160 Sentences With "postbellum" | Random Sentence Generator

Of this second, enduring postbellum country, Grant remains very much the Washington.

The trope of the "lazy Southerner" dates back to America's postbellum period following the end of the Civil War.

Selections from Jacob Lawrence's vibrant migration series mirror the map across the room, underscoring the reality that racial terror, far more than industrialization, drove the massive geographic movements of African Americans during the nation's postbellum period.

Like all of Faulkner's great novels of the postbellum South, Soldiers' Pay is at heart a story about bitterness and disappointment in the wake of war and change, told through the stale intimacies of ordinary lives.

A dressmaker and former slave, she is best known from her memoir "Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House" -- a postbellum slave narrative and portrait of the First Family, especially Mary Todd Lincoln.

So between now and the next administration (which will likely bring a new defense secretary), Carter is trying to get ahead of the curve on shepherding the DoD through its regularly scheduled postbellum blues — and much of that effort is seen in this year's DoD budget and rollout effort.

The Sixth Gun (2013): Based on a series of comic books, this goth Western would have put the Bloomington vegan-looking Michiel Huisman (GoT's Daario Naharis) to good use as Drake Sinclair, a gunfighter commanded by the fabled Hanging Tree to seek six sacred pistols in the postbellum township of Brimstone.

As Southern Redeemers worked to put down burgeoning alliances between Blacks and whites—a coalition that foreshadowed precisely the class-based politics now rhetorically championed by left and liberal critics of "identity politics"—Black bodies served as the scapegoats; their ritual sacrifice permitted postbellum whites to reunite across class and region.

The Toni Morrison adaptation of her 1987 novel, whose crash-and-burn at the box office was viewed at the time as near catastrophic (making back little more than $23 million of its reported $58 million budget), applies to antebellum and postbellum American history an especially nightmarish viewpoint that movie audiences weren't ready for at the time.

Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States (Oxford UP, 2006).

Kellogg, J., (1977). Negro urban clusters in the postbellum South. Geographical Review, 67(3), 310–321.

It was the only postbellum state won by Carter: since William McKinley in 1896 no other candidate has won the presidency whilst winning so few as one postbellum state. In fact, Carter did not win any other state west of the hundredth meridian, including the Pacific states of Oregon and California admitted before the civil war.

Charles Miller Shelley (December 28, 1833 - January 20, 1907) was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army and a postbellum U.S. Representative from Alabama.

Julius White (September 23, 1816 - May 12, 1890) was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, as well as a postbellum diplomat.

As the wannabe palatine of a giant postbellum plantation, America's King George II is unable to empathize with the working class he so smirkingly seeks to feudalize.

John Thomas Croxton (November 20, 1836 - April 16, 1874) was an attorney, a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and a postbellum U.S. diplomat.

Detroit, MI: Wayne State UP, 2001. 207-23. postcolonial, and new historicism.See for instance: Kathleen Diffley, ed. Witness to Reconstruction: Constance Fenimore Woolson and the Postbellum South, 1873-1894.

William Neil Dennison (December 10, 1841 - December 31, 1904) was a highly decorated artillery officer during the American Civil War, an attorney and business speculator during the postbellum years.

Black residential centralization and the spatial mismatch hypothesis. Journal of Urban Economics, 48(1), 110–134. Woodman, H.D., (1997). Class, Race, Politics, and the Modernization of the Postbellum South.

John Stuart Williams (July 10, 1818July 17, 1898) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and a postbellum Democratic U.S. Senator from Kentucky.

Joseph Jones Reynolds (January 4, 1822 - February 25, 1899) was an American engineer, educator, and military officer who fought in the American Civil War and the postbellum Indian Wars.

New Haven, Conn.: Ticknor & Fields, 1983. Print. Thomas Nelson Page, 1903. Page's postbellum fiction featured a nostalgic view of the South in step with what is termed Lost Cause ideology.

Philip Cook (July 31, 1817 - May 21, 1894) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and a postbellum member of the United States Congress.

The Journal of Southern History, 63(1), 3–22. Woodman, H.D., (1977). Sequel to slavery: The new history views the postbellum South. The Journal of Southern History, 43(4), 523–554.

He was also a postbellum state senator and U.S. Senator. The community of Sewell, New Jersey is named for him."Kelly Roncace: What's in name? Sewell", South Jersey Times, January 4, 2012.

Storms oversaw the growth of enrollments, endowments, programs, and faculty during the postbellum period. He was the last college president to teach regular classes on top of his busy schedule as president.

Frederick Augustus Conkling (August 22, 1816 - September 18, 1891) was a United States Representative from New York during the American Civil War. He was also a postbellum banker, insurance company executive, and writer.

William Thomas Clark (June 29, 1831 - October 12, 1905) was an American soldier and politician, serving as a general in the Union army during the American Civil War and as a postbellum U.S. Congressman.

John H. Emerick (November 7, 1843 - May 11, 1902) was one of the leading telegraph operators in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and a postbellum executive in a leading New York telegraph company.

Milton Stapp Robinson (April 20, 1832 - July 28, 1892) was an Indiana lawyer, politician, judge, and soldier. He was a brigade commander in the Union Army during the American Civil War and a postbellum U.S. Representative.

John Rodgers (August 8, 1812 – May 5, 1882) was an admiral in the United States Navy. He began his naval career as a commander in the American Civil War and during his Postbellum service became an admiral.

Thayer was platted in 1887 when the railroad was extended to that point. It was named for John Milton Thayer, a general in the Union Army during the Civil War and a postbellum United States Senator from Nebraska.

John Benton Callis (January 3, 1828 - September 24, 1898) was an American businessman from Lancaster, Wisconsin who served as an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War and as a postbellum U.S. Representative from Alabama.

Daniel Ammen (May 15, 1820 - July 11, 1898) was a U.S. naval officer during the American Civil War and the postbellum period, as well as a prolific author. His last assignment in the Navy was Chief of the Bureau of Navigation.

Few of these lasted into the > postbellum years, although some survived into the 20th century including > institutions in Scott (Cortland County), Elmira, Clifton Springs and > Dansville. While none were located in Jefferson County, the Oswego Water > Cure operated in the city of Oswego.

George Earl Maney (August 24, 1826 - February 9, 1901) was an American soldier, politician, railroad executive and diplomat. He was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and a postbellum U.S. ambassador to Colombia, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Paraguay.

Isaac Harding Duval (September 1, 1824 - July 10, 1902) was an adventurer and businessman prior to becoming a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was a postbellum U.S. Representative from West Virginia in the 41st United States Congress.

Magnolia Manor is a postbellum manor located in Cairo, Illinois, located in Alexander County. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 17, 1969. The house is operated as a Victorian period historic house museum by the Cairo Historical Association.

Historic buildings range from a 1776 Colonial tavern to a vacant 1962 Modernist museum (Demolished in 2013). Contributing structures include postbellum artifacts such as the 1895 Big Round Top Observation Tower Foundation Ruin, the 1893 Electric Trolley Bed, and the only remaining Tipton Boundary Marker.

When the war ended, Carroll stayed in the postbellum Regular Army, serving in the inspector general's department. Partially invalided by his war-time injuries, he retired from the army in 1869 with the brevet rank of major general. In August 1886, his wife divorced him.

John M. Shelton (1853-1923) was an American rancher and banker. Born in Kentucky in the Antebellum South, he became a large landowner and banker in Texas in the postbellum era. He founded a bank and loan company. He established the Bravo Ranch in Hartley County, Texas.

Edwin Stanton McCook (March 26, 1837 - September 11, 1873) was an American soldier and politician. A Union Army officer during the American Civil War and a postbellum politician in the Dakota Territory, he was assassinated in office while serving as acting governor on September 11, 1873.

