Clinical guidelines recommend psychotherapies, anti-depressant treatment and physical exercise for mood symptoms.
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Some will kill themselves, despite the best available medications, psychotherapies and skilled therapists.
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We know that various psychotherapies and medication are highly effective in treating depression.
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"But for patients who are not responsive to psychotherapies, omega-3 might be a promising alternative."
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Field Trip's executives envision testing psychotherapies across 50 to 60 clinics in North America by 2023.
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"Online assessments, web-based psychotherapies,... and online research strategies will significantly change the field," he told the congress.
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From there, practitioners could experiment with psychotherapies and medical treatments and hope that they maintained their patients' and the public's trust.
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The approach is one of several new psychotherapies to treat anxiety and depression in people with cognitive impairments, including early to moderate dementia.
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The good news is, new psychotherapies are looking into ways of helping people feel less lonely—and they might even give you a better night's sleep.
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Of course, not all trauma survivors want to come in for help or they may start one of the evidence-based psychotherapies and choose to dropout.
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As a community, our medical professionals have moved away from purely pharmaceutical responses and now include many trauma-focused psychotherapies as the most highly recommended type of treatment.
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For decades, the National Institute of Mental Health provided crucial funding for American clinical research to determine how well psychotherapies worked as treatments (on their own as well as when combined with medications).
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"A key goal and outcome of many psychotherapies is helping the client tell a different story about themselves," says Yoni Ashar, a University of Colorado Boulder neuroscience researcher and collaborator on the trial.
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LONDON (Reuters) - A "massive and growing" mental health burden across the world can only be tackled successfully with a major expansion of online psychiatric resources such as virtual clinics and web-based psychotherapies, specialists said on Tuesday.
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AA, especially when combined with Twelve-Step Facilitation in which a counselor encouraged adherence to the steps, was found to be more effective than psychotherapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy in achieving abstinence, according to the research.
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This is a pattern that persists despite clear evidence that these medications may pose significant health risks and despite the availability of medications and psychotherapies that offer safer alternatives for the problems for which benzodiazepines are typically prescribed.
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And, if it helps individuals with treatment-resistant depression gain meaningful improvement in a relatively short period of time, it may give them the energy and hope to engage in other forms of healing, including evidence-based psychotherapies.
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Check. Perhaps nowhere is this phenomenon more evident than in the realm of psychotherapies designed for people who identify as L.G.B.T. Therapists, both gay and straight, have increasingly started practices geared specifically toward lesbian, gay, bisexual and, most recently, transgendered patients.
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Trauma-focused psychotherapies for PTSD (also known as "exposure-based" or "exposure" psychotherapies), such as prolonged exposure therapy (PE), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and cognitive-reprocessing therapy (CPT) have the most evidence for efficacy and are recommended as first-line treatment for PTSD by almost all clinical practice guidelines. Exposure-based psychotherapies demonstrate efficacy for PTSD caused by different trauma "types", such as combat, sexual-assault, or natural disasters. At the same time, many trauma-focused psychotherapies evince high drop-out rates. Most systematic reviews and clinical guidelines indicate that psychotherapies for PTSD, most of which are trauma-focused therapies, are more effective than pharmacotherapy (medication), although there are reviews that suggest exposure-based psychotherapies for PTSD and pharmacotherapy are equally effective.
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All of the following listed types of psychotherapies are different forms of eclectic psychotherapies. The decision to use or not use each form may be based upon therapist preference, patient preference or effectiveness for certain presenting problems.
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Common factors is one route by which psychotherapy researchers have attempted to integrate psychotherapies.
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He was also elected President of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies.
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Psychotherapies that may be helpful in delusional disorder include individual psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and family therapy.
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Behaviour therapy. In A.S. Gurman & S.B. Messer (Eds.), Essential psychotherapies (2nd ed., pp. 182-223). New York: Guilford.
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Barlow, D. H.: (2007) Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders, 4th ed. CBT is a psychological method of treatment that involves a therapist working with the person to understand how thoughts and feelings influence behaviour."A Guide to Understanding Cognitive and Behavioural Psychotherapies" , British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies. Accessed 29 May 2007.
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Kramer, Geoffrey P., Douglas A. Bernstein, and Vicky Phares. "Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapies." Introduction to Clinical Psychology. 7th ed.
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Syntheses of these approaches are also becoming accepted and recognised in their own right (e.g. The Chiron Approach: Chiron Association of Body Psychotherapists).Hartley, L. (Ed.) (2009) Contemporary Body Psychotherapy. Routledge. Alongside the body psychotherapies built directly on the work of Reich, there is a branch of post-Jungian body psychotherapies, developed from Jung's idea of the 'somatic unconscious'.
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However, a recent meta-analysis suggests that existing psychotherapies may be primary useful for reducing impairment (rather than symptom severity) in PMDD.
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Only the latter form requires therapists trained in specific psychotherapeutic methods." After Lester Luborsky and colleagues published a literature review of empirical studies of psychotherapy outcomes in 1975, the idea that all psychotherapies are effective became known as the Dodo bird verdict, referring to a scene from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland quoted by Rosenzweig in his 1936 article; in that scene, after the characters race and everyone wins, the Dodo bird says, "everybody has won, and all must have prizes."The question of whether all psychotherapies are all roughly equally effective (known as the Dodo bird verdict) and the question of whether all effective psychotherapies share common factors (known as common factors theory) are two different questions: "Though many authors view outcome equivalence as the main reason to study common factors in psychotherapy, we cheerfully disagree. Regardless of outcome, it is noncontroversial to say that psychotherapies of many origins share several features of process and content, and it follows that better understanding the patterns of these commonalities may be an important part of better understanding the effects of psychotherapies.
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Some researchers have pointed out that there are many reasons to study common factors among different psychotherapies, and some of those reasons may have nothing to do with the Dodo bird verdict. Regardless of whether or not certain psychotherapies are roughly equally effective, studying the commonalities among treatments can lead to a better understanding of why the treatments are effective.
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This is an alphabetical list of psychotherapies. This list contains some approaches that may not call themselves a psychotherapy but have a similar aim of improving mental health and well being through talk and other means of communication. In the 20th century, a great number of psychotherapies were created. All of these face continuous change in popularity, methods, and effectiveness.
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What i've learned: Tara Brach. Washingtonian Magazine. More tangentially, psychotherapies dealing with cognitive restructuring share core principles with ancient Buddhist antidotes to personal suffering.
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The society organizes biennial meetings that provides updates on topics such as epidemiology, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapies, genetics, neurobiology, imaging research, and bipolar disorder in special populations.
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New York: Norton.Wolitzky, D. L. (2003). "The theory and practice of traditional psychoanalytic treatment". In A. S. Gurman & S. B. Messer (Eds.) Essential psychotherapies (2nd ed.
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"Gestalt Therapy" in Raymond J. Corsini and Danny Wedding (eds.), Current Psychotherapies, Cengage Learning. : Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (2008). Anna Freud: A Biography, Yale University Press, first published 1988.
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Erdélyi Pszichológiai Szemle, 15(2), 127–156. Abrams, M. & Stephan, S. (2012). Sexual abuse and masochism. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 12, 231-239 Abrams, M. (2012).
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The British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP) is a British-based multi-disciplinary interest group for people involved in the practice and theory of cognitive behaviour therapy.
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Parent management training — Oregon model: An intervention for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed.), 159–78. New York: Guilford Press.
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Michael D. Yapko (born August 5, 1954) is a clinical psychologist and author, whose work is focused in the areas of treating depression, developing brief psychotherapies and advancing the clinical applications of hypnosis.
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Some psychotherapies can be labeled as unhelpful, meaning they give no assistance, while others fall under the category of harmful, meaning they are actually damaging or dangerous to the patient. When identifying a "harmful" treatment it is important to note the distinction between "harm that can be caused by a disorder and harm that can be caused by the application of a treatment". The negative outcomes of some psychotherapies are becoming an alarming reality in the field of clinical psychology.Bergin, AE (1971).
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Abrams argued that the equivalence of most psychotherapies found in outcome studies was a result the tendency of competent therapists to gradually progress to REBT/CBT techniques - irrespective of their claimed orientation or approach.
