in the 70 cm band, but unlike similar operations in the 6-meter band, no specific frequencies have been set aside for RC use. American radio amateurs may use a maximum of one watt of radiated RF power, on any ham frequency authorized for data emissions, to control RC models.
They set about procuring parts for the radio transmitter Gimpel was expected to build. A bulky magnifier unit was supplied to them by Berlin to read the microdots containing radio plans, however they left it behind when disembarking the submarine because of its excessive weight. They bought a magnifying glass, but found it was insufficiently powerful to read the dots. Gimpel obtained a 1944 edition ARRL Radio Amateurs Handbook containing transmitter plans, as well as a multimeter, several milliamp meters, a roll of copper bell wire, and some small hand tools.
Following the war, the U.S. government again allowed the operation of civilian radio stations, and Conrad revived 8XK, which was located in a detached two-story garage at his residence. He used the knowledge gained during the wartime period to upgrade his station to begin making audio transmissions, and became well known among radio amateurs for his experimental activities."Amateur Radio Stations: 8XK Pittsburgh", QST magazine, September 1920, pages 32-34. On October 17, 1919 Conrad made the first of what would become a semi-regular series of entertainment broadcasts.
The Radio Amateurs of Lebanon (RAL) is a non-profit organization for some amateur radio operators in Lebanon. Key membership benefits of the RAL include a QSL bureau for those amateur radio operators in regular communications with other amateur radio operators in foreign countries, and a network to support amateur radio emergency communications. RAL represents the interests of its members. Other Lebanese amateur-radio organizations exist in Lebanon, such as RAK (Rachid Karame Amateur Radio Society) Some amateur radio operators in Lebanon exist without being affiliated to any organization.
WRC-12 re- allocated the original 500 kHz frequency back to exclusive maritime mobile use for new navigation systems. On 14 February 2012, the delegates at WRC-12 formally approved allocating 472–479 kHz to the amateur radio service; however, this new allocation will not take effect until it is entered into the ITU's Radio Regulations. Following that, individual regulatory authorities need to implement the change nationally in order to make the allocation available to radio amateurs under their jurisdiction. Recently amateurs have experimented with weak-signal radio communication near 474.2 kHz, utilising WSPR.
TTARS coordinates several activities related to Amateur Radio in Trinidad and Tobago on most popular amateur radio bands, including HF bands and the two meter band. TTARS holds an annual emergency exercise or Field Day which may or may not coincide with the IARU region 2 field day. Local radio amateurs operate from a sponsored campsite, usually, a beach house in a remote region in the North East of Trinidad called Toco and talk to other hams worldwide. TTARS operates three FM repeaters on the two meter VHF amateur band.
While the ship's wealthy owners enjoyed the islands, an amateur radio operator kept contact with, and sent QSL cards to, experimenters in the United States.Schooner Kaimiloa “KFUH” The participation of radio amateurs in geographical expeditions was resumed after World War II, e.g. the participation of Bill Snyder, W0LHS, and Bob Leo, W6PBV, in the Gatti-Hallicrafters expedition in Africa of 1948. The most unusual expedition to place reliance on amateur radio for communications was that of Kon-Tiki organized by Thor Heyerdahl in 1947 and using call sign LI2B.
The 40-meter or 7-MHz band is an amateur radio frequency band, spanning 7.000-7.300 MHz in ITU Region 2, and 7.000-7.200 MHz in Regions 1 & 3\. It is allocated to radio amateurs worldwide on a primary basis; however, only 7.000-7.100 MHz is exclusively allocated to amateur radio worldwide. Shortwave broadcasters and land mobile users also have primary allocations in some countries, and amateur stations must share the band with these users. 40 meters is considered one of the most reliable all-season long distance communication (DX) bands.
Radio in Colombia started in the early 1920s when a group of radio amateurs and enthusiasts brought the first receivers to the country, mostly in order to listen broadcasts from Europe and the United States. Broadcasting started in September 1929, with state-owned HJN, predecessor of Radiodifusora Nacional de Colombia, and privately run La Voz de Barranquilla (HKD). As of 2011, Colombia has three major national radio networks: state-run Radiodifusora Nacional de Colombia and private networks Caracol Radio and RCN Radio, with hundreds of affiliates. These networks appeared in the 1940s.
Portion of amateur station KF6PQT's "Junk Box" Junk box is a term used by amateur radio operators (hams) to describe a collection of spare parts and old equipment kept to assist in building and repairing their station. Typical items found in a junk box are electronic components such as resistors and capacitors as well as small parts such as screws, nuts and bolts. A junk box may also contain surplus, cast off or used electronic gear. Radio amateurs who construct their own equipment, known as homebrewers, often have large or well stocked junk boxes.
While using hacker to refer to someone who enjoys playful cleverness is most often applied to computer programmers, it is sometimes used for people who apply the same attitude to other fields. For example, Richard Stallman describes the silent composition 4′33″ by John Cage and the 14th-century palindromic three-part piece "Ma Fin Est Mon Commencement" by Guillaume de Machaut as hacks. According to the Jargon File, the word hacker was used in a similar sense among radio amateurs in the 1950s, predating the software hacking community.
Once deployed into orbit, e-st@r-II was designed to begin transmitting signals to Earth approximately 30 minutes after activation. Signals could be picked up by anyone with common amateur radio equipment. To celebrate the launch of this second CubeSat, members of the world amateur radio community were invited in a contest to listen for the satellite. While transmissions from the satellite were received by multiple ground stations following deployment, the received signal was not strong enough for either radio amateurs or the satellite's dedicated ground station to demodulate.