They separated when he joined the army, as she supported Abraham Lincoln. Ward married Vene P. Armstrong, a merchant, in the postbellum era. After his death, she married her fourth husband, Major George F. Downs, a Kentucky native. They resided at the Galt House, a hotel in Louisville.

This enabled them to take control of Biloxi as well. No major battles were fought in the area, and Biloxi did not suffer direct damage from the war. Some local Union sentiment could be discerned following the war's conclusion. In the postbellum period, Biloxi again emerged as a vacation spot.

Ten years after his arrival in Texas, he built the Hawkins Lake House. By 1860, Hawkins was the owner of 101 African slaves. During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, Confederate General John B. Magruder used his ranch as headquarters. In the postbellum era, Hawkins used convicts rather than slaves.

Rome was a short-lived postbellum frontier settlement in Ellis County, Kansas, United States. Rome is notable for its association with the early plains career of its co-founder, William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody. Rome was the first town established within the future Ellis County, followed very shortly by rival Hays City.

John Milton Thayer (January 24, 1820March 19, 1906) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War and a postbellum United States Senator from Nebraska. Thayer served as Governor of Wyoming Territory and Governor of Nebraska. Thayer was born in Bellingham, Norfolk County, Massachusetts. He attended and taught in rural schools.

He established a courier system for families of CSA members in Texas. Additionally, he established the "Texas Hospital", a Confederate hospital in Auburn, Alabama in 1864. In the postbellum years, Bunting was the minister of the First Presbyterian Church in Nashville, Tennessee. From 1869 to 1882, he served a Presbyterian church in Galveston, Texas.

During the Siege of Vicksburg, Grant relieved McClernand of his command by citing his intemperate and unauthorized communication with the press, finally putting an end to a rivalry that had caused Grant discomfort since the beginning of the war. McClernand left the Army in 1864 and served as a judge and a politician in the postbellum era.

During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, the house was ransacked by the Union Army. In the postbellum era, Harper resumed his role as editor, and he served as a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1875–1876. He retired as editor in 1883, when his son George took the helm of the newspaper.

Matthew Calbraith Butler (March 8, 1836April 14, 1909) was an American military commander and attorney and politician from South Carolina. He served as a major general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, postbellum three-term United States Senator, and a major general in the United States Army during the Spanish–American War.

Joseph Jackson Bartlett (November 21, 1834 - January 14, 1893) was a New York attorney, brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and postbellum international diplomat and pensions administrator for the United States Government. He was chosen to receive the stacked arms of General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House.

In the South, Whitecaps tried to force victims to abandon their home or property. Whitecapping in the South is thought to have been related to the stresses of the postbellum agricultural depression that occurred immediately after the Civil War. The South had issues with overproduction and falling crop prices. With attention centered on producing cotton, the South's economy became very unbalanced.

There are also civic leaders like J. R. Inman (a co- founder of the Wilson County Colored Teachers Association) and Republican politicians like Jake Owens and Martin Manson, from the postbellum era. The cemetery has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 25, 1993. By 2002, it was mostly overgrown, and the city of Lebanon agreed to restore it.

The house was built , possibly earlier, making it "one of the oldest houses in the county." With Dickson was a magistrate for Perry County. In the postbellum era, the house belonged to the Ledbetter family. When their daughter Minerva married Jessie Sparks, it became associated with the Sparks political family: J. Kent Sparks, their son, served in the Tennessee General Assembly.

Benjamin William Brice (November 30, 1809 - December 4, 1892) was a lawyer and soldier who served in the United States Army during the Black Hawk War and Mexican-American War. Later employed as the Paymaster General of the Union Army during the American Civil War and postbellum periods, Brice had on his retirement in 1872 risen to the rank of brevet major general.

Theodore Newell Haller (1864 - 1930) was a prominent American businessman, attorney, writer, and civic leader in Seattle, Washington. He founded Haller City, Washington, now Arlington, Washington. Haller Lake, a lake and neighborhood in Seattle, is named after him. Theodore Haller (Morris) was the son of Henrietta and Granville O. Haller, a former Civil War officer and one of Seattle's leading postbellum businessmen.

Isaac H. Hilliard (1811-1868) was an American planter and cotton factor in the Antebellum South. He was an advocate of the Confederate States of America. During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, he moved his family slaves to Texas and later Louisiana. In the postbellum years, he was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson and liquidated his cotton-factoring business.

As noted above, Benjamin Rush was a major political activist for anti-slavery causes in early America. The issue resurfaced in the 1850s with the Fugitive Slave Act and other compromises; the Universalists, along with various other denominations, vigorously opposed slavery as immoral. They also favored postbellum legislation such as the Fifteenth Amendment and the Freedman's Act to enfranchise all American citizens.

John Benjamin Sanborn (December 5, 1826 – May 6, 1904) was a lawyer, politician, and soldier from the state of New Hampshire who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was also a key member of the postbellum Congressional-appointed Indian Peace Commission, which negotiated and signed several important treaties with native American tribes.

From July 1864 until the end of the war, he served in such positions as the commander of the Reserve Corps of Mississippi and the head of the Confederate Bureau of Conscription. In his postbellum life, he returned to his Wilkinson County plantation where he worked, despite physical injury and age, until his death on October 8, 1890. Upon his death, he was buried at his plantation.

Koufonisia were set free along with the rest of Cyclades islands and incorporated into the Greek state in 1830. During the Axis occupation of World War II (1941–1945), the islands' residents faced difficult times. In the postbellum period, the island had 1000 inhabitants. However, many of them migrated to Athens in order to find a job and many men left the islands to work as grummets.

The design is typical of the second half of Barnett's career, when he shifted from Italianate to Second Empire designs, and represents a popular style in postbellum America. A mansard roof with slate tiles tops the house; a cornice running along the roofline features paired brackets. The front of the house features a wraparound porch supported by columns. The house's corners have bold quoins.

During the American Civil War of 1861–1865, Toney served in the Confederate States Army, under generals Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. He was captured and sent to Elmira Prison. After the war, Toney joined the Ku Klux Klan, under the leadership of Nathan Bedford Forrest. Toney authored a memoir about his Civil War and postbellum experience, The Privations of a Private, in 1905.

DeCanio, S.J., (1979). Accumulation and discrimination in the postbellum South. Explorations in Economic History, 16(2), 182–206. Ezeani, E.C., (1977). Economic conditions of freed black slaves in the United States, 1870–1920. The Review of Black Political Economy, 8(1), 104–118. Gates, P.W., (1940). Federal Land Policy in the South 1866-1888. The Journal of Southern History, 6(3), 303–330. Gates, P.W., (1936).

Mingus, Scott L., Flames Beyond Gettysburg: The Gordon Expedition, June 1863. (Columbus, Ohio: Ironclad Publishing, 2009) In the Postbellum era (1865–1877), York remained a regional center for local agriculture, but increasingly became an important industrial center, with such industries as steam engines, railroad manufacturing, and papermaking coming to the forefront. York also features some unique architecture ranging from colonial era buildings to large gothic churches.

One such student was Major Holman Melcher, who enlisted in the 20th Regiment of Maine. His motivations were parallel with that of the typical Bates student and administration. Melcher went on to become a Civil War hero and postbellum mayor of Portland, Maine. He served as a Brevet Major and was a part of the team that charged down Little Round Top at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Fort Mott, located in Pennsville, Salem County, New Jersey, United States, was part of the Harbor Defenses of the Delaware, a three-fort defense system designed for the Delaware River during the postbellum and Endicott program modernization periods following the American Civil War and in the 1890s. The other two forts in the system were Fort Delaware on Pea Patch Island and Fort DuPont in Delaware City, Delaware.

