That's what I tried to do here — mix provenances, epochs.
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The delectable phony nosh span all sorts of materials and provenances.
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The pieces being shown are only those whose provenances are known.
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But there are many others whose provenances are not so apparent.
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Market-fresh pieces with desirable provenances remain the main draw for Chinese bidders at auction.
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The website lists provenances for the sketches, which were made by Cheyenne, Arapaho, Lakota and Kiowa tribespeople.
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Charles-Wesley Hourde, a former Christie's specialist, showed a selection of African and Oceanic sculptures notable for their distinguished provenances.
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JESSE GREEN This was an odd year, with many different kinds of shows in different styles and with different provenances.
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Ms. Kane has helped debunk family legends about provenances, corrected typos in the historical records and resolved disagreements among dealers and scholars.
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The investigation found that Kapoor allegedly created false provenances to disguise the histories of his illicit antiquities, according to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
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It cites an email seized by investigators where Mr. Latchford tells her he gives bronze statues to Ms. Bunker in exchange for false provenances.
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UK-based experts in archaeology, partnered with a sophisticated database, will work alongside experts in Cairo and Khartoum to observe shady provenances on precious cultural objects.
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"Plundering antiquities in the Middle East and South America and legitimizing them with false provenances, that's the major problem in the art world today," Mr. Greenhalgh said.
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Labels will note Mr. Way's role in the provenances: "He did such a remarkable job of bringing it all together," said Jennifer Lemak, the museum's chief curator of history.
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In the first half of the year, Tiffany will roll out the provenances for all of their diamonds, as well other specificities typically not found in the industry's lab reports.
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As for Mr. Latchford, the complaint says some of the phony provenances were used to help market items he sold to Ms. Wiener or had bought in tandem with her.
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But he asked Agnes Peresztegi, a Paris-based lawyer and expert on Holocaust era property claims, in recent months to seek more information on the museum's holdings, including more detailed provenances.
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For some time now, the availability of Old Masters — of good pictures with good provenances — has been dwindling, and the stream of good old pictures is today little more than a trickle.
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"All the known provenances and accessible history about the painting at the date of its sale a decade ago were extensively researched and referenced in Christie's catalogue," Cat Manson, a spokeswoman for the company, wrote in an email.
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Soon after opening the museum in 2001 in a Fifth Avenue mansion that was once home to the society doyenne Grace Vanderbilt, wife of Cornelius Vanderbilt III, Mr. Lauder faced criticism that the provenances listed for many works were incomplete.
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Ms. Peresztegi had been asked by Mr. Lauder to seek more information on his own and the museum's holdings, including more detailed provenances, and she said her review would lead to updated, clarified information on the museum's website in coming months.
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Nicole Dennis-Benn carefully unspools the stories behind each wound over the long course of this richly imagined novel, her second; their provenances emerge gradually, piece by piece, the way a person's story of trauma emerges only with time and trust.
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Museum catalogues of artworks typically include provenances, with a detailed account of the particular works; although this massive, two-volume publication includes some interpretative essays about Catholicism and fashion, and color photographs of the garments, it doesn't treat them seriously as art.
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The range in products offered here — extremely affordable to practically unattainable, familiar to little known, easy-to-wear to adventurous — is, at its best, an acknowledgment that now more than ever, people wear outfits that include clothes with wildly different provenances and prices.
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There are 128 of his drawings, with dozens more by contemporaries, as well as three of his sculptures; the list of works in the exhibition catalogue, including provenances and bibliographies, is laid out in small, single-spaced type that goes on for 15 large pages.
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Kevin Young, the author of the National Book Award finalist "Jelly Roll: A Blues," among many other works, is a poet of extraordinary dynamism and erudition, whose flair for intricate cultural reference is tempered by his distrust of postmodernism's risk of blurring provenances and voiding ethical obligations.
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To elevate their research, he and his staff have hired additional experts, are overhauling the museum's website to ensure that provenances are more detailed and soon plan to announce a surprising byproduct of their labors: One of the Neue Galerie's major works has a clouded history and may be returned to people who say they are the rightful owners.
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The plantation currently has more than 50,000 trees of various provenances.
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Most of these vases appear to have been traded to Italy, especially the area around Rome, Etruria. Of the 85 vases that have listed provenances, 74 were shipped to Italy and over of 50 of these to the Etruria region. The other provenances include Sicily, Egypt and Turkey, but they appear in nominal numbers.