Hunt published his improvements in December 2007 in the online magazine AntennaX, in an article titled Broadband Hexbeam. In his modified design, Hunt changed the dimensions and shape of the antenna elements, resulting in an antenna which retained the W-shaped driver, but with a reflector that has more of a semicircular shape. Radio amateurs can build the Hexbeam as a multi-band antenna to cover different frequency ranges. Popular combinations cover 20m, 15m and 10m (3 band) and 20m, 17m, 15m, 12m and 10m (5-band) ham radio bands.
Radio amateurs have been early in arranging relay leagues, as is reflected in the name of the organization of American Radio Relay League (ARRL). Radio amateur message relay operations were originally conducted in the first two decades of the 20th century using Morse code via spark-gap transmitters. As vacuum tubes became affordable, operations shifted to more efficient manual telegraphy transmitters, referred to as CW (Continuous wave). Messages were relayed station-to-station, typically involving four or more re-transmission cycles to cover the continental United States, in an organized system of amateur radio networks.
Radio amateurs in some countries have been granted permission (or have assumed permission) to operate at frequencies below 8.3 kHz. Radiated power from amateur stations is very small, ranging from 1 μW to 100 μW for fixed base station antennas, and up to 10 mW from kite or balloon antennas. Despite the low power, stable propagation with low attenuation in the earth- ionosphere cavity enable very narrow bandwidths to be used to reach distances up to several thousand km. The modes used are QRSS, MFSK, and coherent BPSK.
Radio amateurs' involvement and cooperation in earthquakes and other national emergencies has been publicly acknowledged and thanked by the President of the Republic, several times during the last years Radio Club de Chile has cooperated with other countries' amateurs—notably those of Nicaragua—in the organization and operation of emergency communications via ham radio. At the beginning of July 2018, CE3SER, The former Station of Servicio de Emergencias de Radioaficionados begun doing its exercises in the BrandMeister digital network also. They operate in the TG 730911 with this novel initiative in DMR digital communications.
The Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB) is the United Kingdom's recognised national society for amateur radio operators. The society was founded in 1913 as the London Wireless Club making it one of the oldest organisations of its kind in the world. Through its work, it represent the interests of the UK's 80,000 licensed radio amateurs in the United Kingdom and certain dependent territories of the United Kingdom at the International Amateur Radio Union, acting as a medium for communication between the licensed operators and the UK government. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is current patron of the society.
On board with him were Oleg Kotov and Fyodor Yurchikhin. On March 30, 2009 he held a phone conversation with students at the Girls' Middle School in Mountain View, California, United States in which he said that one of the most surprising things about traveling to space was that upon returning to earth the air feels very thick, very heavy, like "breathing Pepto-Bismol." He also stated that talking with the students from the school "made his day." Simonyi used his Hungarian call sign HA5SIK when he contacted 25 radio amateurs from Hungary in a record attempt on April 12.
Little is known about the power levels or Russian designation but it was probably a forerunner of the Duga radar systems. It was also speculated at that time, at least among radio amateurs, that this was an over-the-horizon radar. Triangulation by both amateur radio hobbyists and NATO quickly revealed the signals came from a location in present-day Ukraine, at the time called Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (part of USSR). Confusion due to small differences in the reports being made from various sources led to the site being variously located near Kiev, Minsk, Chernobyl, Gomel or Chernihiv.
According to some reports, the Komsomolsk-na-Amure installation in the Russian Far East was taken off combat alert duty in November 1989, and some of its equipment was subsequently scrapped. The original Duga-1 site lies within the Zone of Alienation around the Chernobyl power plant. It appears to have been permanently deactivated, since their continued maintenance did not figure in the negotiations between Russia and Ukraine over the active Dnepr early warning radar systems at Mukachevo and Sevastopol. The antenna still stands and has been used by radio amateurs visiting the area using their own portable radio equipment.
Educational circuits on blocks of wood TRF radio manufactured by Signal was constructed on a wooden breadboard. QST Magazine August 1922 In the early days of radio, amateurs nailed bare copper wires or terminal strips to a wooden board (often literally a board to slice bread on) and soldered electronic components to them.Description of the term breadboard Sometimes a paper schematic diagram was first glued to the board as a guide to placing terminals, then components and wires were installed over their symbols on the schematic. Using thumbtacks or small nails as mounting posts was also common.
The redoubts Smoutakker and Schilde were blown up by the retreating Belgians in the First World War. Of the Brialmont forts 2–8 two are a museum, two are nature reserve, one is communal property, one recreation area, one property of the University of Antwerp. Of the forts from the period after 1870 two are still military domain, one is a recreation complex and one nature reserve. Of the forts from the period 1877–1883 one is military domain, one nature reserve, one communal property (formerly Ministry of Finance) and one is owned by a shooting club (plus radio amateurs).
Product detector circuits are and so essentially ring modulators or synchronous detectors and closely related to some phase-sensitive detector circuits. They can be implemented using something as simple as ring of diodes or a single dual-gate Field Effect Transistor to anything as sophisticated as an Integrated Circuit containing a Gilbert cell. Product detectors are typically preferred to envelope detectors by shortwave listeners and radio amateurs as they permit the reception of both AM and SSB signals. They may also demodulate CW transmissions if the beat frequency oscillator is tuned slightly above or below the carrier.
The Tonnara gatehouse, nowadays in ruins, was of strategic importance. In the fifties, given the shortage of work and the misery of the post-war period, the inhabitants emigrated to Venezuela in the hope of a better future and a return to their native country. In the sixties, thanks to the economic boom and the revival of the Italian economy, Coreca is a tourist destination and for radio amateurs thanks to the privileged location of the rocks. On May 20, 1974, because of tourism, the locality has been promoted by presidential decree to the status of frazione.
