About 8,000 preprints a month are now uploaded to arXiv.
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Some journal editors say that preprints would be detrimental to science.
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But advocates of preprints say they're a net benefit to science.
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In February, for example, ASAPbio, a group of biologists who are trying to promote the use of preprints, began looking for bidders to create a website which will index all life-science preprints published in public repositories.
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The growing popularity of preprints is giving them one avenue to escape.
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Scientists are also increasingly publishing prepublication versions of their studies (often called preprints).
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Called "preprints," these study drafts are often nearly identical to finished, published studies.
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As preprints become more popular, they're throwing the field into a state of uncertainty.
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Researchers say this time the speed and sheer number of preprints has been unprecedented.
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And others, like Cell, say prospective authors who wish to post preprints must ask first.
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But whatever the cause, the result was clear: an unwillingness by non-physicists to embrace preprints.
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The wider use of preprints might also help reduce the problem of pre-publication data-hoarding.
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With enough scientists pushing to legitimize preprints, they hope journals will allow the systems to coexist.
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Well, because non-peer-reviewed preprints are often mistaken by the general public for peer-reviewed science.
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Over the years the number using it has increased, to the point where around 300 preprints are deposited every day.
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Preprints have only been around for a few years, but their benefits to the scientific community are already becoming clear.
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Those opposed to such "preprints" argue that they allow shoddy work to proliferate because it has not yet been peer-reviewed.
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In February the Biohub announced it would disburse $50m to 47 local scientists on condition they made their work available as preprints.
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SPRITE (Sample Parameter Reconstruction via Iterative Techniques) was described last month in PeerJ Preprints by James Heathers of Northeastern University, in Boston.
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Researchers are also encouraged to freely share their discoveries via preprints and data- and code-sharing, among other offerings, according to the spokesperson.
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As more researchers submit preprints and make their data available to others, they may find the comments they receive regarding their work helpful.
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The wide adoption of preprints, however, depends ultimately on paymasters and interview panels moving away from judging the worth of a scientist by the number of publications in elite journals that appear on his CV. While few funding agencies consider preprints to be formally published work, some have at least made tentative moves towards assessing a scientist's research more broadly.
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Preprints can also be debated in public and have their flaws ironed out, before they ever make it onto the record in a journal.
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The arXiv, as this repository is known, now hosts over a million preprints, a large proportion of which have been published eventually by physics journals.
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Yet another Nobel Prize laureate, Randy Schekman, a cell biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, has argued for its importance even while supporting preprints.
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And in the case of the coronavirus outbreak, preprints have helped get the word out about existing drugs that might be effective for treating patients.
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To convince people to embrace preprints, Dr Polka, Dr Vale and other biologists organised ASAPbio, a meeting held on February 15th-0003th in Chevy Chase, Maryland.
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If the science community takes this notion seriously, more researchers might be persuaded of the value of publishing preprints (because journal publications will be less important).
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It can take months to a year before studies are ready for publication, and preprints allow the public to learn about the research as it's happening.
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It is far from comprehensive, but on top of OpenAccess, preprints and a few other options, science is beginning to become something that doesn't require a subscription.
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The events of the last week have made Feigl-Ding come up with a new social media policy, he said, one that identifies preprints as the problem.
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Preprints are great, and the researchers maintain copyright to them, but it's also possible that the final citation-of-record could be different after it goes through review.
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This system is called an overlay journal (in that the editing and journal gatekeeping is overlain on top of preprints), and it already exists to a small extent.
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If university libraries drop their costly journal subscriptions in favor of free preprints, journals may well withdraw permission to use them, forcing biomedical researchers to make a harder choice.
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Since the "uncanny" preprint went up, a swarm of researchers have left critiques in its comment section, posted comments on other preprints, and tweeted out their observations about the findings.
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It has just been posted in PeerJ Preprints by Nicholas Brown of the University Medical Centre Groningen, in the Netherlands, and James Heathers of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland.
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But advocates of preprints say they're a net benefit to science: They allow for the public discussion of papers before they're set in a finalized form — a type of peer review.
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While hailed by many as a crucial tool for accelerating scientific progress, critics worry that preprints, which are meant to be consumed by fellow scientists, might be misinterpreted by the general public.
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Since 1991 physicists have been able to deposit early versions of their papers, known as preprints, in an online repository called arXiv (the "X" represents a Greek "chi" rather than a Latin "ex").
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In such contexts, the observation of Richard Sever, who runs the bioRxiv server at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, considered the best known place to post biology preprints, becomes harder to ignore, researchers say.
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And if study authors share their preprints on Twitter, "I believe that myself and my colleagues have an obligation to frame the research in a way that is accessible to the audience at hand," Majumder said by email.
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"Posting preprints would allow scientific crowdsourcing to increase the number of errors that are caught, since traditional peer-reviewers cannot be expected to be experts in every sub-discipline," writes Scott Hartman, a paleobiology PhD student at the University of Wisconsin.
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While several influential journals, including Science and Nature, have a stated policy of treating preprints on an equal footing with papers that have not been posted elsewhere, few biologists have chosen an option they fear will handicap already slim prospects of acceptance.
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An advocate for what's called "open science," where studies are freely accessible instead of hidden behind paywalls, Neches put a call out on Twitter over the weekend, asking scientists to give feedback on preprints about the new coronavirus, now numbered at more than 300 and increasing by the day.
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A rival firm, Plum Analytics, in Philadelphia, tracks mentions, downloads, clicks and the like of everything from preprints (papers that have been made publicly available, but are not yet formally published) and sets of raw data to non-commercial computer programs which investigators have written to assist their own endeavours.
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As they describe in a paper in PsyArXiv Preprints, Sean Wilner and his colleagues at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have come up with a way of reconstructing, given the mean, standard deviation and number of data points in a result (all three of which are usually stated as part of such a result), all the possible data sets which could have given rise to that result.
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As Harold Varmus, another Nobel Prize recipient and former director of the National Institutes of Health put it in a widely tweeted talk at the conference: Unlike physicists, for whom preprints became a default method of communicating discoveries in the 1990s, biomedical researchers typically wait more than six months to disseminate their work while they submit it — on an exclusive basis — to the most prestigious journal they think might accept it for publication.
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Since 1991, preprints have increasingly been distributed electronically on the Internet, rather than as paper copies. This has given rise to massive preprint databases such as arXiv.org and to institutional repositories. The sharing of preprints goes back to at least the 1960s, when the National Institutes of Health circulated biological preprints.
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Many had concerns of having their research scooped by competitors and losing their claim to discovery. However, several geneticists had submitted papers to the "quantitative biology" section of the arXiv repository (launched in 2003) and no longer had those concerns, as they could point to preprints to support their claims of discovery. As a result of bioRxiv's popularity, several biology journals have updated their policies on preprints, clarifying they do not consider preprints to be a 'prior publication' for purpose of the Ingelfinger rule. Over 20,000 tweets were made about bioRxiv-hosted preprints in 2015.
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Between 1989 and 1991, Cohn maintained an electronic mailing list for sharing theoretical physics preprints or "e-prints". In the summer of 1991, Paul Ginsparg volunteered to create an automated system for sharing preprints, which developed into the arXiv.
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A few studies are available as preprints (i.e. not yet peer reviewed) documents.
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Like other preprint servers, it saw a surge in COVID19 preprints in 2020.
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In February 2017, a coalition of scientists and biomedical funding bodies including the National Institutes of Health, the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust launched a proposal for a central site for life-sciences preprints. In February 2017, SciELO announced plans to set up a preprints server – SciELO Preprints. In March 2017, the National Institutes for Health issued a new policy encouraging research preprint submissions. In April 2017, Center for Open Science announced that it will be launching six new preprint archives.
