In 1926, a photocopy of the postil was published by Mykolas Biržiška. In 1977, Polish linguist published a two-volume Indeks-słownik do Daukšos Postile which alphabetically indexes all Lithuanian words and their forms in the postil and provides their Polish equivalent in Wujek's postil. A new publication of the postil alongside the Polish original was prepared by Jonas Palionis and published in 2000.
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At the time, 500 copies of books were usually published but it is very possible that more copies of the Catholic Postil were published to compete with the Protestant Postil of Jonas Bretkūnas. After translating the postil, Daukša also translated Catechism, or Education Obligatory to Every Christian but it was published first in 1595 as it was much smaller and less expensive work.
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The smaller postil was aimed at an average priest. It was not a summary of the larger postil, but a brand new work that used various texts by other authors, including Louis of Granada, Johann Wild (Ferus), Johann Eck, Johann Augustanus Faber, etc. Wujek's postils were an answer to a Protestant postil of Mikołaj Rej published in 1557. Lithuanian priest Mikalojus Daukša translated the smaller postil into Lithuanian. He used the 2nd edition of the Polish postil and later added details from the 3rd edition which was published in 1590 in Kraków. Several times, the text refers to Pope Gregory XIII, who died in 1585, as the current pope though the text was given to the printing press of the Jesuit Academy in Vilnius in early 1595 (though, due to financial difficulties, it was not published until 1599).
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Title page of the Catholic Postil The Catholic Postil, That Is a Lay Out of Gospels for Every Week and Feast of the Entire Year (modern , original Lithuanian: Postilla catholicka, tái est Ižguldimas ewangeliu kiekwienos nedelos ir szwętes per wissús metús) was a collection of Roman Catholic sermons and Bible commentaries (postil) by Jakub Wujek translated from Polish to Lithuanian by Mikalojus Daukša and first published in 1599. It was one of the first Lithuanian-language texts published in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The work is valued by researchers for the purity of the Lithuanian language and for its Polish dedication that defended the use of the Lithuanian language in public life. The 646-page postil remained the largest Lithuanian published work until the 19th century.
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A quatrain by Radvanas was published in a work by glorifying Krzysztof Mikołaj "Piorun" Radziwiłł. Three of his poems were included in Obrona postylle ewanielickiej (Defense of Evangelical Postil) by published in 1591.
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After the Council of Trent (1545–1563), the Roman Catholic Church religious texts in native languages to combat the Protestant Reformation. Lutheran pastor Jonas Bretkūnas published his Lithuanian postil in the Duchy of Prussia in 1591 prompting Lithuanian Catholics into action. Jakub Wujek, rector of the Jesuit Academy in Vilnius, published two postils in Polish – a larger one in 1573–1575 and a smaller in 1579–1580. The large postil was aimed at well educated clergy and delved into theological arguments by various Christian sects.
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Trubar and the provincial estates did not approve the hymnal's publication. Juričić's hymns, which also include Croatian linguistic elements, are aesthetically and linguistically inferior to Trubar's. In 1578, Juričić published his Postilla (Postil) in Slovene.Premrou, Miroslav. 1892.
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From the time of Martin Luther, who published the first part of his postil under the title Enarrationes epistolarum et evangeliorum quas postillas vocant (Wittenberg, 1521), every annual cycle of sermons on the lessons, whether consisting of homilies or formal sermons, is termed a postil. A few of the most famous Lutheran postils are those of M. Luther (Kirchenpostille, Wittenberg, 1527; Hauspostille, 1542, 1549), P. Melanchthon (Evangelien- Postille, Germ., Nuremberg, 1549; Lat., Hanover, 1594), M. Chemnitz (Evangelien-Postille, Magdeburg, 1594), L. Osiander (Bauern-Postille, Tübingen, 1597), and J. Arndt (Evangelien-Postille, Leipzig, 1616).
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This was a collection of sermons; the first half of it comprised the second edition of Sebastijan Krelj's Postilla slovenska (Slovene Postil, 1676), and the remaining sermons were Juričić's translations. Juričić died in Ljubljana on October 26, 1578.
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Title page of the Catechism of Mikalojus Daukša sponsored by Giedraitis – the first Lithuanian-language book printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania He supported the Lithuanian language and sponsored publication of the first Lithuanian printed books in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1595, Mikalojus Daukša translated a catechism by , Spanish Jesuit, and published it as Catechism, or Education Obligatory to Every Christian in Vilnius. Four years later, Daukša published the much larger Catholic Postil (collection of sermons) which was translated from a Polish postil by Jakub Wujek. In 1578, Maciej Stryjkowski arrived to Varniai.