In the United States and Canada, the Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES) is a corps of trained amateur radio operator volunteers organized to assist in public service and emergency communications. It is organized and sponsored by the American Radio Relay League and the Radio Amateurs of Canada. Communication failures have been a defining part of natural disasters and even some human-generated events such as the September 11 attacks that occurred in New York City in 2001. A lack of communication between firefighters at the World Trade Center contributed directly to the deaths of 300 of those firefighters.
High frequency, and especially, Very high frequency, VHF, transmission in the 10 meter band, required higher quality power tubes than were manufactured by the consortium of RCA, Western Electric, General Electric, Westinghouse, which controlled vacuum tube manufacturing. Litton pioneered manufacturing techniques which resulted in award of wartime contracts to manufacture transmitting tubes for Radar to Eitel-McCullough, a San Bruno firm, which manufactured power-grid tubes for radio amateurs and aircraft radio equipment. He went to work for the Federal Telegraph Company, and headed tube engineering there. Cecil Howard Green (later the founder of Texas Instruments) worked for Litton during that time.
After the signing of the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty, Lithuania went through several months of relative stability, therefore Lithuanian radio amateurs were allowed to operate transmitters again starting 7 January 1940, but communication between belligerent states in Europe was forbidden. Also on 7 January 1940, there was a general meeting of the LRMD members in Kaunas, at which a new LRMD committee was elected. Petras Vanagaitis-Jastržemskis LY1J was elected as president for the second time, Simas Grina LY1AR as secretary, Stepas Dedonis as treasurer, Antanas Sausionis (Sušinskas) LY1BG as QSL manager and Jonas Vilkaitis as the general manager.
By analogy with the optical Snell's Law, this can cause significant reflections of radio waves back towards the Earth's surface where they are further reflected, thus causing a ducting effect. The result is that radio waves can propagate well beyond their intended service area with less than normal attenuation. This effect is only apparent in the VHF and UHF spectra and is often exploited by amateur radio enthusiasts to achieve communications over abnormally long distances for the frequencies involved.Hutchinson, Chuck K8CH; "The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs 2001 78th Ed.";The American Radio Relay League, Inc.
In 1985, the Radio Society of Great Britain published a small set of BASIC language routines to convert from locator references to geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) for further processing. A complete program in BASIC called Universal Gridlocator was made available the following year by ARRL for a nominal cost of US$3. Many other utilities exist to convert latitude and longitude to locators, as this is a favourite hack for programmers who are also radio amateurs. Perl supports conversion between geographical coordinates and Maidenhead locators in module Ham::Locator by Andy Smith, available on CPAN.
A simple form of digital amplitude modulation which can be used for transmitting binary data is on-off keying, the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying, in which ones and zeros are represented by the presence or absence of a carrier. On-off keying is likewise used by radio amateurs to transmit Morse code where it is known as continuous wave (CW) operation, even though the transmission is not strictly "continuous." A more complex form of AM, quadrature amplitude modulation is now more commonly used with digital data, while making more efficient use of the available bandwidth.
This project includes a set of electronic schematics of interest to radio amateurs (ham radio). These circuits are compatible with the IRLP voice-over-IP (VOIP) system, and can be used for Echolink, IRLP, Asterisk and D-STAR systems using the RtpDir or TheLinkBox software packages. As of 2011, the App_rpt package for Linux (also known as Asterisk) supports the parallel port for COS/PTT, and thus supports the PLRI board. The PRLI Deluxe Interface Circuit can be directly connected to the node radio(s), or connected to the node radio(s) via a standard Rigblaster-type radio interface.
He was involved as chairman and president of Friends of Normansfield, President of the Roy Kinnear Memorial Trust, chairman and founder (with Dr David Towell of the King's Fund) of the Independent Council for People with a Mental Handicap and was patron of RAIBC – the charity working for radio amateurs with disabilities. Rix also campaigned against smoking; having been a smoker for ten years, Rix gave up smoking on Boxing Day in 1950 when he lost his voice during a matinee of Reluctant Heroes. He subsequently became a passionate non-smoker and a founding member of Action on Smoking and Health (ASH).
In 1922 hundreds of North American amateurs were heard in Europe at 200 meters and at least 20 North American amateurs heard amateur signals from Europe. The first two way transatlantic shortwave radio contacts were completed by radio amateurs in November 1923, on 110 meters. Marconi initiated the first commercial shortwave transatlantic radio communication between the UK to Canada using his Beam Wireless Service which went into commercial operation on 25 October 1926. Shortwave radio vastly increased the speed and capacity of transatlantic communications at dramatically reduced cost compared to telegraph cable and long wave radio.
Marshall D. Moran was born in Chicago on May 29, 1906 and died April 14, 1992 in Delhi, India. He was an American Jesuit priest, missionary in India and Nepal where he founded several schools, amongst them the St. Xavier's High School, Patna and the Godavari St. Xavier's school of Kathmandu. He also was an active radio amateur and used the call sign 9N1MM, pioneering amateur radio in Nepal. This location made him one of the most well-known Radio Amateurs of his time, described and visited many times by American and European Ham Radio magazines.
Due to the very high atmospheric absorption at submillimeter frequencies, it is difficult to establish communications over appreciable distances; however, a few radio amateurs have set distance records in the submillimeter range. The first recognized distance record was set by German stations DB6NT and DL1JIN on January 6, 1998. They achieved a distance of on 411 GHz, using SSB voice transmissions. On March 4, 2003, US stations WA1ZMS and W4WWQ set a new distance record of on 322 GHz, using wide-band frequency modulation. WA1ZMS and W4WWQ later set another record of on 403 GHz using CW (Morse code) on December 21, 2004.
