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169 Sentences With "plebeian tribune"

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Possibly son of the consul in 195 BC. Or the Plebeian Tribune who spoke for the repeal of the Oppian Law.
The eldest son was probably the plebeian tribune Quintus Baebius who opposed going to war with Philip V of Macedon in 200 BC.
The plebeian tribune Gaius Canuleius, whose lex it was, retorted that it was arcane because the patricians kept it secret.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 4.3.9.
16 Two more of the traditional magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor; at some time afterwards he received his commission with the Twenty- second Legion.
Decimus Haterius Agrippa (c. 13 BCAD 32) was a Roman plebeian tribune, praetor and consul. He was the son of the orator and senator Quintus Haterius and his wife Vipsania.
If the Senate proposed a bill that the plebeian tribune (the magistrate who was the chief representative of the people) did not agree with, he issued a veto, which was backed by the promise to literally "'interpose the sacrosanctity of his person'" (or intercessio) if the Senate did not comply. If the Senate did not comply, he could physically prevent the Senate from acting, and any resistance could be criminally prosecuted as constituting a violation of his sacrosanctity. If the vetoed motion was proposed the next day, and the plebeian tribune who had vetoed it the day before was not present to interpose himself, the motion could be passed. In general, the plebeian tribune had to physically be present at the Senate meeting, otherwise his physical threat of interposing his person had no meaning.
IGR III.174 = OGIS 543. English translation in Robert K. Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (Cambridge: University Press, 1988), p. 208 He was praetor, the next magistracy after plebeian tribune, probably around the year 126.
In politics Lepidus seems to have belonged to the optimates, a conservative political faction which supported the interests of the aristocracy. During his consulship he supported the opposition by Marcus Antius Briso (a plebeian tribune) against a bill on the introduction of voting by secret ballot in the Plebeian Council (Lex Cassia Tabellaria) proposed by another plebeian tribune, Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla. This bill would free the plebeian voters from electoral pressure. However, on the advice of Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, Brisio dropped his opposition and the bill was carried.
Nepos was strongly opposed by Cato the Younger, who in that year was a plebeian tribune and a staunch optimate. The dispute came close to violence; Nepos had armed some of his men. According to Plutarch, the senate announced the intention to issue a final decree to remove Nepos from his office but Cato opposed it.Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The life of Cato the younger, 27–29.1–2 Nepos went to Asia to inform Pompey about the events, even though, as a plebeian tribune, he had no right to be absent from the city.
Hillebrand, Der Vigintivirat, p. 205 Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Postumus would be enrolled in the Senate. The inscription breaks off after telling us he had been a plebeian tribune. Postumus' tenure as praetor can be deduced.
After 494 BC, a plebeian tribune always presided over the Plebeian Curiate Assembly. This "Plebeian Curiate Assembly" was the original Plebeian Council, which elected the plebeian Tribunes and Aediles,Abbott, 21 and passed legislation (plebiscita) that applied only to the plebeians.
A member of the plebeian gens Aurelia, Cotta was elected tribune of the plebs in 154 BC. During his term as Plebeian tribune, Cotta refused to pay his debts during his term as magistrate, citing the 'sanctity' of his position.
M. Baebius Tamphilus was a tribune of the plebs in 194.CIL 12 2.585. Broughton notes that the Lex agraria of 111 names a M. Baebius who was both plebeian tribune and one of the IIIvir col. deduc. and whom Mommsen identified as this man.
He became plebeian tribune in AD 15 and vetoed proposals. Agrippa advanced to praetor in 17. Agrippa was ordinary consul in 22 with Gaius Sulpicius Galba as his colleague.Attilio Degrassi, I fasti consolari dell'Impero Romano dal 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo (Rome, 1952), p.
He was praetor, most likely in 55 BC, during the second consulship of Pompeius and Marcus Crassus. In 53 BC, Scipio was interrex with Marcus Valerius Messalla.Since only a patrician could be interrex, the holding of this office casts further doubt on whether he was ever plebeian tribune.
Cato, who in that year was a plebeian tribune, called people from the forum into the senate house because voting was not allowed in the presence of non-senators. However, other plebeian tribunes prevented the outsiders from getting in. The decree was passed. Another decree was opposed by Cato.
4-8 His next office was as a military tribune in Legio V Macedonica. As quaestor, Montanus was assigned his home province of Bithynia et Pontus. Montanus held these posts, as well as the subsequent offices of plebeian tribune and praetor, under Nero, who apparently favored the young senator.
Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune, then praetor around the year 150. After stepping down as praetor, Antiquus was appointed curator of the viae tres Trajana: the Via Clodia, Via Cassia, and Via Ciminia; Alföldy dates this office from around the year 152 to around 155.
Lintott, A. (1999). The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press, pp. 44-48 Given the extra- legal character of the plebeian institutions, the plebeians found a way to give power to the plebeian tribunes by using the lex sacrata and declaring the person of a plebeian tribune sacrosanct.
This power rested on the principle that the person of the plebeian tribune was sacrosanct. Anyone who hurt him would be declared sacer. In effect this meant that the plebeians swore to kill whoever hurt their tribunes and this was given a religious basis.Cornell, T.J., The Beginnings of Rome, pp.
The Trebonii of the Republic bore no hereditary surnames, but a few had personal cognomina, such as Asper, bestowed upon Lucius Trebonius, the plebeian tribune of 448 BC. Translating "rough, harsh, rude", or "annoying", this surname alluded to Trebonius' determined pursuit of reforms favouring the plebeians.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. asper.
Publius Servilius Rullus was plebeian tribune of the Roman Republic in 63 BC. He proposed an agrarian law aimed at redistributing land for the landless poor in Rome to farm. We know about this through the speeches delivered by Marcus Tullius Cicero against this bill. Cicero delivered four speeches. Three are extant.
Appian, The civil Wars, 1.31-32 Later in the same year, Saturninus got into political trouble and was lynched by an angry crowd. The senate and the people called for the recall of Metellus. Publius Furius, another plebeian tribune, opposed this. However, he, too, was lynched and Metellus was allowed to return.
Marcus Servilius was a Roman senator who was active during the reigns of the emperors Augustus and Tiberius. He was ordinary consul in AD 3 as the colleague of Lucius Aelius Lamia. Servilius was the son of Marcus Servilius, plebeian tribune in 43 BC.Ronald Syme, "The Historian Servilius Nonianus", Hermes, 92. Bd (1964), p.
While it did not pass many laws, the Comitia Tributa did elect quaestors, curule aediles, and military tribunes.Taylor, 7 The Plebeian CouncilAbbott, 196 was identical to the assembly of the tribes, but excluded the patricians. They elected their own officers, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles. Usually a plebeian tribune would preside over the assembly.
The Plebeian Assembly was similar to the Tribal Assembly, except that only plebeians were permitted, and it was presided by a plebeian tribune. The Plebeian Assembly eventually became the main legislative body of the republic.Hall (1998), p. 20. In addition to their roles in electing magistrates and passing legislation, the Tribal and Plebeian assemblies could try judicial cases.
Metellus led the opposition to the agrarian bill. He contested every point of Flavius' bill and attacked him so persistently that the plebeian tribune had him put in prison. Metellus wanted to convene the senate there and Flavius sat at the entrance of the cell to prevent this. Metellus had the wall cut through to let them in.
14.4, 17.1 The 'lex Manilia' proposed by the plebeian tribune Gaius Manilius gave the command of the war to Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, who replaced Acilius. Little else is known of Manius Acilius except that he declared in favor of capital punishment for the Catilinarian conspirators. He may have been the Manius Acilius Glabrio married to Aemilia Scaura.
Decimus Laelius Balbus was a Roman senator, who was active during the reign of Augustus. He was consul in 6 BC with Gaius Antistius Vetus as his colleague.Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge: University Press, 2012), p. 458 Balbus was the son of Decimus Laelius, plebeian tribune in 54 BC, and thus a novus homo.
Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies then followed: plebeian tribune, and praetor. Once he stepped down from his duties as praetor, Maximus was assigned a series of imperial posts. First was curator of the Via Aurelia, which Géza Alföldy dates to around 132.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), p.
352 The sources however mention many proposals for agrarian laws to divide up public land, some of which might be unhistorical. The Sicinii feature prominently as plebeian leaders in the Struggle of the Orders, but it's questionable how much of this has any historical basis. The plebeian tribune of 388, L. Sicinius, is otherwise unknown and could be an invention.
Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn: Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 277 At this point Crispinus became a quaestor, and was assigned to assist in the administration of the province of Macedonia. This was followed by the traditional Republican offices of plebeian tribune and praetor; the last is dated around the year 135 at the latest.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p.
Calvinus then served as quaestor in Africa. Later, he was the emperor Hadrian's candidate for the other traditional Roman magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor; this dates the last prior to Hadrian's death in 138. As ex-praetor, Calvinus was appointed legatus or commander of Legio III Gallica, also stationed in Syria, which Alföldy dates to around 138.Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p.
The Tribal Assembly, while under the presidency of a higher magistrate (either a consul or praetor), elected the two curule aediles. While they had a curule chair, they did not have lictors, and thus they had no power of coercion.Lintott, p. 130 The Plebeian Council (principal popular assembly), under the presidency of a plebeian tribune, elected the two plebeian aediles.
Any Roman citizen had the absolute right to appeal any ruling by a magistrate to a plebeian tribune. In this case, the citizen would cry "provoco ad populum", which required the magistrate to wait for a tribune to intervene, and make a ruling.Lintott, p. 94 Sometimes, the case was brought before the College of tribunes, and sometimes before the Plebeian Council (popular assembly).
Livy, IV, 54 During his consulship, due to the intervention of three Plebeian tribunes from the Icilius family, for the first time in the history of the Republic, three quaestors of plebeian extraction were elected. Strengthened by this success, the tribunes next opposed the raising of levies necessary to meet the raids of the Aequi and Volsci within the territory of the allied Latins and Hernici tribes, hoping thereby to obtain other concessions for the plebeians. Eventually it was agreed that in the following year (408 BC) consular tribunes would be elected; however, the Senate declared that it would accept no consular candidate who had been plebeian tribune that year, nor could any plebeian tribune be re-elected for the following year, thereby ensuring that no representative of the Icilius family could participate in those elections.
In 450 BC, they issued a set of laws, but did not resign at the end of their term and held onto their power instead. They killed a soldier, a former plebeian tribune, who had criticised them. One of the decemviri, Appius Claudius Crassus, tried to force a woman, Verginia, to marry him. To prevent this, her father stabbed her and cursed Appius Claudius Crassus.
80, in Mogontiacum (modern Mainz). Next he held the office of quaestor (c. 83/84), and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Priscus would be enrolled in the Senate. The two other magistracies followed: plebeian tribune (c. 85/86) and praetor (c. 88/89); usually a senator would govern either a public or imperial praetorian province before becoming a consul, but none is known for Priscus.
601 Originally of Etruscan descent and hailing from Perusia (modern Perugia),see Syme, pg. 90 – his second cognomen Caetronianus is Etruscan in origin and possibly from a family which had been proscribed under Lucius Cornelius Sulla,Syme, pg. 71, referencing Dio, 45:17:1 Pansa was elected Plebeian Tribune in 51 BC where he vetoed a number of anti-Caesarean resolutions of the Senate.Broughton, pg.
14.4, 17.1 Another plebeian tribune, Gaius Manilius, proposed the lex Manilia. It gave Pompey command of the forces and the areas of operation of Lucullus and in addition to this, Bithynia, which was held by Acilius Glabrio. It commissioned him to wage war on Mithridates and Tigranes. It allowed him to retain his naval force and his dominion over the sea granted by the lex Gabinia.
Administration et prosopographie sénatoriale (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1974), p. 210 His next posting was as quaestor to the proconsular governor of Africa, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Modestinus was enrolled in the Senate. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. Once he completed his term as praetor, Modestinus was qualified to hold several important offices.
Syme, "The Ummidii", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 17 (1968), pp. 101f This was followed by the office of plebeian tribune as the candidatus of the emperor. After reaching the office of praetor, around 130 he was appointed legatus legionis or commander of the Legio VI Victrix in Britain. Birley speculates that he owed this command to the recommendation of Sextus Julius Severus, governor of Roman Britain.
3Gruen, pp. 58, 130Hohn, 334 Together with Cato the Younger he was the main opponent of the ratification of the acts Pompey had made with the cities and kingdoms in Asia as a result of the Mithridatic War. He also opposed an agrarian bill proposed by Flavius, a plebeian tribune, which Pompey sponsored and which was intended to give land grants to Pompey's discharged soldiers which they were entitled to.
Following this Fabianus held the typical series of republican magistracies: quaestor, assigned to the city of Rome; then plebeian tribune; and praetor. After completing his duties as praetor, he was appointed curator of the Via Latina (c. 132-c. 135), then legatus or commander of Legio X Fretensis stationed in Judea (c. 135-c. 138), and finally governor of the imperial province of Dacia from 138 to 141.
Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Proculus would be enrolled in the Senate. This was followed by a commission as a military tribune in the Legio IV Scythica, then stationed at Zeugma in Syria; upon returning to Rome, Proculus was appointed ab actis for the emperor Trajan. Then he advanced to the next two traditional Republican magistracies: plebeian tribune and praetor. After completing his praetorship, Proculus was appointed to a series of offices.
J.-C.) (Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil, 1989), pp. 90-92 This was followed by his service as a legatus or assistant to the proconsular governor of Gallia Narbonensis. Orbius Speratus returned to Rome where he advanced through the traditional Republican magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor. Once he stepped down from his praetorship, Orbius Speratus was appointed curator of the Viae Valeria, Tiburtina, and a third road whose name is lost.
The military tribunate shows that he was already interested in Roman politics before the quaestorship. Perhaps he simply ran for local office as a means of gaining support back home, and lost to some other local worthy. It is possible, however, that Marius never ran for the quaestorship at all, jumping directly to plebeian tribune. He likely, however, participated in the major Roman victory of 121 BC which permanently cemented Roman control over southern Gaul.
Officials often announced that they would perform augury on the day of the vote because during this voting was not allowed and this forced its postponement. In Cassius Dio's opinion, Clodius wanted to bring Cicero to trial and did not want the voting for the verdict delayed.Cassius Dio, Roman History, 38.12.4–5, 13 Cicero understood what was going on and got Lucius Ninnius Quadratus, a plebeian tribune, to oppose every move of Clodius.
Lucius Vinicius (fl. 1st century BC) was a Roman Senator who was appointed suffect consul in 33 BC. Vinicius was a Novus homo whose family originated at Cales in Campania,Syme, pp. 44–45 and who were members of the Roman equestrian order.Tacitus, Annals, Book 6:15 A supporter of Julius Caesar, he was elected Plebeian Tribune for 51 BC, during which time he vetoed an anti-Caesarean resolution of the Senate.
5 His next office was as quaestor of the province of Sicily, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Aponianus would be enrolled in the Senate.Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 16 The traditional Republican magistracy plebeian tribune followed, and after that praetor, which enabled him to hold important appointments. Late in the year 69 Aponianus was commissioned legatus legionis or commander of Legio III Gallica.
Corbier, L'aerarium saturni et l'aerarium militare, p. 193 After completing three years with the legion, Papus advanced through the traditional Republican magistracies: quaestor, which he served in Africa, plebeian tribune, and peregrine praetor. Anthony Birley notes that despite his father's friendship with emperor Hadrian, Papus received no signs of special favor: he was never a candidatus of the emperor for any Republican magistracy, nor did he hold a major priesthood. The only such religious duty was as sodalis Augustalis.