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Genetic variation of cones, seed and nursery-grown seedlings of baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.] provenances. M.S. Thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
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Turesson's ideas and findings have had a lasting effect on evolutionary biology of plants. At the main campus of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Ultuna, one may still see a long row of birch trees of provenances ranging from Scania to Lappland, planted by Turesson. Spectacularly, bud burst in spring starts in the end of the southern provenances and proceeds 'northwards', while autumn leaf colouring and senescence starts in the northern provenances and proceeds 'southwards'. Thus, Turesson continues to remind SLU students that phenology has a genetic basis and that local adaption may be revealed in common garden experiments.
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The Freenlandic Arboretum in Narsarsuaq has an area of 150 hectares and comprises approximately 110 species from about 600 provenances, making it one of the most extensive tree-line arboreta in the world.
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Volcanism on land, wind blown sediments as well as particulates discharged from rivers can contribute to Hemipelagic deposits. These deposits can be used to qualify climatic changes and identify changes in sediment provenances.
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Different sections of titles acquired individual names which revealed something about their provenances. Some of these dozens of names have been adopted for specific reference, often given the same designation as the overall work, lex.
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Furthermore, the marginal populations of many tree species are facing new threats due to climate change. Most countries in Europe have recommendations or guidelines for selecting species and provenances that can be used in a given site or zone.
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New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 26. OCLC 822993516. As a byproduct of this illegal trade, many objects originally sold to tourists and now housed in private collections and museums today have vague provenances that lack documentation.Marilyn, Jenkins-Madina; Smith, Dylan T. (2006).
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In 2005 Denmark was Europe's leading producer of Nordmann firs for Christmas trees. That year Denmark produced 8-9 million Nordmanns.Nielsen, Ulrik Bruhner and Chastagner, Gary A. "Variation in Postharvest Quality Among Nordmann Fir provenances", HortScience, Vol. 40 No. 3, June 2005, accessed September 23, 2012.
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The Los Lunas Decalogue Stone is often grouped with the Heavener Runestone, Kensington Runestone, Dighton Rock, and the Newport Tower as examples of American landmarks with disputed provenances. Other disputed American Hebrew inscriptions include the Smithsonian Institution's Bat Creek Inscription and the Newark Ohio Decalogue Stone, Keystone, and Johnson-Bradner Stone.
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Andrew Shea, Director, Portrait of Wally: The Face that Launched a Thousand Lawsuits (documentary film, 2012). The opening of previously sealed Austrian archives, in tandem with the 1998 restitution decree, has produced a wealth of new evidence documenting Nazi spoliation. Jane Kallir continues to work with Austrian researchers on updating Schiele provenances.
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The provenances in this period are Jamugudapadar, Chandrasagarnala, Urlukupagarh, Budigarh (M. Rampur), Bhimkela – Asurgarh, Kholigarh (Belkhandi) etc. in Kalahandi and the finding include celt, ring stone, microlithc, colourful and sophisticated ceramic, graffiti / sign / alphabet (Harappan & Megalithic), copper items, gold article, high tin bronze objects, precious and semi – precious stone beads, terracotta figurines, house foundation, spindle – whorl, weight stone, and mud brick.
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Stranglehold attempts to translate the gun ballet aesthetic popularized by director Johnny Woo, used in films such as Hard Boiled and The Killer, to an interactive media format. Although the game has drawn comparisons to Remedy Entertainment's Max Payne franchise, which was influenced by Woo, a more accurate account of both games' creative provenances traces the games to Woo's lengthy, balletic shootouts.
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Statues A-K were found during Ernest de Sarzec's excavations in the court of the palace of Adad-nadin-ahhe in Telloh (ancient Girsu). Statues M-Q come from clandestine excavations in Telloh in 1924; the rest come from the art trade, with unknown provenances and sometimes of doubtful authenticity. Figures L and R do not represent Gudea with reasonable certainty.
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Fast-growing and drought tolerant, but only slightly frost tolerant, Cupressus lusitanica has been introduced from Mexico's provenances to different parts of the world. It is widely cultivated, both as an ornamental tree and for timber production, in warm, temperate and subtropical regions around the world. Trees have not been selected for cultivation from northern Mexico populations, which have a heavy drought endurance.