A treaty was signed in 1963 to lease the island and the nearby Saimaa Canal to Finland for fifty years. Because of the treaty and the island's isolation from both Finland and Russia, radio amateurs made Maly Vysotsky Island an entity of its own, much like Hawaii or Alaska. This and the fact that Alexander Stepanovich Popov did his first radio experiments in the area at the turn of the 20th century made the island an attractive destination for DX-peditioners. All such expeditions were organized by a Finnish-Russian group, the first of which occurred in 1988.
Radio Amateurs of Canada represents all Canadian Amateurs at all levels of government: 1) At the local level it works with municipalities on such issues as regulations governing the placement of antennas. It also assists Amateur Radio clubs and other organizations in Public Service and Emergency Services (ARES) functions throughout the year. RAC also provides assistance to members wishing to install antennas and towers following Industry Canada's (now called Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada) tower policy including CPC-2-0-03. 2) At the regional/provincial/territorial level it also works with governments on such issues as Distracted Driving Legislation and Emergency Services.
KA9Q, also called KA9Q NOS or simply NOS, was a popular early implementation of TCP/IP and associated protocols for amateur packet radio systems and smaller personal computers connected via serial lines. It was named after the amateur radio callsign of Phil Karn, who first wrote the software for a CP/M system and then ported it to DOS on the IBM PC. As the KA9Q code was open- source, many radio amateurs modified it, so many different versions were available at the same time. KA9Q was later maintained by Anthony Frost (callsign G8UDV) and Adam Goodfellow. It was ported to the Acorn Archimedes by Jonathan Naylor (G4KLX).
ULF has been used by the military for secure communications through the ground. NATO AGARD publications from the 1960s detailed many such systems, although it is possible that the published papers left a lot unsaid about what actually was developed secretly for defense purposes. Communications through the ground using conduction fields is known as "Earth-Mode" communications and was first used in World War I. Radio amateurs and electronics hobbyists have used this mode for limited range communications using audio power amplifiers connected to widely spaced electrode pairs hammered into the soil. At the receiving end, the signal is detected as a weak electric current between a further pair of electrodes.
LowFER operation is practiced in the United States and Canada on radio frequencies between 160 kHz and 190 kHz, which is sometimes referred to as the 1750-meter band. and in the past as the 1875 Meters band Proposals have also been made for amateur radio operations at 136 kHz with a number of U.S. amateur radio operators holding experimental licenses authorized to conduct tests on that frequency. U.S. and Canadian radio operators who conduct low-frequency experimental operations on the LowFER band are known as LowFERs. Many LowFERs are also licensed radio amateurs, although an amateur radio license is not required for LowFER communications in those countries.
Beginning on 1 May 1978, the Canadian authorities allowed radio amateurs on the 1.25-meter band (220 MHz) to use packet radio, and later in 1978 announced the "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate". Discussion on digital communication amateur radio modes, using the internet protocol suite and IPv4 addresses followed subsequently. By 1988, one thousand assignments of address space had been made. approximately 1% of inbound traffic volume to the network was legitimate radio amateur traffic that could be routed onwards, with the remaining 2‒100 gigabyte per day of Internet background noise being diverted and logged by the University of California San Diego (UCSD) internet telescope for research purposes.
Project OSCAR was responsible for launching 3 other amateur radio satellites during the 1960s: OSCAR 1, OSCAR 2, and OSCAR 4 In 1969, AMSAT-NA was founded by radio amateurs working at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and in the Baltimore-Washington DC region, to continue the efforts begun by Project OSCAR. Its first project was to coordinate the launch of Australis-OSCAR 5, constructed by students at the University of Melbourne. Today, over fifty years later, Project OSCAR still exists as part of the San Jose (CA) Amateur Radio Club. Its mission is “To initiate and support activities that promote the Satellite Amateur Radio Hobby”.
Project OSCAR was responsible for launching of 3 other amateur radio satellites during the 1960s: OSCAR 1, OSCAR 2, and OSCAR 3. In 1969, AMSAT-NA was founded by radio amateurs working at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and the Baltimore-Washington DC region, to continue the efforts begun by Project OSCAR. Its first project was to coordinate the launch of Australis-OSCAR 5, constructed by students at the University of Melbourne. Today, over fifty years later, Project OSCAR still exists as part of the San Jose (CA) Amateur Radio Club. Its mission is “To initiate and support activities that promote the Satellite Amateur Radio Hobby”.
A replica of the Błyskawica radio station made by a team of radio amateurs under the direction of a co-constructor of its original Antoni Zębik pseudonym "Biegły" in the Museum of the Warsaw Uprising The Błyskawica radio station ("Lightning" radio station) was an insurgent radio transmitter broadcasting from Warsaw during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, since 8 August 1944 until the end of the struggle. The transmitter was constructed by Antoni Zębik pseudonym "Biegły". Its signal was the melody of Warszawianka. Initially, the radio station was placed in the building of PKO (Pocztowa Kasa Oszczędności, Engl.: Postal Savings Bank) in Jasna 9 street.
The primary users of such technology were university or government research groups who often had larger budgets than individual chasers. Radio scanners were also heavily used to listen in on emergency services and storm spotters so as to determine where the most active or dangerous weather was located. A number of chasers were also radio amateurs, and used mobile (or portable) amateur radio to communicate directly with spotters and other chasers, allowing them to keep abreast of what they could not themselves see. It was not until the mid- to late 1980s that the evolution of the laptop computer would begin to revolutionize storm chasing.
Esperanto is also the first language of teaching and administration of the International Academy of Sciences San Marino. The League of Nations made attempts to promote teaching Esperanto in member countries, but the resolutions were defeated mainly by French delegates who did not feel there was a need for it.David Richardson: “Esperanto Learning and Using the International Language.” Esperanto-USA 3rd edition 2004, page 34 In the summer of 1924, the American Radio Relay League adopted Esperanto as its official international auxiliary language, and hoped that the language would be used by radio amateurs in international communications, but its actual use for radio communications was negligible.