Glencoe Museum is located in west downtown Radford overlooking the New River. The house was built in 1870 in the 19th century Victorian style, specifically Second Empire, and serves as a home for many artifacts concerning the beginnings of Radford. It was the postbellum home of Confederate Brigadier General Gabriel C. Wharton. It is a large, two-story, five bay, brick dwelling, and originally had quite extensive grounds.

In her literary works, King focuses primarily on women and women's issues in Reconstruction and its aftermath. King also emphasizes how race and class affected the lives of women. Some of King's most popular stories portray white women from aristocratic families experiencing poverty and black women struggling to find their place in society. These stories show King's concern for the changing status of all women in the postbellum South.

Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Volume 11, 1865 In the postbellum period he worked for the New-York Tribune, wrote poetry and published books. He sympathized with struggling workingmen of his time and joined the Knights of Labor.Beyond Labor's Veil: The Culture of the Knights of Labor, By Robert E. Weir, p. 113. In 1871, he patented an invention dealing with improvement in printer's column-rules.

In the postbellum era, he worked for the railroads and steamships in Louisiana and Texas, and he co-founded the First National Bank of Victoria, the Victoria Loan Company, and the Victoria Building and Loan Company. He died in 1912. The house was designed by Danish-born architect Jules Leffland in the Queen Anne architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 9, 1986.

The Dr. James A. Ross House is a historic house in Pikeville, Tennessee, U.S.. It was built circa 1872 for Dr. James A. Ross, his wife Jennie Brown and their children. With . Ross was a physician who served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War of 1861-1865; in the postbellum era, he became a real estate investor. The house was purchased by Bledsoe County in 1997.

The Coolidge vote topped the poll, however, in thirty-five states, leaving the electoral vote for Davis in only twelve.The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 23 All the states of the former Confederacy voted for Davis (plus Oklahoma), while all of the Union/postbellum states (except Wisconsin and Oklahoma) voted for Coolidge. It remains the last time anyone won the Presidency without carrying a single former Confederate state.

501–502; McPherson, p. 665, in contrast to Gallagher, depicts Lee as "profoundly depressed" about the battle. Gettysburg became a postbellum focus of the "Lost Cause", a movement by writers such as Edward A. Pollard and Jubal Early to explain the reasons for the Confederate defeat in the war. A fundamental premise of their argument was that the South was doomed because of the overwhelming advantage in manpower and industrial might possessed by the North.

Lucille Sinclair Douglass was born on November 4, 1878, in Tuskegee, Alabama, to Civil War veteran Walton Eugene Douglass and Mary Sinclair (Mollie) Douglass. The family's situation has been described as "genteel poverty" characteristic of the postbellum South. Often sickly during her childhood, Lucille Douglass read exotic travel books such as the Zig-Zag Journeys of Hezekiah Butterworth. She took art lessons from her mother, who taught at Alabama Conference Female College (later Huntingdon College).

Their activities helped spark the postbellum women's rights movement in Illinois. Mary Ann Bickerdyke, a resident of Galesburg, was a noted nurse for the Western armies. Workers in various factories and mills, as well as the port and stockyards, helped provide a steady source of materiel, food, and clothing to Illinois troops, as well as to the general Union army. Mound City foundry workers converted river steamboats into armored gunboats for Federal service.

Sharecroppers on the roadside after eviction (1936) Sharecropping became widespread in the South as a response to economic upheaval caused by the end of slavery during and after Reconstruction.Joseph D. Reid, "Sharecropping as an understandable market response: The postbellum South." Journal of Economic History (1973) 33#1 pp. 106–130. in JSTOR Sharecropping was a way for poor farmers, both white and black, to earn a living from land owned by someone else.

Glencoe, postbellum home of Wharton Wharton became a legislator in the Virginia General Assembly and then returned to his pre-war career as a mining engineer. He was also instrumental in building the railroad in Southwest Virginia in New River Valley. Wharton married Nannie Radford, daughter of John B. Radford, for whom the town of Radford, Virginia, is named. Wharton was also instrumental in the building of the New River Railroad, Mining and Manufacturing Company.

South Louisiana became known as Sugarland, and Lafourche one of the sugar parishes, where sugar cane plantations were established before and after the Civil War. They required the labor of large numbers of enslaved African Americans. In the postbellum era, they comprised from 50 to 80 percent of the population in most of the sugar parishes.[ Michael James Pfeifer, Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874-1947], University of Illinois Press, 2004, pp.

Gates P. Thruston, circa 1875 Gates Phillips Thruston (June 11, 1835 – December 9, 1912) was an American lawyer and businessman. Born in Ohio, he served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and started a legal practise in Nashville, Tennessee in the postbellum era. He served as the president of the State Insurance Company. He also was an amateur archeologist, and the author of several books about Native American mounds and artifacts.

Governor Alvin Saunders guided the territory during the American Civil War (1861–1865), as well as the first two years of the postbellum era. He worked with the territorial legislature to help define the borders of Nebraska, as well as to raise troops to serve in the Union Army. No battles were fought in the territory, but Nebraska raised three regiments of cavalry to help the war effort, and more than 3,000 men served in the military.

Some of the many criticisms of Longstreet's Gettysburg performance by the postbellum Lost Cause authors cite this failure as evidence that Longstreet deliberately undermined Lee's plan for the battle.Gallagher, p. 141. Meanwhile, on the far right end of the Union line, a seven-hour battle raged for the control of Culp's Hill. Lee's intent was to synchronize his offensive across the battlefield, keeping Meade from concentrating his numerically superior force, but the assaults were poorly coordinated and Maj. Gen.

"Gender in Paradise: Harriet Beecher Stowe and Postbellum Prose on Florida", The Journal of Southern History, 64 (3) p. 495–512. Biographer Forrest Wilson considers the finished product, Palmetto Leaves—published in 1873—to be the first promotional writing about Florida ever. Occasionally letters about the state were printed in local newspapers in the North, but because Florida was still very much a rugged wilderness, Northerners really had no concept of what the region was like.Wilson, p. 576.

Arizona Methodist Church is a historic church located along Arizona Road (LA 806), about south of its junction with LA 2. Also known as Arizona United Methodist Church, it was built in about 1880 and added to the National Register in 1983. As of 1983, it was "the only surviving historic landmark of the Arizona community, which during the postbellum period was a thriving town with a substantial cotton mill and academy." with two photos and two maps With .

Vineyards and wineries around Altus have been in the same family for generations. The River Valley's first wineries date to the postbellum era, when they were founded to produce wine for the Swiss and German immigrants relocating to the area to work in coal mines. This culture lives on today in the five vineyards still in operation. The Chateau Aux Arc Vineyards and Winery is the largest US Chardonnay producer outside of California, and the largest Zinfandel producer in Arkansas.

Benjamin Franklin Potts (January 29, 1836 – June 17, 1887) was a lawyer, politician, and soldier from the state of Ohio who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, as well as a postbellum Governor of the Montana Territory from 1870 to 1883. He commanded a brigade of infantry in the Western Theater in some of the war's most important campaigns and repeatedly received commendations for gallantry and tactical judgement in combat.Eicher, p. 437.Reid, pp. 898–99.

Long Marsh Run Rural Historic District is a national historic district located just outside Berryville, in Clarke County, Virginia. It encompasses 315 contributing buildings, 16 contributing sites, and 35 contributing structures. The district includes the agricultural landscape and architectural resources of an area distinctively rural that contains numerous large antebellum and postbellum estates, and several smaller 19th-century farms, churches, schools and African-American communities. Long Marsh Run Rural Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

The commitment of his time and resources to cashing in on the postbellum Florida land boom was a miserable failure in the end. His wife was so disgruntled with his booster schemes that she lamented in a letter to her husband that Florida was "a vampire that... sucked the repose & the beauty & the dignity & cheerfulness out of our lives."Fry, pp. 170–175 Sanford had numerous other business interests, some in the Congo after his work for Belgium, but none were profitable.