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Patricia A. DeYoung, Relational Psychotherapies: A Primer (2003) p. 26 Relationalists argue that personality emerges from the matrix of early formative relationships with parents and other figures. Philosophically, relational psychoanalysis is closely allied with social constructionism.
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These were published in the "Standards and Guidelines for the Psychotherapies" edited by Cameron, Deadman and Ennis. In 2008, he was awarded the Mary S. Sigourney Prize for his scientific writing on neuroplasticity and research in psychoanalysis.
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Common factors theory asserts it is precisely the factors common to the most psychotherapies that make any psychotherapy successful. Some psychologists have converged on the conclusion that a wide variety of different psychotherapies can be integrated via their common ability to trigger the neurobiological mechanism of memory reconsolidation in such a way as to lead to deconsolidation (Ecker, Ticic & Hulley 2012; Lane et al. 2015; Welling 2012—but for a more hesitant view of the role of memory reconsolidation in psychotherapy see the objections in some of the invited comments in: Lane et al. 2015).
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Psychotherapy (also psychological therapy or talking therapy) is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction with adults, to help a person change behavior and overcome problems in desired ways. Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health, to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions, and to improve relationships and social skills. There is also a range of psychotherapies designed for children and adolescents, which typically involve play, such as sandplay. Certain psychotherapies are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders.
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Existential-Integrative therapy is a "deeply relational approach which uses a range of therapeutic concepts and strategies to help clients engage more fully with their experiencing".Cooper, M. (2009). Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, Vol. 8, p. 165.
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Parent management training — Oregon model: An intervention for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed.), 159–78. New York: Guilford Press. They may also use indirect rewards such through progress charts.
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Levy, K. N. & Scala, J. (2012). Transference, transference interpretations, and transference-focused psychotherapies. Psychotherapy, 49(3), 391–403. Another theory about the function of the counseling relationship is known as the secure-base hypothesis, which is related to attachment theory.
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Insight-oriented psychotherapy is a category of psychotherapies that rely on conversation between the therapist and the client (or patient). Insight- oriented psychotherapy can be an intensive process, wherein the client must spend multiple days per week with the therapist.
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Alternative Psychotherapies. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littelefield and this type of therapy has been shown to be related to that of the German-Czech therapist Jirina Prekopova, whose methods have been described as potentially harmful.Benz, U. (2013). Festhaltetherapien. Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag.
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He has also conducted studies of manualized psychotherapies compared to or combined with medication. He has remarked that he is disappointed they have not discovered the bipolar gene, which he and Elliot Gershon thought they would discover in the early 1970s.
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In the U.S. and Canada one must first attain the degree of M.D. or D.O., followed by practice as a psychiatric resident for another four years (five years in Canada). This extended period involves comprehensive training in psychiatric diagnosis, psychopharmacology, medical care issues, and psychotherapies. All accredited psychiatry residencies in the United States require proficiency in cognitive- behavioral, brief, psychodynamic, and supportive psychotherapies. Psychiatry residents are required to complete at least four post-graduate months of internal medicine or pediatrics, plus a minimum of two months of neurology during their first year of residency, referred to as an "internship".
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In D.J. Cain (Ed.), Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice (pp. 369-402). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. If a medication option is warranted, antidepressants such as SSRIs and SNRIs can be effective. Minor side effects with medications, however, are common.
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There are hundreds of psychotherapy approaches or schools of thought. By 1980 there were more than 250; by 1996 more than 450; and at the start of the 21st century there were over a thousand different named psychotherapies—some being minor variations while others are based on very different conceptions of psychology, ethics (how to live) or technique.Twenty-First Century Psychotherapies: Contemporary Approaches to Theory and Practice Jay L. Lebow, John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Introduction. Citing Garfield 2006 In practice therapy is often not of one pure type but draws from a number of perspectives and schools—known as an integrative or eclectic approach.
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Wolfsong Press, 2011. pp. 8–9. Inner Relationship Focusing has been recommended in several 21st-century psychology textbooks,Lebow, Jay L. Twenty-First Century Psychotherapies: Contemporary Approaches to Theory and Practice. John Wiley & Sons, 2008. p. 122. stress- reduction manuals,Davis, Martha; Eshelman, Elizabeth Robbins; McKay, Matthew.
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M. Edelson, Language and Interpretation in Psychoanalysis (1984) p. 2 Other psychotherapies have also emphasised the importance of the non-verbal component of the patient's communication,Eric Berne, What Do You Say After You Say Hello? (1974) p. 314-7 sometimes privileging this over the verbal content.
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Specific antidepressants that have been used include clomipramine. Psychotherapies that have been used for ORS include cognitive behavioral therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Dunne (2015) reported a Case Study treatment of ORS using EMDR which was successful using a trauma model formulation rather than an OCD approach.
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For over a millennium, throughout the world, Buddhist practices have been used for non-Buddhist ends. More recently, clinical psychologists, theorists and researchers have incorporated Buddhist practices in widespread formalized psychotherapies. Buddhist mindfulness practices have been explicitly incorporated into a variety of psychological treatments.Adelman, K. (2005, May 1).
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Stress management refers to a wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's levels of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning. It involves controlling and reducing the tension that occurs in stressful situations by making emotional and physical changes.
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The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.
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Fodor believed that a pregnant mother could communicate telepathically with the mind and body of her unborn child. He held that the mother could cause physical and psychological events on her unborn child depending on her state of mind.Mercer, Jean. (2014). Alternative Psychotherapies: Evaluating Unconventional Mental Health Treatments.
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The "Yes, and" rule has been compared to Milton Erickson's utilization process and to a variety of acceptance-based psychotherapies. Improv training has been recommended for couples therapy and therapist training, and it has been speculated that improv training may be helpful in some cases of social anxiety disorder.
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The Dodo bird verdict (or Dodo bird conjecture) is a controversial topic in psychotherapy,For an overview of the controversy, see: And: referring to the claim that all empirically validated psychotherapies, regardless of their specific components, produce equivalent outcomes. It is named after The Dodo character of Alice in Wonderland. The conjecture was introduced by Saul Rosenzweig in 1936, drawing on imagery from Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, but only came into prominence with the emergence of new research evidence in the 1970s.. The importance of the continuing debate surrounding the Dodo bird verdict stems from its implications for professionals involved in the field of psychotherapy and the psychotherapies made available to clients.
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John C. Markowitz (born 1954 in New York City) is an American physician, a Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons and a Psychiatric Researcher at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. For several decades he has conducted research on psychotherapies and medications as treatments for mood disorders (major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder), anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. He is currently conducting an outcome study of three psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Bleiberg KL, Markowitz JC: Interpersonal psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005;162:181-183Markowitz JC, Milrod B, Bleiberg KL, Marshall RD: Interpersonal factors in understanding and treating posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed.), 211-226\. New York: Guilford Press. with different programs ranging from four to twenty-four weekly sessions. PMT is underutilized and training for therapists and other providers has been limited; it has not been widely used outside of clinical and research settings.
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Several psychotherapies have been developed that change, weaken, or prevent the formation of traumatic memories. Pharmacological methods for erasing traumatic memories are currently the subject of active research. The ability to erase specific traumatic memories, even if possible, would create additional problems and so would not necessarily benefit the individual.
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King's College portrait, 2013 Trudie Chalder is Professor of Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy at the Institute of Psychiatry in King's College London. Prof Chalder was president of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP) (2012-2014) and Director of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust’s Persistent Physical Symptoms Service.
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Donald Winnicott (1896–1971) tried to understand very early forms of symbol formation. He described in several case studies the reenactment of perinatal experiences in psychotherapies, especially of children. A five-year-old boy climbed into Winnicott's jacket and then slit down the pants onto the ground. He repeated this again and again.
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However, specific therapies have been tested for use with specific disorders,Norcross, J.C. (Ed.). (2002). Psychotherapy relationships that work. OUP. and regulatory organizations in both the UK and US make recommendations for different conditions. The Helsinki Psychotherapy Study was one of several large long-term clinical trials of psychotherapies that have taken place.