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There is no evidence that "scooping" of research via preprints exists, not even in communities that have broadly adopted the use of the arXiv server for sharing preprints since 1991. If the unlikely case of scooping emerges as the growth of the preprint system continues, it can be dealt with as academic malpractice. ASAPbio includes a series of hypothetical scooping scenarios as part of its preprint FAQ, finding that the overall benefits of using preprints vastly outweigh any potential issues around scooping.. Indeed, the benefits of preprints, especially for early-career researchers, seem to outweigh any perceived risk: rapid sharing of academic research, open access without author-facing charges, establishing priority of discoveries, receiving wider feedback in parallel with or before peer review, and facilitating wider collaborations.
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"Morphological evidence supports Dryolestoid affinities for the living Australian marsupial mole Notoryctes". PeerJ Preprints. 2: e755v1. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.755v1. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
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Fifty-five preprints were posted in the first 15 days of Nature Precedings. Of those, 26 were submitted as manuscripts and 29 as posters/presentations.Nature Precedings search; searched July 3, 2007 Corresponding numbers for the first 50 days were 89, 48, and 41, and for the first six months, 303, 227, and 76. About 500 and 650 preprints were published during the first and second years, respectively.
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ADS's database links preprints with subsequently published articles wherever possible, so that citation and reference searches will return links to the journal article where the preprint was cited.
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Majumder is also an advocate for the importance of preprints, or pre-peer-reviewed publications, in quickly disseminating information and shaping the global discourse during public health crises.
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After six years the use of these Information Exchange Groups was stopped, partially because journals stopped accepting submissions shared via these channels. In 2016, several new preprint servers were proposed by Crossref, Centre for Open Science and ASAPbio. In January 2017, the Medical Research Council announced that they will now be actively supporting preprints beginning in April 2017. Also in January 2017, Wellcome Trust stated that they will now accept preprints in grant applications.
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Announced in December 2017, SciELO Preprints, a SciELO pre-print server, was launched in 2018. It was built on the Open Science Framework platform used by the Center for Open Science.
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A persistent concern surrounding preprints is that work may be at risk of being plagiarised or "scooped" – meaning that the same or similar research will be published by others without proper attribution to the original source – if publicly available but not yet associated with a stamp of approval from peer reviewers and traditional journals. These concerns are often amplified as competition increases for academic jobs and funding, and perceived to be particularly problematic for early-career researchers and other higher-risk demographics within academia. However, preprints, in fact, protect against scooping. Considering the differences between traditional peer-review based publishing models and deposition of an article on a preprint server, "scooping" is less likely for manuscripts first submitted as preprints.
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No.2 (12). pp. 81–103. The Russian public and the problem of Jewish equality in the early 20th century // The Society "Jewish heritage". A series of preprints. Vol. 29.- M. 1997.
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In 2016 Polka was described in the journal Nature as an "agent of change" for explaining how junior researchers can increase the impact of their work. For instance, ASAPbio encourages preprints within biology. ASAPbio tries to mitigate the effect of lengthy waiting times before publications are reviewed and published, following the example of physics, computer science and maths, fields that have already adopted preprints. She has also taken an interest in strategies for preventing sexual harassment in the scientific community.
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DNA Learning Center, 2013 Annual Report, in press. The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press has established a program consisting of seven journals, 190 books, laboratory manuals and protocols, and online services for research preprints.
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Peer J Preprints. It was deposited in alluvial and coastal plain environments, and it is bounded by the nonmarine Oldman Formation below it and the marine Bearpaw Formation above it.Eberth, D.A. 2005. The geology.
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The separation of the databases allows searching in each discipline to be tailored, so that words can automatically be given different weight functions in different database searches, depending on how common they are in the relevant field. Data in the preprint archive is updated daily from the arXiv, the main repository of physics and astronomy preprints. The advent of preprint servers has, like ADS, had a significant impact on the rate of astronomical research, as papers are often made available from preprint servers weeks or months before they are published in the journals. The incorporation of preprints from the arXiv into ADS means that the search engine can return the most current research available, with the caveat that preprints may not have been peer reviewed or proofread to the required standard for publication in the main journals.
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Within the field of high-energy physics, the posting of preprints on arXiv is so common that many peer-reviewed journals allow submission of papers from arXiv directly, using the arXiv e-print number. In some branches of physics, the arXiv database may serve as a focal point for the many criticisms made of the peer review process and peer-reviewed journals. In his column in Physics Today, April 1992, David Mermin described Ginsparg's creation as potentially "string theory's greatest contribution to science". About 8,000 preprints per month are uploaded to arXiv as of 2016.
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In ICOM-CC 15th Triennial Conference Preprints, New Delhi, 22–26 September 2008, ed. J. Bridgland, 572–580. Paris: International Council of Museums. In the third stage during 1888–89 Seurat added the colored borders to his composition.
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A.A. Lopuhin, S.D. Urusov and anti- Semitism // The Society "Jewish heritage". A series of preprints. Vol. 30.- M. 1997. The activities of committees, commissions and meetings on Jewish reforms in Russia in the 19th - early 20th century // "Questions of history". 2000.
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At the end of the 2010s, libraries and discovery tools increasingly integrate Unpaywall data, which indexes millions of preprints and other green open access sources and manages to serve over half of the requests by users without the need for subscriptions.
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MarXiv is a free research repository for ocean-conservation and marine-climate science. Initial funding was provided by the David and Lucille Packard Foundation. It is due to launch in November 2017 via the Center for Open Science Preprints framework.
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Preprints provide a time-stamp at the time of publication, which helps to establish the "priority of discovery" for scientific claims (Vale and Hyman 2016). This means that a preprint can act as proof of provenance for research ideas, data, code, models, and results. The fact that the majority of preprints come with a form of permanent identifier, usually a digital object identifier (DOI), also makes them easy to cite and track. Thus, if one were to be "scooped" without adequate acknowledgement, this would be a case of academic misconduct and plagiarism, and could be pursued as such.
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For the past 20 years, GreyNet has sought to serve researchers and authors in the field of grey literature. To further this end, GreyNet has signed on to the OpenGrey repository and in so doing seeks to preserve and make openly available research results originating in the International Conference Series on Grey Literature. GreyNet together with INIST-CNRS have designed the format for a metadata record, which encompasses standardized PDF attachments of the full-text conference preprints, PowerPoint presentations, abstracts, biographical notes, and post-publication commentaries. GreyNet's collection of over 270 conference preprints is both current and comprehensive.
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Pyotr Stolypin "Jewish policy" // The Society "Jewish heritage". A series of preprints. Vol. 19. M. 1996. The Jewish question and financial relations between Russia and the West in the late 19th - early 20th century // the Bulletin of the Jewish University in Moscow. 1996.
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Serials Review, 34 (1). When applied to journal articles, the term "eprints" covers both preprints (before peer review) and postprints (after peer review). Digital versions of materials other than research documents are not usually called e-prints, but some other name, such as e-books.
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Columns & Columns: thematic and personal columns by the web site contributors. Stories & Essays: preprints from books, essays, features, translations of poetry and prose, and stories originally written for Booknik. Contests & Quizzes: the interactive section, including contests, polls, quizzes, tests, etc. Audio & Video: Booknik's video blog.
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Publication of manuscripts in a peer-reviewed journal often takes weeks, months or even years from the time of initial submission, owing to the time required by editors and reviewers to evaluate and critique manuscripts, and the time required by authors to address critiques. The need to quickly circulate current results within a scholarly community has led researchers to distribute documents known as preprints, which are manuscripts that have yet to undergo peer review. The immediate distribution of preprints allows authors to receive early feedback from their peers, which may be helpful in revising and preparing articles for submission. Most publishers allow work to be published to preprint servers before submission.
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The SSRN, formerly known as Social Science Research Network, is both a repository for preprints and international journal devoted to the rapid dissemination of scholarly research in the social sciences and humanities and more. Elsevier bought SSRN from Social Science Electronic Publishing Inc. in May 2016.
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Preprints, 4th Conference on Hydrometeorology, Reno, Nev., American Meteorological Society, Boston, 94-99. As the warm season progresses, the favorable regions for MCC formation shift from the southern plains of the United States northward. By July and August, the north-central states become the most favorable.