In 122 BC, the plebeian tribune Gaius Gracchus introduced a law which extended the ius Latii to all other residents of Italy. This reflected the increasing ties between Rome and the Italic peoples through trade and the ties between the leading families in the Italian towns and patrician families in Rome.Pearson, M., Perils of Empire: The Roman Republic and the American Republic (2008), p. 210 In 44 BC, Julius Caesar granted the ius Latii to all free-born Sicilians.
16 Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. The last appointment, before the inscription breaks off, was his commission as legatus legionis or commander of Legio XV Apollinaris; Everett L. Wheeler dates his tenure with this unit to the 90s of this era.Everett L. Wheeler, "Legio XV Apollinaris: From Carnuntum to Satala—and beyond", in Y. Le Bohec and C. Wolff, eds. Les Légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire (Lyon/Paris 2002), pp.
Then he was commissioned a military tribune in Legio V Macedonica, then stationed in Moesia Inferior. Next he was elected a quaestor, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Rutilianus would be enrolled in the Senate. Two more traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. After completing his term as praetor, Rutilianus likely served as legatus legionis for Legio VI Victrix, stationed in Roman Britain, under his father who was governor of the province c.133-138.
The cursus honorum of Carminius is preserved in an acephalous inscription at Rome. His earliest office was in the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that formed the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. Next was as quaestor, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Carminius would be enrolled in the Senate. The next magistracy he held was plebeian tribune.
121 He was the emperor's candidate for plebeian tribune and praetor, a clear honor; that the emperor's name is not provided suggests he was Domitian, who suffered damnatio memoriae after his death. After achieving the rank of praetor, Senecio was commissioned legatus or commander of Legio I Minervia. He was then governor of Gallia Belgica for the term 96 to 98.Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp.
Gaius Cornelius, while he was a plebeian tribune, proposed severe penalties for bribery and this was passed by the people. The senate realised that it was difficult to find men who would lodge accusations or who would or issue verdicts for bribery because of the severity of the penalties. It sought to moderate the penalties so as to 'encourage many to accusations and not prevent condemnations.' It got the consuls to frame this as a law.
Lucius Julius Caesar (c. 134 – 87 BC) was a Roman statesman and general of the late second and early first century BC. He was involved in the downfall of the plebeian tribune Lucius Appuleius Saturninus in 100 BC. He was consul of the Roman Republic in 90 BC during the Social War. During the war he commanded several Roman legions against the Italian Allies (turned rebels). He was awarded a Triumph for his victories on the Samnites at Acerrae.
As a patrician, Pollio was ineligible to hold the office of plebeian tribune, and was excused from serving as an aedile, so his next office was the traditional Republican magistracy of praetor. At this point, he acceded to the suffect consulship almost automatically after reaching his thirty-second or thirty-third birthday. By this point in his life Pollio had been admitted to the sodales Antoniniani. Upon stepping down from the consulate, Pollio received a series of imperial appointments.
Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), p. 430 A portion of his cursus honorum is known from an inscription recovered from Montefano in Italia, which recognized Geminus as the patron of the colony. Geminus began his senatorial career as a quaestor for the emperor Tiberius; after this he was the emperor's designate for the Republican office of plebeian tribune. Around this time, definitely before he acceded to the consulate, Geminus was admitted to the Septemviri epulonum.
Agricola began his military career in Britain, serving under governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus. In his subsequent career, he served in a variety of positions: he was appointed quaestor in Asia province in 64, Plebeian Tribune in 66, and praetor in 68. He supported Vespasian during the Year of the Four Emperors (69), and was given a military command in Britain when the latter became emperor. When his command ended in 73, he was made patrician in Rome and appointed governor of Gallia Aquitania.
Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, p. 238 He then was elected quaestor, and Florentinus executed this traditional Republican magistracy in Achaea. Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Florentinus would be enrolled in the Senate.Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 16 Here Birley notes his surprise that Florentinus served as quaestor in Achaea, instead of as quaestor as an adjunct to the emperor, moreover he then held the post of plebeian tribune instead of curule aedile.
Marius Amid the Ruins of Carthage by John Vanderlyn. In 120 BC, Marius was returned as plebeian tribune for the following year. He won with the support of the Metelli faction, specifically Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus. According to Plutarch, the Metelli were one of his family's hereditary patrons; while this connection may be a latter-day exaggeration, it was not uncommon for prospective consuls to campaign for their candidates for the tribunate and lower the possibility of opposition tribunes exercising their vetoes.
4f His service as prefect of the feriae Latinae preceded his term as quaestor, possibly attached to the Roman emperor, most likely Hadrian. Priscus then achieved the office of praetor around the year 142; there is no mention of any intermediary magistracy like plebeian tribune or aedile, which supports Alföldy's assertion that Priscus was a patrician. However, that he was commissioned legatus or commander of Legio I Italica (dated to c. 143-144), is unusual for a patrician by the mid-second century.
Chart showing the checks and balances of the Constitution of the Roman Republic. The creation of the office of plebeian tribune and plebeian aedile marked the end of the first phase of the struggle between the plebeians and the patricians (the Conflict of the Orders). The next major development in this conflict occurred through the Plebeian Council. During a modification of the original Valerian law in 449 BC, plebiscites acquired the full force of law, and thus applied to all Romans.
This meant that the offender became forfeit to the god(s) and on his death he was surrendered to the god(s) in question.Ogilvie, R.M. (1995) A Commentary on Livy, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 500-2 The implication was that anyone who killed him was considered as performing a sacred duty and enjoyed impunity.Altheim, F. (1940) Lex Sacrata, Amsterdam In the literature by Roman historians, the term sacrosanctity is usually found in relation to the Tribune of the Plebs, or plebeian tribune.
Upon returning to Rome, he held the traditional Roman magistracies -- quaestor, plebeian tribune and praetor -- all with the recommendation of the emperor Hadrian. Edward Dabrowa attributes this favor to the intercession of either his father or the well-known lawyer and friend of the Emperor, his brother-in-law Publius Pactumeius Clemens. According to Ronald Syme, Clemens was quaestor to Paetus' father, when he was proconsular governor of Africa.Syme, "Pliny's Less Successful Friends", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 9 (1960), p.
His career is documented in a fragmentary honorary inscription found at Tergeste. = ILS 989 He started his career in his teens as a member of the quattuorviri viarum curandarum, one of the four boards that make up the vigintiviri. This was followed by a term as military tribune in Legio VI Victrix. Next came the office of quaestor, followed by serving as sevir equitum Romanorum at the annual review of the equites, then the magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor.
87–89 In 67 BC, three years after Pompey's consulship, the plebeian tribune Aulus Gabinius proposed a law (Lex Gabinia) for choosing "...from among the ex-consuls a commander with full power against all the pirates".Cassius Dio, Roman History, 36.23.4 He was to have dominion over the waters of the entire Mediterranean and up to fifty miles inland for three years. He was to be empowered to pick fifteen lieutenants from the senate and assign specific areas to them.
A member of the plebeian branch of the Marcia family, Philippus was the son of Lucius Marcius Philippus, the consul of 56 BC. By 50 BC, he had possibly become an Augur, one of the priests of ancient Rome.Broughton, pg. 254 In 49 BC he was elected as Plebeian Tribune, where he vetoed the proposal to send Faustus Sulla, Pompey’s son-in-law, as propraetor to Mauretania, to persuade kings Bocchus II and Bogud to side with Pompey and abandon Julius Caesar.Holmes, pg.