Melville Eastham (June 26, 1885 – May 6, 1964) was a noted American radio pioneer and business executive. Eastham was born in Oregon City, Oregon. After high school graduation from Portland Academy, he worked as electrician for a Portland street railway, then moved to New York City in 1905 where he worked for the Ovington X-ray Company. After noticing that the high-voltage spark coils used to excite X-ray tubes were becoming popular as transmitters for radio amateurs, he joined two other employees in 1906 to start the Clapp, Eddy, and Eastham Company (subsequently Clapp-Eastham) in Boston, to sell spark coils, variable capacitors, and other radio devices.
Because of these variations, some stations may specialize in only those contests where they are not at a disadvantage, or may measure their own success against only nearby rivals. Many radio amateurs are happy to contest from home, often with relatively low output power and simple antennas. Some of these operators at modest home stations operate competitively and others are simply on the air to give away some points to serious stations or to chase some unusual propagation. More serious radio contesters will spend significant sums of money and invest a lot of time building a potentially winning station, whether at home, a local mountain top, or in a distant country.
Hams from neighboring countries, Europe and the rest of the world the most help in the exchange of humanitarian messages during the war of 1992-96. At the beginning of 1993, The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina joins International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as an independent state and a member of the UN gets prefix T9. The association of radio amateurs of Bosnia and Herzegovina became a member of International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) on 27 December 1993. Merit Association hams Bosnia and Herzegovina was recognized by the International League of Humanists on 16 November 1999 in Trieste and awarded in recognition of the work and contributions during the war.
Loran-A was dismantled starting in the 1970s; it remained active in North America until 1980 and the rest of the world until 1985. A Japanese chain remained on the air until 9 May 1997, and a Chinese chain was still listed as active as of 2000. Loran-A used two frequency bands, at 1.85 and 1.95 MHz. These same frequencies were used by radio amateurs, in the amateur radio 160-meter band, and amateur operators were under strict rules to operate at reduced power levels to avoid interference; depending on their location and distance to the shore, U.S. operators were limited to maximums of 200 to 500 watts during the day and 50 to 200 watts at night.
For many years, amateur radio operators were required by international agreement to demonstrate Morse code proficiency in order to use frequencies below 30 MHz. In 2003 the World radiocommunications conference (WRC) met in Geneva, Switzerland, and voted to allow member countries of the International Telecommunications Union to eliminate Morse code testing if they so wished . On December 15, 2006, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a Report and Order eliminating all Morse code testing requirements for all American Amateur Radio License applicants, which took effect February 23, 2007. The relaxing of Morse code tests has also occurred in most other countries, resulting in a boosting in the number of radio amateurs worldwide.
Member of the Correspondence Theatre Josip Dobrik from Gložan constructed a two amateur radio stations through which the communication was performed with radio amateurs in the world. Dobrik, according to the method of the Correspondence Theatre, has animated associates in 186 countries, who have accepted to be the main coordinators of the Correspondence Theatre and to perform animation and education of people in their country through their radio stations. For 30 years of work of the Correspondence Theatre, the Information Center of this theatre in Novi Sad processed over 100,000 letters of interested collaborators of the Correspondence Theatre. The Correspondence Theatre have initiated, formed and trained, via the work of 186 coordinators, over 50,000 micro - theaters in 186 countries.
In Europe, and generally in ITU Region 1, the LowFER frequency range (160-190 kHz) is used for broadcasting and is unavailable for two-way communications use. In the United Kingdom there was an allocation for radio amateurs at 73 kHz from 1998-2002\. The International Telecommunication Union's 2007 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-07) in Geneva agreed a secondary allocation 135.7-137.8 kHz (the so-named 2200 meter band) to the Amateur Service on 9 November 2007, marking the first time since amateur allocations began that there has been an amateur band below the Medium Wave broadcast band. Transmitter power is limited to one watt ERP (meaning an inefficient antenna can be fed a higher power).
Antennas for High-speed Amateur-radio Multimedia Network (HamNET) in Europe, part of the wireless mesh network The AMPRNet' (AMateur Packet Radio Network) or Network 44 is used in amateur radio for packet radio and digital communications between computer networks managed by amateur radio operators. Like other amateur radio frequency allocations, an IP range of ' was provided in 1981 for Amateur Radio Digital Communications (a generic term) and self- administered by radio amateurs. In 2001, undocumented and dual-use of as an internet telescope began, recording the spread of the Code Red II worm in July 2001. In mid-2019, part of IPv4 range was sold off for conventional use, due to IPv4 address exhaustion.
Cronkite voiced Tim's grandpa in the BrainPOP episode about aging. He held amateur radio operator license KB2GSD and narrated a 2003 American Radio Relay League documentary explaining amateur radio's role in disaster relief. The video tells Amateur Radio's public service story to non-hams, focusing on ham radio's part in helping various agencies respond to wildfires in the Western US during 2002, ham radio in space and the role Amateur Radio plays in emergency communications. "Dozens of radio amateurs helped the police and fire departments and other emergency services maintain communications in New York, Pennsylvania and Washington, DC," narrator Cronkite intoned in reference to ham radio's response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.
Being a balanced antenna, they are best fed with a balun between the (coax) transmission line and the feedpoint. These are simple to put up for temporary or field use. But they are also widely used by radio amateurs and short wave listeners in fixed locations due to their simple (and inexpensive) construction, while still realizing a resonant antenna at frequencies where resonant antenna elements need to be of quite some size. They are an attractive solution for these frequencies when significant directionality is not desired, and the cost of several such resonant antennas for different frequency bands, built at home, may still be much less than a single commercially produced antenna.