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Measuring at , Catholic Postil has a total of 646 pages: 8 pages of dedications written by Daukša, 630 pages of translated sermons (the printed book marks only 627 pages due to some numbering errors), 6 pages of erratum, and 2 pages of covers. Some surviving copies of the book have an image of the coat of arms (a rose from the Poraj coat of arms) of Merkelis Giedraitis, the Bishop of Samogitia and sponsor of the postil, with a Latin quatrain about it as well as an eight-line dedication to Giedraitis. The dedication was written by Vaclovas Daujotas from . Daukša added two dedications, one in Latin to his benefactor Giedraitis and another in Polish to the reader.
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Title page of a Postil published by Trepka in 1557. Eustachy Trepka (born around 1510, died October 17, 1558) was a Polish Lutheran theologian, pastor, and translator. Trepka's family had its origins near Sieradz and Wielkopolska. According to some sources his family was nicknamed Nękanda with a coat of arms Topór.
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While these letters are part of the standard modern Lithuanian, they were forgotten and then re-imported from texts published in East Prussia. He used various complex diacritic signs to indicate pronunciation nuances as well as stress. Catholic Postil is the oldest Lithuanian text with stress marks making it particularly interesting to linguists.
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Together with , Volters published the postil in sections. The first two sections were published in 1904 and 1909. The third section was almost complete, but the outbreak of World War I prevented its publication. Volters managed to convince the Soviet Union to complete the third section and it was published in 1927.
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Mike Post (born Leland Michael Postil, September 29, 1944) is an American multi Grammy Award and Emmy Award-winning composer, best known for his TV theme music for such series as Law & Order, Law & Order: SVU, The A-Team, NYPD Blue, Renegade, The Rockford Files, L.A. Law, Quantum Leap, Magnum, P.I., and Hill Street Blues.
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The first two sections were published in 1904 and 1909. The third section was almost complete, but the outbreak of World War I prevented its publication. Volters managed to convince the Soviet Union to complete the third section and it was published in 1927. In total, 456 pages (out of 628) of the original postil were published.
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Wujek frequently used periodic sentences that Daukša preserved and in some instances improved. Daukša was successful in translating various proverbs, rhyming them or polishing their parallel construction. The postil was printed in the Gothic script. Daukša borrowed many elements of orthography from the Polish language, for example letters w and ł, but also introduced some innovations, including ogonek letters į and ų.
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Sponsored by Giedraitis, he became a member of the Samogitian cathedral chapter and wrote a history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which was published in 1582. It became the first published history of Lithuania. The postil and the history were both dedicated to Giedraitis. On 29 May 1580, Giedraitis crowned Stephen Báthory as Grand Duke of Lithuania in Vilnius Cathedral.
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While his beatification case was not started, some Lithuanians pray to Giedraitis (e.g. a prayer to him was included in a prayer book published by in 1964). In 1999, the year the Samogitian Diocese Museum opened and the 400th anniversary of the publication of the Postil of Mikalojus Daukša, a monument to Giedraitis and Mikalojus Daukša was unveiled next to the museum.
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The translation was done almost word-by-word without any larger alteration to meaning. It appears that church officials wanted a faithful copy of Wujek's postil which they considered well suited for the Counter-Reformation. Researchers have identified about 200 text deletions but majority of them seem to be mechanical errors. Such rather mechanical approach to translation produced some failed neologisms, introduced barbarisms, and hampered syntax.
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In the liner notes, Post discusses his late father, Sam Postil, and the admiration for law enforcement officers that Sam instilled in Mike. He also refers to police with the traditional nickname of "blues", as in "The Thin Blue Line" which refers to the police in general and to police camaraderie (one of the tracks is called "The Blue Line", which Post calls 'the comradery theme').
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The publication included Daukša's biography, review of the Lithuanian language research, dictionary of vocabulary used in the catechism, and examples of Lithuanian dialects that Volters collected during his expeditions. In 1898, Volters began to work on the publication of the postil of Mikalojus Daukša, a much larger and more substantial work than the catechism. Volters planned it for the 300th anniversary of the first publication in 1899.
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Eight original postils survive. They are kept at the Vilnius University Library (3 copies), National Martynas Mažvydas Library, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, Göttingen State and University Library, Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Vatican Library. The Vatican copy was gifted to Pope Pius XI by President Antanas Smetona in May 1930. Excerpts from the Catholic Postil by Daukša were first republished in 1823 in Vilnius.