Each magistrate could only veto an action that was taken by a magistrate with an equal or lower degree of power. Since plebeian tribunes (as well as plebeian aediles) were technically not magistrates,Abbott, 196 they relied on the sacrosanctity of their person to obstruct.Holland, 27 If one did not comply with the orders of a Plebeian Tribune, the Tribune could interpose the sacrosanctity of his personPolybius, 136 (intercessio) to physically stop that particular action. Any resistance against the tribune was considered to be a capital offense.
Titus Annius Milo, another plebeian tribune, presented the measure to the plebeian council and Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, one of the consuls for 57 BC, provided support in the senate partly as a favour to Pompey and partly because of his enmity towards Clodius. Clodius was supported by his brother Appius Claudius, who was a praetor, and the other consul, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos who had opposed Cicero six years earlier (see above). Pro-Cicero and pro-Clodius factions developed, leading to violence between the two.
Fonteius Capito, a novus homo, was the son of Gaius Fonteius Capito and a supporter of the Triumvir Marcus Antonius. Of Plebeian origins, perhaps he was a Plebeian Tribune in about 39 BC, and he may have belonged to one of the priesthoods of Ancient Rome by this time.Broughton III, pg. 92 In 39/38 BC, Antonius appointed him to the office of monetalis in one of the eastern provinces of the empire, during which time he minted coins with Antony’s and his wife Octavia’s portrait.
Their actions could not be vetoed by any magistrate other than a plebeian tribune, or a fellow censor. No other ordinary magistrate could veto a censor because no ordinary magistrate technically outranked a censor. Tribunes, by virtue of their sacrosanctity as the representatives of the people, could veto anything or anyone. Censors usually did not have to act in unison, but if a censor wanted to reduce the status of a citizen in a census, he had to act in unison with his colleague.
Plebeian aediles were elected by the Plebeian Council, usually while under the presidency of a Plebeian Tribune. Curule aediles were elected by the Tribal Assembly, usually while under the presidency of a consul. Since the plebeian aediles were elected by the plebeians, rather than by all of the People of Rome (plebeians as well as members of the Patrician aristocracy), they were not technically magistrates. Before the passage of the lex annalis, individuals could run for the aedileship by the time they turned twenty-seven.
During Domitian's Chattan War of 83, two vexillations were sent from Legio IX to Germany, one under Celer, the other under Velius Rufus. For Celer's efforts in the conflict, he was awarded Dona militaria appropriate for his rank.Valerie A. Maxfield, The Dona Militaria of the Roman Army (Durham theses, Durham University, 1972), Part 2, p. 39 He was admitted to the Senate when he became quaestor for an unnamed emperor, possibly Domitian; this was followed by the traditional republican magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor.
As such, Piso was an opponent of the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance of Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great), and Marcus Licinius Crassus.Appian, The Civil Wars, 2.8–9 Piso first came to notice in late 66 BC when he prosecuted Gaius Manilius (also known as Gaius Manilius Crispus), a plebeian tribune who was a supporter of Pompey. The prosecution was political; Manilius had passed laws which the optimates disapproved of. Specifically the lex Manilia which gave Pompey command of the Roman armies in the east during the war against Mithridates.
After this anomalous assumption of authority, Priscus returned to Rome and resumed his career in the emperor's service. He held the next two republican magistracies, plebeian tribune and praetor, then served as legate to the proconsular governor of Hispania Baetica. After that he was praefectus frumenti dandi (the prefect responsible for the distribution of Rome’s free grain dole). Then followed a pair of military commands, first as legate of Legio II Augusta in Roman Britain, then a second legion, Legio III Augusta during the years 105 to 108.
An inscription recovered from Hierapolis ad Pyramum provides details of Falco's career in the imperial service. He started as a member of one of the four boards of the vigintiviri, the decemviri stlitibus judicandis; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. A letter from Pliny the Younger to Falco written in 97Pliny, Epistulae 1.23 helps fix the date he advanced to the next magistracy, plebeian tribune, and indicates Falco was born around the year 70.Birley, The Fasti, p.
The emperor's tribunician powers (potestas tribunicia) gave him power over Rome's civil apparatus, although perhaps the most useful facet of the tribunician power was the prestige associated with the office.Abbott, 357Abbott, 356 The Plebeian Tribune had been the magistrate most responsible for the political enfranchisement of the Plebeian (commoner) class during the early republic. The emperor's tribunician powers also gave him the power to preside over, and thus to dominate, the assemblies and the senate.Abbott, 357 When an emperor was vested with the tribunician powers, his office and his person became sacrosanct.
Anthony Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 5 Evidence of this favor appears shortly afterwards: after serving a term as military tribune in Legio IV Flavia Felix based at Singidunum, Tuscus served as quaestor to the emperor Antoninus Pius, then was legatus or assistant to the proconsul of Africa. These latter two assignments provided him with potential for visibility and introductions to influential people. After holding the Republican magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor, Tuscus was prefect of the aerarium Saturni (c. 147-c. 150).
4; On the Responses of the Haruspices, 45 Cassius Dio, instead, wrote that in that year Clodius actually got his transitio ad plebem and immediately sought the tribunate. However, he was not elected due to the opposition of Metellus Celer, who argued that his transitio ad plebem was not done according to the lex curiata, which provided that adrogatio should be performed in the comitia curiata. Cassius Dio wrote that this ended the episode. During his consulship Caesar effected this transitio ad plebem and had him elected as plebeian tribune with the cooperation of Pompey.
An inscription found in Barcelona provides details of his cursus honorum. Natalis began his career as a member of the quattuorviri viarum curandarum, one of the four boards that comprised the vigintiviri; serving as one of these minor magistracies was considered an important first step in a senator's career. This board oversaw road maintenance within the city of Rome. Although Natalis certainly held the office of quaestor, which enrolled him in the senate, his next documented office was as plebeian tribune, followed by serving as legate, or assistant, to the proconsular governor of Africa.
Tensions between Populares and Optimates had increased with the Catiline conspiracy (63 BC) against the consulship of Marcus Tullius Cicero (an Optimate) during which Cicero, supported by a final decree (senatus consultum ultimum) of the Senate, had some of the conspirators executed without trial. There were demonstrations against these summary executions and this display of arbitrary senatorial power. There were two attempts to counter senatorial dominance which failed, but they were popular. The proponents were Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior, a plebeian tribune; and Julius Caesar, who at the time was a praetor.
In contrast, both classes were entitled to a vote in the Tribal Assembly. Under the presidency of a Plebeian Tribune (the chief representative of the people), the Plebeian Council elected Plebeian Tribunes and Plebeian Aediles (the Plebeian Tribune's assistant), enacted laws called plebiscites, and presided over judicial cases involving Plebeians. Originally, laws passed by the Plebeian Council only applied to Plebeians.Byrd, 31 However, by 287 BC, laws passed by the Plebeian Council had acquired the full force of law, and from that point on, most legislation came from the council.
He also demonstrated his generosity towards the emperor, providing provisions for the soldiers in the Winter of 113/114 as they marched to Trajan's Parthian campaign, and again in the Fall of 117 as they returned from the campaign. In return, the emperor Hadrian, Trajan's successor, adlected Severus into the Senate as an ex- plebeian tribune; few persons are known to have been adlected by Hadrian, so this was an even more prestigious honor.Corbier, L'aerarium saturni, p. 201 His career as a Roman senator is recorded in an inscription from his home of Ancyra.
Regardless of his working relationship with Pompey in Spain, Metellus Pius’ politics meant that he was opposed to Pompey's continued irregular extra- magisterial career throughout the 60s BC. Though Pompey was largely untouchable, senatorial resentment could be visited upon his clients and (former) subordinates. When the former Plebeian tribune and associate of Pompey, Gaius Cornelius, was accused of maiestas, the prosecution called on as witnesses a number of key anti-Pompeian former consuls, including Metellus Pius.Gruen, pgs. 262-265 Metellus Pius was a friend and patron of the noted poet Aulus Licinius Archias.