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Jessica Polka is a biochemist and the Executive Director of ASAPbio (Accelerating Science and Publication in biology), a non-profit initiative promoting innovation and transparency via preprints and open peer review. She was one of the organizers of a recent meeting they held on scholarly communication.
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COVID Economics, Vetted and Real-Time Papers is an economics publication established in late March 2020 and published by the CEPR. It serves as an online-only forum for the rapid dissemination of research on COVID-19. Articles are published as preprints after being vetted by the publication's editors.
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A free account allows the user to create one free private document, with more available via a paid subscription. Authorea also supports preprint workflows. Authorea partnered with bioRxiv to enable authors to submit preprints directly to bioRxiv from Authorea in 2017. Additionally, preprint review hosting platform PREreview was built using Authorea technical infrastructure.
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Threatened plants species of Guinea-Conakry: A preliminary checklist. PeerJ Preprints 7:e3451v4. has been published, including 74 endemic species. The Government of Guinea has given their support to include the 22 TIPAs into the National Parks and Reserves network and legislation, some of which are likely to become National Parks e.g.
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Inter- universal Teichmüller theory IV: log-volume computations and set-theoretic foundations, Shinichi Mochizuki, August 2012 These include the strong Szpiro conjecture, the hyperbolic Vojta conjecture and the abc conjecture over every number field. The preprints have not been published. In September 2018, Mochizuki posted a report on his work by Peter Scholze and Jakob Stix asserting that the third preprint contains an irreparable flaw; he also posted several documents containing his rebuttal of their criticism. The majority of number theorists have found Mochizuki's preprints very difficult to follow and have not accepted the conjectures as settled, although there are a few prominent exceptions, including Go Yamashita, Ivan Fesenko, and Yuichiro Hoshi, who vouch for the work and have written expositions of the theory.
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', Salon (16 March 2018). as well as academic research.Sara Wallace Goodman and Thomas B. Pepinsky, 'Gender Representation and Strategies for Panel Diversity: Lessons from the APSA Annual Conference', SSRN (20 December 2018), .J. Bouvy and M. Mujoomdar, 'All Male Panels and Gender Diversity of Issue Panels and Plenary Sessions at ISPOR Europe', Preprints (2019), 2019030238.
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Common methods of scholarly communication include publishing peer-reviewed articles in academic journals, academic monographs and books, book reviews and conference papers. Other textual formats used include preprints and working papers, reports, encyclopedias, dictionaries, data and visualisations, blogs and discussion forums. Other forms, particularly in the arts and humanities include multimedia formats such as sound and video recordings.
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In July 2017, the number of monthly submissions exceeded 1,000. As of December 31, 2019, over 68,000 papers have been accepted in total. A service called Rxivist combines preprints from bioRxiv with data from Twitter to rank pre-prints. MedRxiv, and its sister site, bioRxiv, have been major sources for the dissemination of research COVID-19.
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ArabiXiv (Arabic Science Archive الأرشيف العربي العلمي) is a preprint server that hosts manuscripts (preprints and postprints) in many scientific disciplines mainly in Arabic but other languages are also considered. It has been built in January 2018, in partnership with the Center for Open Science. China Operated by National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChinaXiv launched in 2016.
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The AICCM has also produced preprints of papers presented at national conferences and special interest group meetings. The AICCM contributed to a number of publications aimed at assisting small museums and galleries, and funded by the now defunct Heritage Collections Council (HCC): reCollections (2000),reCollections, aiccm.org.au Be Prepared (2000),Be Prepared, aiccm.org.au and Guidelines for Environmental Control of Cultural Institutions (2002).
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This is a list of academic journals by their submission policies regarding the use of preprints prior to publication, such as the arXiv, and bioRxiv. Journals focusing on physics and mathematics are excluded because they routinely accept manuscripts that have been posted to preprint servers. Publishers' policies on self-archiving (including preprint versions) can also be found at SHERPA/RoMEO.
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In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Office of Portfolio Analysis developed the NIH COVID-19 Portfolio to index and track ongoing COVID-19 research and disseminate it to the public. This portfolio is curated by scientific experts for COVID-19 relevance, and includes both peer-reviewed publications indexed in PubMed and preprints from bioRxiv, medRxiv, chemRxiv, arXiv, SSRN, and Research Square.
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Preprint servers can offer service similar to those of journals,Tierney, H. L., Hammond, P., Nordlander, P., & Weiss, P. S. (2012). Prior Publication: Extended Abstracts, Proceedings Articles, Preprint Servers, and the Like. and Google Scholar indexes many preprint servers and collects information about citations to preprints. The case for preprint servers is often made based on the slow pace of conventional publication formats.
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While a preprint is an article that has not yet undergone peer review, a postprint is an article which has been peer reviewed in preparation for publication in a journal. Both the preprint and postprint may differ from the final published version of an article. Preprints and postprints together are referred to as e-prints or eprints."Self-archiving FAQ". EPrints.
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The e-print archive arXiv (pronounced "archive") is one of the best-known preprint servers. It was created by Paul Ginsparg in 1991 at Los Alamos National Laboratory for the purpose of distributing theoretical high-energy physics preprints. In 2001, arXiv.org moved to Cornell University and now encompasses the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, statistics.
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PeerJ Preprints. S. populator preferred large prey from open habitats such as grassland and plains, based on evidence gathered from isotope ratios that determined the animal's diet. In this way, the South American Smilodon species was probably similar to the modern lion. S. populator probably competed with the canid Protocyon there, but not with the jaguar, which fed primarily on smaller prey.
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These winds often precede Santa Ana events by a day or two, but also as tail end of Santa Anas after they weaken, it is normal for high-pressure areas to migrate east, causing the pressure gradients to shift to the northeast.Ryan, G., and L. E. Burch, 1992. An analysis of sundowner winds: A California downslope wind event. Preprints, Sixth Conf.
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Copyright is one of the key issues for E-LIS. The submission of documents and their accessibility is not an infringement of copyright. All work in E-LIS remains property of the author. If the document is a preprint, the process is quite straightforward because there are no limits concerning copyright: the author holds the exclusive copyright for the pre-refereed preprints.
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NCSA Mosaic. At the time, HTML forms were a new technology. arXiv was made possible by the compact TeX file format, which allowed scientific papers to be easily transmitted over the Internet and rendered client-side. Around 1990, Joanne Cohn began emailing physics preprints to colleagues as TeX files, but the number of papers being sent soon filled mailboxes to capacity.
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PeerJ uses a business model that differs from traditional publishers – in that no subscription fees are charged to its readers – and also used to differ from the major open-access publishers in that publication fees were not levied per article but per publishing researcher and at a much lower level. PeerJ is complemented by a preprint service named PeerJ Preprints which launched on April 3, 2013 and discontinued in September 2019. The low costs were said to be in part achieved by using cloud infrastructure: both PeerJ and PeerJ Preprints run on Amazon EC2, with the content stored on Amazon S3. Originally, PeerJ charged authors a one-time membership fee that allowed them – with some additional requirements, such as commenting upon, or reviewing, at least one paper per year – to publish in the journal for the rest of their life.
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In 2009, David Field and researchers at Aarhus University discovered spontaneous electric fields when creating prosaic films of various gases. This has more recently expanded to form the research area of spontelectrics. In 2012 several groups released preprints which suggest that samarium hexaboride has the properties of a topological insulator in accord with the earlier theoretical predictions. Since samarium hexaboride is an established Kondo insulator, i.e.
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GEO-LEOe-docs is an open access publication platform for information resources about geosciences and related topics. Scientists can publish their scientific results and read full texts written by other authors free of charge. GEO-LEOe-docs is a repository, developed for GEO-LEO. Scientists and students can publish preprints or postprints of reviewed papers, dissertations, diploma theses, excursion reports and even whole conference proceedings.
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Hao, Jianjun; Palmieri, Frank; Stewart, Michael D.; Nishimura, Yukio; Chao, Huang-Lin; Collins, Austin; Willson, C. Grant. Octa(hydridotetramethyldisiloxanyl) silsesquioxane as a synthetic template for patternable dielectric materials. Polymer Preprints (American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry) (2006), 47(2), 1158-1159. A functional material may be imprinted directly to form a layer in a chip with no need for pattern transfer into underlying materials.