He was born to Camille, a French Catholic, and LeRoy Percy, of the planter class in Mississippi, and grew up in Greenville. His father was elected as US senator in 1910. As an attorney and planter with 20,000 acres under cultivation for cotton, he was very influential at the Episcopal university, Sewanee: The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, a postbellum tradition in his family. He spent a year in Paris before going to Harvard for a law degree.

Zebulon Baird Vance (May 13, 1830 – April 14, 1894) was a Confederate military officer in the American Civil War, the 37th and 43rd Governor of North Carolina, and U.S. Senator. A prolific writer, Vance became one of the most influential Southern leaders of the Civil War and postbellum periods. As a leader of the "New South", Vance favored the rapid modernization of the Southern economy, railroad expansion, school construction, and reconciliation with the North.Leonard C. Schlup, and James Gilbert Ryan, eds.

Because they owned the land upon which they lived, Pennytown residents were able to avoid the pitfalls and abuses of sharecropping that befell many former slaves in the postbellum era. Instead, the men of the community were able to earn wages as laborers on area farms and in Marshall. The women largely worked too, as domestic help. With the working age adults gone most of the day, the older members of Pennytown served as caregivers for the children in a communal arrangement.

Counting the Votes; Oklahoma Up to this election, Oklahoma was a reliably Democratic state, with the party nominee winning all of the first eleven elections held in the state except for James M. Cox in 1920 and Catholic Al Smith in 1928. Subsequently, like other states of the Solid South, Oklahoma has turned into a Republican bastion. In the landslide election of 1952 and 1956, Adlai Stevenson II won no antebellum free-soil or postbellum state; however Oklahoma remained more Democratic than the nation as a whole.

In 1900, there were only about 100 Catholic high schools, but by 1920 more than 1,500 were in operation.David P. Baker, "Schooling All the Masses: Reconsidering the Origins of American Schooling in the Postbellum Era," Sociology of Education (1999) 72#4 pp. 197-215 in JSTOR For more than two generations, enrollment climbed steadily. By the mid-1960s, enrollment in Catholic parochial schools had reached an all-time high of 4.5 million elementary school pupils, with about 1 million students in Catholic high schools.

The town was founded in the postbellum era by the Bessemer Land and Improvement Company, named after Henry Bessemer and owned by coal magnate Henry F. DeBardeleben. He had inherited Daniel Pratt's investments.Alabama Men's Hall of Fame: Henry Fairchild DeBardeleben , Samford University The mayor and councilmen voted to incorporate the city of Bessemer on September 9, 1887."Bessemer", Encyclopedia of Alabama Located 16 miles southwest of Birmingham, Bessemer grew rapidly and its promoters believed that it might overtake the other city in economic power.

The St. David School District is also the oldest in the San Pedro Valley. The annual San Pedro Valley Fair has been held at the St. David High School since 1934. In 2008 St. David held a celebration its 130 anniversary during the 75th San Pedro Valley Fair with a Town Reunion at the St. David School. Another popular cultural event held at the school is the annual 1880s Historic Costume Ball, which is patterned after a typical postbellum Indian War-era military ball.

Postbellum portrait Scales' law office in Madison After the war, Scales returned to the practice of law, a profession in which he gained great distinction. In 1874 he was elected to the Forty-fourth Congress, and was re-elected to the four succeeding congresses. In 1884, he was elected Governor of North Carolina by a majority of over twenty thousand votes. Upon the expiration of his term as governor in 1888 he retired permanently from political life, repeatedly refusing to run again for Congress.

The Gettysburg Electric Railway was a borough trolley that provided summer access (1991 Gettysburg Times) to Gettysburg Battlefield visitor attractions such as military engagement areas, monuments, postbellum camps, and recreation areas (e.g., Wheat-field Park and the Pfeffer baseball diamond). Despite the 1896 Supreme Court ruling under the Takings Clause against the railway, battlefield operations continued until 1916. The trolley generating plant was leased by the Electric Light, Heat, and Power Company of Gettysburg to supply streetlights and homes until electricity was imported from Hanover.

During postbellum North, theater flourished as a postwar boom allowed longer and more-frequent productions. The advent of American rail transport allowed production companies, actors, and large, elaborate sets to travel easily between towns, which made permanent theaters in small towns feasible. The invention and practical application of electric lighting also led to changes to and improvements of scenery styles as well as changes in the design of theater interiors and seating areas. Minstrel show performers Rollin Howard (in female costume) and George Griffin, c. 1855.

His death was a devastating loss for the Confederacy. Some historians and participants—particularly those of the postbellum Lost Cause movement—attribute the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg two months later to Jackson's absence. The Union gunners at Fairview Cemetery were alert and nervous; they were a few hundred yards behind Berry's division and still-intact elements of the XI Corps and they found it quite impossible to fire their guns without the shells going over the heads of the infantrymen in front of them.

East Cemetery Hill is a Gettysburg Battlefield landform used for the battle of East Cemetery Hill during the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day. Located on the east of Gettysburg's Baltimore Street and the Baltimore Pike which meet on the hill, the hill is a northeast spur, and the east slope, of Cemetery Hill. The hill has numerous postbellum battlefield monuments, as well as artillery lunettes remaining from the Battle of Gettysburg. Slocum Avenue is on the south slope, while Wainwright Avenue is near the east base.

372–373; 424, 425. More recent work by Nina Silber, David W. Blight, Cecelia O'Leary, Laura Edwards, LeeAnn Whites, and Edward J. Blum has encouraged greater attention to race, religion, and issues of gender while at the same time pushing the end of Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century, while monographs by Charles Reagan Wilson, Gaines Foster, W. Scott Poole, and Bruce Baker have offered new views of the Southern "Lost Cause."Thomas J. Brown, ed. Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States (2008).

Initially it passed the Confederate House, was barely defeated in the Senate, but weeks later, a version of this "last resort" effort was eventually approved, though never implemented. Returning to politics in postbellum Mississippi during Reconstruction, Barksdale served as delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1860, 1868, 1872, and 1880. He served as chairman of the Democratic State executive committee from 1877–1879. Barksdale was elected as a Democrat to the Forty- eighth and Forty-ninth Congresses (March 4, 1883 - March 3, 1887).

He added that many people used to attend singing schools, and he blamed the lack of musical training on the radio, which discouraged people from learning to sing in the postbellum era. Additionally, Jackson argued that Negro spirituals took their origin from poor whites who sang old folk songs from England. During the 1940s, he studied the roots of anabaptist music (Amish and Mennonite). He proposed the now generally accepted view that the original tunes used in Der Ausbund hymnal were popular medieval melodies.

Anson George McCook (October 10, 1835 - December 30, 1917) was an American military and political figure who served as Union Army colonel during the Civil War. In recognition of his service, in 1866, he was nominated and confirmed for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers. In civilian life, he was an attorney and three-term postbellum U.S. Congressman from New York. He was a member of the “Fighting McCooks,” one of America's most prolific military families during the Civil War.

James Longstreet was criticized for his performance during the battle and the postbellum advocates of the Lost Cause claimed that his slowness, reluctance to attack, and disobedience to Gen. Lee on August 29 were a harbinger of his controversial performance to come on July 2, 1863, at the Battle of Gettysburg. Lee's biographer, Douglas Southall Freeman, wrote: "The seeds of much of the disaster at Gettysburg were sown in that instant—when Lee yielded to Longstreet and Longstreet discovered that he would."Gallagher, pp.