He returned to Rome where he was elected quaestor, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy he would be enrolled in the Senate. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. Upon stepping down from the praetorship, Faustus received another military commission, this time as legatus or commander of Legio XIII Gemina, stationed at Apulum in the imperial province of Dacia; Werner Eck dates his tenure as commander of this legion to between the years 106 and 119.Eck, "Ergänzungen zu den Fasti Consulares", p.
Marius had a Plebeian Tribune revoke Sulla's command of the war against Mithridates, so Sulla, a member of the aristocratic ("optimates") party, brought his army back to Italy and marched on Rome. Marius fled, and his supporters either fled or were murdered by Sulla. Sulla had become so angry at Marius' tribune that he passed a law that was intended to permanently weaken the Tribunate.Abbott, 103 He then returned to his war against Mithridates, and with Sulla gone, the populares under Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city.
He then was commissioned as a military tribune with Legio XIV Gemina stationed in Roman Britain; Birley dates this to before the year 60, meaning Messalla had left the legion when the unit triumphed in the Battle of Watling Street that year. He then proceeded through the traditional Republican magistracies -- quaestor, plebeian tribune and praetor -- before accepting a second commission, this time as legatus legionis or commander of Legio XVI Flavia Firma before the year 70. This was the point where the account of his cursus ends. From other sources we know Messalla was co-opted into the Septemviri epulonum following his consulate.
Cicero Denounces Catiline, 400x400px Cicero, seizing the opportunity offered by optimate fear of reform, was elected consul for the year 63 BC;John Leach, Pompey the Great, p.106. he was elected with the support of every unit of the centuriate assembly, rival members of the post-Sullan establishment, and the leaders of municipalities throughout post–Social War Italy. His co-consul for the year, Gaius Antonius Hybrida, played a minor role. He began his consular year by opposing a land bill proposed by a plebeian tribune which would have appointed commissioners with semi-permanent authority over land reform.
The Senate was directed by a presiding magistrate, who was usually either a consul (the highest-ranking magistrate) or, if the consul was unavailable, a Praetor (the second-highest ranking magistrate), usually the urban praetor.Byrd, 42 By the late Republic, another type of magistrate, a plebeian tribune, would sometimes preside. While in session, the Senate had the power to act on its own, and even against the will of the presiding magistrate if it wished. The presiding magistrate began each meeting with a speech (the verba fecit),Lintott, 78 which was usually brief, but was sometimes a lengthy oration.
Cato served as a plebeian tribune himself in 56 BC, and in his political activities, he was usually associated with his colleague Nonius Sufenas. During their tribunate, they worked for the so-called First triumvirate of Gaius Julius Caesar, Crassus and Pompey, now allied with his benefactor Crassus, and delayed the comitia to promote the election of Pompey and Crassus as consuls. The following year, after his tribunate, Cato and Sufenas were both accused of procedural violations. Although Cato's prosecutor in the trial was the future Caesarian historian Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC) they were both acquitted.
He would have cut a remarkable figure, with "colourful attire and headdress, like a crown, with regal associations unwelcome to the Romans". Yet the senate supported him; and when a plebeian tribune who had violently opposed his right to address the senate died of a fever (or, in the alternative scenario, when the prophesied Roman victory came) Magna Mater's power seemed proven.See Roller, 1999, p.290 – 291, citing Diodorus's description of Battakes, and the latter's prediction of Roman victory in Plutarch, "Life of Marius," 17. Statue of a Gallus (priest of Cybele) late 2nd century (Capitoline Museums).
For his service in these units, Voconius was awarded dona militaria. Next he achieved the office of quaestor, which he served in the public province of Macedonia; upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy he was enrolled in the Senate. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. After stepping down from his praetorship, Voconius was appointed to a number of responsible offices. The first listed in his cursus honorum was curator or overseer of the Viae Valeria and Tiburtina; Géza Alföldy estimates he held this post from around the year 135 to around the year 138.
As a concession to those patricians who had supported the peaceful resolution of the conflict, the tribunes chose two patricians, Aternius, and his colleague Tarpeius, to fill two of the vacant positions. This was the only time that patricians were permitted to hold this office, in consequence of which the plebeian tribune Lucius Trebonius Asper succeeded in passing the lex Trebonia, requiring that in the future, votes should continue to be called until the full number of tribunes had been elected, thereby preventing future tribunes from appointing colleagues who might be opposed to the interests of the people.
Tiberius Gracchus was elected Plebeian Tribune in 133 BC, and as Tribune, he attempted to enact a law that would have distributed land amongst Rome's landless citizens. The aristocrats, who stood to lose an enormous amount of money, were bitterly opposed to this proposal. Tiberius submitted this law to the Plebeian Council, but the law was vetoed by a Tribune named Marcus Octavius, and so Tiberius used the Plebeian Council to impeach Octavius. The theory, that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people, was repugnant to the genius of Roman constitutional theory.
The family origins of Apollinaris lie in Vercellae in Northwestern Italy. Thanks to the ingenuous identification of Apollinaris with the subject of a headless inscription found in Asia Minor by Werner Eck, we know most of the earliest steps of his cursus honorum.Eck, "Epigraphische Untersuchungen zu Konsuln und Senatoren des 1.-3. Jh. N. Chr.", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 37 (1980), p. 56 n. 86 Apollinaris' first recorded republican magistracy was quaestor, which was followed by plebeian tribune, and praetor. Then he was appointed one of the nine curatores viarum, or curator of the public roads, in Italy.
Accordingly, each plebeian family belonged to the same curia as did its patrician patron. While the plebeians each belonged to a particular curia, only patricians could actually vote in the Curiate Assembly. The Plebeian Council was originally organized around the office of the Tribunes of the Plebs in 494 BC. Plebeians probably met in their own assembly prior to the establishment of the office of the Tribune of the Plebs, but this assembly would have had no political role. The Offices of the plebeian tribune and plebeian aedile were created in 494 BC following the first plebeian secession.
It records that Allenius was a military tribune (but not in which legion), quaestor, legatus under Tiberius, plebeian tribune, praetor, propraetorian legate for Tiberius, and then consul. He also held the priestly office of Quindecimviri sacris faciundis. Syme offers some explication of these offices: the first time as legatus under Tiberius, Allenius was commander of a legion, although its identity is unknown; the date he was praetor is AD 27; the time as propraetorian legate was a governorship in one of the five praetorian provinces under imperial control. Syme also implies that Allenius owed his consulship to the influence of Lucius Vitellius.
Feig Vishnia 1996, 82 Another incident occurred at the end of their term of office which reflected badly on the censors and their office. Both men tried to reduce the other to the rank of aerarii, that class of person who was obliged to pay a higher tax because of a moral or other failure.Feig Vishnia 1996, 82; Livy 29.37.11 The plebeian tribune Gnaeus Baebius put forward a motion to prosecute the censors for their unseemly behaviour but the Senate decided not to pursue the action to protect the dignity of the office against the whim of the people.
Therefore, he needed to be transferred to the plebeian order (transitio ad plebem) by being adopted into a plebeian family. In some letters written in 62 BC, the year after Clodius's trial, Cicero wrote that Herrenius, a plebeian tribune, made frequent proposals to the plebeian council to transfer Clodius to the plebs, but he was vetoed by many of his colleagues. He also proposed a law to the plebeian council to authorise the comitia centuriata (the assembly of the soldiers) to vote on the matter. The consul Quintus Metellus Celer proposed an identical bill to the comitia centuriata.