Mitchell tried for several years after the war to interest Scouts in amateur radio, without success until the 9th World Scout Jamboree at Sutton Park in 1957, when the first amateur radio station was established in the Jamboree area, under the call sign GB3SP. The Jamboree radio station was run by local radio amateurs, but Scouts and leaders attending the camp were only permitted to observe. Mitchell was surprised at the number of Scout radio operators from around the world that he met there and they had several meetings near the radio station during the event. At the end of the Jamboree, they all agreed to contact each other on a specific day, which Mitchell agreed to arrange.
Transatlantic radio communication was first accomplished on 12 December 1901 by Guglielmo Marconi who, using a temporary receiving station at Signal Hill, Newfoundland, received a Morse code signal representing the letter "S" sent from Poldhu, in Cornwall, United Kingdom. Guglielmo Marconi initiated commercial transatlantic radio communications between his high power long wave wireless telegraphy stations in Clifden Ireland and Glace Bay, Nova Scotia on 17 October 1907. Amateur radio operators are usually credited with the discovery of transatlantic radio communication in the shortwave bands. The first successful transatlantic tests were conducted by radio amateurs in December 1921 operating in the 200 meter medium-wave band, the shortest wavelength then available to amateurs.
Radio amateurs carried out the first shortwave transmissions over a long distance before Guglielmo Marconi. The name "shortwave" originated during the beginning of radio in the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was divided into long wave (LW), medium wave (MW), and short wave (SW) bands based on the wavelength of the radio waves. Shortwave radio received its name because the wavelengths in this band are shorter than 200 m (1,500 kHz) which marked the original upper limit of the medium frequency band first used for radio communications. The broadcast medium wave band now extends above the 200 m / 1,500 kHz limit. Early long-distance radio telegraphy used long waves, below 300 kilohertz (kHz).
Thus, the popular idea that was formed around him as a persecuted, wronged and suffered scientist facing an insensitive and obscurantist world, is a partial truth. His biography still has many gaps and only part of his scientific legacy has been studied, with a lot of autograph documentation still to be explored. In any case, in Brazil he has already received a series of official honors and recognitions. He is honorary citizen of city of São Paulo, patron of Science, Technology and Innovation in the municipality of Porto Alegre, patron of Brazilian radio amateurs, and in 2012, by presidential decree, his name was inscribed in the Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom .
"MARITIME RADIO KPH CLOSES IN AGE OF WIRELESS", Seattle Post-Intelligencer (July 2, 1997). Its Morse code traffic was then diverted to other stations such as KFS in Half Moon Bay, California, another Globe Wireless station. KFS continued to handle Morse code traffic until July 13, 1999 (Universal time; actually July 12 in the Pacific time zone) when it made its "last ever" Morse transmission, ceremonially marking the supposed end of commercial Morse code usage in America (as distinct from amateur Morse code usage, which continues). This anniversary is commemorated on the air every July as the "Night of Nights" by KPH and other coast radio stations, along with radio amateurs who participate on their own frequencies.
ITU Region 1 (Europe) United Kingdom In the UK, LPD433 equipment that meets the respective Ofcom Interface Requirement can be used for model control, analogue/digitised voice and remote keyless entry systems. There is significant scope for interference however, both on frequency and on adjacent frequencies, as the band is far from free. The frequencies from 430 to 440 MHz are allocated on a secondary basis to licensed radio amateurs who are allowed to use up to 40 W (16 dBW) between 430 and 432 MHz and 400 W (26 dBW) between 432 and 440 MHz. Channels 1 to 14 are UK amateur repeater outputs and channels 62 to 69 are UK amateur repeater inputs.
In 1956, after several years of intense lobbying by the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB), the 4-metre band was allocated to British radio amateurs as a replacement for the old 5 metre band allocation. For several years the 4-metre band allocation was only 200 kHz wide, from 70.2–70.4 MHz; it was later extended to 70.025–70.7 MHz. The band limits were subsequently moved to today's allocation of 70.0–70.5 MHz. On the occasion of the International Geophysical Year 1957-1958, the following countries have been allocated frequencies between 70-72.8 MHz. Ireland: 70.575-70.775 MHz, Finland: 70.2-70.3 MHz, Germany: 70.3-70.4 MHz, The Netherlands: 70.3-70.4 MHz, Norway: 70.6-72.0 MHz, Yugoslavia: 72.0-72.8 MHz, and Austria: 70 MHz special licences.
Any individual, except for a representative of a foreign government, regardless of citizenship who wishes to apply for a US amateur radio license must appear before Volunteer Examiners (VEs) any person who qualifies by examination is eligible to apply for an operator/primary station license grant. VEs are licensed radio amateurs who conduct examination sessions, frequently through permanently established teams on a monthly or quarterly basis. VEs are governed by Volunteer Examinator Coordinators (VECs), organizations that "coordinate the efforts of Volunteer Examiners ... in preparing and administering amateur service operator license examinations." Although the FCC currently recognizes 14 VECs, the two largest VEC organizations are W5YI-VEC, a privately held company, and one sponsored by the non-profit American Radio Relay League (ARRL).
In 1957 by a decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers the institute was assigned a task of establishing stations, that would receive signals of Sputnik 1. There were very few professional stations in the USSR at the time, and the institute cooperated with radio amateurs throughout the country and provided necessary equipment to 30 selected large DOSAAF amateur radio clubs from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. The Beginning The institute lead scientific works on the creation of the planetary radar and on the radiolocational exploration of other planets. One of the main results was creation of the first ever radar map of the Northern Hemisphere of Venus in 1984, using results of Venera 15 and Venera 16 missions.
