The levator muscles should never be plicated, unless an obliterative procedure is being per-formed, because of the impact on sexual function.
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A network of vessels, as the form of the lungs in snails. Plicated. Made up of folds. Plumose. Resembling plumes. Polygonal. Having many angles. Porcellanous.
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From there, plication was continued toward the mid-axillary line, resulting in a large part of the plicated tissue being located in the central tendon.
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It is finely spirally striated throughout, the upper whorls being longitudinally plicated. The body whorl is lightly inflated. The aperture is oblong. The outer lip is arcuate and acute.
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The length of the shell attains 21.5 mm, its diameter 10.1 mm. (Original description) The fusiform shell has an acute spire. The rounded whorls are closely spirally striated. The spire whorls are obliquely plicated.
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The shell is longitudinally plicated. The wider interstices are spirally striated. The plicae continue to the base. The six whorls of the teleoconch are slightly convex, with a well-impressed suture and a small plait.
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The length of the shell attains 20 mm, its diameter 6 mm. (Original description) The fusiform shell is elongated. The spire is acute. The whorls are carinated, with fine spiral lines, and obliquely plicated anteriorly.
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The size of the shell varies between 38 mm and 64 mm. The imperforate shell has a conical shape. It is black or purplish-black. The 6 to 7 whorls are concave, longitudinally somewhat obliquely plicated.
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The shell grows to a length of 11 mm. The smooth, obtusely ovate shell is thick and solid. Its color is very dark brown, the nodules are whitish. The whorls are oblique and nodosely plicated round the middle.
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The body whorl is obtusely angulated above, lightly depressed above the angle, and scarcely canaliculate. The aperture is circular. The acute lip is scalloped. The thick columella is convex, slightly arcuate and slightly produced at base, and longitudinally plicated.
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The length of the shell attains 10.5 mm. The shell is rather thin and narrowly shouldered. It is longitudinally plicated, with fine revolving striae, more conspicuous towards the base. Its color is whitish, with a pale brown three- line zone.
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The width of this large gastropod shell is 130–285 mm. The shell has a broadly conoid shape with a convex base. It is moderately umbilicated, the umbilicus penetrating to the apex. It is a little plicated within by the prominent growth lines.
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The length of the shell varies between 8 mm and 18 mm. The chocolate-brown shell is short and stout. The spire is acuminated at the apex. The whorls are concave round the top, with a small keel, very closely plicated in the middle.
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It contains 12 whorls. The first two whorls are smooth, rounded, forming a somewhat prominent white papillary apex. The other whorls are slopingly convex, slightly impressed below the suture, spirally faintly grooved, obliquely obscurely plicated. The body whorl measures about 2.5ths of the entire length of the shell.
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Moreover, the base is sculptured by irregular, radiating riblets and like the upper part, by microscopic striae. The funnel-shaped umbilicus is pervious, concentrically striated and plicated, and with two beaded spirals near the base. Its largest diameter is about 2/5 of the shell. The aperture is subcircular.
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The interior is closely plicated, dark brown with a whitish median band. The columella is rather straight, recurved at the base and is furnished with numerous small plicae. The outer lip is sharp at the edge, externally thickened by a stout rounded varix. The posterior sinus is shallow, but rather wide.
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Many species have a large and solid shield over the parietal body or beside the thick, plicated columella. Many species show blunt knobs and thickened axial ridges, known as varices. The thin, horny operculum is oval in shape and covers a long aperture. The siphonal canal is straight or slightly curved.
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The length of the shell varies attains 8 mm. The whorls are slightly concavely shouldered above, nodosely plicated beneath, transversely very closely striated. The color of the shell is very dark chocolate or blackish, interior same color.G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol.
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The length of the shell attains 18.5 mm, its diameter 6.5 mm. (Original description) The shell is ovately fusiform, turreted, pale fleshy brown. It contains 8 whorls. The first are globular, glassy, smooth, the rest concave above, angled at the middle and a little concave below the angle, longitudinally flexuously obsoletely plicated.