This was because Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, one of the praetors, called for an inquiry into his conduct in the previous year. Caesar went to Rome and put the matter before the senate, but this was not taken up and he returned to Gaul. He was also a target for prosecution by a plebeian tribune, but he was not brought to trial because he pleaded with the other tribunes not to prosecute him on the grounds of his absence from Rome. Lucius Domitius was now a candidate for the consulship and openly threatened to take up arms against him.
Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Crassus, 15, The Life of Pompey, 51.4–6 In Cassius Dio's account after the election Pompey and Crassus did not state what their intentions were and pretended that they wanted nothing further. Gaius Trebonius, a plebeian tribune, proposed a measure that gave the province of Syria and the nearby lands to one of the consuls and the provinces of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior to the other. They would hold the command there for five years. They could levy as many troops as they wanted and ‘make peace and war with whomsoever they pleased’.
Abbott, 134 He assumed these powers by increasing his own authority, and by decreasing the authority of Rome's other political institutions. Caesar held the office of Roman Dictator, and alternated between the Consulship (the chief-magistracy) and the Proconsulship (in effect, a military governorship). In 48 BC, Caesar was given the powers of a Plebeian Tribune,Abbott, 135 which made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the Senate, and allowed him to dominate the legislative process. After Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian.
The price of grain became a major issue when the Roman province of Sicily revolted repeatedly, thus pushing the price to unaffordable levels. Lowering grain prices became an important part of the political platform of the radical popularist Saturninus, who acquired the office of plebeian tribune an unusual three times. The official responsible for the provision of the alimenta was the Curator alimentorum. During the empire, this post became an important bureaucratic position to be filled by the senatorial elite prior to achieving a consulship. The last known official to hold this post was Titus Flavius Postumius Quietus, probably during the early 270s.
Isauricus was the son of Gaius Servilius Vatia and a member of the plebeian branch of the gens Servilia, while his mother was Caecilia Metella, daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. A traditionalist, he was among the group of young Roman nobles who killed Lucius Appuleius Saturninus in the Curia Hostilia after his failed revolt.Smith, pg. 1232 It has been conjectured that he served as plebeian tribune in 97 BC.Broughton, pg. 5 He held the office of praetor in 90 BC, following which he was given a propraetoreal governorship in 89 BC, with his province being either Corsica et Sardinia or Cilicia.
Most of Geminus' career is known from an acephalic inscription (one where the name of the subject is missing) recovered from Epidaurus in Greece; Werner Eck has argued that the subject of this inscription is Geminus."Miscellanea prosopographica", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 42 (1981), pp. 229f The earliest office found on this inscription is that of quaestor, assigned to the province of Crete and Cyrenaica; the office of quaestor qualified Geminus for admission to the Roman Senate. Next is the traditional republican magistracy of plebeian tribune, after which there is a gap in the inscription.
14f The beginning of his senatorial career was not impressive. As a member of the vigintiviri, a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate, Marcianus was allocated to the tresviri capitalis, which was not a prestigious office. Following this he held the typical series of offices: a hitch as military tribune in Legio IV Scythica, then another hitch as military tribune in Legio X Fretensis. He returned to Rome to serve as quaestor, then plebeian tribune, praetor, legate to the proconsul of Africa, and legate or commander of Legio X Gemina.
Here he fought under Marcus Aurelius in the Second Marcomannic War, during which time his unit was awarded dona militaria (or military honours) by the emperor. His next posting was as quaestor in the province of Gallia Narbonensis, after which he returned to Rome to serve as plebeian tribune, probably under the new emperor Commodus. In around AD 185, Caesonius Macer continued his climb up the cursus honorum with his appointment as legatus proconsulis, where he assisted the governor of Hispania Baetica in his duties. Then in around AD 187, he was back in Rome where he was elected praetor.
The proposal was strongly opposed by Cato the Younger, who was a staunch optimate. The dispute came close to violence, and Metellus Nepos armed some of his men. According to Plutarch, the senate announced the intention to issue a final decree to remove Nepos from his office but Cato the Younger opposed it, but he does not mention whether the decree was enforced or not.Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The life of Cato the Younger, 27-29.1-2 Metellus Nepos went to Asia to inform Pompey about the events, even though, as a plebeian tribune, he had no right to be absent from the city.
Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy, Lucanus would be enrolled in the Senate.Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 16 Returning to Rome, he proceeded through the next traditional Republican magistracies, plebeian tribune and praetor. After his praetorship, Lucanus and his brother were appointed legati, or commanders, of Legio III Augusta, a posting that included governing the province of Numidia, from the year 70 to 73; Werner Eck suggests Lucanus handled the civilian responsibilities while Tullus commanded the legion.Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp.
Serving as one of these minor magistracies was considered an important first step in a senator's career. Next was service as a military tribune with Legio II Augusta, which was stationed in Roman Britain at the time. Agrippinus is then documented as quaestor of the public province of Roman Cyprus, which qualified him to be a senator, which is followed by the magistracies of aedile cerialis then praetor,Until the recovery of a second fragment, the relevant inscription had been restored to indicate that Agrippinus had been plebeian tribune, as shown in the scholarship. where our material ends.
Plutarch states that Metilius "boldly applied himself to the people in the behalf of Minucius", and had Minucius granted powers equivalent to those of Fabius. By this, Plutarch probably means that as a Plebeian Tribune, Metilius had the Plebeian Council, a popular assembly which only Tribunes could preside over, grant Minucius quasi-dictatorial powers. Roman senators killed during the Battle of Cannae, statue by Sébastien Slodtz, 1704, Louvre Fabius did not attempt to fight the promotion of Minucius, but rather decided to wait until Minucius' rashness caused him to run headlong into some disaster. He realized what would happen when Minucius was defeated in battle by Hannibal.
Hermann Dessau, and others after him, identify that person with this Gentianus, although Dessau may be wrong in further identifying the author of the poem as his sister.See Dessau's notes at ILS 1046a Gentianus' cursus honorum is known in frustratingly incomplete detail from a fragmentary inscription in Sarmizegetusa. Prior to acceding to the consulate, Gentianus held the usual posts of military tribune, quaestor, plebeian tribune, praetor, then governor of an imperial province; however, the portions of the inscription which identifies which legion he was tribune of and the name of the province he governed are both missing. However the inscription from Sarmizegetusa attests Gentianus was admitted to the College of Pontiffs.
His term as quaestor was followed by the Republican office plebeian tribune then praetor. According to the order of offices in the Budrum inscription, Dexter was admitted to the Septemviri epulonum, one of the four most prestigious collegia of ancient Roman priests, prior to acceding to the praetorship. After leaving that office, Dexter was commissioned as legatus or commander of Legio IV Scythica; Alföldy dated his tenure from around 144 to 147 based on incorrect information about the date of his quaestorship;Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn: Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 160, 198 the date of Dexter's command of this legion thus must have been much later.
On religious grounds, this could happen, besides when the auspices were found to be unfavourable, when the gods manifested their displeasure by rain, thunder, or lightning or if the sun set before the proceedings were completed – this was because the auspices were considered to be valid only for one day from dawn to sunset. Other reasons were the veto of a plebeian tribune and one of the assembled citizens suffering an epileptic fit (morbus comitialis). In the politically volatile years of the late Republic, at times assemblies were broken up by riots. If an assembly convened as a court, its being broken up was equivalent to an acquittal of the accused.
Next he was assigned to serve as a military tribune in Legio VII Claudia stationed at Viminacium in Moesia Superior. This was followed by the traditional series of republican magistracies: first, quaestor assigned to assist with the administration of Rome, followed by plebeian tribune, then praetor. Syme argues the date of his praetorship fell in the years 90-94.Syme, Tacitus, p. 666 The sortition allotted to Caepio Hispo the public province of Hispania Baetica to govern; Werner Eck has dated his tenure in that province to 95/96.Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp.