Beginning in 1969 up to his death he appeared in numerous educational and promotional films (and later videos) about the hobby that were produced for the American Radio Relay League (the United States national society representing the interests of radio amateurs) by such producers as Dave Bell (W6AQ), ARRL Southwest Director John R. Griggs (W6KW), Alan Kaul (W6RCL), Forrest Oden (N6ENV), and the late Roy Neal (K6DUE). His first appearance was in Dave Bell's The World of Amateur Radio where Goldwater discussed the history of the hobby and demonstrated a live contact with Antarctica. His last on-screen appearance dealing with "ham radio" was in 1994, explaining a then-upcoming, Earth-orbiting ham radio relay satellite. Electronics was a hobby for Goldwater beyond amateur radio.
The American Radio Relay League is a non-commercial membership association of amateur radio operators organized for the promotion of interest in Amateur Radio communication and experimentation, for the establishment of networks to provide communications in the event of disasters or other emergencies, for the advancement of the public welfare, for the representation of the Radio Amateur in legislative and regulatory matters. ARRL is the principal organization representing the interests of the more than 650,000 U.S. Radio Amateurs. Because of its organized emergency communications capability, ARRL's Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES) can be of valuable assistance in providing critical and essential communications during emergencies and disasters when normal lines of communication are disrupted. ARRL conducts emergency communications training and certifies proficiency in emergency communications skills.
The amateur radio service (amateur service and amateur-satellite service) is established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) through the Radio Regulations. National governments regulate technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and issue individual stations licenses with a unique identifying call sign, which must be used in all transmissions. Amateur operators must hold an amateur radio license which is obtained by passing a government test demonstrating adequate technical radio knowledge and legal knowledge of the host government's radio regulations. Radio amateurs are limited to the use of small frequency bands, the amateur radio bands, allocated throughout the radio spectrum, but within these bands are allowed to transmit on any frequency using a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes.
Hand-held two-way radios are often called walkie-talkies, handie-talkies or hand-helds. Two-way radios are used by groups of geographically separated people who need to keep in continuous voice communication, such as aircraft pilots and air traffic controllers, ship captains and harbormasters, emergency services personnel like firemen, policemen, and ambulance paramedics, taxi and delivery services, soldiers and military units, fast food and warehouse employees, and radio amateurs. Two-way radio systems usually use a single radio channel and operate in a half-duplex mode: only one user on the channel can transmit at a time, so users in a user group must take turns talking. The radio is normally in receive mode so the user can hear all other transmissions on the channel.
Perens founded No-Code International in 1998 with the goal of ending the Morse Code test then required for an amateur radio license. His rationale was that amateur radio should be a tool for young people to learn advanced technology and networking, rather than something that preserved antiquity and required new hams to master outmoded technology before they were allowed on the air. Perens lobbied intensively on the Internet, at amateur radio events in the United States, and during visits to other nations. One of his visits was to Iceland, where he had half of that nation's radio amateurs in the room, and their vote in the International Amateur Radio Union was equivalent to that of the entire United States.
Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as a Treaty of conciliation, judicial settlement and arbitration (1928); Agreement to avoid double taxation on income and property taxes (1967); Agreement for the establishment of scheduled air services (1973); Agreement on international road transport (1976); Agreement on Cultural Cooperation (1979); Exchange of Notes on the reciprocal granting of authorizations to radio amateurs of both countries (1981); Agreement on Social Security Cooperation (1985); Agreement on reciprocal protection of classified information (2009); Memorandum of Understanding in the field of renewable energies between the Finnish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment and the Spanish Ministry of Industry (2010) and an Agreement to avoid double taxation and prevent tax evasion in the area of income taxes (2018).
Solar-powered Amateur Radio Station in tents with portable VHF/UHF satellite and HF antennas in the background HF transceiver for voice communications Field Day is an annual amateur radio exercise, widely sponsored by IARU regions and member organizations, encouraging emergency communications preparednessARRL Field Day among amateur radio operators. In the United States, it is typically the largest single emergency preparedness exercise in the country, with over 30,000 operators participating each year. Field Day is always the fourth full weekend of June, beginning at 18:00 UTC Saturday and running through 20:59 UTC Sunday. Since the first ARRL Field Day in 1933, radio amateurs throughout North America have practiced the rapid deployment of radio communications equipment in environments ranging from operations under tents in remote areas to operations inside Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs).
KFKA was first licensed in 1923"Date First Licensed", FCC History Cards, card #1. (FCC.gov) to the Colorado State Teachers College (now University of Northern Colorado) in Greeley, Colorado. In addition, the college had a history of radio research and experimentation that dated to before World War One, although information about these early activities is limited. On June 16, 1914 the Greeley Tribune reported that physics professor Frank L. Abbott had obtained a "$500 wireless outfit" that included a two-kilowatt spark transmitter capable of making Morse code transmissions, and with the help of local radio amateurs Raymond Wolfe and Alphonse Mott was installing an antenna atop the college's administration building."Wireless Outfit at College Here in '14", Greeley Daily Tribune, October 10, 1930, page 16, which reviewed the June 16, 1914 article.
A computer aided transceiver (CAT) is a device used by radio amateurs for controlling a transceiver radio receiver using a computer. Conventional transmitters are manually controlled and used to transmit voice using buttons, dials, etc. However, advances in electronics have come to market devices that can be controlled by a computer and allowing digital modes such as packet radio and also the use of satellite tracking, because it can continuously change the device's frequency according to the Doppler effect. This is done by connecting Radio receiver and a PC using a CAT interface and a CAT Program A CAT interface is a piece of hardware that connects between the PC and a radio that provides a connection to allows the radio and the PC to communicate with each other.