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Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed.), 211–226. New York: Guilford Press. In addition, parents learn to select simple behaviors as an initial focus and reward each of the small steps that their child achieves towards reaching a larger goal (this concept is called "successive approximations").Forgatch MS, Patterson GR (2010).
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Evidence- based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed.), 211–226. New York: Guilford Press. In addition, parents learn to select simple behaviors as an initial focus and reward each of the small steps that their child achieves towards reaching a larger goal (this concept is called "successive approximations").Forgatch MS, Patterson GR (2010).
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Deriving from psychoanalysis, Group Analysis also draws on a range of other psychotherapeutic traditions and approaches: systems theory psychotherapies, developmental psychology and social psychology. Group analysis also has applications in organisational consultancy, and in teaching and training. Group analysts work in a wide range of contexts with a wide range of difficulties and problems.
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He was the first president of the Italian Society of Behavioural and Cognitive Therapy (SITCC) and he co-founded the Institute of Post-Rationalist Psychology and Psychotherapy (IPRA). Guidano's work has been called "the most important influence" on Jeffrey Young's schema therapy. He also influenced the elaboration of other constructivist psychotherapies such as coherence therapy.
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Some psychotherapies are based on a humanistic approach. There are a number of specific therapies used for particular disorders, which may be offshoots or hybrids of the above types. Mental health professionals often employ an eclectic or integrative approach. Much may depend on the therapeutic relationship, and there may be problems with trust, confidentiality and engagement.
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Cognitive behavioral therapy and other psychotherapies developed. The DSM and then ICD adopted new criteria-based classifications, and the number of "official" diagnoses saw a large expansion. Through the 1990s, new SSRI-type antidepressants became some of the most widely prescribed drugs in the world, as later did antipsychotics. Also during the 1990s, a recovery approach developed.
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Some psychotherapies, including DBT, were developed partly to overcome problems with interpersonal sensitivity and maintaining a therapeutic relationship. Adherence to medication regimens is also a problem, due in part to adverse effects, with drop-out rates of between 50 percent and 88 percent in medication trials. Comorbid disorders, particularly substance use disorders, can complicate attempts to achieve remission.
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Vieta’s research interests include the neurobiology and treatment of bipolar disorders. His work focuses on new pharmacological and psychological treatments and the effects of psycho-education and the other psychotherapeutic methods in the treatment of bipolar disorder and to the development of novel pharmacological treatments and psychotherapies such as Psychoeducation and Functional Remediation for bipolar disorder.
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Project MATCH was an 8-year, multi site, $27-million investigation that studied which types of alcoholics respond best to which forms of treatment. MATCH studied whether treatment should be uniform or assigned to patients based on specific needs and characteristics. The study concluded that twelve-step facilitation was as effective as the other psychotherapies studied.
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AREBT recognises professional qualifications that lead to membership of the organisation. It accredits Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy practitioners as therapists, supervisors, coaches and trainers. In 2008 the Association jointly created the National Rational Emotive Behaviour and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy register of accredited practitioners with British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP). Accredited members of AREBT and the BABCP could join the register.
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D. D. Spiegler, Contemporary Psychotherapies for a Diverse World (2012) p. 116 grounded in the feeling of universal cohumanity and the belief in the as yet slumbering potential of the patient or client. By making the patient aware of their secret life plan, the therapist is able to offer an alternative outlook better adapted to the wider world of social interests.Ellenberger, p.
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The training emphasizes empirically supported treatments known as evidence based psychotherapies. Training includes workshops in Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD, and Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for insomnia.Roberts, C.A. (2011) Coping with posttraumatic stress disorder: A Guide for Families p.55 Under the leadership of Executive Director David Riggs,Sharon Morgillo Freeman, PhD, MSN(Editor), Bret A Moore, Psy.
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Detweiler, J. B., & Whisman, M. A. (1999). The role of homework assignments in cognitive therapy for depression: Potential methods for enhancing adherence. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6(3), 267–282. Like the psychotherapies in which they are incorporated, homework may not be effective at helping all people with all different kinds of psychological disorders.Norcross, J. C., & Wampold, B. E. (2011).
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Character Analysis, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, and "character-analytic vegetotherapy"). Several types of body-oriented psychotherapies trace their origins back to Reich, though there have been many subsequent developments and other influences on body psychotherapy and somatic psychology is of particular interest in trauma work.Moskowitz, A., Schafer, I., & Dorahy, M.J. (Eds)(2008) Psychosis, Trauma and Dissociation: Emerging Perspectives on Severe Psychopathology.
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Curtis' interests are in the self-defeating behaviours of humans and how humans change over time. Her current projects analyse eating disorders, anxiety and depression, alcoholism and trauma in terms of psychotherapy and what can help in psychotherapy. She has published books on these topics, plus books on the self, psychoanalysis, psychotherapies and how humans cope with death and endings.
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In one example, at least three independent groups have converged on the conclusion that a wide variety of different psychotherapies can be integrated via their common ability to trigger the neurobiological mechanism of memory reconsolidation.; ; ; for a more hesitant view of the role of memory reconsolidation in psychotherapy see and the objections in some of the invited comments in For further examples, see , below.
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Interpersonal psychotherapy shows preliminary evidence of probable efficacy, but more research is needed to reach definitive conclusions. Researchers are exploring the possibility that MDMA might be an effective adjunctive treatment with psychotherapy. Researchers are also investigating using D-cycloserine, hydrocortisone, and propranolol as an adjunctive treatment to evidence-based exposure therapies, although there is not any evidence that such add-on treatments are more effective than trauma-focused psychotherapies.
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"Opifer" was in fact the classic appellation of Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine, when he appeared in the dreams of suffering people to bring them relief (Ovidius, Metamorphoseon L. XV: 653). Coherently with this name, OPIFER stresses the therapeutic function of psychoanalysis, as well as the opportuneness to host classic psychoanalysis and all psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapies under the same roof, in constant dialogue with clinical psychology and dynamic psychiatry.
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The 1929 Revigator (sometimes misspelled Revigorator) was a pottery crock lined with radioactive ore that emitted radon. Individuals and non-governmental agencies are active in attempts to expose quackery. According to John C. Norcross et al. less is consensus about ineffective "compared to effective procedures" but identifying both "pseudoscientific, unvalidated, or 'quack' psychotherapies" and "assessment measures of questionable validity on psycho-metric grounds" was pursued by various authors.
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The terms integrative psychotherapy and eclectic psychotherapy are sometimes used interchangeably, but the two terms are not synonymous. The American Psychological Association lists the two types of therapies as unique and different types of psychotherapies. Both eclectic and integrative psychotherapy combine the use of multiple psychological theories. Integrative psychotherapy tends to place greater emphasis on the theories being combined, while eclectic therapy tends to be more outcome focused.
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The Dodo bird debate only took flight in 1975 when Lester Luborsky, Barton Singer and Lise Luborsky reported the results of one of the first comparative studies demonstrating few significant differences in the outcomes among different psychotherapies. This study spurred a plethora of new studies in both opposition to and support of the Dodo bird verdict.. The Dodo bird debate, in brief, is focused on whether or not the specific components of different treatments lead some treatments to outperform other treatments for specific disorders. Supporters of the Dodo bird verdict contend that all psychotherapies are equivalent because of "common factors" that are shared in all treatments (i.e., having a relationship with a therapist who is warm, respectful, and has high expectations for client success)... In contrast, critics of the Dodo bird verdict would argue that the specific techniques used in different therapies are important, and all therapies do not produce equivalent outcomes for specific disorders.
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In 2002 the International Institute of Depth Psychology obtained its first State License of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine for psychoanalytic programs in education. The institute includes post-graduate psychoanalytic education, the Magistracy of Humanitarian and Social Sciences on Psychology, counseling centers, and a publishing house. The IIDP is a collective member of the Ukrainian Association of Psychoanalysis. In 2011 the Institute was accredited by the European Confederation of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapies.
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Chronic pain can be treated in a number of ways, and varies depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common pain medications prescribed to children include paracetamol, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid. Researchers have also found that psychotherapies are often helpful in reducing functional disability in children with chronic pain. A meta-analysis by Christopher Eccleston and colleagues found that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) significantly reduced pain severity for children with chronic headaches.