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No. e1733v2. PeerJ Preprints, 2016. Between male and female programmers, the researchers found that female programmers were actually more likely to have their pull requests accepted into the project than male programmers, however only when the female had a gender-neutral profile. When females had profiles with a name or image that identified them as female, they were less likely than male programmers to have their pull requests accepted.
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R. D. Lipscomb and W. H. Sharkey (1970): "Characterization and polymerization of thioacetone". Journal of Polymer Science - Part A: Polymer Chemistry, volume 8, issue 8, pages 2187–2196. William J. Bailey and Hilda Chu (1965): "Synthesis of polythioacetone". ACS Polymer Preprints, volume 6, pages=145–155 William H. Sharkey (1979): "Polymerization through the carbon- sulfur double bond". Polymerization, series Advances in Polymer Science, volume 17, pages 73-103.
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JMIR Preprints is a preprint server that evolved from JMIR Publications' experiments in open peer- review. It contains primarily submitted manuscripts which are currently under open peer-review. MedArXiv is a preprint service for the medicine and health sciences which is under development with support from Open Science Framework. It was announced in September 2017 by Harlan Krumholz at American Medical Association's Eighth International Congress on Peer Review and Scientific Publication.
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Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in many countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics. The heart of the project is a decentralized database of working papers, preprints, journal articles, and software components. The project started in 1997.A brief business history of an on-line distribution system for academic research called NEP, 1998-2010 Its precursor NetEc dates back to 1993.
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A new correlation of the Cretaceous formations of the Western Interior of the United States, I: Santonian-Maastrichtian formations and dinosaur biostratigraphy. Peer J Preprints. According to this re-calibrated stratigraphic data, the Kaiparowits dates from about 76.6 to 74.5 million years ago.Roberts EM, Sampson SD, Deino AL, Bowring S, Buchwaldt R. The Kaiparowits Formation: a remarkable record of Late Cretaceous terrestrial environments, ecosystems and evolution in western North America.
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A digital draft before peer review is called a preprint. Postprints are also sometimes called "accepted author manuscripts", because they are the version accepted by the journal after the author has addressed the peer reviewer comments. Jointly, postprints and preprints are called eprints. After typsetting by a journal, authors will often be provided with proofs (the draft of the final formatting) and finally the version that is published is called the published/publisher's version.
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In stable homotopy theory, a branch of mathematics, Morava K-theory is one of a collection of cohomology theories introduced in algebraic topology by Jack Morava in unpublished preprints in the early 1970s. For every prime number p (which is suppressed in the notation), it consists of theories K(n) for each nonnegative integer n, each a ring spectrum in the sense of homotopy theory. published the first account of the theories.
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However, the task of "chasing contributions" can be substantial. The editor may also be a contributor to the volume, by writing some chapters (often with other authors) and especially by preparing a preface, an introduction or an afterword summarizing the main points. The editor also carries out the linguistic and substantive editing of the chapters before submitting the book manuscript to the publisher, and coordinates authors' review and correction of the proofs (preprints).
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IndiaRxiv, preprints repository service for India As of April 2018, there are at least 78 collections of scholarship in India housed in digital open access repositories. They contain journal articles, book chapters, data, and other research outputs that are free to read. The Open Access India with the help of Centre for Open Science had laucnhed a preprint repository for India, IndiaRxiv on 5th August 2019 which had recently crossed 100 records mark.
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In 2017, PLOScast interviewed Polka about her work which contributes to the changing way that science is published. Since 2019, ASAPBio has begun to host open databases to collate information about academic publishing practices. ReimagineReview tracks the different peer review policies and models of academic journals, with a focus on experimental forms of peer review. The Transpose database extends on this to cover journal policies including on peer review, co-reviewing, preprints, licensing, and versioning.
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The aim is that all UCT's Master's and Doctoral theses, dating back to 1929, will be available via OpenUCT. ZivaHub is the University of Cape Town's institutional open access data repository. It houses scholarly outputs such as books, conference contributions, datasets, figures, journal contributions, media, online resources, posters, preprints, presentations, and software. The platform was launched in 2017 and is managed by UCT Libraries according to UCT's Open Access Policy and UCT's Research Data Management Policy .
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As of 2007, the journal allows the posting of preprints on arXiv. According to Jack van Lint, it is the leading research journal in the whole field of coding theory. A 2006 study using the PageRank network analysis algorithm found that, among hundreds of computer science-related journals, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory had the highest ranking and was thus deemed the most prestigious. ACM Computing Surveys, with the highest impact factor, was deemed the most popular.
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Three previous arXiv preprints by Lisi deal with mathematical physics related to the theory. "Clifford Geometrodynamics", in 2002, endeavors to describe fermions geometrically as BRST ghosts. "Clifford bundle formulation of BF gravity generalized to the standard model", in 2005, describes the algebra of gravitational and Standard Model fields acting on a generation of fermions, but does not mention E8. "Quantum mechanics from a universal action reservoir", in 2006, attempts to derive quantum mechanics using information theory.
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The Riemann hypothesis is one of the deepest problems in all of mathematics. It is one of the six unsolved Millennium Prize Problems. A simple search in the arXiv will yield several claims of proofs, some of them by mathematicians working at academic institutions, that remain unverified and are usually dismissed by mainstream scholars. A few of those have even cited de Branges' preprints in their references, which means that his work has not gone completely unnoticed.
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Meetings of the RNA Tie Club were friendly, cordial affairs involving cigars and alcohol. This time allowed for bonding and close friendships among this scientific elite, and it turned out to be a breeding ground for creative ideas. While meetings were held twice a year, between meetings the members mailed letters and preprints of articles suggesting new concepts and ideas.Friedberg, Errol C: The Writing Life of James D. Watson, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, September 2004.
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Some months later he received a letter from Pauling along with a draft manuscript of a paper detailing the two helixes, with Branson listed as third author (after Pauling and his assistant Robert Corey, the laboratory's expert in transforming X-ray data into precise models). Pauling asked for suggestions. Branson replied in a letter that it was fine as written, approved submission to the Proceedings of the National Acaademy of Sciences, and asked for 25 preprints when published.
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Peer review was introduced as an attempt to increase the quality and pertinence of submissions. Other important events in the history of academic journals include the establishment of Nature (1869) and Science (1880), the establishment of Postmodern Culture in 1990 as the first online-only journal, the foundation of arXiv in 1991 for the dissemination of preprints to be discussed prior to publication in a journal, and the establishment of PLOS One in 2006 as the first megajournal.
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Since the availability of computers, the notebooks in some data-intensive fields have been kept as database records, and appropriate software is commercially available. The work on a project is typically published as one or more technical reports, or articles. In some fields both are used, with preliminary reports, working papers, or preprints followed by a formal article. Articles are usually prepared at the end of a project, or at the end of components of a particularly large one.
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He has attended more than 100 International and National Conferences and Seminars in the fields of Mathematics, Physics, Economics and the History and Philosophy of Science. He has published more than 140 research papers. He is the author of 12 books, 22 research level articles, 7 teaching journal papers, 32 popular articles, and 48 research preprints. He is noted for his work in mathematics and mathematical physics, in particular his contributions to general relativity and cosmology.
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The idea of an Earth Science-focused preprint service developed independently in the U.K and the U.S. in early-2017. Christopher Jackson, inspired by ArXiv, and preprints subsequent expansion into other fields (e.g. BioRxiv), began gathering European support for an Earth science preprint service. Jackson inquired with the Center for Open Science (COS), a U.S.-based non-profit about using their existing preprint infrastructure, which is based on the Open Science Framework (OSF), to host the service.
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Avasthi is enthusiastic about reforming scientific research culture, helping early career researchers set up their own laboratories. She launched New PI Slack, an online space for over a thousand new Principal investigators to share notes and ideas. Avasthi supports preprints and the reform of scientific publishing, and is on the Board of Directors of eLife and ASAPbio. In her laboratory she leads a preprint journal club, where members of her group read and review new material, providing feedback to authors.