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Several pieces of evidence suggest that the 36-line Bible was printed in Bamberg, Germany. Firstly, the paper used is from a group of Italian papers known to have been used at Bamberg, and not found in use at Mainz, the location of Gutenberg's press. Second, those copies in early bindings show evidence of having been bound in or near Bamberg. Thirdly, many copies can be shown to have early Bamberg provenances.
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Durendal, also spelled Durandal, is the sword of Roland, legendary paladin of Charlemagne in French epic literature. It is also said to have belonged to young Charlemagne at one point, and, passing through Saracen hands, came to be owned by Roland. The sword has been given various provenances. Several of the works of the Matter of France agree that it was forged by Wayland the Smith, who is commonly cited as a maker of weapons in chivalric romances.
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The art forger Shaun Greenhalgh and his father acquired a copy of the 1892 sale catalogue and used the un-illustrated catalogue descriptions to recreate items, for which the catalogue was used to provide spurious provenances. Their most notorious forgery supported by this false provenance was the so-called "Amarna Princess", made in the Amarna art style of ancient Egypt, which they sold in 2003 to Bolton Museum for £440,000, but were subsequently unmasked as forgers.
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She did add significant items to the collection, particularly furniture and carpets with French royal provenances, Meissen porcelain, textiles and armor.Hall, pp. 180–91 Following Alice de Rothschild's death in 1922, the property and collections passed to her French great-nephew James A. "Jimmy" de Rothschild, who was married to an English woman, Dorothy Pinto. James further enriched the Manor with objects from the collections of his late father Baron Edmond James de Rothschild of Paris.
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However the total sum of profits made through Myatt's forgeries exceeds €25 million. On 16 April 1996 police raided Drewe's gallery in Reigate, Surrey, south of London, and found materials he had used to forge certificates of authenticity. Drewe had also altered the provenances of genuine paintings to link them to Myatt's forgeries, and added bogus documents to archives of various institutions in order to "prove" the authenticity of the forgeries. The trial of Myatt and Drewe began in September 1998.
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However their provenances before the 19th century differ, and Vermeer sometimes varied a theme in otherwise unrelated paintings. In the 19th century, both paintings were owned by the art critic Théophile Thoré, whose writings led to a resurgence of interest in Vermeer starting in 1866. The painting entered the National Gallery with the Salting Bequest in 1910. The painting is one of several works by Vermeer featuring keyboard instruments, including The Music Lesson, The Concert, and Lady Standing at a Virginal.
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In 2016, Sydney collector Stewart Symonds donated 130 musical instruments to Edith Cowen University, amongst which was a 1780 'square' (actually rectangular) piano by Frederick Beck, identified as Worgan's First Fleet piano. Media coverage surrounding this piano's return to England in March 2019 for refurbishment revealed a second piano (this one by Longman and Broderip) also alleged to be Worgan's First Fleet piano - both pianos were reportedly sold by the same dealer with similar provenances claiming prior ownership by Elizabeth Macarthur.
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'It seems probable that Luke and Josephus wrote independently of one another; for each could certainly have had access to sources and information, which he then employed according to his own perspectives. A characteristic conglomerate of details, which in part agree, in part reflect great similarity, but also in part, appear dissimilar and to stem from different provenances, accords with this analysis.', Schreckenberg & Schubert, 'Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christian Literature', Compendia Rerum Iudicarum Ad Novum Testamentum, volume 2, p. 51 (1992).
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The majority of his work is on larger vases and has been found on lekythoi, amphoras, hydrias, kylixes, and stamnos, as well as various fragments. The provenances of his vases are predominantly from the western shores of Italy and the south western coast of Sicily, which most likely denotes that most of the Oreithyia painter's work was exported through trade. The Oreithyia painter is typically viewed as an independent vase painter during the early 5th century. His works are limited in number and popularity.
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Scientific testing was done on one of his works, the Recumbent Cleric in the Museu Catalunya (Museum stock #9923 Image of the sculpture at the Google Cultural Institute) to see if the provenance of the alabaster could be determined. When the isotopic signatures of the oxygen and sulphur of this alabaster piece are compared with those of the geological raw materials of it and similar items, there is accordance, in general, with the historical documentation. Most of the items tested with unknown provenances were consistent with a Tertiary marine origin.