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Besides pharmacotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, psychotherapies and family interventions are routinely employed. A milieu therapy approach exists where patients participate in running the ward and help in looking after other patients. Regular physical exercise, outdoor and indoor games and Yoga are on hand for the patients. A very well stacked library having books in English, Hindi, Urdu and Bengali as well as a number of newspapers and magazines is freely accessible to the patients.
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Kegan's book In Over Our Heads (1994) extends his perspective on psychological development formulated in The Evolving Self. What Kegan earlier called "evolutionary truces" of increasing subject–object complexity are now called "orders of consciousness". In Over Our Heads explores what happens, and how people feel, when new orders of consciousness emerge, or fail to emerge, in various domains. These domains include parenting (families), partnering (couples), working (companies), healing (psychotherapies), and learning (schools).
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An approach called integral psychotherapy (Forman, 2010; Ingersoll & Zeitler, 2010) is grounded in the work of theoretical psychologist and philosopher Ken Wilber (2000), who integrates insights from contemplative and meditative traditions. Integral theory is a meta-theory that recognizes that reality can be organized from four major perspectives: subjective, intersubjective, objective, and interobjective. Various psychotherapies typically ground themselves in one these four foundational perspectives, often minimizing the others. Integral psychotherapy includes all four.
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Søren Kierkegaard suggested that the best use of our capacity for making choices is to freely choose to live a fully human life, rooted in a personal search for values, rather than an external code.G. B. Messer/A. S. Gurman, Essential Psychotherapies (2011) p. 261-2 Jean-Paul Sartre said "existentialism is a humanism" because it expresses the power of human beings to make freely-willed choices, independent of the influence of religion or society.
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Belief in prenatal fetal awareness, mental communication between mother and unborn child, and emotional attachment of child to mother as a prenatal phenomenon, are concepts that connect easily to the unfounded assumption that all adopted children suffer emotional disorders. These beliefs are also congruent with CAM psychotherapies such as attachment therapy (not based on attachment theory), which purport to bring about age regression and to recapitulate early development to produce a better outcome.
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Client-centered therapist engages in active listening during therapy sessions. A therapist cannot be completely non- directive; however, a nonjudgmental, accepting environment that provides unconditional positive regard will encourage feelings of acceptance and value. Existential psychotherapies, an application of humanistic psychology, applies existential philosophy, which emphasizes the idea that humans have the freedom to make sense of their lives. They are free to define themselves and do whatever it is they want to do.
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ACT work is commonly presented at ABCT and other mainstream CBT organizations. The British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP) has a large special interest group in ACT, with over 1,200 members. Doctoral-level behavior analysts who are psychologists belong to the American Psychological Association's (APA) Division 25—Behavior analysis. ACT has been called a "commonly used treatment with empirical support" within the APA-recognized specialty of behavioral and cognitive psychology.
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Psychotherapies are categorized in several different ways. A distinction can be made between those based on a medical model and those based on a humanistic model. In the medical model, the client is seen as unwell and the therapist employs their skill to help the client back to health. The extensive use of the DSM-IV, the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in the United States is an example of a medically exclusive model.
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Among the wider population, Dianetics gained popularity as a cheaper, simpler and apparently more effective means of self-improvement than conventional psychotherapies. Hubbard's optimistic view that Dianetics could alleviate the Cold War climate of tension and fear also struck a chord. One of his supporters, Frederick L. Schuman, wrote in a letter to the New York Times that "History has become a race between Dianetics and catastrophe". The success of Dianetics brought in a flood of money.
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Sociocybernetics is an independent chapter of science in sociology based upon the general systems theory and cybernetics. It also has a basis in organizational development (OD) consultancy practice and in theories of communication, theories of psychotherapies and computer sciences. The International Sociological Association has a specialist research committee in the area – RC51 – which publishes the (electronic) Journal of Sociocybernetics. The term "socio" in the name of sociocybernetics refers to any social system (as defined, among others, by Talcott Parsons and Niklas Luhmann).
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It is not yet understood how psychotherapies can succeed in treating mental illnesses. Different therapeutic approaches may be associated with particular theories about what needs to change in a person for a successful therapeutic outcome. In general, processes of emotional arousal and memory have long been held to play an important role. One theory combining these aspects proposes that permanent change occurs to the extent that the neuropsychological mechanism of memory reconsolidation is triggered and is able to incorporate new emotional experiences.
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There are different forms of psychoanalysis and psychotherapies in which psychoanalytic thinking is practiced. Besides classical psychoanalysis there is for example psychoanalytic psychotherapy, a therapeutic approach which widens "the accessibility of psychoanalytic theory and clinical practices that had evolved over 100 plus years to a larger number of individuals."[What is Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy? Toronto Psychoanalytic Society and Institute – ] Other examples of well known therapies which also use insights of psychoanalysis are mentalization-based treatment (MBT), and transference focused psychotherapy (TFP).
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Reviews found "low quality" evidence that CBT may be more effective than other psychotherapies in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. CBT has also been applied to a variety of childhood disorders, including depressive disorders and various anxiety disorders. CBT combined with hypnosis and distraction reduces self-reported pain in children. Cochrane reviews have found no evidence that CBT is effective for tinnitus, although there appears to be an effect on management of associated depression and quality of life in this condition.
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Plenum press. Functional analytic therapy focuses on in-session use of reinforcement and is primarily a relationally-based therapy.Kohlenberg, Boiling, Kanter & Parker (2002) Clinical Behavior Analysis: Where It Went Wrong, How It Was Made Good Again, and Why Its Future is So Bright. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(3), 248–53 BAOWilliams (2002) Constructing a Behavior Analytical Helping Process. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(3), 262–4 BAO As with most of the behavioural psychotherapies, functional analytic psychotherapy is contextual in its origins and nature.
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Anxious and depressed patients in two short-term therapies (solution-focused and brief psychodynamic) improved faster, but five years long-term psychotherapy and psychoanalysis gave greater benefits. Several patient and therapist factors appear to predict suitability for different psychotherapies. Meta-analyses have established that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy are equally effective in treating depression. A 2014 meta analysis over 11,000 patients reveals that Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is of comparable effectiveness to CBT for depression but is inferior to the latter for eating disorders.
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There are four major schools of thought regarding psychological treatment: psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, biological, and humanistic treatment. In the treatment of psychological distress, psychodynamic psychotherapy tends to be a less intensive (once- or twice-weekly) modality than the classical Freudian psychoanalysis treatment (of 3-5 sessions per week). Psychodynamic therapies depend upon a theory of inner conflict, wherein repressed behaviours and emotions surface into the patient's consciousness; generally, one's conflict is unconscious.Adapted from Corsini and Wedding 2008; Corsini, R. J., & Wedding, D. (2008) Current Psychotherapies, 8th Edition.
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Feelings are not permanent, but an ongoing thing because people constantly try to bring up, suppress, or manage feelings. The "Psychophysiological Flow", as Ikemi points out,Ikemi, Akira (2005), Carl Rogers and Eugene Gendlin on the Bodily Felt Sense: What they share and where they differ, in: Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, Vol 4, N. 1 is a concept created by Carl Rogers, founder of the humanistic psychology school, to describe the 'sensory and visceral experiences', or the flow of internal sensations that the individual can perceive.
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Evidence for the efficacy of other psychotherapies is absent or weak, often not being performed under randomized and controlled conditions. Well-designed studies have found interpersonal and social rhythm therapy to be effective. Although medication and psychotherapy cannot cure the illness, therapy can often be valuable in helping to address the effects of disruptive manic or depressive episodes that have hurt a patient's career, relationships or self-esteem. Therapy is available not only from psychiatrists but from social workers, psychologists and other licensed counselors.
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There is no agreed treatment protocol. In most reported cases of ORS the attempted treatment was antidepressants, followed by antipsychotics and various psychotherapies. Little data are available regarding the efficacy of these treatments in ORS, but some suggest that psychotherapy yields the highest rate of response to treatment, and that antidepressants are more efficacious than antipsychotics (response rates 78%, 55% and 33% respectively). According to one review, 43% of cases which showed overall improvement required more than one treatment approach, and in only 31% did the first administered treatment lead to some improvement.