The farm was founded in the 1820s for William H. Murray, a corn and livestock farmer who owned 20 slaves by 1850. It was passed on to his son Hiram in 1851, who owned 39 slaves prior to the American Civil War of 1861–1865. Hiram served in the Confederate States Army, and some of his slaves became tenant farmers in the postbellum era. By 1874, the farm was inherited by his Hiram's son, Davis, who lived here with his wife and their six children.

In the decades after Johnson left office, there were few historical evaluations of Johnson and his presidency. Memoirs from Northerners who had dealt with him, such as former vice president Henry Wilson and Maine Senator James G. Blaine, depicted him as an obstinate boor whose Reconstruction policies favored the South. The turn of the 20th century saw the first significant historical evaluations of Johnson. Leading the wave was Pulitzer Prize-winning historian James Ford Rhodes, who ascribed Johnson's faults to his personal weaknesses, and blamed him for the problems of the postbellum South.

Foner notes that at the time of these surveys, "the Reconstruction era that followed the Civil War was regarded as a time of corruption and misgovernment caused by granting black men the right to vote". In the 1950s, historians began to focus on the African-American experience as central to Reconstruction. They rejected completely any claim of black inferiority, which had marked many earlier historical works. Many of these writers saw the developing Civil Rights Movement as a second Reconstruction and hoped their work on the postbellum era would advance the cause of civil rights.

Unlike most Southern cities, Postbellum life for Augusta was very prosperous. By the beginning of the 20th century, Augusta had become one of the largest inland cotton markets in the world. A new military cantonment, named Camp Hancock, opened nearby during World War I. In 1916 a large fire destroyed over 700 buildings in the city including many of its finest residences.New Georgia Encyclopedia: Augusta In 1927, Owen Robertson Cheatham founded the lumber company Georgia Pacific in Augusta, before it moved to Portland, Oregon, and later to Atlanta.

Oakland Plantation near Natchitoches, Louisiana. Another secondary structure on many plantations during the height of the sharecropping-era was the plantation store or commissary. Although some antebellum plantations had a commissary that distributed food and supplies to slaves, the plantation store was essentially a postbellum addition to the plantation complex. In addition to the share of their crop already owed to the plantation owner for the use of his or her land, tenants and sharecroppers purchased, usually on credit against their next crop, the food staples and equipment that they relied on for their existence.

All of the bishops within the Methodist Episcopal Church were slave owners from 1846 until slavery was abolished, and many members of the church were slave owners as well. Methodists comprised two of the largest postbellum Southern churches the African Methodist Episcopal church and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church. African American Methodists from the North saw it as their duty both to evangelize to and educate African Americans in the South.William E. Mathews, Jr., "An Address Delivered in Baltimore on the Occasion of Our Semi-Centenary," 1866, in Rev.

In style and subject matter, the writings of Charles Chesnutt straddle the divide between the local color school of American writing and literary realism. One of Chesnutt's most important works was The Conjure Woman (1899), a collection of stories set in postbellum North Carolina. The lead character Uncle Julius, a formerly enslaved man, entertains a white couple from the North, who have moved to the farm, with fantastical tales of antebellum plantation life. Julius' tales feature such supernatural elements as haunting, transfiguration, and conjuring, which were typical of Southern African-American folk tales.

Hooker's equestrian statue at Massachusetts State House General Hooker's Quickstep, sheet music, 19th century After the war, Hooker led Lincoln's funeral procession in Springfield on May 4, 1865. He served in command of the Department of the East and Department of the Lakes following the war. His postbellum life was marred by poor health and he was partially paralyzed by a stroke. He was mustered out of the volunteer service on September 1, 1866, and retired from the U.S. Army on October 15, 1868, with the regular army rank of major general.

After the war, Andrew Cowan married his second wife, Anna Gilbert, in New York State in 1876 and on October 24, 1876, she bore a son, Gilbert S. Cowan, in Louisville, Kentucky, where he had by then settled. He became a leather merchant and after a less than cordial welcome ("He was what you might call a carpetbagger.... In a postbellum Louisville dominated by ex-Confederates, Cowan was from the wrong place at the wrong time with the wrong political leanings.") he eventually became locally prominent. His company sold retail.

Winged attendants are seen removing two of the four quadriga horses for peacetime use (postbellum recovery) while trumpeting the victory and freedom (Emancipation). The arch was designated a landmark in 1973, and the crowning sculpture was restored after the chariot's figure fell out in 1976. The occasionally publicly accessible observation deck at the top of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch was closed in the 2000s because the deck had severely degraded. In 2018, it was announced that as part of a renovation of Grand Army Plaza, the arch's observation deck would be restored and reopened.

John Gregory Bourke (; June 23, 1846 - June 8, 1896)Arlington Cemetery page was a captain in the United States Army and a prolific diarist and postbellum author; he wrote several books about the American Old West, including ethnologies of its indigenous peoples. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions while a cavalryman in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Based on his service during the war, his commander nominated him to West Point, where he graduated in 1869, leading to service as an Army officer until his death.

Cobb in his postbellum days Following the end of the Civil War, Cobb returned home and resumed his law practice. Despite pressure from his former constituents and soldiers, he refused to make any public remarks on Reconstruction policy until he received a presidential pardon, although he privately opposed the policy. Finally receiving the pardon in early 1868, he began to vigorously oppose the Reconstruction Acts, making a series of speeches that summer that bitterly denounced the policies of Radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress. That autumn, Cobb vacationed in New York City, and died of a heart attack there.

During the Civil War, the U.S. Army had a small garrison in the area, adding to its boomtown atmosphere of accelerated development as merchants and traders attracted to the military business came to the area. In postbellum, two railroads were constructed connecting it to other locations, and Sedalia grew at a rapid pace, with a rough energy of its travelers and cowboys. From 1866 to 1874, it was a railhead terminus for cattle drives, and stockyards occupied a large area. At the same time, the town established schools (racially segregated for white and black children), churches, and other civic amenities.

The grammar school and college at Sewanee, Tennessee were closely linked to Racine in the postbellum era; the Chancellor of the University of the South, Bishop Charles Todd Quintard, served on the Racine Board of Trustees, and an early leader of Sewanee, Thomas F. Gailor, was prepared at Racine.Thomas F. Gailor, Tennessee Encyclopedia As a result of this further expansion, the college continued to build new facilities. A dining hall was constructed in 1871 and an assembly hall followed the next year. These buildings were placed between the two halls, connecting them and creating what would also be known as the East Building.

Despite Nixon losing the statewide election, he became the first Republican to carry Ferry County since Warren G. Harding did so in 1920.Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004; pp. 332-333 Along with Maine, Washington was one of only two states that Nixon lost in 1968 that he won in his unsuccessful attempt at the presidency in 1960. This election would prove the last time the Democrats won any mainland postbellum state until Michael Dukakis carried Washington and Oregon in 1988 – in the intervening period many pundits spoke of a "Solid Republican West".

This was done and confirmed the presence of Porter's V Corps in front of his lines. By 6:30 p.m., Hood's division moved forward against Porter's corps and drove back the soldiers they encountered, but had to be withdrawn at night when it advanced too far ahead of the main lines. Despite the smashing victory that followed, Longstreet's performance at the battle was criticized by postbellum advocates of the Lost Cause, claiming that his slowness, reluctance to attack, and disobedience to General Lee were a harbinger of his controversial performance to come on July 2, 1863, at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Three of Longstreet's brigades were still in march column, and some distance from the attack positions they would need to reach. All of Longstreet's divisions were forced to take a long detour while approaching the enemy position, misled by inadequate reconnaissance that failed to identify a completely concealed route. Postbellum criticism of Longstreet claims that he was ordered by Lee to attack in the early morning and that his delays were a significant contributor to the loss of the battle. However, Lee agreed to the delays for arriving troops and did not issue his formal order for the attack until 11 a.m.