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The coins in the core area are generally attributed to the Atrebates and Cantii in the areas south of the Thames and the Trinovantes and Catuvellauni to the north. The archaeological record may be distorted by cases of the deliberate falsification of find spots. Historically this falsification may have been driven by farm-workers wanting to hide that they had taken the coins from their employer's land. More recently, false provenances have been produced to hide the source of coins looted by metal detectorists such as the mass looting of the Wanborough Temple site.
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Many Schiele collectors were persecuted after Hitler annexed Austria in 1938. Egon Schiele: The Complete Works contains an appendix, “Who’s Who in the Provenances,” which documents collections that were looted or otherwise lost during the Nazi years.Jane Kallir, Egon Schiele: The Complete Works–Including a Biography and a Catalogue Raisonné (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1900; expanded edition 1998) In 1997, Kallir gave the New York Times a file documenting the Nazi theft of Schiele’s painting Portrait of Wally.Dobrzynski, ““The Zealous Collector,”” The New York Times, Dec.
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Most rugs from other provenances use the asymmetric, or Persian knot. This knot is tied by winding a piece of thread around one warp, and halfway around the next warp, so that both ends of the thread come up at the same side of two adjacent strings of warp on one side of the carpet, opposite to the knot. The pile, i.e., the loose end of the thread, can appear on the left or right side of the warps, thus defining the terms “open to the left” or “open to the right”.
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This variation can alter the overall appearance of the tree, canopy shape and branch size, the relative shape and size of the leaves, and their colour and stiffness. There may also be invisible adaptations for resistance to disease or insect attack. Some of these regional provenances are different enough to have been named by North Island Māori: in the north, in the central uplands, in the east and in the west. In Northland, C. australis shows a great deal of genetic diversity—suggesting it is where old genetic lines have endured.
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The Carl Andre Catalogue Raisonné of Sculptures is being created. The catalogue will include a comprehensive account of all sculptures made by Carl Andre over the past sixty years. Each of the approximately 2000 individual sculptures will be annotated with relevant scholarly information including the work’s title, place and date of origin, as well as technical data such as material, configuration and measurements. Historical and current provenances, exhibition history and a listing of selected publications will round out the profile of each work, showing the worldwide impact of Carl Andre’s sculptural oeuvre.
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Excelsior is cut from "bolts" (round, halved, quartered, or otherwise split logs) of poplarThe Black Poplar (for example aspen), pine, spruce or eucalyptus. The suitability of Eucalyptus grandis and two provenances of Pinus kesiya for wood wool-cement slab manufacture by A J Hawkes; A P Robinson; Publisher: London : Tropical Products Institute, 1978. , For evaporative cooler pads, the dominant source is the aspen. Wood wool can be produced in either horizontalISO 9567:1989 Woodworking machines -- Horizontal shredding machines for wood wool production, quadruple effect -- Nomenclature or vertical shredding machines.
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As a result of climate changes, leading to increasing temperatures, some parts of the current distribution ranges of forest trees are expected to become unsuitable while new areas may become suitable for many species in higher latitudes or altitudes. This will most likely increase the future demand for imported forest reproductive material as forest managers and owners try to identify tree species and provenances that will be able to grow in their land under new climatic conditions. Especially, forest reproductive material with high plasticity will be increasingly useful for this purpose.
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The provenances of the various versions of this painting are constructed based on documents, analysis of the paintings and preliminary sketches. For over two centuries the prime version of the painting remained together with the Madonna of Loreto, first at Santa Maria del Popolo until 1591, then in private collections; then for a time in the early 19th century its location was unknown. Until 1970 it was commonly believed that the London version of the painting was a studio copy of a Raphael original, which was believed to be the version in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.Beck: 69.
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Riahi swiftly achieved notoriety among French dealers due to regularly outbidding them on the finest pieces at auction. Among the master craftsmen represented in the collection were André Charles Boulle, the ébénistes Bernard II van Risamburgh and Martin Carlin; and carpets and tapestry from the Savonnerie and Gobelins manufactories. Some of his individual pieces included wall brackets from Marie Antoinette's bedroom and a cabinet made for the Comtesse de Provence. 59 pieces from the collection, including pieces with royal provenances, were purchased in 2000 by Christie's and estimated to raise 25 million dollars when auctioned off.
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The very long Chapter 125Budge 2008, pp. 355–78. of the Book of the Dead lists names and provenances (either geographical or atmospheric) of the Assessors of Maat. A declaration of innocence corresponds to each deity: it is pronounced by the dead himself, to avoid being damned for specific "sins" that each of the 42 Judges is in charge of punishing. The deceased was accompanied in the presence of Osiris by the psychopomp god Anubis — where he would have declared that he was guilty of none of the "42 sins" against justice and truth by reciting a text known as "Negative confessions".