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CBT includes a number of cognitive or behavior psychotherapies that treat defined psychopathologies using evidence-based techniques and strategies. CBT is based on the combination of the basic principles from behavioral and cognitive psychology. It is different from historical approaches to psychotherapy, such as the psychoanalytic approach where the therapist looks for the unconscious meaning behind the behaviors and then formulates a diagnosis. Instead, CBT is a "problem-focused" and "action-oriented" form of therapy, meaning it is used to treat specific problems related to a diagnosed mental disorder.
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AEDP proposes a theory and method of how psychotherapy can effect a positive change in a client's overall well-being. Among the many processes of change utilized by psychotherapies, AEDP privileges emotion processing, which is a series of steps that changes the quality of emotions that a person experiences, with the guidance of an affirming therapeutic relationship. AEDP is built upon two central premises. The first premise is that disorders of emotion and relationship are rooted in an early childhood history of traumatic emotional states that are not relieved by a caregiver.
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There are a number of different psychotherapies for depression which are provided to individuals or groups by psychotherapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical social workers, counselors or psychiatric nurses. With more chronic forms of depression, the most effective treatment is often considered to be a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice in people under 18. A meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of psychotherapy for depression across ages from younger than 13 years to older than 75 years. It summarizes results from 366 trials included 36,702 patients.
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There has traditionally been skepticism about the psychological treatment of personality disorders, but several specific types of psychotherapy for BPD have developed in recent years. There is growing evidence for the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of people with BPD, with indications that both comprehensive and non-comprehensive psychotherapeutic interventions may have a beneficial effect. Supportive therapy alone may enhance self-esteem and mobilize the existing strengths of individuals with BPD. Specific psychotherapies may involve sessions over several months or, as is particularly common for personality disorders, several years.
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Counseling methods developed include solution-focused therapy and systemic coaching. Postmodern psychotherapies such as narrative therapy and coherence therapy do not impose definitions of mental health and illness, but rather see the goal of therapy as something constructed by the client and therapist in a social context. Systemic therapy also developed, which focuses on family and group dynamics—and transpersonal psychology, which focuses on the spiritual facet of human experience. Other orientations developed in the last three decades include feminist therapy, brief therapy, somatic psychology, expressive therapy, applied positive psychology and the human givens approach.
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Attachment therapy is primarily based on Robert Zaslow's rage-reduction therapy from the 1960s and '70s and on psychoanalytic theories about suppressed rage, catharsis, regression, breaking down of resistance and defence mechanisms. Zaslow, Tinbergen, Martha Welch and other early proponents used it as a treatment for autism, based on the now discredited belief that autism was the result of failures in the attachment relationship with the mother. This form of treatment differs significantly from evidence-based attachment-based therapies, talking psychotherapies such as attachment-based psychotherapy and relational psychoanalysis.
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142 In 1971, two trainee primal therapists (another source claims they were "therapists"Crazy Therapies, pp. 123–124 at the Primal Institute), Joseph Hart and Richard Corriere, abandoned Arthur Janov and started the Center for Feeling Therapy. Hart claimed: "When we left Janov, forty percent of the patients came with us....we found that most had been faking their primals." Ethical issues in the psychotherapies, p. 37 In 1973 a "birth simulator" was in use at the Primal Institute. The simulator was a 10-foot-long adjustable pressure vinyl tube.
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The Role of a Community Mental Health Center in a New Jersey Public School System. Revista de Psihologie Scolara, vol 4, Dec 2009, Asociatia Nationala a Psihologilor Scolari Eds, Romania. McMahon, J. & Abrams, M. (2009). Author Motivation: An Interview Examining Personality Theory. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 9, 107-117. Ellis, A., Abrams, M., Abrams, L (2008). Theories of Personality: A critical perspective, Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage Press Abrams, M. & Abrams- Dengelegi. (1997). The paradox of cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapy. The Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 15, 133-156.
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In the decade between 2005 and 2015, at least five groups argued the notion that memory reconsolidation can be used to treat psychological problems. Three of these groups have proposed that the wide variety of different psychotherapies produce permanent change in clients to the extent that they manage to activate this same neurobiological mechanism of reconsolidation in a way that leads to deconsolidation. But for a more hesitant view of the role of memory reconsolidation in psychotherapy that criticizes some of the claims of Ecker et al., see: Memory reconsolidation may be a common factor in many forms of psychotherapy.
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For example, psychotherapeutic integration using this model would include subjective approaches (cognitive, existential), intersubjective approaches (interpersonal, object relations, multicultural), objective approaches (behavioral, pharmacological), and interobjective approaches (systems science). By understanding that each of these four basic perspectives all simultaneously co-occur, each can be seen as essential to a comprehensive view of the life of the client. Integral theory also includes a stage model that suggests that various psychotherapies seek to address issues arising from different stages of psychological development (Wilber, 2000). The generic term, integrative psychotherapy, can be used to describe any multi-modal approach which combines therapies.
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These psychotherapies, also known as "experiential", are based on humanistic psychology and emerged in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis, being dubbed the "third force". They are primarily concerned with the human development and needs of the individual, with an emphasis on subjective meaning, a rejection of determinism, and a concern for positive growth rather than pathology.Maslow, A.H. (2011) "Toward A Psychology of Being" - Reprint of 1962 Edition, Martino Fine Books. Some posit an inherent human capacity to maximize potential, "the self-actualizing tendency"; the task of therapy is to create a relational environment where this tendency might flourish.
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The Ellis - Abrams model proposed that people are innately and evolutionarily inclined towards rigid cognitive styles that included demandingness, absolutism, or dichotomous thinking. These irrational thinking styles were said to be exacerbated or attenuated during development by both life adversities and innate temperaments. This and related REBT personality theories were presented in the text Abrams coauthored with Ellis which was Ellis’s only college textbook Personality Theories: Critical Perspectives. In addition, to his personality studies with Ellis, Abrams' research with Ellis into REBT and CBT led him to propose that all successful psychotherapies were actually performing CBT - irrespective of their stated theoretical orientation.
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IPSRT was studied as one of three intensive psychosocial treatments in the NIMH-funded Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). STEP-BD was a long-term outpatient study investigating the benefits of psychotherapies in conjunction with pharmacotherapy in treating episodes of depression and mania, as well as preventing relapse in people with bipolar disorder. Patients were 1.58 times more likely to be well in any study month if they received intensive psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, family focused therapy, or IPSRT) than if they received collaborative care in addition to pharmacotherapy. They also had significantly higher year-end recovery rates and shorter times to recovery.
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Beyerstein was a noted critic of Scientology, writing for the International Journal of Mental Health "The areas of science that enjoy the greatest prestige at any moment are the most tempting targets for appropriation by pseudoscientists. Capitalizing on dramatic progress in the neurosciences, the merchants of personal success were quick to commandeer neurological jargon to provide a patina of authority. Scientology's "engrams" and its notorious "e-meter" were pioneers in this trend." > (O)n balance, psychotherapies founded on ill-conceived assumptions may still > prove beneficial if they furnish needed reassurance in an atmosphere where > clients can mull over solutions to their dissatisfactions about life.
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Gamblers Anonymous has been compared with other strategies, such as Cognitive-behavioral therapy as efficacy methods of psychotherapies for pathological gambling. Compared to problem gamblers who do not attend GA, GA members tend to have more severe gambling problems, are older, have higher incomes, are less likely to be single, have more years of gambling problems, have larger debts, have more serious family conflicts, and less serious substance abuse problems. GA may not be as effective for those who have not had significant gambling problems. GA is effective to prevent "relapses" (inability to remain abstinent from gambling), but not as effective when helping members deal with the consequences of their relapse.
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The term future-oriented therapy was first used in an article by psychologist Walter O'Connell in 1964, and then the term was used as the title of an article by psychiatrist Stanley Lesse in 1971. Psychiatrist Frederick T. Melges also used the term in his writings in the 1970s and 1980s.See also: "Melges (1982) has developed the most comprehensive psychopathology to date based on time and the perceived future" (p. 165). In the 2000s, psychiatrist Bernard Beitman, inspired in part by Melges, wrote about future-oriented formulation and about how emphasis on the future is a common factor among different approaches to psychotherapy and is a basis for integrating psychotherapies.