However, in the later 20th century lynchings became more secretive, and were conducted by smaller groups of people. According to Michael J. Pfeifer, the prevalence of lynching in postbellum America reflects a lack of confidence in the "due process" judicial system. He links the decline in lynching in the early twentieth century with "the advent of the modern death penalty": "legislators renovated the death penalty...out of direct concern for the alternative of mob violence". He also cites "the modern, racialized excesses of urban police forces in the twentieth century and after" as having characteristics of lynching.

The Charles W. Shaver House is a historic house at the northeast corner of Court and Spring Streets in Evening Shade, Arkansas. It is a single-story brick structure, with an L-shaped configuration that has gable roofs. Built in 1874, it is distinctive as a rare brick postbellum 19th century house in the community, and as the home of Charles W. Shaver, a son of the one of the city's founders, John W. Shaver. Shaver, despite being a wheelchair user, was a successful local merchant who thrived during the American Civil War, in part by crossing military lines to acquire needed supplies for the community.

A campaign in the North would relieve agricultural and military pressure that the war was placing on Virginia and North Carolina, and, by threatening a federal city, disrupt Union offensives elsewhere and erode support for the war among Northern civilians. In his memoirs, Longstreet described his reaction to Lee's proposal: There is conflicting evidence for the veracity of Longstreet's account. It was written years after the campaign and is affected by hindsight, both of the results of the battle and of the postbellum criticism of the Lost Cause authors. In letters of the time Longstreet made no reference to such a bargain with Lee.

Back of the church seen from the cemetery, including the vestry With the completion of Grace Church in 1843 the town received its largest and most distinguished building to date. The church also revived the fortunes of Littleton parish, which surrounded the town but which had been inactive since 1813. An 1857 report from Bishop William Meade indicated that the structure was "in constant use". Even so, although Ca Ira had continued to rise in importance through the 1850s, at one point incorporating its first and only bank, by the postbellum years it had begun losing population, and shrank rapidly during the last decades of the nineteenth century.

John E. Bendix (August 28, 1818 – October 8, 1877) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War who commanded two different New York regiments and then a brigade of infantry in Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater. He survived a serious wound at the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862. He was noted as a prolific recruiter and organizer, and after the war, as a brevet general in the New York Militia, he helped organize the postbellum the New York state militia that later became the New York Guard. Bendix was mustered out of the Union Army on May 7, 1863.

The Red River Campaign was a Union failure, the outcome of which did not have a major impact on the war. Conversely, it may have extended the length of the war by several months, as it diverted Union efforts from the far more important objective of capturing Mobile, Alabama. That event did not occur until 1865, and could probably have been accomplished by June 1864 if not for the Red River Campaign. The failure of the campaign effectively ended the military career of Banks, and controversy surrounding his retreat, the presence of cotton speculators and the use of military boats to remove cotton dogged his early postbellum congressional campaigns.

After Jackson's death from pneumonia, Hill was promoted on May 24, 1863, to lieutenant general (becoming the Army of Northern Virginia's fourth highest-ranking general) and placed in command of the newly created Third Corps of Lee's army, which he led in the Gettysburg Campaign of 1863. One of Hill's divisions, led by his West Point classmate Maj. Gen. Henry Heth, was the first to engage Union troops at the Battle of Gettysburg. Although the first day of the battle was a resounding Confederate success, Hill received much postbellum criticism from proponents of the Lost Cause movement, suggesting that he had unwisely brought on a general engagement against orders before Lee's army was fully concentrated.

Therefore, the black underclass still had the same problems, but privileged blacks came into a zone were the rules of economy were stronger than the rules of class. Wilson therefore defines three stages of American class relations to explain how this was made possible. In those three stages the relationship of whites and blacks in America changed due to historical, political and economical events: The three stages of American class relations in short: # The Preindustrial Stage: This is the period of plantation economy and racial-caste oppression; it coincides with antebellum slavery and the early postbellum era. # The Industrial Stage: This is the period of industrial expansion, class conflict, and racial oppression.

Portrait of Samuel Perry Carter, by Samuel M. Shaver Samuel Perry "Powhatan" Carter (August 6, 1819 – May 26, 1891) was a United States naval officer who served in the Union Army as a brevet major general during the American Civil War and became a rear admiral in the postbellum United States Navy. He was the first and thus far only United States officer to have been commissioned both a general officer and a Naval flag officer. C.f.: Joseph D. Stewart, Major General, (United States Marine Corps) and Vice Admiral (United States Maritime Service), the USMS being a civilian agency. C.f. also: Rear Admiral and Brigadier General Raphael Semmes, Confederate States Navy and Army.

Thomas Armstrong Morris (December 26, 1811 - April 1, 1904) was an American railroad executive and civil engineer from Kentucky and a soldier, serving as a brigadier general of the Indiana Militia in service to the Union during the early months of the American Civil War. During the Western Virginia Campaign in 1861, he played an important role in leading regiments from West Virginia, Indiana and Ohio in clearing the Confederate army from western Virginia during the Battle of Philippi, a move that helped bolster pro-Union sentiment and contributed to the creation of the separate state of West Virginia. Morris was also instrumental in the planning and construction of the postbellum Indiana State House.

Baldwin served in the Civil War in the 19th Michigan Infantry, initially as a first lieutenant, fighting in all his regiment's battles from 1862 to 1865. In 1864, then-Captain Baldwin participated in General William Tecumseh Sherman's famous March to the Sea, and on July 20 of that year distinguished himself at the Battle of Peachtree Creek, earning his first Medal of Honor. After the war, he became a student at Hillsdale College, but upon the postbellum reorganization of the Regular Army, he joined the 19th United States Regular Infantry as a second lieutenant in 1866. He was eventually assigned to the 5th U.S. Infantry, with whom he fought in the various frontier conflicts with the Indians.

The 1785 survey for James Gettys established the borough line across the spur, and the 1807 Gettysburg and Petersburg Turnpike Company operated the toll road on the summit. Raffensberger Hill was renamed "East Cemetery Hill" in 1858 after Evergreen Cemetery was established on the south slope of Cemetery Hill in 1854. Following the battle, a July 6 Union military camp was established on East Cemetery Hill, and the 1886 Camp Hancock was a postbellum camp on East Cemetery Hill. The Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association acquired the Raffensberger land during the memorial association era and operated an 1878 wooden observation tower of East Cemetery Hill had been built near the monument for Battery B, Pennsylvania Light Artillery.

In the 1950s, historians began to focus on the African-American experience as central to Reconstruction. They rejected completely any claim of black inferiority, which had marked many earlier historical works, and saw the developing civil rights movement as a second Reconstruction; some writers stated they hoped their work on the postbellum era would advance the cause of civil rights. These authors sympathized with the Radical Republicans for their desire to help the African American, and saw Johnson as callous towards the freedman. In a number of works from 1956 onwards by such historians as Fawn Brodie, the former president was depicted as a successful saboteur of efforts to better the freedman's lot.

Two alternative history works depicting histories where the Confederacy won the American Civil War include a Whig Party having a major role in the postbellum world. In Ward Moore's Bring the Jubilee, a revived Whig Party is one of the two main parties of the rump United States, being the right-wing party whose platform reflects an acceptance of the United States' humbled status following its defeat in the War of Southron Independence. Conversely, in Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory Series a Whig Party emerges as the dominant political party of an independent Confederacy, representing the interests of the plantocratic elite and dominating Confederate politics until the rise of the Freedom Party following the First Great War.