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His son later assumed the name François-Charles Joullain and became one of the most important dealers of the second half of the 18th century.Hellyer 1996. His son authored the book, Réflexions sur la peinture et la gravure, (Reflections on Painting and Engraving) in 1786.Joullard, F.C. Réflexions sur la peinture et la gravure, Paris, A. Metz, 1786 Finally, his son was instrumental in establishing a systematic approach to the documentation of artworks with Répertoire de tableaux: dessins et estampes , ouvrage utile aux amateurs (1783); a work in which he started to record the prices and provenances of major paintings sold in the previous decade, but left unfinished.
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Irnerius taught along lines firmly established in the teaching of Scripture, by reading aloud a section of the civil law, which the students would copy, and add to the text his commentary and explanatory glosses. Thus he was the first of the glossators, whose explications of the law became an essential part of the legal curriculum. The text of Justinian's Pandects used in Bologna, referred to as the Littera Bononiensis, closely parallel to the Littera Florentina, would be disseminated throughout Europe as students returned home from Bologna: there are versions of the Bolognese Littera with provenances in Paris, Padua, Leipzig and at the Vatican (Purpura 2001).
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The false potto (Pseudopotto martini) is a lorisoid primate of uncertain taxonomic status found in Africa. Anthropologist Jeffrey H. Schwartz named it in 1996 as the only species of the genus Pseudopotto on the basis of two specimens (consisting only of skeletal material) that had previously been identified as pottos (Perodicticus potto). The precise provenances of the two specimens are uncertain, but at least one may have come from Cameroon. Schwartz thought the false potto could even represent a separate family, but other researchers have argued that the supposed distinguishing features of the animal do not actually distinguish it from the potto; specifically, the false potto shares several features with West African pottos.
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In the end, Greenhalgh's artistic ability was downplayed. Detective Sgt Rapley of the Metropolitan Police Arts and Antiquities Unit said "Looking at them now I'm not sure the items would fool anyone, it was the credibility of the provenances that went with them." Despite this claim the list of experts and institutions who were fooled is long, and includes the Tate Modern, the British Museum, the Henry Moore Institute, and auction houses Bonhams, Christie's, Sotheby's and other experts from "Leeds to Vienna." The Faun was displayed at the van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam; while the Amarna Princess went on display at the South Bank Hayward Art Gallery, in an exhibition opened by the Queen.
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However, providing research was not much essential in developing the thesis of the oldest Sarmatian theory, and authors were not able to create and try to prove other alternative versions of it. This gullibility therefore, refers to the continuous of the former theory, except a few, maybe more creative examples. It is impossible to estimate the invaluable contribution of the Sarmatian theory to the formation of the Polish national culture. Its genesis lies, paradoxically, in the completely innocent pursuits of the sixteenth-century scholars (of different social class provenances), which – contrary to their intentions (which were academic in a pure sense) – were used in the next century by the growing in strength nobility.
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Although the retrieval of artifacts from the shipwreck was highly successful and accomplished within two years, dating the site proved difficult and took much longer. Based on related works with known provenances, the bronze statues could be dated back to the fourth century BC. It was suggested that the marble statues, however, were Hellenistic-era copies of earlier works. Philitas of Cos, the philosopher's head Some scholars speculated that the ship was carrying part of the loot of the Roman General Sulla from Athens in 86 BC, and might have been on its way to Italy. A reference by the Greek writer, Lucian, to one of Sulla's ships sinking in the Antikythera region gave rise to this theory.
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Ceramic lantern The definition of “Raqqa Ware” and the ceramics themselves have been a subject of debate and controversy since the coining of the term in the late 19th century. This is due to the influence of salesmen’s market schemes in academia, the implication that Raqqa Ware was unique to Raqqa, and questionably vague provenances of works that exist in both museums and private collections today. “Raqqa Ware” has thus become a term referring to an overarching group of ceramics that fall into the same stylistic category, but does not necessarily indicate a Raqqan origin, as works have been found along the Euphrates River, throughout Southern Antolia, Syria and Egypt.Fuller, Dorian Q (January 2004).