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Gregory Eskin (, born 5 December 1936) is a Russian-Israeli-American mathematician, specializing in partial differential equations.homepage of Gregory Eskin at UCLA Department Mathematics (links to recent preprints) Eskin received in 1963 his Ph.D. (Russian candidate's degree) from Moscow State University with thesis advisor Georgiy Shilov. In 1974 Eskin immigrated with his family to Israel and became a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1983 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians at Warsaw.
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The copies are collected on the delivery belt and usually transported to the mailroom using a gripper conveyor system. The post-press area is also often called mailroom because here the copies are prepared for mailing to the customers. Newspaper copies can be bundled directly so that they are ready to be put into a truck for transportation. Alternatively, extra preprints from the newspaper press or flyers/brochures from external sources can inserted into the newspaper copies before creating bundles.
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The similar winds in the Santa Barbara and Goleta coast area occur most frequently in the late spring to early summer, and are strongest at sunset, or "sundown"; hence their name: sundowner. Because high pressure areas usually migrate east, changing the pressure gradient in southern California to the northeast, it is common for "sundowner" wind events to precede Santa Ana events by a day or two.Ryan, G., and L. E. Burch, 1992: An analysis of sundowner winds: A California downslope wind event. Preprints, Sixth Conf.
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LingBuzz is a repository of electronic preprints and other kinds of published and unpublished articles in the field of linguistics. LingBuzz was created and is maintained by Michal Starke, and is hosted by the University of Tromsø. While its functionality and resources are much more limited than those of similar repositories, its use has become customary as a vehicle for sharing new and old research, especially in generative grammar. Researchers also routinely provide links to LingBuzz-hosted versions of papers in their personal webpages.
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Shelah's personal webpage, lists 1166 mathematical papers, preprints and papers in preparation, including joint papers with 260 co-authors; the American Mathematical Society's database MathSciNet lists 1063 published books and journal articles with 248 coauthors. His main interests lie in mathematical logic, model theory in particular, and in axiomatic set theory. In model theory, he developed classification theory, which led him to a solution of Morley's problem. In set theory, he discovered the notion of proper forcing, an important tool in iterated forcing arguments.
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Steven Paul Lalley (born 16 January 1954) is an American statistician and mathematician. (with list of articles and links to online preprints) Lalley graduated in 1976 with B.S. from Michigan State University. He received in 1981 his Ph.D. from Stanford University with thesis Repeated Likelihood Ratio Tests for Curved Exponential Families under the supervision of David Siegmund. After teaching at Columbia University and Purdue University, Lalley became in 1998 a professor of statistics at the University of Chicago and served as department chair from 2001 to 2005.
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The spectrum of topological modular forms is constructed as the global sections of a sheaf of E-infinity ring spectra on the moduli stack of (generalized) elliptic curves. This theory has relations to the theory of modular forms in number theory, the homotopy groups of spheres, and conjectural index theories on loop spaces of manifolds. tmf was first constructed by Michael Hopkins and Haynes Miller; many of the computations can be found in preprints and articles by Paul Goerss, Hopkins, Mark Mahowald, Miller, Charles Rezk, and Tilman Bauer.
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He founded ASAPbio (Accelerating Science and Publication in Biology) in 2015, promoting the use of preprints and an open and transparent peer-review process. Also in 2009, Vale founded the Bangalore Microscopy Course, held at the National Centre for Biological Research, which provides international training in light microscopy. He also organized an online microscopy course through iBiology. Nico Stuurman and Vale also conceived of and developed Micro-Manager, a free and open-source microscopy software that was supported for many years through the Vale laboratory and now operates through the University of Wisconsin.
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Irogane (色金 "coloured metals")Vienna, Bohlau Verlag, 2009: Griesser-Stermscheg & Krist, eds., Metallkonservierung, Metallrestaurierung: Geschichte, Methode, PraxisSammelband anlässlich der Fachtagung "Metallrestaurierung – Metallkonservierung" der Universität für Angewandte Kunst (Wien 2007): Miklin- Kniefacz, Silvia "Shakudo und Shibuichi" – "Farbige Metalle in Japan" is the term for a set of Japanese metals – forms of copper (with natural impurities), and copper alloys – treated in niiro patination processes,London, UK, 1988: International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, Studies in Conservation – The Conservation of Far Eastern Art (Kyoto Congress 1988 Preprints), Mills et al., eds., p.
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Jocelyn Kaiser of Science said that in their first year, the repository had "attracted a modest but growing stream of papers", having hosted 824 preprints. As of February 2016, the submission rate to bioRxiv had steadily increased from ≈60 to ≈200 per month. In 2017, the number of monthly submissions rose from over 800 in March to more than 1000 in July with a total number of 10,722 papers submitted in 2017. In the year of 2018, a total of 20,000 manuscripts were submitted, which results in a monthly average of 1600 papers.
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In 1973, Aschbacher became a leading figure in the classification of finite simple groups. Aschbacher considered himself somewhat of an outsider in the world of conventional group theory, claiming that he was not "plugged into the system at that point in time." Although he had access to several preprints that were shared among the practitioners of the field, he reproduced many proofs that had already been discovered by other researchers and published them in his early papers. Aschbacher only became interested in finite simple groups as a postdoctorate.
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Inter-universal Teichmüller theory (abbreviated as IUT) is the name given by mathematician Shinichi Mochizuki to a theory he developed in the 2000s, following his earlier work in arithmetic geometry. According to Mochizuki, it is "an arithmetic version of Teichmüller theory for number fields equipped with an elliptic curve". The theory was made public in a series of four preprints posted in 2012 to his website. The most striking claimed application of the theory is to provide a proof for various outstanding conjectures in number theory, in particular the abc conjecture.
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Mochizuki proved Grothendieck's conjecture on anabelian geometry in 1996. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1998. In 2000-2008 he discovered several new theories including the theory of frobenioids, mono-anabelian geometry and the etale theta theory for line bundles over tempered covers of the Tate curve. On August 30, 2012 Mochizuki released four preprints, whose total size was about 500 pages, that develop inter-universal Teichmüller theory and apply it to attempt to prove several very famous problems in Diophantine geometry.
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The Milnor–Thurston kneading theory is a mathematical theory which analyzes the iterates of piecewise monotone mappings of an interval into itself. The emphasis is on understanding the properties of the mapping that are invariant under topological conjugacy. The theory had been developed by John Milnor and William Thurston in two widely circulated and influential Princeton preprints from 1977 that were revised in 1981 and finally published in 1988. Applications of the theory include piecewise linear models, counting of fixed points, computing the total variation, and constructing an invariant measure with maximal entropy.
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To build more realistic models, more data about the slime mold's network construction needs to be gathered. To this end, researchers are analysing the network structure of lab-grown P. polycephalum. In a book and several preprints that have not been scientifically peer reviewed, it has been claimed that because plasmodia appear to react in a consistent way to stimuli, they are the "ideal substrate for future and emerging bio-computing devices". An outline has been presented showing how it may be possible to precisely point, steer and cleave plasmodium using light and food sources, especially Valerian root.
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No further information has been published. The database initially contained only astronomical references, but has now grown to incorporate three databases, covering astronomy (including planetary sciences and solar physics) references, physics (including instrumentation and geosciences) references, as well as preprints of scientific papers from arXiv. The astronomy database is by far the most advanced and its use accounts for about 85% of the total ADS usage. Articles are assigned to the different databases according to the subject rather than the journal they are published in, so that articles from any one journal might appear in all three subject databases.
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Li released a purported proof of the Riemann hypothesis in the arXiv in July 2008. It was retracted a few days later, after several mainstream mathematicians exposed a crucial flaw, in a display of interest that his former advisor's claimed proofs have apparently not enjoyed so far.[0807.0090] A proof of the Riemann hypothesis Meanwhile, the apology has become a diary of sorts, in which he also discusses the historical context of the Riemann hypothesis, and how his personal story is intertwined with the proofs. He signs his papers and preprints as "Louis de Branges", and is always cited this way.