Educating the Disfranchised and Disinherited is a 1999 biography of American General Samuel Chapman Armstrong and his associated normal school for freedmen, Hampton Institute, written by Robert Francis Engs and published by the University of Tennessee Press. The first full biography of its kind, the book portrays Armstrong as a complex politician and administrator in the postbellum period who balanced the needs of opposed parties surrounding the Virginia school: its African American students, Southern white neighbors, and Northern philanthropist funders. Previous works presented Armstrong in a polarized fashion, as either a savior or handicap for freedmen. The book emphasizes Armstrong's upbringing as a missionary in Hawaii in the development of his educational philosophy.

Robert Francis Engs's Educating the Disfranchised and Disinherited: Samuel Chapman Armstrong and Hampton Institute, 1839–1893 is the first biography of General Samuel Chapman Armstrong, the founder of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. The book was published by the University of Tennessee Press in 1999. It challenges several long-standing ideas about this period: that the "Hampton-Tuskegee system" and its adherents stunted the progress of African Americans, that the Hampton Institute ideology was opposed to that of historically black and historically white colleges, and that the positions of W. E. B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington were diametrically opposed. Engs writes Armstrong as a symbol of postbellum America's conflicts over race, class, religion, and gender.

Following the surrender of Robert E. Lee in April 1865, Patrick remained in northern Virginia as provost of the District of Henrico in the Department of Virginia. Although appointed a brevet major general in the volunteer army, Patrick resigned from the Army a second time on June 12, 1865, preferring to return to civilian life rather than accept a role in the smaller postbellum regular army. In 1865, he ran on the Democratic ticket for New York State Treasurer but was defeated by Republican Joseph Howland. Patrick moved to Manlius, NY, and from 1867 through 1868, Patrick served as president of the New York State Agricultural Society, then spent the next two years as a state commissioner, a role he again held from 1879 through 1880.

The University of Virginia professor Gary W. Gallagher wrote: The Lost Cause became a key part of the reconciliation process between North and South around 1900 and formed the basis of many white Southerners' postbellum war commemorations. The United Daughters of the Confederacy, a major organization, has been associated with the Lost Cause for over a century. Yale University history professor Rollin G. Osterweis summarizes the content that pervaded "Lost Cause" writings: The Louisiana State University history professor Gaines Foster wrote in 2013: The term Lost Cause first appeared in the title of an 1866 book by the Virginian author and journalist Edward A. Pollard, The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates.Ulbrich, p. 1221.

Though renowned for the beauty and speed of his packets and clippers, Webb nevertheless built many steamboats and steamships through the course of his career. Notable steamships built by the Webb shipyard include the 1,857 ton sidewheel steamer United States (1846), which became the first steamship to operate in the New Orleans trade; the 1,450-ton steamer Cherokee (1848), the first steamship to operate between New York and Savannah, Georgia; the Isaac Webb (1850), a 1,500-ton ship that was in the Liverpool packet line; the California, the first steamer to enter the Golden Gate; and the first steamers built for the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. In the postbellum era, he also built the "floating palaces" Bristol and Providence (see below).

African American residential centralization, which started in the postbellum and Great Migration periods, continues to have a negative impact on employment rates (Herrington et al.:169). In fact, "one third of African Americans live in areas so intensely segregated that they are almost completely isolated from other groups in society" (Mitchell 2000:535). The unemployment effects of residential centralization are twice as problematic in metropolitan areas with total populations over 1 million (Weinberg 2000:116). A one standard deviation reduction in residential centralization could reduce unemployment by about a fifth; and, a complete elimination of residential centralization could reduce unemployment by almost half for high school educated males, and nearly two- thirds for college educated males and females (Weinberg 2000:126).

Concerned about the poor condition of the Academy's elderly horses, Thomas moderated the tendency of cadets to overwork them during cavalry drills and became known as "Slow Trot Thomas". Two of Thomas's students who received his recommendation for assignment to the cavalry, J.E.B. Stuart and Fitzhugh Lee, became prominent Confederate cavalry generals. Another Civil War connection was a cadet expelled for disciplinary reasons on Thomas's recommendation, John Schofield, who would excoriate Thomas in postbellum writings about his service as a corps commander under Thomas in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign. On November 17, 1852, Thomas married Frances Lucretia Kellogg, age 31, from Troy, New York. The couple remained at West Point until 1854. Thomas was promoted to captain on December 24, 1853.

This conference bears the strong heritages of several missionary efforts, dating back to the postbellum period of the late 19th century, although one church was founded as early as 1681. At least half of the cumulative membership of the Conference's churches is African-American, reflecting the mission work of the American Missionary Association, as well as more recent church planting targeting that constituency. Although historically a mission territory and among the smaller conferences in the denomination, the Southeast Conference is beginning to see signs of growth, encouraged by an aggressive campaign to instigate new congregations and an increasing emphasis on peace and justice witness programs. In addition to the conference minister, several associate conference ministers implement programming to provide educational, youth, and evangelistic ministries for the churches.

The bedroll is not prefigured in the history of the Midwestern United States, where several of the older states, notably Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, were noted c. 1830-65 as breeding and finishing grounds for great numbers of cattle, and from which these cattle were routinely "walked" to markets as far east as New York City, until the wholesale introduction of farming machinery in the postbellum era caused an economic shift toward grain culture, primarily wheat and corn. Photographs exist of it, notably one in Albert Marrin's Cowboys, Indians, and Gunfighters, but they tend not to be specifically dated. Will James, writing from 1924-1942, referred to the bedroll and portrayed it in his sketches, as did Stan Lynde.

In his stable, Traveller, the favorite horse of retired Civil War general Robert E. Lee, relates the story of his life and experiences to his feline friend Tom. His narrative, meant to begin in the early spring of 1866, follows the events of the war as seen through a horse's eyes, from the time he was bought by General Lee in 1862 until Lee's death in 1870. At the end of the novel, Traveller, with undying faith in Lee, remains convinced that the Confederate Army beat the Union and that Lee is now "commander of the country" (versus his actual postbellum role as president of Washington University). Despite being led in Lee's funeral procession, Traveller does not understand that his master has died and will not return to ride again.

In I Know What the Red Clay Looks Like: The Voice and Vision of Black Women Writers, Rebecca Carroll interviews Barbara Neely, and she discusses how she formed Blanche White: "The character of Blanche initially came from a woman I knew in North Carolina who had a look that inspired me to create a heroine in her memory...I knew I wanted her to be representative of who black women are, presently and historically. Both my grandmothers did domestic work..." "A cleansing construction: Blanche White as domestic heroine in Barbara Neely's Blanche on the Lam.". During the antebellum and postbellum periods in American slavery, the black body was made into a part of a mass marketing scheme. Stereotypes centered around the negative connotations of blacks having dark skin, nappy hair, and other physical attributes.

John Roach (December 25, 1815 – January 10, 1887) was an American industrialist who rose from humble origins as an Irish immigrant laborer to found the largest and most productive shipbuilding empire in the postbellum United States, John Roach & Sons. Roach emigrated to the United States at the age of sixteen in 1832, eventually finding employment at the Howell Works of James P. Allaire in New Jersey, where he learned the ironmolder's trade. Following an abortive attempt at farming in Illinois in 1839, Roach returned to Allaire's employment at the Allaire Iron Works in New York City, where he learned how to build marine steam engines. In 1852, after 20 years in the employment of Allaire, Roach and three partners purchased a small New York ironworks which had fallen into receivership, the Etna Iron Works.

According to the NRHP application's narrative statement of historical significance, "Local tradition holds that 'the monument marks the spot where General Sherman ordered his troops to stack arms during the siege of Brandon....'" NRHP Continuation Sheet, Confederate Monument Brandon, Rankin County, Mississippi; Narrative Statement of Historical Significance; Section 8, Page 3Rankin County, a Historical Sketch (Brandon: Rankin County Board of Supervisors and Rankin County Chamber of Commerce. 1979) n. D. The monument is an example of many similar monuments erected in southern parks and squares during a period postbellum resurgence in regional identity that occurred from approximately 1870 until the first World War. The Rankin County Confederate Monument differs from other, similar monuments in that it is oriented to face west, toward the direction where Union troops entered town during the Siege of Brandon.