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The Municipal Library and the Ministerial Library administered by it are characterised by an extensive old stock: 160 medieval manuscripts from the monastery of All Saints and from other provenances, including the Vita s. Columbae (7th century), 260 incunabula (prints from before 1500), manuscripts and letters from the Reformation and from the 18th century. Particularly noteworthy are the papers of the Schaffhausen Reformer Johann Conrad Ulmer (1519-1600) and the estates of the brothers Johannes von Müller (1752-1809) and Johann Georg Müller (1759-1819) The municipal library on Münsterplatz and the open access library Agnesenschütte are open to everyone and offer rooms for self-study, meetings and exchange of ideas. Use of the libraries is free of charge.
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From their bibliographies, there do not appear to be any full listings in English of the collections of Rudolf, Christina or the Dukes of Orléans, still less ones with current locations. One such group is the Sutherland Loan or Bridgewater Loan, including sixteen works from the Orleans Collection,Penny, 466 in the National Gallery of Scotland, and another is at Castle Howard, Yorkshire. There are twenty-five paintings formerly in the collection now in the National Gallery, London, which have arrived there by a number of different routes.Penny, 461 lists 25, though for example the National Gallery catalogue for the Flemish School (Martin, 1970) lists other Orléans provenances that are not certain in the "Index of Previous Owners".
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The Wallace Collection, comprising about 5,500 works of art, was bequeathed to the British nation by Lady Wallace in 1897. The state then decided to buy Hertford House to display the collection and it was opened as a museum in 1900. As a museum the Wallace Collection's main strength is 18th- century French art: paintings, furniture, porcelain, sculpture and gold snuffboxes of the finest quality and often with illustrious provenances from great collections. Complementing the 18th-century French works are masterpieces of 16th- to 19th-century painting by some of the greatest names of European art, such as Titian, Van Dyck, Rembrandt, Hals, Velázquez, Gainsborough and Delacroix, the finest collection of princely arms and armour in Britain and superb medieval and Renaissance objects including Limoges enamels, maiolica, glass and bronzes.
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Divergent Paths of the Restoration—a reference work on this subject—follows this approach. In such studies, as well as in general Latter Day Saint parlance, the -ite-suffixed terms Josephite and Brighamite have been used for the Missouri-based Community of Christ and the Utah-based LDS Church, respectively; these terms have sometimes been used to distinguish groups of denominations. Those denominations within each group share a common ancestry and basic beliefs that are different from groups sharing other provenances. The present article, in a similar fashion, distinguishes among groups of denominations by use of commonly understood names such as Mormon fundamentalist or else by short descriptions that often reference a founder of the first church within a factional group—for example, Joseph Smith III in reference to Community of Christ and various churches and factions that trace their origin to it.
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For a "Rembrandt", Keating might make pigments by boiling nuts for 10 hours and filtering the result through silk; such colouring would eventually fade, while genuine earth pigments would not. As a restorer he knew about the chemistry of cleaning-fluids; so, a layer of glycerine under the paint layer ensured that when any of his forged paintings needed to be cleaned (as all oil paintings need to be, eventually), the glycerin would dissolve, the paint layer would disintegrate, and the painting – now a ruin – would stand revealed as a fake. Occasionally, as a restorer, he would come across frames with Christie's catalogue numbers still on them. To help in establishing false provenances for his forgeries, he would call the auction house to ask whose paintings they had contained – and would then paint the pictures according to the same artist's style.
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Francois-Charles Joullain was the author of three works which serve the historian of the art market as a guide to auction house practices in the 18th century: his Répertoire de tableaux, dessins et estampes, ouvrage utile aux amateurs, 1783, his Variation de prix concernant les tableaux, 1786, and above all his Reflexions sur la peinture et la gravure, accompagnées d'une courte dissertation sur le commerce de la curiosité et les ventes en général, Metz, 1786.on-line text. Joullain was a pioneer of the way that paintings were valued with his Répertoire de tableaux: dessins et estampes, ouvrage utile aux amateurs (1783); a work in which he recorded the prices and provenances of major paintings sold in the previous decade. McAllister, W.J., "Paintings, Provenance and Price: Speculations on 18th-Century Connoissuership in France," Gazette de Beaux- Artes, Vol. 107, 1987, pp 191-99 In this regard, Joullain built on the earlier work of Edmé-François Gersaint (1694–1750) who was the first French art dealer to introduce detailed Catalogs with descriptions of the work and biographies of the artist.
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