Live recording of the ITMA comedy radio show in England, 1945 According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the first transmission sent over radio waves were voice and music signals transmitted in December 1906 from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Canadian experimenter Reginald Fessenden produced approximately an hour of talk and music that was heard by radio amateurs before radio's popularity exploded. Other experiments in radio before it became part of widespread culture were transmitted including those by Charles Herrold in San Jose, California in 1908. Radio hobbyists continued to experiment, and popularity grew during the decade before World War I, a time before loudspeakers, where listeners would “listen in” with headphones. The first instrument used to access radio signals were crystal sets which used a tiny piece of galena (lead sulfide) called a “cat's whisker” to detect signals.
The Coreca Reefs form a group of rocks of Italy located in the Tyrrhenian Sea, in Calabria in the Frazione of Coreca. Coreca Reefs seen from Colle degli Ulivi They are a group of ten rocks: Capoto (the largest of them), Formica, Ginario, Longarino, Piccirillo, Tirolé (also known as Pirolé) and the four Scuagli da Funtana have a distribution area from the nearby "La Tonnara" at the edge of the sea air of Coreca's main village. Capoto is the largest of them with a surface area of , and is mainly used for diving and for photographic and cinematographic amateur shootings. During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, it was a destination for radio-amateurs and cameramen, and meta of environmental events such as the LIPU for the vast marine ornithological fauna that had completely disappeared now.
Naval air traffic controller communicates with aircraft over two way radio headset A variety of portable handheld two-way radios for private use. Amateur radio station, a two way radio used for recreational purposes by hobbyists called radio amateurs Several portable two-way radios designed for public services (police, fire, rescue) compatible with the Project 25 digital radio standard A mobile Citizen's band radio in a truck A two-way radio is a radio that can both transmit and receive radio waves (a transceiver), unlike a broadcast receiver which only receives content. It is an audio (sound) transceiver, a transmitter and receiver in one unit, used for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication with other users with similar radios. Two-way radios are available in stationary (base station), mobile (installed in vehicles), and hand-held portable models.
The 40-meter band was made available to amateurs in the United States by the Third National Radio Conference on October 10, 1924,"Frequency or wave band allocations", Recommendations for Regulation of Radio Adopted by the Third National Radio Conference (October 6-10, 1924), page 15. and allocated on a worldwide basis by the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Washington, D.C., on October 4, 1927. For many years, the portion of the band from 7.100–7.300 MHz has been allocated to short wave broadcasters outside the Americas, and not available to radio amateurs outside of ITU Region 2. At the World Radio Conference WRC-03 in 2003, it was agreed that the broadcast stations would move out of the section 7.100–7.200 MHz on 29 March 2009 and that portion would become a worldwide exclusive amateur allocation afterwards.
In 1915, the community had become large and sophisticated enough for a newspaper article to mention that the radio amateurs "formed a sort of fraternity, exchanging news, talking with each other over long distances, and even transmitting little piano or violin concerts over their connections." Susini, along with his nephew Miguel Mugica and his friends Cesar Guerrico and Luis Romero Carranza formed part of this community and took part in these first tentative steps. Soon they acquired the nickname Locos de la Azotea ("the crazy people from the roof"), because their hobby involved activities - sometimes bordering on the acrobatic - on top of tall buildings, where they mounted the long wire antennas required by early- type radios. During this time, the group first played with the idea to use radio as a means for cultural dissemination, a fact that Susini himself later ascribed to their shared passion for theater and music.
In 1950, their first experimental system was able to detect rocket launches away at Cape Canaveral, and the cloud from a nuclear explosion in Nevada distant. In the early 1970s, a joint American-British project, code named Cobra Mist, used a 10-MW OTH radar at Orfordness (the birthplace of British radar), England, in an attempt to detect aircraft and missile launchings over the Western USSR. Because of US-USSR ABM agreements, this was abandoned within two years.”Cobra Mist”; In the same time period, the Soviets were developing a similar system; this successfully detected a missile launch at . By 1976, this had matured into an operational system named Duga (“Arc” in English), but known to western intelligence as Steel Yard and called Woodpecker by radio amateurs and others who suffered from its interference – the transmitter was estimated to have a power of 10 MW.”Mystery Signals Of The Short Wave”, Wireless World, Feb.
The Victorian ARDF Group, a regional ARDF organization in Australia, uses the two-word form of the term radio sport in its logo. Radiosport also can refer to the sport of amateur radio direction finding (ARDF). Although they represent a broad range of amateur radio interests in their nations today, several member societies of the International Amateur Radio Union were originally formed for the promotion and organization of the sport of ARDF and continue to use the term radiosport in their society name. These include the Radio Sport Federation of Armenia, the Belarusian Federation of Radioamateurs and Radiosportsmen, the Chinese Radio Sports Association, the Kazakhstan Federation of Radiosport and Radio Amateur, the Mongolian Radio Sport Federation, All-Russian public radiosport and radioamateur organization «Soyuz Radiolyubiteley Rossii»,Complete name of Russian Amateur Radio Union – SRR, following official charter Ukrainian League of Radio amateurs and the now defunct Radio Sport Federation of the USSR.
Over time, contests that fail to attract enough entrants will be abandoned by their sponsor, and new contests will be proposed and sponsored to meet the evolving interests of amateur radio operators. In a specialised contest in the microwave frequency bands, where only a handful of radio amateurs have the technical skills to construct the necessary equipment, a few contacts just a few kilometers away may be enough to win. In the most popular VHF contests, a well-equipped station in a densely populated region like Central Europe can make over 1,000 contacts on two meters in twenty-four hours. In the CQ World Wide DX Contest, the world's largest HF contest, leading multi-operator stations on phone and CW can make up to 25,000 contacts in a forty-eight-hour period, while even single operators with world-class stations in rare locations have been known to exceed 10,000 contacts, an average of over three per minute, every minute.

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