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The term grey literature acts as a collective noun to refer to a large number of publications types produced by organizations for various reasons. These include: research and project reports, annual or activity reports, theses, conference proceedings, preprints, working papers, newsletters, technical reports, recommendations and technical standards, patents, technical notes, data and statistics, presentations, field notes, laboratory research books, academic courseware, lecture notes, evaluations, and many more. The international network GreyNet maintains an online listing of document types. Organizations produce grey literature as a means of encapsulating, storing and sharing information for their own use, and for wider distribution.
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For the past 15 years, GreyNet has sought to serve researchers and authors in the field of grey literature. To further this end, GreyNet has signed on to the OpenSIGLE repository and in so doing seeks to preserve and make openly available research results originating in the International Conference Series on Grey Literature. GreyNet together with INIST-CNRS have designed the format for a metadata record, which encompasses standardized PDF attachments of the full- text conference preprints, PowerPoint presentations, abstracts and biographical notes. In 2010, OpenSIGLE provides open access to some 200 conference papers on grey literature, from 1995 to 2009.
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Farley sits on a pile of air mail letters in 1938. alt= alt= Farley is remembered among stamp collectors for two things. One is a series of souvenir sheets that were issued at commemorative events and bore his name as the authorizer. The other is the 20 stamps, known as "Farley's Follies," which were preprints, mostly imperforated and ungummed, of stamps of the period: Farley bought them at face value, out of his own pocket, and gave them to Roosevelt and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes, both collectors, and to members of his family and special friends of the Administration.
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In 1868, Aikens was rewarded with a partnership in the publishing company which produced The Daily Wisconsin, which was henceforth known as Cramer, Aikens, & Cramer. Shortly thereafter the name of the publication was changed to The Evening Wisconsin, a title which it retained into the 20th century.Bruce (ed.), History of Milwaukee City and County: Volume 1, pp. 719-720. Cramer, Aikens, & Cramer soon generated a lucrative business around its "patent insides," with Aikens creating what he called "Newspaper Unions" making use of preprints that he created at dedicated printing facilities in New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, Atlanta, Nashville, and Memphis.
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The cluster held bi-weekly conference calls and hosted their first in-person meeting during a break-out session of the Summer 2017 ESIP Meeting in Bloomington, Indiana. The group spent six months community building, exploring other platforms (such as PLOS and PeerJ), and soliciting community feedback on how EarthArXiv should be constructed, and how it should operate. During this time, over 100 international volunteers came forward offering to promote and help run EarthArXiv. A final decision was made to partner with COS and on October 23, 2017 – the first day of Open Access Week 2017 – EarthArXiv began accepting preprints.
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Shortly thereafter the name of the publication was changed to The Evening Wisconsin, a title which it retained into the 20th Century.Bruce, (ed.), History of Milwaukee City and County: Volume 1, pp. 719-720. Cramer, Aikens, & Cramer soon generated a lucrative business around its "patent insides," with Aikens creating what he called "Newspaper Unions," making use of preprints that he created at dedicated printing facilities in New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, Atlanta, Nashville, and Memphis. Profits generated from this specialized operation helped to subsidize losses incurred by The Evening Wisconsin during economic lean times, helping to ensure the paper's survival.
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ANGLE VALE BRIDGE OFFICIAL OPENING GALA DAY COMMEMORATIVE PROGRAMME 1988 The bridge was bypassed in 1966, and deteriorated before an extensive restoration program was carried out in 1988.The Conservation of the Angle Vale Laminated Timber Arch Bridge, In: National Conference on Engineering Heritage (4th : 1988 : Sydney, N.S.W). Fourth National Conference on Engineering Heritage 1988: Preprints of Papers. Barton, ACT: Institution of Engineers, Australia, 1988: 42-46. Hawes, J; Legoe, D; Stacy, W; Young, D In 2008, its engineering heritage was recognized by the installation of a marker provided by the Engineers Australia's Engineering Heritage Recognition Program.
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Discussion Paper. Scholarly Publication and Academic Resources Coalition, Washington, D.C. An institutional repository can be viewed as "a set of services that a university offers to members of its community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its community members." For a university, this includes materials such as monographs, eprints of academic journal articles—both before (preprints) and after (postprints) undergoing peer review—as well as electronic theses and dissertations. An institutional repository might also include other digital assets generated by academics, such as datasets, administrative documents, course notes, learning objects, or conference proceedings.
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Journal publication licenses typically claim copyright over the typeset and formatted version, but permit authors to release the postprint version as open access (self-archiving). This is often termed green open access, and enables access and reuse of material even in paywalled subscription journals (typically under a creative commons license). Permission by the journal to release a postprint may be immediate or after an enbargo period, with licensing terms for most journals collected in the Sherpa/Romeo database. Since the advent of the Open Archives Initiative, preprints and postprints have been deposited in institutional repositories, which are interoperable because they are compliant with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting.
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PlanetPhysics implemented several specific content creation systems based on the Noosphere versions 1.0/1.5, Planetary (powered by Drupal), and MediaWiki currently being updated to allow peer-to-peer review, as well as preprints and encyclopedic contributions. This was significantly different from the so-called authority model previously adopted by PlanetMath. Noosphere's authority model Only registered users could create and edit their own entries, or contribute jointly, by agreement, to various topical entries. The MediaWiki version 1.17 approach was mostly utilized at PlanetPhysics for creating books, uploading PDF files of open access articles, and also for graphics-intensive physics animations and graphical applications to physical problems.
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George Marinescu (born 22 June 1965, Brașov) is a Romanian mathematician, specializing in complex geometry, global analysis, and spectral theory. Marinescu received from the University of Bucharest in 1988 his baccalaureate degree and in 1989 his master's degree. (short CV & arXiv preprints) He graduated in 1994 with Ph.D. from Paris Diderot University (University of Paris 7) with thesis under the supervision of Louis Boutet de Monvel. Marinescu was a postdoc from 1997 to 1998 at the University of Edinburgh, from 1998 to 1999 at the Institut de mathématiques de Jussieu, and from 1999 to 2000 at the Humboldt University of Berlin, completing there his habilitation qualification in 2005.
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The motivations for academic journal publishing reform include the ability of computers to store large amounts of information, the advantages of giving more researchers access to preprints, and the potential for interactivity between researchers. Various studies showed that the demand for open access research was such that freely available articles consistently had impact factors which were higher than articles published under restricted access. Some universities reported that modern "package deal" subscriptions were too costly for them to maintain, and that they would prefer to subscribe to journals individually to save money. The problems which led to discussion about academic publishing reform have been considered in the context of what provision of open access might provide.
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In a reply to Leidy, Cope claimed that he had been misled by the fact that Leidy had arranged the vertebrae of Cimoliasaurus in the reverse order in his 1851 description of that genus, and pointed out that his reconstruction had been corrected. Cope also rejected the idea that Elasmosaurus and Discosaurus were identical, and noted that the latter and Cimoliasaurus did not have any distinguishing features. Though Cope had tried to destroy the preprints, one copy came to the attention of the American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh, who made light of the mistake. This led to antagonism between Cope, who was embarrassed by the mistake, and Marsh, who brought up the mistake repeatedly for decades.
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The STAR NLP Framework for Grey Literature Various databases and libraries collect and make available print and digital grey literature; however, the cost and difficulty of finding and cataloguing grey literature mean that it is still difficult to find large collections. The British Library began collecting print grey literature in the post-WWII period and now has an extensive collection of print resources. Analysis & Policy Observatory has an extensive collection of grey literature on a wide range of public policy issues, ArXiv is a collection of preprints on physics and other sciences, and RePEc is a collection of economics working papers. Many university libraries provide subject guides that give information on grey literature and suggestions for databases.