1171 However, by the time Trebonius was elected plebeian tribune in 55 BC, he had become one of their supporters. During that year, Trebonius proposed a Lex Trebonia to the Tribal Assembly that the consuls Pompey and Crassus receive the provinces of Syria, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. Further, that their commands would last for five years, and that the proconsuls would possess the right of making war or peace at their discretion. Cato, a noted opponent of Pompey, spoke against the bill, attempting to filibuster the motion, causing Trebonius to firstly expel him from the Forum, before ordering him to be taken to prison.
His next post, as legate to the proconsular governor of Asia, supports this hypothesis; in any case it demonstrates that Gallus had powerful mentors assisting his career, for only five other examples are known of men serving as legates to proconsuls prior to holding the office of quaestor, which he served in the public province of Bithynia and Pontus. The traditional Republican magistracies of plebeian tribune and praetor followed. Once he completed his term as praetor, Gallus was appointed to a series of imperial posts. First was curator of a network of Etruscan roads, which comprised the Trajanae novae: the Viae Clodia, Cassia, Annia, and the Ciminia.
Saturn driving a quadriga on the reverse of a denarius issued by Saturninus In 104 BC, the plebeian tribune Lucius Appuleius Saturninus issued a denarius depicting Saturn driving a four-horse chariot (quadriga), a vehicle associated with rulers, triumphing generals, and sun gods. Saturninus was a popularist politician who had proposed reduced-price grain distribution to the poor of Rome. The head of the goddess Roma appears on the obverse. The Saturnian imagery played on the tribune's name and his intent to alter the social hierarchy to his advantage by basing his political support on the common people (plebs) rather than the senatorial elite.
He was unable to achieve anything through the consuls, and felt that Caesar's increasing independence made his own position precarious. He began to arm himself against Caesar and got closer to Crassus because he thought he could not challenge Caesar on his own. The two men decided to stand for the consulship so that they could be more than a match for Caesar. Once elected, Pompey and Crassus got Gaius Trebonius, a plebeian tribune, to propose a measure that gave the province of Syria and the nearby lands to one of the consuls and the provinces of Hispania Citerior, and Hispania Ulterior to the other.
Holmes, pg. 96 Using his local knowledge, and the local connections built up through his clientela, he managed to raise two legions. When Tubero finally appeared off Utica to take up his post, Varus drove him off and forced him to leave.Holmes, pg. 96 To further cement his position in Africa, Varus relied on the support of King Juba of Numidia, a client state, whose father owed his position to Pompey, while Juba himself had a personal grudge against Curio,The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol 9, pg. 431 because, as plebeian tribune, Curio had once proposed a law that would have converted Numidia into a Roman province.Holmes, pg.
Marius Perpetuus was the son of Lucius Marius Perpetuus, an equestrian procurator, and the brother of Marius Maximus, the Roman imperial biographer. Although his career is fairly well documented, many of the dates in which he held office are uncertain. Possibly a member of the Vigintiviri, his first attested position was as Tribunus laticlavius of the Legio IV Scythica, posted in Syria. Standing as an imperial candidate for the office of quaestor, the next magistracy was either plebeian tribune or aedile; if he was not adlected into the praetorship, it is certain that he was a praetor to hold those offices he is attested as holding.
This regime was dominated by the patricians, and the sources on the early Republic overwhelmingly focus on the conflicts between the patricians and the plebs, in what is known as the Conflict of the Orders. The early years of the Republic were a time of external strife and periodic popular unrest. In 494 BC, under harsh measures from patrician creditors, during a military campaign, the plebeians under arms seceded to the Mons Sacer outside the city and refused to fight in the campaign without political concessions. With the pressure of an external threat, the patricians were forced to recognise the office of Plebeian tribune () who were declared sacrosanct, i.e.
The reforms which had altered these two processes had marked the end to the Conflict of the Orders, during which time the Plebeians had sought political equality with the aristocratic Patrician class. Sulla, himself a Patrician and thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Some of his dislike may have been acquired when Marius' Tribune had revoked Sulla's authorization to command the war against Mithridates. As Sulla viewed the office, the Tribunate was especially dangerous, which was in part due to its radical past, and so his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige.
W. Warde Fowler "The Original Meaning of the Word Sacer" Journal of Roman Studies, I, 1911, p.57-63 Persons judged sacer under Roman law were placed beyond further civil judgment, sentence and protection; their lives, families and properties were forfeit to the gods. A person could be declared sacer who harmed a plebeian tribune, failed to bear legal witness,As in Horace, Sermones II 3, 181, failed to meet his obligations to clients, or illicitly moved the boundary markers of fields.As in Servius, Aeneid VI, 609: Dionysius of Halicarnassus, II 10, 3; Festus 505 L. It was not a religious duty (fas) to execute a homo sacer, but he could be killed with impunity.
The only important development was in the growing strength of the democratic opposition to the aristocracy. Tiberius' brother Gaius was elected Plebeian Tribune in 123 BC. Gaius Gracchus' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces,Abbott, 97 so he first enacted a law which put the knights (equites, or upper-middle class citizens) on the jury courts instead of the senators. He then passed a grain law which greatly disadvantaged the provincial governors, most of whom were senators. The knights, on the other hand, stood to profit greatly from these grain reforms, and so the result was that Gaius managed to turn the most powerful class of non-senators against the senate.
The first step in a political career was election to the Quaestorship,Abbott, 374 although candidates for the Quaestorship had to be at least twenty-four years old. After they served as Quaestor, they had to wait for at least one year before they could seek election to a higher office, which was usually either the Plebeian Tribunate or the Aedileship.Abbott, 375 After this, they had to wait for another year before they could seek election to a higher office, which was typically the Praetorship.Abbott, 375 Members of Patrician (aristocratic) families could seek election to the Praetorship after serving as Quaestor,Abbott, 375 and they did not have to serve as Plebeian Tribune or Aedile before this.
The earliest known office Nigrinus held was as plebeian tribune in 105; Ronald Syme raises the possibility that he is the Nigrinus Pliny the Younger praises for his speech indicting Varenus Rufus for corruption during his administration of Bithynia and Pontus.Syme, Tactius (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958) p. 669. Pliny, Epistulae, V.20.6; Pliny mentions Nigrinus twice more: V.13.6f, and VII.6 Nigrinus later became proconsular governor of Achaea, although it is unclear during what years this was; Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 13 (1983), p. 186 and n. 479 this was probably part of Trajan’s attempt to recognize and stabilize the administration of the financially troubled province.
The lex Vatinia (passed probably in May or early June 59 BC)Lily Ross Taylor, 'The dating of major legislation and elections in Caesar's first consulship' (1968) 17 Historia: Zeitschrift Fur Alte Geschichte 173, 173. also known as the lex Vatinia de provincia CaesarisMartin Jehne, 'Why the anti-Caesarians failed: political communication on the eve of the civil war' in Christina Rosillo-Lopez (ed), Political communication in the Roman World (Brill, 2017) 210. or the lex Vatinia de imperio Caesaris, was legislation which granted to Gaius Julius Caesar governorship of the provinces of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum for five years. It was named after and proposed, in the tribal assembly, by plebeian tribune Publius Vatinius.
In a speech Cicero made against an agrarian bill proposed by the plebeian tribune Publius Servilius Rullus in 63 BC, he claimed that Rullus was an insignificant figure and a front for unsavoury 'machinators' whom he described as the real architects of the bill and as the men who had the real power and who were to be feared. He did not name these men, but he dropped hints that made them identifiable by saying, "Some of them to whom nothing appears sufficient to possess, some to whom nothing seems sufficient to squander." Sumner points out that these were references to the popular images of Crassus and Caesar.Cicero, On the Agrarian Laws, 2.65G.