In 1960, John F. Kennedy lost Oklahoma, and indeed most postbellum states, badly due to anti-Catholic sentiment.Menendez, Albert J.; The Religious Factor in the 1960 Presidential Election: An Analysis of the Kennedy Victory over Anti-Catholic Prejudice; pp. 79, 117 In 1964, Lyndon Johnson became the last Democratic presidential candidate to carry the state, with only Jimmy Carter in 1976 subsequently reaching 45 percent of the vote, and the past four Democratic nominees not winning one single county between them.Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016 At county level in 1948, Truman won all the counties in the state except for two clusters near the Kansas border totaling ten counties, of which only Grant in 1964 and 1976 has voted Democratic since.

John M. Thayer, postbellum image No Civil War battles or skirmishes were fought within the territorial borders of Nebraska, nor did Confederate troops attempt to invade the area, but Nebraskans did serve in the Union Army. When the war started, U.S. Regular Army troops were withdrawn from Fort Kearny and Fort Randall to serve in more threatened areas, increasing risk to Nebraska settlers from Indian attacks. The Federal government requested that the Nebraska Territory form one volunteer regiment, with some companies supposed to stay behind to protect the territory. The territorial legislature met in special session in Omaha and agreed to raise the requested local defense force. Thus, the 1st Regiment Nebraska Volunteer Infantry was formed in June and July 1861, with the future governor of Nebraska and the Wyoming Territory, John Milton Thayer, as its first colonel.

By the time of the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the scientific racism that had underlain much of the justification for the Jim Crow era legal racism had been discredited, the South had substantially closed its wealth gap with the rest of the nation, and America was both urbanized and industrialized. However, the African American struggle to earn economic parity, that had made progress during the first half century of the postbellum era, had largely been reversed during the second half. Legally, equality was assured, but that did little to actually promulgate equal conditions in daily life. Some of the gains in the South's economic relation to the rest of the U.S. can be explained by population shifts to other regions; so, it may have had as much to do with spreading poverty around, as spreading wealth around.

A number of agricultural changes occurred in the postbellum years through World War II. When Clark County shorthorn cattle were not able to compete with the vast numbers of western cattle being hauled to market by the railroads, several county fortunes were lost and many farmers turned towards burley tobacco as a substitute. Hemp, which was grown to make rope, suffered from foreign competition and vanished as a cash crop around World War I. The crop was brought back during World War II and a processing plant was built in the county. When the war ended, so did the revival of hemp. In the 1950s and 1960s, industry began moving to the county, mostly around Winchester, aided by the completion of I-64 and the Mountain Parkway, which by the mid-1960s formed a junction near Winchester.

Alfred Pleasonton postbellum After the war, although Pleasonton had achieved the honorary rank of brevet major general in the regular army, he was mustered out of the volunteer service with the permanent rank of major of cavalry. Because he did not want to leave the cavalry, Pleasonton turned down a lieutenant colonelcy in the infantry, and soon became dissatisfied with his command relationship to officers he once outranked. Pleasonton resigned his commission in 1868, and was placed on the Army's retired list as a major in 1888. As a civilian, he worked as United States Collector of Internal Revenue and as Commissioner of Internal Revenue under President Ulysses S. Grant, but he was asked to resign from the Bureau of Internal Revenue (now the Internal Revenue Service) after he lobbied Congress for the repeal of the income tax and quarreled with his superiors at the Treasury Department.

While slavery brought profits in the short run, discussion continues on the economic benefits of slavery in the long run. In 1995, a random anonymous survey of 178 members of the Economic History Association found that out of the 40 propositions about American economic history that were surveyed, the group of propositions most disputed by economic historians and economists were those about the postbellum economy of the American South (along with the Great Depression). The only exception was the proposition initially put forward by historian Gavin Wright that the "modern period of the South's economic convergence to the level of the North only began in earnest when the institutional foundations of the southern regional labor market were undermined, largely by federal farm and labor legislation dating from the 1930s." 62 percent of economists (24 percent with and 38 percent without provisos) and 73 percent of historians (23 percent with and 50 percent without provisos) agreed with this statement.

Maria Howard Weeden was a prolific and versatile painter who painted local flora and landscapes, illustrated greeting cards, illuminated poems, and even taught children's art classes in her own home, but who is best remembered today for her portraits of African Americans, notably including Saint Bartley. As a white woman living in the postbellum South, Weeden's choice to paint Saint Bartley and other African American individuals was unique. Many of the individuals she painted remain unnamed, as they were freedmen and women who worked for her family or neighboring families in positions such as cooks and gardeners after the Civil War, but Saint Bartley is an exception. Bartley Harris was a prominent and influential public figure for both African Americans and whites in late-nineteenth-century Huntsville who was known for his massive baptisms in Huntsville's “Big Spring” and for his hiding of local Confederates’ valuables in his church during the Civil War.

By October, it was clear that the Northwest – where Charles Evans Hughes had carried only Oregon in 1916 – was strongly in favor of the Republicans: in Washington Harding led a combined poll of male and female voters 680 to Cox's 256.'First Straw Vote Favors Harding'; Boston Daily Globe, September 26, 1920, p. 6 A week later polls strongly suggested Cox would not register a majority in any antebellum free or postbellum state, and in the Evergreen State he was trialing four to one out of around 2,100 people polled.'Harding Leads in the Straw Vote: Cox Weak in North and West in Rexall Balloting'; Boston Daily Globe, October 3, 1920, p. Although there were some gains by the Democratic ticket in later polls, with Cox approaching a 1-to-2 ratio to Harding's support at the end of October,'Cox Gains in Straw Vote: Late Returns Give Him Missouri – Some Other States Close'; The New York Times, October 31, 1920, p.

Matthew Calbraith Butler, who served as a Democratic State Senator from South Carolina from 1877 – 1895 Rear Admiral Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers (1819 – 1892) was born on November 4, 1819 in Brooklyn, New York to George Washington Rodgers and Anna Maria Perry. He served as an officer in the United States Navy and Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Squadron in the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War, as well as Superintendent of the Naval Academy and President of the United States Naval Institute. Matthew Calbraith Butler, who was born on March 8, 1836 at Eagle's Crag near Greenville, South Carolina, was the son of U.S. Congressman William Butler and Jane Tweedy Perry. Butler served as a major general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, postbellum three-term United States Democratic Senator from South Carolina, and a major general in the United States Army during the Spanish–American War.

McNeill aided Benjamin in escaping to the Bahamas. From there, Judah Benjamin sailed to England, arriving with almost no resources. He went on to establish a distinguished second legal career in London, where in 1872 he was selected as Queen's Counsel. The Gamble sugar mill, one of the antebellum era's largest, was destroyed by Union raiders in 1864. The brick ruins are located one-half mile to the north on State Road 683. The State of Florida acquired the mill property in 2002; it has cleared overgrown vegetation at the site to make the mill ruins visible, while protecting them with a fence.Judah P. Benjamin Confederate Memorial at Gamble Plantation Historic State Park, Official Website, accessed 23 July 2011 Patten House, built 1872 (photo, 2010) In 1895, the postbellum owner, George Patten's youngest son Dudley Patten, built a wooden, two-story vernacular Victorian style house for his young family. (Patten's wife, Ada Melville Turner Patten is said to have demanded a modern home after the couple who were married in 1891, had been living for several years in the old mansion with Patten's widowed mother.) The state has restored the Patten House, which is also part of the plantation park complex.