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The Social Science Open Access Repository (SSOAR) is a database specialising in scholarly articles from the social sciences which is freely accessible on the Internet. SSOAR is a full-text server, and Internet users can access full- text versions of documents free of charge and without prior registration. The repository follows the so-called "Green Road", a strategy for the implementation of Open Access whereby preprints or postprints of scholarly contributions are archived in an openly accessible repository in addition to being published in toll-access journals etc. Because the project is coordinated by an editorial team and is supported by an advisory board made up of members of scholarly societies, the quality of the contributions is assured.
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Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents. While Google does not publish the size of Google Scholar's database, scientometric researchers estimated it to contain roughly 389 million documents including articles, citations and patents making it the world's largest academic search engine in January 2018. Previously, the size was estimated at 160 million documents as of May 2014.
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The ability to distribute manuscripts as preprints has had a great impact on computer science, particularly in the way that scientific research is disseminated in that field (see CiteSeer). The open access movement has tended to focus on distributed institutional collections of research, global harvesting, and aggregation through search engines and gateways such as OAIster, rather than a global discipline base such as arXiv. E-prints can now refer to any electronic form of a scholarly or scientific publication, including journal articles, conference papers, research theses or dissertations, because these usually are found in multidisciplinary collections, called open access repositories, or eprints archives . TechRxiv, engrXiv and HAL are also a pre-print repositories that accept computer science papers.
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This newly introduced ordered-graph system lends itself to geometrical interpretation in a way that cellular automata did not, and it is mainly these geometrical interpretations that provide an entry point into analogy with physical law. The Wolfram Physics Project is being presented to the public as an open project, where all the technical documentation as well as software tools and live recordings of working sessions on the project are freely accessible to the public. In a controversial move, Wolfram did not seek peer review prior to publishing his work. Stephen Wolfram and Jonathan Gorard have posted preprints on the topic to the arXiv; Gorard's was submitted to the journal Complex Systems, which was founded by Wolfram in 1987.
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Per Martin-Löf constructed several type theories that were published at various times, some of them much later than the preprints with their description became accessible to the specialists (among others Jean-Yves Girard and Giovanni Sambin). The list below attempts to list all the theories that have been described in a printed form and to sketch the key features that distinguished them from each other. All of these theories had dependent products, dependent sums, disjoint unions, finite types and natural numbers. All the theories had the same reduction rules that did not include η-reduction either for dependent products or for dependent sums, except for MLTT79 where the η-reduction for dependent products is added.
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In this paper Petermann discusses what has become known as quarks as named by Murray Gell-Mann, whose Physics Letters publication was submitted during the first days of January 1964, and "aces" as named by George Zweig, who wrote two CERN-TH preprints slightly later in 1964. Petermann is also remembered for his pioneering calculation of the next-to-leading order correction to the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon. Petermann was not consistent when signing his scientific papers; in the beginning of his career he used Petermann, then Peterman and later he alternated between the two forms. A list of his works can be found in the INSPIRE-HEP Literature Database .
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Born in Rotterdam, Strijbos graduated in Chemical EngineeringEuropean Federation of Chemical Engineering (1980) Particle technology 1980: comminution, classification, powder mechanics : preprints, 5th European Symposium on Comminution, 2nd European Symposium on Mechanical Properties of Particulate Solids, 224th Event of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering, Amsterdam, June 3–5, 1980, Deel 2. p. 931 at the Delft University of Technology late 1960s. Later in his career he received his PhD in 1988 at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam with a thesis entitled "Het technische wereldbeeld : een wijsgerig onderzoek van het systeemdenken" (The technological world-view: a philosophical study of systems thinking) under supervision of Sander Griffioen and Egbert Schuurman. After his graduation in Delft, Strijbos worked as researcher at the Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium for ten years.
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It is proposed that increased transparency of academic quality control processes makes audit of the academic record easier. Additionally, the rise of OA megajournals has made it viable for their peer review to focus solely on methodology and results interpretation whilst ignoring novelty. Major criticisms of the influence of OA on peer review have included that if OA journals have incentives to publish as many articles as possible then peer review standards may fall (as aspect of predatory publishing), increased use of preprints may populate the academic corpus with un-reviewed junk and propaganda, and that reviewers may self-censor if their identity of open. Some advocates propose that readers will have increased skepticism of preprint studies - a traditional hallmark of scientific inquiry.
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The earliest proof of Milnor's conjecture is contained in a 1995 preprint of Voevodsky and is inspired by the idea that there should be algebraic analogs of Morava K-theory (these algebraic Morava K-theories were later constructed by Simone BorghesiBorghesi (2000)). In a 1996 preprint, Voevodsky was able to remove Morava K-theory from the picture by introducing instead algebraic cobordisms and using some of their properties that were not proved at that time (these properties were proved later). The constructions of 1995 and 1996 preprints are now known to be correct but the first completed proof of Milnor's conjecture used a somewhat different scheme. It is also the scheme that the proof of the full Bloch–Kato conjecture follows.
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In academia, preprints are not likely to be weighed heavily when a scholar is evaluated for tenure or promotion, unless the preprint becomes the basis for a peer-reviewed publication. Some important results in mathematics have been published only on the preprint server arXiv.Nadejda Lobastova and Michael Hirst, "Maths genius living in poverty", Sydney Morning Herald, August 21, 2006 After nearly a century of effort by mathematicians, between 2002 and 2003 the mathematician Grigori Perelman published a series of preprint papers on the arXiv where he presented a proof of the Poincaré conjecture. Perelman was offered both the prestigious $1 million Millennium Prize and the Fields Medal for the mentioned work published exclusively on arXiv, but he declined both prizes.
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These volumes, in addition to the previous two title pages in different languages (Latvian and French), received one more in Russian. Although Visendorfs took no part in editing and arranging the texts, his contribution performing organisational tasks, reading the preprints of the volumes published in St. Petersburg and providing his advice was significant enough to earn a place for his name on the title page, although Prof. Pēteris Šmits objected to it. In 1893 Krisjanis Barons returned to Latvia with his Cabinet of Folksongs, at that time containing around 150,000 texts. The index to LD shows more than 900 contributors, among them 237 male informants, 137 female informants, while of collectors only 54 are laies, at least 150 were school teachers, 50 were men of letters and 20 were priests.
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OPAR L'Orientale Open Archive is the institutional repository of the University of Naples "L'Orientale", designed according to the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in Science and Humanities and the Messina Declaration ratified by CRUI in 2004. OPAR L'Orientale Open Archive is a digital repository, accessible to all. Registered users can deposit different items: articles, technical reports, Ph.D. theses, books, working papers and preprints, articles already appeared in journals, conference papers and chapters from books already published, training aid, dataset and more. Since 2001, the Budapest Open Access Initiative promotes the free availability or research articles in all academic fields and concerns a growing number of individuals and organizations from around the world who represent researchers, universities, laboratories, libraries, foundations, journals, publishers, learned societies, and kindred open-access initiatives.
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Google Scholar allows users to search for digital or physical copies of articles, whether online or in libraries.Google Scholar Library Links It indexes "full-text journal articles, technical reports, preprints, theses, books, and other documents, including selected Web pages that are deemed to be 'scholarly.'" Because many of Google Scholar's search results link to commercial journal articles, most people will be able to access only an abstract and the citation details of an article, and have to pay a fee to access the entire article. The most relevant results for the searched keywords will be listed first, in order of the author's ranking, the number of references that are linked to it and their relevance to other scholarly literature, and the ranking of the publication that the journal appears in.
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Artist’s impression of strontium emerging from a neutron star merger. Scientific interest in the event was enormous, with dozens of preliminary papers (and almost 100 preprints) published the day of the announcement, including 8 letters in Science, 6 in Nature, and 32 in a special issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters devoted to the subject. The interest and effort was global: The paper describing the multi-messenger observations is coauthored by almost 4,000 astronomers (about one-third of the worldwide astronomical community) from more than 900 institutions, using more than 70 observatories on all 7 continents and in space. This may not be the first observed event that is due to a neutron star merger; GRB 130603B was the first plausible kilonova suggested based on follow-up observations of short- hard gamma-ray bursts.