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The society did not have separate premises and stored the books at home of its librarians, who included Dovas Zaunius and Jonas Smalakys. While the majority of the books were from the 19th and 20th centuries (92% and 5%, respectively), the collection included several rare books, including Postil of Jonas Bretkūnas (1591). After 1908, the society reestablished the library collecting fiction and non-fiction books geared towards the general public.
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In 1994, Post released a CD, called Inventions from the Blue Line. The CD contained several of his well-known themes, featuring NYPD Blue and also including Law & Order, Silk Stalkings and Renegade. In the liner notes, he discussed his late father, Sam Postil, and the admiration for law enforcement officers that Sam instilled in Mike. He also referred to police in the traditional nickname of "blues", as in The Thin Blue Line (referring to the police in general and to police camaraderie).
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Overall, the dedication is condensed, without unnecessary drivel, and is one of the better examples of such works. The postil is mainly known and valued for its Polish dedication to the reader which is part of the secondary school curriculum in Lithuania. The dedication is a passionate and patriotic defense of the native language which is considered to be the key to the survival of the nation. Daukša claims that all nations have three things in common – ancestral land, traditions, and language.
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Halunkenpostille is the title of a collection of poetry by the German writer Fritz Graßhoff. It could be translated as Scoundrel's Postil, and it reflects the title of Bertolt Brecht's Hauspostille, a collection of poems, which parodies Martin Luther's Hauspostille, a collection of Bible commentaries. A recording of songs from the Halunkenpostille was subtitled Schräge Songs, halbseidene Lieder und wunderschöne Gedichte, which may be rendered as Cockeyed Songs, Dubious Ditties and Wonderful Poems. The style shows similarities to works by Erich Kästner, Walter Mehring and Joachim Ringelnatz.
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Jesuit Lithuanian Daukša even wrote a manifesto (printed in his Postil, a collection of sermons in Lithuanian, in 1599), in which he exhorted Lithuanian nobles to regard and to use the Lithuanian language. Twenty years later the first dictionary with Lithuanian words was published (Polish–Latin–Lithuanian dictionary by Jesuit priest Konstantinas Sirvydas, in approx. 1620) and it became a significant fact of Lithuanian cultural life. The dictionary had a big influence to the development of Lithuanian language, especially to its standardization and modernization.
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Cover page of Postilė by Jonas Bretkūnas Postilė (full title: Postilla, tatai esti trumpas ir prastas ischguldimas euangeliu) is a 1000-page postil (collection of sermons and Bible commentaries) written in the Lithuanian language by Jonas Bretkūnas in 1591. It was designed for the purposes of Protestant priests serving Lithuanian communities in East Prussia (territory sometimes known as Lithuania Minor). The book was used until the 18th century. Postilė is one earliest works in Lithuanian that were not merely translations but also included original texts.
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Rationalist diocesan chapter begun to dislike Hedberg's activity because of his Pietism and he was transferred first to Paimio 1838 and 1840 as prison chaplain in Oulu. In 1842 he became temporary curate in Replot and in 1843 parish priest in Pöytyä. In 1853 he became vicar in Kaarina, and in 1862 vicar at Kimito Church in Kimito. Gradually, Hedberg discovered Lutheranism without any "order of salvation" from Martin Luther's postil and abandoned Pietism including books of Arndt and Spener among others, which had formerly been his spiritual authorities.
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The Reformation unleashed renewed literary activity in the country. The publication of the Icelandic translation of the New Testament in 1540 and the entire Bible in 1584, marks important milestones in the history of the Icelandic language and is a major factor in its preservation. The "Hymns of the Passion", 50 meditations on the cross by the 17th century poet and minister Hallgrímur Pétursson (1614–1674), were for generations the most important school of prayer and wisdom. The same can be said of "The Postil", the sermons of Jón Vídalin, Bishop of Skálholt (1698–1720).
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Pliateris collected books, schematic plans of thirteen castles, portraits of the nobility, weapons (shields made of European bison skin), numismatic and archaeological artifacts, etc. He amassed a personal library of about 3,000 books and manuscripts. The library had copies of Postil of Mikalojus Daukša (1599), Polish–Latin–Lithuanian dictionary by Konstantinas Sirvydas, unpublished manuscript by Simonas Daukantas, Lithuanian sermon delivered on the occasion of the death of King Sigismund III Vasa in 1632, etc. The oldest known book is a Latin theological work by François de Coster (Francisco Costero) from 1586.