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They are ornamented with close, granulose, unequal cinguli (the colored bands or spiral ornamentation), with two on the upper, and 3 or 4 on the body whorl more prominent. The penultimate whorl has 12-15 lirae. The globose body whorl is rounded, descending, and convex beneath. The aperture is ovate-rounded, the margins nearly continuous, plicated finely all around.
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The length of the shell attains 50 mm, its diameter 35 mm. The fusiform and turreted shell contains 12 whorls. These are excavated above, carinated and angulated in the middle and below the angle obliquely plicated. The upper half of each whorl is nearly smooth, as the plications extend scarcely beyond the central large spiral liration which marks the angulation of the whorls.
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The rest concavely slope above, then are obtusely angled about the middle, rounded, and much contracted beneath, obliquely plicated and spirally lirated. The plicae are rounded, oblique, but little elevated, more or less obsolete at the upper part. The transverse lirae are most beautifully and finely granulated. They are separated by deep-cut striae of different sizes, those in the concavity of the whorls subequal and finer than those beneath, which, again, are not all of uniform tenuity.
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The rest are concavely excavated above, convex below, coarsely obliquely plicated, and somewhat margined beneath the suture. The plicae terminate abruptly at the concavity, eight on a whorl, very oblique, gradually shorter on ascending the spire, so that the upper rather acute ends fall about the middle of the whorls. The ribs on the body whorl are obsolete at the base, which is obliquely grooved. The aperture is very small, about one third as long as the whole shell.
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Nissen fundoplication While in Istanbul in 1936, Nissen excised an esophageal ulcer from a 28-year-old patient. The operation required Nissen to remove a portion of the lower esophagus and join the remaining esophagus to the stomach. In an effort to avoid the backflow of stomach contents into the patient's esophagus, Nissen wrapped (plicated) folds of the patient's upper stomach around the lower esophagus. Following the patient subsequently, Nissen noted that the patient's problems with heartburn improved after surgery.
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Delorme Procedure This is a modification of the perineal rectosigmoidectomy, differing in that only the mucosa and submucosa are excised from the prolapsed segment, rather than full thickness resection. The prolapse is exposed if it is not already present, and the mucosal and submucosal layers are stripped from the redundant length of bowel. The muscle layer that is left is plicated (folded) and placed as a buttress above the pelvic floor. The edges of the mucosal are then stitched back together.
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Complications from surgical procedures to correct a hiatal hernia may include gas bloat syndrome, dysphagia (trouble swallowing), dumping syndrome, excessive scarring, and rarely, achalasia. Surgical procedures sometimes fail over time, requiring a second surgery to make repairs. One surgical procedure used is called Nissen fundoplication. In fundoplication, the gastric fundus (upper part) of the stomach is wrapped, or plicated, around the inferior part of the esophagus, preventing herniation of the stomach through the hiatus in the diaphragm and the reflux of gastric acid.
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A completed Nissen fundoplication In a fundoplication, the gastric fundus (upper part) of the stomach is wrapped, or plicated, around the lower end of the esophagus and stitched in place, reinforcing the closing function of the lower esophageal sphincter. The esophageal hiatus is also narrowed down by sutures to prevent or treat concurrent hiatal hernia, in which the fundus slides up through the enlarged esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. The surgeon should begin with ligating and dividing the short gastric arteries. In a Nissen fundoplication, also called a complete fundoplication, the fundus is wrapped the entire 360 degrees around the esophagus.
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The suture is bimarginate, above by a minute threadlet, below by a broad and heavy cord which is obliquely irregularly plicated. The aperture is pyriform, angled above, with a concave inner wall, ending in a short broad canal, which turns slightly to the left. The outer lip is curved and imperfect The lines of growth would indicate that the sinus is situate in the excavation below the sutural cord, that it is small and moderately deep. The inner lip spread as a thin layer narrowly over the body, broader over the columella, which is first straight and then slightly twisted to the left, ending in a sharp point.
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