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EFT began in the mid-1980s as an approach to helping couples. EFT was originally formulated and tested by Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg in 1985,; ; ; and the first manual for emotionally focused couples therapy was published in 1988. To develop the approach, Johnson and Greenberg began reviewing videos of sessions of couples therapy to identify, through observation and task analysis, the elements that lead to positive change. They were influenced in their observations by the humanistic experiential psychotherapies of Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls, both of whom valued (in different ways) present-moment emotional experience for its power to create meaning and guide behavior.
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Svetlana Uvarova in 2010 Svetlana Uvarova (born June 20, 1964) – Ph.D., psychoanalyst, Master of Psychology of the University of Strasbourg (France), founder and Rector of the International Institute of Depth Psychology (Kyiv, Ukraine), President of the Ukrainian Association of Psychoanalysis and the International Federation of Psychoanalysis, Board member, certified training analyst and supervisor of the European Confederation of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapies ( Vienna, Austria), member of the World Council for Psychotherapy, editor-in-chief of the journal Psychoanalysis.Chronicle (Kyiv, Ukraine), a member of the Editorial Board of the European Journal of Psychoanalysis (Rome, Italy, New York, USA), editor-in-chief of its Russian language version (Kyiv, Ukraine).
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The idea that separation from the female caregiver has profound effects is one with considerable resonance outside the conventional study of child development. In United States law, the "tender years" doctrine was long applied when custody of infants and toddlers was preferentially given to mothers. Over the last decade or so, some decisions appear to have been derived from the "tender years" concept, but others involve the contrary assumption that a 2-year-old is too young to have developed a relationship with either parent. Concern with the harm of separation from the mother is characteristic of the belief systems behind some complementary and alternative (CAM) psychotherapies.
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Although both sides are trying to improve psychology in their respective ways, the disagreement about and lack of consistent evidence for the Dodo bird verdict may in fact be the cause of increased public doubt about the field. The conclusion of the debate could nationally dictate which therapists and which procedures will remain financially supported. For example, if the Dodo bird verdict is thought to be true regarding different psychotherapies, then many clinicians would feel free to use any therapy they see fit to employ. However, if the Dodo bird verdict is proven to be false, then clinicians would likely have to use empirically supported therapies when treating their clients.
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In 1979 Shulman was licensed by New York State and opened his practice in psychotherapy and psychoanalysis in New York City. Two years later, he moved to New Jersey, first Harrington Park and then Demarest, and received his license to practice in NJ in 1982. In 1990-91 he served as senior content designer and on-air lecturer in the nationally televised PBS series The World of Abnormal Psychology. In 1997 he founded and directed the National Training Program in Contemporary Psychoanalysis at The National Institute for the Psychotherapies, at which he continues to teach and supervise. The National Training Program was Shulman’s and Dr. James Fosshage's creation.
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Reward dependence is one of the temperament dimensions from the “tridimensional personality theory”, which was proposed by C. Robert Cloninger as part of his “unified bio-social theory of personality”. His personality theory suggested the hypothesis that specific neurochemical transmitters in our brain determine how we respond to a specific stimulus we may experience. These innate personality traits can play a significant role not only in an individuals' predisposition to certain disorders, but also in their maintenance of those disorders. By understanding the specific temperamental traits that are common among individuals with specific disorders, clinicians can form a more targeted, informed approach to treatment and look to newer psychotherapies for guidance.
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According to the theory of LBT, people decide to make themselves upset emotionally and behaviorally by deducing self- defeating emotional and behavioral conclusions from irrational premises. LBT retains the theoretical base of the cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies, insofar as it contends emotional and behavioral problems to be rooted in malignant and maladaptive thought processes and patterns. LBT considers itself not only a type of philosophical counseling, but a form of cognitive- behavioral therapy. At the same time, LBT remains firmly planted in philosophy by way of the use of formal logic, informal logic, phenomenological intentionality, and philosophical antidotes in conceptualizing and treating mental disorders and psychosocial difficulties.
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Hätinen et al. list a number of common treatments, including treatment of any outstanding medical conditions, stress management, time management, depression treatment, psychotherapies, ergonomic improvement and other physiological and occupational therapy, physical exercise and relaxation. They have found that is more effective to have a greater focus on "group discussions on work related issues", and discussion about "work and private life interface" and other personal needs with psychologists and workplace representatives. Jac JL van der Klink and Frank JH van Dijk suggest stress inoculation training, cognitive restructuring, graded activity and "time contingency" (progressing based on a timeline rather than patient's comfort) are effective methods of treatment.
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Stress management is a wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's level of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of and for the motive of improving everyday functioning. In this context, the term 'stress' refers only to a stress with significant negative consequences, or distress in the terminology advocated by Hans Selye, rather than what he calls eustress, a stress whose consequences are helpful or otherwise Stress produces numerous physical and mental symptoms which vary according to each individual's situational factors. These can include physical health decline as well as depression. The process of stress management is named as one of the keys to a happy and successful life in modern society.
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In initial studies, cognitive therapy was often contrasted with behavioral treatments to see which was most effective. During the 1980s and 1990s, cognitive and behavioral techniques were merged into cognitive behavioral therapy. Pivotal to this merging was the successful development of treatments for panic disorder by David M. Clark in the UK and David H. Barlow in the US. Over time, cognitive behavior therapy came to be known not only as a therapy, but as an umbrella term for all cognitive-based psychotherapies. These therapies include, but are not limited to, rational emotive therapy (REBT), cognitive therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, reality therapy/choice theory, cognitive processing therapy, EMDR, and multimodal therapy.
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Boszormenyi-Nagy is best known for developing the Contextual approach to family therapy and individual psychotherapy. It is a comprehensive model which integrates individual psychological, interpersonal, existential, systemic, and intergenerational dimensions of individual and family life and development. The contextual model, in its most well-known formulation, proposes four dimensions of relational reality, both as a guide for conducting therapy and for conceptualizing relational reality in general: :(1) Facts (e.g., genetic input, physical health, ethnic-cultural background, socioeconomic status, basic historical facts, events in a person's life cycle, etc) :(2) Individual psychology (the domain of most individual psychotherapies) :(3) Systemic transactions (the domain covered by classical systemic family therapy: e.g., rules, power, alignments, triangles, feedback, etc) :(4) Relational ethics.
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Insight-oriented psychotherapies focus on revealing or interpreting unconscious processes. Most commonly referring to psychodynamic therapy, of which psychoanalysis is the oldest and most intensive form, these applications of depth psychology encourage the verbalization of all the patient's thoughts, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst formulates the nature of the past and present unconscious conflicts which are causing the patient's symptoms and character problems. There are six main schools of psychoanalysis, which all influenced psychodynamic theory:Psychodynamic Therapy J. Haggerty, PsychCentral, 2013 Freudian, ego psychology, object relations theory, self psychology, interpersonal psychoanalysis,Sullivan, H. S. (1953) The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. New York: NortonBlechner, M. J.(2018) The Mindbrain and Dreams.
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Cognitive behavioral therapy attempts to combine the above two approaches, focused on the construction and reconstruction of people's cognitions, emotions and behaviors. Generally in CBT, the therapist, through a wide array of modalities, helps clients assess, recognize and deal with problematic and dysfunctional ways of thinking, emoting and behaving. The concept of "third wave" psychotherapies reflects an influence of Eastern philosophy in clinical psychology, incorporating principles such as meditation into interventions such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a relatively brief form of psychotherapy (deriving from both CBT and psychodynamic approaches) that has been increasingly studied and endorsed by guidelines for some conditions.
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The individual organisations that train psychotherapists have always been self-regulating. Over the last twenty years, however, there has been an increase in the number of institutions and range of psychotherapies on offer to the public. The British Psychoanalytic Council is one of a number of bodies which exist to protect the interests of the public by promoting standards in the selection, training, professional association and ethical conduct of psychotherapists. It is the primary body for psychoanalytic psychotherapy in the UK. The BPC, together with each of its member institutions, aims to protect the public by setting out the appropriate standards of professional conduct, and a Code of Ethics, which describes the responsibilities of psychoanalytic psychotherapists.