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Garden of Motiejus Valančius The garden that was planted by Valančius is now known as Valančius garden and has a monument with his bust (sculptor , erected in 1927). The bust was removed by the authorities of the Lithuanian SSR in 1951. A local man hid the bust and it was reinstalled in its original location in 1990. In 1999, the year the museum opened and the 400th anniversary of the publication of the Postil of Mikalojus Daukša, a monument to Bishop Merkelis Giedraitis and Mikalojus Daukša was unveiled next to the museum.
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Il paternalismo autoritario ormai domina la politica, Huffington PostIl premier Conte positivo al virus autoritario, Il Riformista The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was especially severe in Italy. In July 2020, to answer the coronavirus recession, Conte and the other European leaders approved the Next Generation EU package, by which Italy would receive 209 billions of euros in grants and loans from the European Recovery Fund. Conte has been the first Italian prime minister without prior political office since Silvio Berlusconi in 1994, as well as the first from Southern Italy since Ciriaco De Mita in 1989.
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Giedraitis invited the Jesuits to Kražiai where the Kražiai College was established already after his death and the Bernadines to Kretinga where they established the first monastery in Samogitia. He sponsored Mikalojus Daukša, who translated and published Catechism (1595) and Postil (1599) in the Lithuanian language—the first Lithuanian books printed within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He also supported Maciej Stryjkowski, author of the first printed history of Lithuania. In recognition of his efforts, Giedraitis is often referred to as the second baptist of Samogitia (the first official baptism of Samogitia took place in 1413–1417).
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In 1895, brought Jaunius back from Kazan to Lithuania where he lived with friends and acquaintances trying to improve his health and recover, but had no means of earning a living. He petitioned the Governor of Kaunas for a monthly disability pay and was hoping to get a teaching job at the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy. He frequently visited Saint Petersburg where he reestablished academic contacts. He helped Eduards Volters with the publication of the postil of Mikalojus Daukša and delivered three lectures on Lithuanian word endings to the Neo-Philological Society in 1898.
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There were earlier publications in Lithuanian, but they were published by Protestants in the Duchy of Prussia, including Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas in 1547 and Postil of Jonas Bretkūnas in 1591. Earlier researchers, including Vaclovas Biržiška and Zenonas Ivinskis, claimed that a translation of the catechism by Peter Canisius was published in Vilnius around 1585. That would put Daukša's catechism only as the first surviving Lithuanian-language book printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The claim was based on two documents: a 1589 letter to Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia, and foreword of the 1605 catechism printed in Vilnius.
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A postil or postill (; ) was originally a term for Bible commentaries. It is derived from the Latin post illa verba textus ("after these words from Scripture"),Adams, G. W., Romans 1-8: General Introduction, Reformation Commentary on Scripture, 2019 referring to biblical readings. The word first occurs in the chronicle (with reference to examples of 1228 and 1238) of Nicolas Trivetus, but later it came to mean only homiletic exposition, and thus became synonymous with the homily in distinction from the thematic sermon. Finally, after the middle of the fourteenth century, it was applied to an annual cycle of homilies.
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It was two short booklets (25 pages and 16 pages) believed to have been prepared by Simonas Stanevičius to showcase the beauty and lexical richness of the Lithuanian language and to encourage its development and use. The first Lithuanian translation of the Polish dedication to the reader was published in Varpas in 1900. In the 19th century, Daukša and his texts became firmly established as key developments in the history of the Lithuanian language and started attracting academic interest. Stanevičius and later bishop Motiejus Valančius raised the issue of republishing the Catholic Postil in full, but the work was started by Eduards Volters only in 1898.
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In total, 456 pages (out of 628) of the original postil were published. In 1901 and 1904, Volters published two volumes of Lithuanian Chrestomathy with excerpts from the oldest Lithuanian, Latvian, and Prussian texts, examples from 18th- century and early 19th-century writers (including Kristijonas Donelaitis, Simonas Stanevičius, Simonas Daukantas, Motiejus Valančius), samples of local dialects, and examples from the writers of the late 19th-century writers (including Vincas Kudirka, Žemaitė, Pranas Vaičaitis, Antanas Kriščiukaitis). The 612 copies of the first volume of the chrestomathy were sold out in two months prompting a second run. Volters also worked on publishing other Lithuanian works that violated the Lithuanian press ban.