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In the late 1970s, tooth adhesion phosphate monomer: 2-methacryloyloxethyl phenyl hydrogen phosphate (Phenyl-P) was developed for tooth substance saving restoration technique.J. Yamauchi, N. Nakabayashi, E. Masuhara, “Adhesive Agents for Hard Tissue Containing Phosphoric Acid Monomers”, ACS Polymer Preprints, Vol. 2 (1), 594-595 (1979). 4-Methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid anhydride (4-META) that adhere to not only tooth structures but also dental alloys, was developed almost at the same time.M. Takeyama, S. Kashibuchi, N. Nakabayashi, E. Masuhara, ”Studies on Dental Self-Curing Resins (17). Adhesion of PMMA with Bovine Enamel or Dental Alloys”, Journal of the Japan Society for Dental Apparatus and Materials, 19（47）179-185 (1978)． In order to create adhesive monomers having higher performance, investigation and optimization of adhesive monomer molecular structure was carried out.
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Whereas the right to self-archive postprints is often a copyright matter (if the rights have been transferred to the publisher), the right to self-archive preprints is merely a question of journal policy.Self-Archiving FAQ A 2003 study by Elizabeth Gadd, Charles Oppenheim, and Steve Probets of the Department of Information Science at Loughborough University analysed 80 journal publishers' copyright agreements and found that 90 percent of publishers asked for some form of copyright transfer and only 42.5 percent allowed self-archiving in some form. In 2014 the SHERPA/Romeo project recorded that of 1,275 publishers 70 percent allowed for some form of self-archiving, with 62 percent allowing both pre and postprint self-archiving of published papers. In 2017 the project recorded that of 2,375 publishers 41 percent allowed pre and postprint to be self-archived.
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He strongly encouraged the RACI Polymer Division to become one of the three founding members of the federation. In the 1990s he wrote several topical articles for Polymer News in which he promoted Australian polymer science and scientists in Australia. In 1987 he was invited to Australia as a plenary lecturer at the APS Conference held at Phillip Island in Victoria,Proceedings, 16th Australian Polymer Symposium, PL1, Cowes, Victoria and he was invited again in 1993 to contribute to the PPF Congress which was held at the Conrad Jupiters Hotel on the Gold Coast near Brisbane,Preprints, Third Pacific Polymer Conference, 1993, 273, Gold Coast – Australia, Polymer News, 19(7), 216–223 (1994) where he was awarded with the first Distinguished Service Award of the Pacific Polymer Federation. He has collaborated in scientific research with Professor Ken Ghiggino at the University of Melbourne on polymerizable and polymeric UV stabilizersK.
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Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparison across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared. For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors. Nature Index recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics. They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation; (2) release the results early as preprints; (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords; (4) link the article to supporting data in a repository; and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.
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The SPIRES High Energy Physics database (SPIRES-HEP),SPIRES High Energy Physics database installed at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in the 1970s, The Virtual library in action: Collaborative international control of high-energy physics preprints Kreitz, P.A. et al. became the first website in North AmericaThe Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Documentation of the Early Web at SLAC (1991-1994) and the first database accessible through the World Wide Web in 1991.The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Early Chronology and Documents It has since expanded into a joint project of SLAC, Fermilab, and DESY, with mirrors hosted at those institutions as well as at the Institute for High Energy Physics (Russia), the University of Durham (UK), the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University (Japan), and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences LIPI (Indonesia). This project stores bibliographic information about the literature of the field of High Energy Physics and is an example of academic databases and search engines.
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Specifically, the authors proved that the positivity required of an analytic function F(z) which de Branges would use to construct his proof would also force it to assume certain inequalities that, according to them, the functions actually relevant to a proof do not satisfy. As their paper predates the current purported proof by five years, and refers to work published in peer-reviewed journals by de Branges between 1986 and 1994, it remains to be seen whether de Branges has managed to circumvent their objections. He does not cite their paper in his preprints, but both of them cite a 1986 paper of his that was attacked by Li and Conrey. Journalist Karl Sabbagh, who in 2003 had written a book on the Riemann Hypothesis centered on de Branges, quoted Conrey as saying in 2005 that he still believed de Branges' approach was inadequate to tackling the conjecture, even though he acknowledged that it is a beautiful theory in many other ways.
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Ambiophonics is a method in the public domain that employs digital signal processing (DSP) and two loudspeakers directly in front of the listener in order to improve reproduction of stereophonic and 5.1 surround sound for music, movies, and games in home theaters, gaming PCs, workstations, or studio monitoring applications. First implemented using mechanical means in 1986,Bock, T.M. and Keele, D.B. Jr., “The Effects of Interaural Crosstalk on Stereo Reproduction. and Minimizing Interaural Crosstalk in Nearfield Monitoring by the Use of a Physical Barrier,” AES Preprints 2420-A and 2420-B November 1986Glasgal, Ralph, “The Domestic Concert Hall,” Stereophile (magazine), July 1988 today a number of hardware and VST plug-in makers offer Ambiophonic DSP.Robert E. (Robin) Miller III, "User Guide to VST plug-in Ambiophonic DSP," www.filmaker.com Ambiophonics eliminates crosstalk inherent in the conventional “stereo triangle” speaker placement, and thereby generates a speaker-binaural soundfield that emulates headphone-binaural sound, and creates for the listener improved perception of “reality” of recorded auditory scenes.
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In 1982, William Thurston published his renowned geometrization conjecture, asserting that in an arbitrary closed 3-manifold, one could find embedded two-dimensional spheres and tori which disconnect the 3-manifold into pieces which admit uniform "geometric" structures. In the same year, Richard Hamilton published his epochal work on the Ricci flow, using a convergence theorem for a parabolic partial differential equation to prove that certain non-uniform geometric structures on 3-manifolds could be deformed into uniform geometric structures. Although it is often attributed to Hamilton, he has observed that Yau is responsible for the insight that a precise understanding of the failure of convergence for Hamilton's differential equation could suffice to prove the existence of the relevant spheres and tori in Thurston's conjecture. This insight stimulated Hamilton's further research in the 1990s on singularities of the Ricci flow, and culminated with Grigori Perelman's preprints on the problem in 2002 and 2003.
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Rasmussen's work investigating the heterogeneity in Ebola infections has translated into developing hypotheses around why some COVID-19 cases are worse than others. Possible explanations include a dysfunctional immune system in the elderly and those with pre-existing conditions that more readily results in a cytokine storm, causing inflammation in the lungs that ripples out to the rest of the body, as well as genetic and environmental risk factors. She has also been on the frontlines of communication around the novel coronavirus and COVID-19, applying her expertise in correspondence with the popular press to interpret preliminary results around how long immunity to the virus may last, how effective potential drugs may be in treating the disease, and whether biological sex plays a role in the severity of the disease. Given the breakneck pace at which preliminary research results have been released—for example, through preprints—she has urged caution in reporting research findings too quickly and without the proper caveats to ensure the public is not misinformed.
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A May 28, 2020 arXiv preprint by a group of 31 engineers and researchers at OpenAI described the development of GPT-3, a third-generation "state-of-the-art language model". The team increased the capacity of GPT-3 by over two orders of magnitude from that of its predecessor, GPT-2, making GPT-3 the largest non-sparse language model to date. Four preprints were released between May 28 and July 22, 2020. GPT-3's higher number of parameters grants it a higher level of accuracy relative to previous versions with smaller capacity. GPT-3's capacity is ten times larger than that of Microsoft's Turing NLG. Sixty percent of the weighted pre- training dataset for GPT-3 comes from a filtered version of Common Crawl consisting of 410 billion byte-pair-encoded tokens. Other sources are 19 billion tokens from WebText2 representing 22% of the weighted total, 12 billion tokens from Books1 representing 8%, 55 billion tokens from Books2 representing 8%, and 3 billion tokens from Wikipedia representing 3%. GPT-3 was trained on hundreds of billions of words and is capable of coding in CSS, JSX, Python, among others.
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