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Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. This is somewhat similar to the awareness–management movement in business training programs, where mindfulness and cognitive- shifting techniques are employed. The emphasis of ACT on ongoing present moment awareness, valued directions and committed action is similar to other psycho-therapeutic approaches that, unlike ACT, are not as focused on outcome research or consciously linked to a basic behavioral science program, including approaches such as Gestalt therapy, Morita therapy and Voice Dialogue, IFS and others. Wilson, Hayes & Byrd explore at length the compatibilities between ACT and the 12-step treatment of addictions and argue that, unlike most other psychotherapies, both approaches can be implicitly or explicitly integrated due to their broad commonalities.
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Despite psilocybin's illegality in most of the world, psilocybin advocates argue that it is very important to have research on its positive consequences for people with mental illnesses. Thus, there is a bureaucracy to follow for obtaining permission to study psilocybin as used by researchers. The usage of psilocybin holds a low but unpredictable chance of eliciting panic attacks, lasting flashbacks of the drug experience or even a psychosis, which serves as one of the reasons why psilocybin is illegal in many countries and not used in therapy. Another reason was formulated by the president of the German Medical Association in 2010 appealing to official psychotherapies as aiming to support a patient's self-organization instead of a drug-based therapy.
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Many resources available to a person experiencing emotional distress—the friendly support of friends, peers, family members, clergy contacts, personal reading, healthy exercise, research, and independent coping—all present considerable value. Critics note that humans have been dealing with crises, navigating severe social problems and finding solutions to life problems long before the advent of psychotherapy. On the other hand, some argue psychotherapy is under-utilized and under-researched by contemporary psychiatry despite offering more promise than stagnant medication development. In 2015, the US National Institute of Mental Health allocated only 5.4% of its budget to new clinical trials of psychotherapies (medication trials are largely funded by pharmaceutical companies), despite plentiful evidence they can work and that patients are more likely to prefer them.
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Based in Bury, the BABCP works to promote cognitive behavioral psychotherapies, disseminate information, set standards, and support local interest groups. An annual conference has been held in July every year since 1975, with additional training seminars. The peer reviewed journal Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, with Paul M Salkovskis as the current Editor-in-Chief, is free to members. Members can also apply for accreditation as CBT practitioners, with the qualification used as a formal recognition of CBT training Swift, G., Durkin, I., Beuster, C. Cognitive therapy training for psychiatrists: impact on individual clinical practice Psychiatr Bull 2004 28: 117-119 and as guidance in a United Kingdom government initiative to improve access to psychological treatments (Improving Access to Psychological Therapies).
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Psychotherapies and medications form a part of the overall context of mental health services and psychosocial needs related to BPD. The evidence base is limited for both, and some individuals may forego them or not benefit (enough) from them. It has been argued that diagnostic categorization can have limited utility in directing therapeutic work in this area, and that in some cases it is only with reference to past and current relationships that "borderline" behavior can be understood as partly adaptive and how people can best be helped. Numerous other strategies may be used, including alternative medicine techniques (see List of branches of alternative medicine); exercise and physical fitness, including team sports; occupational therapy techniques, including creative arts; having structure and routine to the days, particularly through employment - helping feelings of competence (e.g.
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Multiple evidence based treatments for mood and anxiety disorders in the general population have been adapted to deal with stressors directly related to cancer. Common maladaptive cognitions that are associated with cancer include misinterpreting pain or other physical sensations as cancer progression, or struggling to adapt to the uncertainty of treatment and life after treatment. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and related psychotherapies are particularly well suited to manage these cognitive concerns that emerge throughout the cancer process and serve to interfere with individuals' quality of life. CBT and adjacent therapies have also been used to support management of chronic pain and fatigue that patients treatment with chemotherapy often experience, helping to improve both their interpretations of the symptoms but also help manage their lives behaviorally in the context of functional impairment.
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Person-centered therapy, now considered a founding work in the humanistic school of psychotherapies, began with Carl Rogers, and is recognized as one of the major psychotherapy "schools" (theoretical orientations), along with psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, classical Adlerian psychology, cognitive behavioral therapy, existential therapy, and others. Rogers affirmed individual personal experience as the basis and standard for living and therapeutic effect. This emphasis contrasts with the dispassionate position which may be intended in other therapies, particularly the behavioral therapies. Living in the present rather than the past or future, with organismic trust, naturalistic faith in one's own thoughts and the accuracy in one's feelings, and a responsible acknowledgment of one's freedom, with a view toward participating fully in our world, contributing to other peoples' lives, are hallmarks of Rogers' person-centered therapy.
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This probably led him to turn his attention to Christian Fundamentalists and legal conservatives in the United States. In From the Pulpit to the Bench, he argued that literalism, was prevailing interpretive style in America, extending well beyond the fundamentalists and the legal conservatism of Bork, Scalia and their ilk to popular understanding of DNA and trauma-centered psychotherapies. Unfortunately, he did not investigate latter. He noted ironically that while the academy was focused on the postmodern future of simulacra and semantical skidding, conservative evangelicalism was on the rise. Perhaps in reaction to the constraints of the Fundamentalists’ dogged literalism and fear of the imagination and figurative language (at least Crapanzano claims), he focused his Jensen lectures in Frankfurt on the creative play of the imagination, which were published in his book Imaginative Horizons.
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Several concerns, both theoretical and empirical, have arisen in response to the ascendancy of ACT. One major theoretical concern was that the primary authors of ACT and of the corresponding theories of human behavior, relational frame theory (RFT) and functional contextualism (FC), recommended their approach as the proverbial holy grail of psychological therapies. Later, in the preface to the second edition of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, the authors clarified that "ACT has not been created to undercut the traditions from which it came, nor does it claim to be a panacea." Psychologist James C. Coyne, in a discussion of "disappointments and embarrassments in the branding of psychotherapies as evidence supported", said: "Whether or not ACT is more efficacious than other therapies, as its proponents sometimes claim, or whether it is efficacious for psychosis, is debatable".
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In his influential book, Client-Centered Therapy, in which he presented the client-centered approach to therapeutic change, psychologist Carl Rogers proposed there are three necessary and sufficient conditions for personal change: unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy, and genuineness. Rogers believed the presence of these three items, in the therapeutic relationship, could help an individual overcome any troublesome issue, including but not limited to alcohol abuse. To this end, a 1957 study compared the relative effectiveness of three different psychotherapies in treating alcoholics who had been committed to a state hospital for sixty days: a therapy based on two-factor learning theory, client-centered therapy, and psychoanalytic therapy. Though the authors expected the two-factor theory to be the most effective, it actually proved to be deleterious in the outcome.
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The evaluation of therapeutic outcomes. Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, 217–70 Studies have shown that individuals exhibited negative responses to treatment in some substance abuse work, some types of grief therapy, and certain therapeutic techniques with trauma and PTSD patients. While those studies that support the Dodo bird verdict focus on the importance of building a client–therapist relationship, some studies have "identified a number of other relationship factors that may interfere with or negatively impact therapeutic change".. The emerging evidence to the effect that there are possibly harmful psychotherapies is not only contradictory to the "all therapies are equal" stance of the Dodo bird verdict, but may also point out problems implicating the APA's Code of Ethics. Many meta-analyses show that there are treatments that do yield more positive outcomes for specific disorders.
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If the normal course of secure attachment between parent and infant is disrupted, parent–infant psychotherapy is a catch-all term to describe psychotherapies that either aim to restore this bond or to work with vulnerable parents to overcome disruption and prevent further occurrence. Examples of this kind of therapy include, "Watch, Wait, Wonder," and psychoanalytic parent-infant psychotherapy. Many of these techniques require a three-way relationship between the parent, child, and therapist. During therapy sessions, the parent may express his or her thoughts and feelings which are based on a combination of factors including: # The parent's experiences as a child # The parent's expectations and hopes for the child's future # The relationships the parent has with other people The therapist's role is as an observer and an interpreter of the interaction between the infant and the parent.