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Augustinus Rotundus translated the Second Statute into Latin. In 1552, Sigismund II Augustus ordered that orders of the magistrate of Vilnius be announced in Lithuanian, Polish and Ruthenian. Mikalojus Daukša, writing in the introduction to his Postil (1599) (which was written in Lithuanian) in Polish, advocated the promotion of the Lithuanian language in the Grand Duchy, noting in the introduction that many people, especially szlachta, preferred to speak Polish rather than Lithuanian, but spoke Polish poorly. Such were the linguistic trends in the Grand Duchy that by the political reforms of 1564–1566 parliaments local land courts, appellate courts and other State functions were recorded in Polish, and Polish became increasingly spoken across all social classes.
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The term postil fell into disuse during the period of Pietism and the Enlightenment, but was revived by Claus Harms (Winter- Postille, Kiel, 1812; Sommer-Postille, 1815). It has again become common through W. Löhe (Evangelien-Postille, Frommel 1848; Epistel-Postille, 1858), and M. Stuttgart (Herzpostille, Bremen, 1882, 1890; Hauspostille, 1887–88; Pilgerpostille, 1890). Reformed Churches, which disregard a regular series of lessons, have no postils; in the Roman Catholic Church the term has been kept, especially through Leonard Goffiné (Hand-Postill oder christ-catholische Unterrichtungen von allen Sonn- and Feyr-Tagen des gantzen Jahrs (Mainz, 1690; popular, illustrated ed., reissued twenty-one times by H. Herder, Freiburg-im- Breisgau, 1875–1908; Eng. transl.
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A Polish translation of Martin Luther's postil by "Hieronim Malecki, parson of Lyck (now Ełk)". Hieronim Malecki (also Hieronymus Maeletius or Meletius) (1527, most likely in Kraków – 1583 or 1584 in Lyck, Ducal Prussia (now Ełk) was a Polish, Prussian Lutheran pastor and theologian, as well as a translator, publisher, writer and creator of literary Polish. Hieronim Malecki was the son of Johannes Maletius (Jan Malecki) (sometimes referred to as "Jan Sandecki" or "Jan Sandecki-Malecki"), who was a printer of Polish language Lutheran religious literature in Königsberg (Królewiec (Königsberg, now Kaliningrad) in Ducal Prussia, then a fief of Kingdom of Poland. Hieronim studied in Kraków at the Jagiellonian University and then at the University of Königsberg.
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She was a believer in Biblical infallibility and spoke in favor of literary belief in the words of the Bible, in combination with equally literary belief in the words of Luther, in particular the Postil of Luther. As such, she was opposed to the revised Luther's Small Catechism of 1810, the Agenda (liturgy) of 1811 and the Swedish Book of Psalms of 1819, and criticized the church of the state for practicing them. She was a successful preacher who gathered her own congregation of followers, lead their sermons herself, and met opposing views with hostility. She was a strict authoritarian who controlled the lives of her followers in detail, and her approval was necessary if anyone of them wished to marry.
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Lada was mentioned by Jan Długosz and in the Kievan Synopsis of 1674 as a goddess from the time of Volodymyr the Great, but the first documentation of a cult of worship comes from fifteenth-century Polish church prohibitions of pagan rituals. A postil by a rector at Cracow University circa 1405 reads: Some scholars have suggested that Lada was merely a refrain in Slavic folk songs or poetry and that no deity by that name was ever worshipped. However, similar musical refrains exist in all Slavic and some Baltic folklore, along with vernacular phrases such as laduvaty (in the Volhynia region, meaning to hold a wedding) that allude to the presence of a Lada cult. Lithuanian songs refer to Lada as a "Great Goddess" and "Mother Lada".
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He worked as a teacher at a Polish school in Lyck and as a translator for the starosta of Lyck. In 1563 he was hired as the resident translator of Polish in the printing house of Hans Daubmann in Königsberg Królewiec. Malecki's translations include Martin Luther's "House Postil" (Postylla domowa, to yest: Kazania na Ewangelie niedzielne y przednieysze święta, 1574, Królewiec), as well as Luther's Small Catechism (Catechismus maly: dla pospolitych plebanow y kaźnodzieiow, 1615, Królewiec) He also published works by his father, Jan, including Libellus de sacrificiis et idolatria Borussorum, Livonum... ("Treatise on the sacrifices and idolatry in Prussia and Livonia", 1563, Królewiec), originally a letter to the rector of University of Königsberg, Georg Sabinus, which Hieronim also published in a German-language version. In his translations into Polish, Hieronim, following his father, relied heavily on Czech, and even argued that Czech and Polish were a single language.
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