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Although an activating event, such as a divorce or loss of a job, objectively is not on the same level as a catastrophic event, rushing to the conclusion that it is irrational for the client to think that way is potentially invalidating the intensity of the client's subjective emotional experience. Regardless, empathic understanding and the building of therapeutic rapport is an important component to all psychotherapies and counseling methods and is no less important in LBT. While LBT may be conceptually sound and have firm theoretical roots, much of psychotherapy and counseling research emphasizes the importance of evidence-based practice, that is, interventions and therapeutic approaches that have scientific evidence for their efficacy. Given this, to establish LBT's efficacy and effectiveness empirical validation must occur through psychotherapy research methodology if it is to be considered valid by the psychotherapeutic or counseling communities.
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Fosha developed a theory and technique of psychotherapy, AEDP, based upon several conceptual premises as points of departure from the prevailing psychodynamic psychotherapies. Her theory of how healing occurs in psychotherapy derives from her interpretation of research findings in several areas: the neuroscience of attachment, caregiver–infant interaction research, positive psychology, emotion research, psychotherapy research findings on therapist qualities associated with positive therapy outcomes, and phenomenology of the psychological experience of sudden change. Her core premise is that the desire to heal and grow is a wired-in capacity, which she calls the transformance drive, and that healing change must derive from this innate resiliency. Emotional healing and brain re-wiring occur as the patient forms a new experience of a secure attachment relationship to the therapist, and the therapist helps the patient to experience emotions that, in the past, have been too overwhelming.
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The text of this paper was then published in collaboration with Chertok in 1987, with replies from many psychoanalysists, philosophers and sociologists, such as Georges Lapassade, Octave Mannoni and Franklin Rausky. In this paper, Borch-Jacobsen presented evidence that psychoanalytic transference is a form of altered state of consciousness, comparable with those that had existed in the work of psychotherapies which predate psychoanalysis, from Shamanism to the hypnotism of the Nancy School, by way of animal magnetism. He averred that "" ("On Freud's own admission, the phenomenon of transference is nothing other than the resurgence, in the bosom of [psycho]analytical] techniques, of the characteristic relationship (of 'rapport') of hypnosis techniques: dependence, submission, or again... exclusive worship of the doctor"). He emphasised that there is consequently an important risk of suggestion on the part of the psychoanalyst, even more so when the psychoanalyst himself is not conscious of these phenomena.
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He has contributed to the assimilation of cognitive science principles in the clinical field. A more specific contribution was focused on developing the theory and practice of rational- emotive and cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT/REBT), which brought him both the Aaron T. Beck Award and the Albert Ellis Award of the International Institute for the Advanced Study of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health. In 2004 he was invited as "Guest Editor" by the Journal of Clinical Psychology to organize a special issue titled: "Cognitive revolution in clinical psychology: Beyond the behavioral approach" in order to present the state-of- the-art regarding the impact of the cognitive revolution on the clinical field. As founding editor of the Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies (abstracted: SSCI/Thomson ISI Web of Science; SCOPUS; PsycInfo; IBSS and full text: EBSCO; ProQuest), a Journal focused on evidence- based practice, he has supported the evidence-based approach in the clinical field.
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At the present time, the evolving standard of care for the treatment of PTSD includes psychotherapy supplemented by psychopharmacology, where appropriate and used to relieve posttraumatic symptoms as well as associated symptoms of depression, anxiety, obsessive–compulsive disorder and, on occasion, psychosis, carefully applied according to the needs of the client. This is particular important because the overall cost of mental illness to the U.S. economy is staggering, with a 2008 report estimating costs over $300 billion, both the direct costs of mental health care and indirect costs including loss of income from unemployment (McCall-Hosenfield, Mukherjee, Lehman, 2014). Despite demonstrated effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there is limited research on the trajectory of PTSD symptom change during the course of these therapies. In addition, existent findings are mixed, making it difficult to know how individuals’ PTSD symptoms will change from week to week during psychotherapy (Schumm, Jeremiah, Kristen, Chard, 2013).
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Generalized anxiety disorder is based on psychological components that include cognitive avoidance, positive worry beliefs, ineffective problem-solving and emotional processing, interpersonal issues, previous trauma, intolerance of uncertainty, negative problem orientation, ineffective coping, emotional hyperarousal, poor understanding of emotions, negative cognitive reactions to emotions, maladaptive emotion management and regulation, experiential avoidance, and behavioral restriction. To combat the previous cognitive and emotional aspects of GAD, psychologists often include some of the following key treatment components in their intervention plan; self-monitoring, relaxation techniques, self-control desensitization, gradual stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, worry outcome monitoring, present-moment focus, expectancy-free living, problem-solving techniques, processing of core fears, socialization, discussion and reframing of worry beliefs, emotional skills training, experiential exposure, psychoeducation, mindfulness and acceptance exercises. There exist behavioral, cognitive, and a combination of both treatments for GAD that focus on some of those key components. Among the cognitive–behavioral orientated psychotherapies the two main treatments are cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT).
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Hans Eysenck, author of "The effects of psychotherapy: an evaluation" (1952) Saul Rosenzweig started the conversation on common factors in an article published in 1936 that discussed some psychotherapies of his time., ; ; Lisa Wallner Samstag has argued that Saul Rosenzweig's contribution to common factors theory has often been misunderstood () John Dollard and Neal E. Miller's 1950 book Personality and Psychotherapy emphasized that the psychological principles and social conditions of learning are the most important common factors.; more recently, Warren Tryon has championed learning as a common factor, e.g. : "Therapists, and the therapeutic approaches that currently divide us, differ only with regard to what is to be learned and how it is to be acquired... This makes learning and memory basic to our science and profession and should motivate us to search for mechanisms that underlie all effective psychological interventions..." Sol Garfield (who would later go on to edit many editions of the Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change with Allen Bergin) included a 10-page discussion of common factors in his 1957 textbook Introductory Clinical Psychology.
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However, the bill subsequently got blocked in the New York State Senate. On April 29, 2015, the New York State Assembly again voted 111–12 to pass a bipartisan bill that would have prohibited health care providers from undertaking conversion therapy.A04958 Text: "Sexual orientation change efforts" (i) means any practice by a mental health professional that seeks to change an individual's sexual orientation, including, but not limited to, efforts to change behaviors, gender identity, or gender expressions, or to eliminate or reduce sexual or romantic attractions or feelings towards individuals of the same sex and (ii) shall not include counseling for a person seeking to transition from one gender to another, or psychotherapies that: (A) provide acceptance, support and understanding of patients or the facilitation of patients' coping, social support and identity exploration and development, including sexual orientation-neutral interventions to prevent or address unlawful conduct or unsafe sexual practices; and (B) do not seek to change sexual orientation. The bill died without a vote in the Senate. A new bill passed the state Assembly by a vote of 116-19 on April 30, 2018, but also did not receive a vote in the Senate.
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1996 - 1997 - consulting psychologist in the Medical Advisory Center MRI; 1997-1999 - consulting psychologist at the Charitable Foundation for promoting Mental Culture Institute of developmental psychotechnologies; 1999 - 2001 - Director of Kyiv branch institution of the East European Institute of Psychoanalysis; Since 2000 - Board member of the European Confederation of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapies (Vienna, Austria); 2001- 2004 - Director of the LLC International Institute of Depth Psychology; Since 2003 - President of the All-Ukrainian Non-Governmental Organization Ukrainian Association of psychoanalysis and editor-in-chief of the journal Psychoanalysis.Chronicle (Kyiv, Ukraine); Since 2004 - Rector of the Private Higher Educational Establishment International Institute of Depth Psychology; Since 2005 - a member of the Editorial Board of the European Journal of Psychoanalysis (Rome, Italy); In 2008 - a participant of the educational project Organization and assistance in stress and crisis situations organized by The Community Stress Prevention Center (Israel); Since 2012 - a member of the World Council for Psychotherapy (Vienna, Austria); Since 2013 - editor-in-chief of Russian language version of the European Journal of Psychoanalysis (Kyiv, Ukraine); March, 2015 - corresponding member of the G.S. Kostiuk Institute of Psychology of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine; Since 2015 - President of the International Federation of Psychoanalysis (Strasburg, France).
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