The career of Ambibulus up to his consulate can be reconstructed from a damaged inscription erected in Cuicul in Numidia; it was erected by order of the civic government to honor him as their patron. = ILS 9486 In this inscription, all of his posts are listed in chronological order, except oddly for the first in the list, a hitch as military tribune in a legion whose name is mostly missing. In the order Ambibulus held these offices, he began his career in his teenage years as one of the decemviri stlitibus iudicandis, which was one of the four boards comprising the vigintiviri. The traditional Republican magistracies followed: quaestor, plebeian tribune, and praetor.
The Conflict of the Orders, also referred to as the Struggle of the Orders, was a political struggle between the Plebeians (commoners) and Patricians (aristocrats) of the ancient Roman Republic lasting from 500 BC to 287 BC, in which the Plebeians sought political equality with the Patricians. It played a major role in the development of the Constitution of the Roman Republic. Shortly after the founding of the Republic, this conflict led to a secession from Rome by Plebeians to the Sacred Mount at a time of war. The result of this first secession was the creation of the office of Plebeian Tribune, and with it the first acquisition of real power by the Plebeians.
Gaius Memmius was a member of the Plebeian gens Memmia. He was elected Plebeian Tribune in 111 BC, and was instrumental in relaunching the Jugurthine War after Jugurtha’s surrender in 111 BC. During his tribunate, he accused the consul Lucius Calpurnius Bestia, the senator Marcus Aemilius Scaurus and other aristocrats of accepting bribes from King Jugurtha. He summoned Jugurtha to appear in Rome, and promised him safe conduct in order that he may be questioned, but when Jugurtha arrived, Memmius was prevented from questioning the king by his colleague Gaius Baebius, whom Jugurtha bribed to impose his veto.Broughton I, pg. 541 It is speculated that Memmius served as Praetor in 104 BC,Broughton I, pgs.
Vetus was a descendant of the Plebeian Roman house of the Antistii Veteres. He was probably the son of Gaius Antistius Vetus, propraetor in Hispania Ulterior about 68 BC, under whom Julius Caesar served as quaestor.Syme, pg. 64 Initially a supporter of Caesar, Vetus was appointed Quaestor pro praetore of Syria by Caesar, a position which he held in 45 BC.Broughgton, pg. 307According to Broughton, the position of Quaestor which Vetus was supposed to have held in 61 BC never existed, while the position of Plebeian Tribune in 56 BC, where an Antistius was supposed to have attempted to prosecute Julius Caesar for his actions while Consul, refers to L. Antistius – see The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol III.
The plebs continued to establish and administer their own laws (plebiscita) and held formal assemblies from which patricians were excluded,. They elected their own magistrates and sought religious confirmation of their decisions through their own augury, which in plebeian religious tradition had been introduced by Marsyas, a satyr or silen in the entourage of Liber. Meanwhile, the plebeian tribunes, an emergent plebeian nobility and a small but growing number of popularist politicians of patrician ancestry gained increasing influence over Rome's religious life and government. Any person who offended against the sacred rights and person of a plebeian tribune was liable to declaration as homo sacer, who could be killed with impunity and whose property was, almost certainly, forfeit to Ceres.
14 Seneca wrote that with regard to Caesar, Pompey "would ill endure that anyone besides himself should become a great power in the state, and one who was likely to place a check upon his advancement, which he had regarded as onerous even when each gained by the other's rise: yet within three days' time he resumed his duties as general, and conquered his grief [for the death of his wife] as quickly as he was wont to conquer everything else".Seneca, Dialogues, Book 6, Of Consolation: To Marcia, 6.14.3 In the Life of Pompey Plutarch wrote that the plebeian tribune Lucilius proposed to elect Pompey dictator. Cato the Younger, who had been the fiercest opponent of the triumvirate, opposed this.
The son of Lucius and a member of the Roman tribe Camilia, Carus' career began with his appointment to the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards of the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. This was followed by serving as a military tribune, firstly of the Legio VIII Augusta, at the time stationed at Argentoratum (Strasbourg), then of the Legio IX Hispana, sometime after AD 122.Cowan, R. Roman Legionary AD 69-161 (2013), p. 10 Returning to Rome, Carus began his climb up the series of Republican magistracies: first appointed quaestor to the Emperor, then Plebeian Tribune before achieving the Praetorship.
Quintus Fabricius is suspected to have been either the son or grandson of the Quintus Fabricius who was a Plebeian Tribune in 57 BC.P. A. Brunt (1961). The Lex Valeria Cornelia. Journal of Roman Studies, 51, pp 71-83 doi:10.2307/298838 A long-standing supporter of the party of Augustus, his loyalty was rewarded in 2 BC when the events that led to the banishment of Julia the Elder and the execution of a number of prominent Roman senators saw him granted a suffect consulship on 1 December, replacing Gaius Fufius Geminus, who may also have been caught up in the political crisis. If this was so, then Augustus saw Fabricius as a man whose loyalty was unwavering during this time of crisis.
Some modern historians have pointed out that there is lack of clarity regarding the law which provided that one consul should be a plebeian. Livy saw this law as a breakthrough in the political advancement of the plebeians. T.J. Cornell notes that, according to Livy and his sources, the regular and unbroken sharing of the consulship stemmed from the Lex Genucia proposed by the plebeian tribune Lucius Genucius in 342 BC which, it is claimed, allowed plebeians to hold both consulships.Livy, The History of Rome, 7.42 However, the Fasti consulares (a chronicle of yearly events in which the years are denoted by their consuls) suggest that this law made it obligatory for one consulship to be held by a plebeian.
Gaius Gracchus, Tribune of the people, presiding over the Plebeian Council Tiberius Gracchus was elected Plebeian Tribune (the chief representative of the people) in 133 BC, and as Tribune, he attempted to enact a law that would have distributed some of the public land amongst Rome's veterans. The aristocrats, who stood to lose an enormous amount of money, were bitterly opposed to this proposal. Tiberius submitted this law to the Plebeian Council, but the law was vetoed by a Tribune named Marcus Octavius, and so Tiberius used the Plebeian Council to impeach Octavius. The theory, that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people, was repugnant to the genius of Roman constitutional theory.
Appian, The Civil Wars, 2.14 Moreover, Clodius was already an ally of Pompey before this. As mentioned in the previous section, Plutarch wrote that Pompey had already allied with Clodius when his attempt to have the acts for his settlements in the east failed before the creation of the triumvirate.Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Pompey, 46.3 Clodius sought to become a plebeian tribune so that he could enjoy the powers of these tribunes to pursue his revenge against Cicero, including presiding over the plebeian council, proposing bills to its vote, vetoing the actions of the officers of state and the senatus consulta (written opinions of the senate on bills, which were presented for advice and usually followed to the letter). However, Clodius was a patrician and the plebeian tribunate was exclusively for plebeians.
Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers).Abbott, 103 Sulla, himself a patrician and thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. As Sulla viewed the office, the Tribunate was especially dangerous and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige. (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhand activities of a tribune.) Over the previous three hundred years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class.
Saturn driving a four-horse chariot (quadriga) on the reverse of a denarius issued in 104 BC by the plebeian tribune Saturninus, with the head of the goddess Roma on the obverse: Saturninus was a popularist politician whose Saturnian imagery played on his name and evoked both his program of grain distribution to aid the poor and his intent to subvert the social hierarchy, all ideas associated with the Saturnalia. The Saturnalia reflects the contradictory nature of the deity Saturn himself: "There are joyful and utopian aspects of careless well- being side by side with disquieting elements of threat and danger." As a deity of agricultural bounty, Saturn embodied prosperity and wealth in general. The name of his consort Ops meant "wealth, resources". Her festival, Opalia, was celebrated on 19 December.
The lex Appuleia agraria was a Roman law introduced by the plebeian tribune Lucius Appuleius Saturninus during his second tribunate in 100 BC. The law concerned the distribution of land to poor Romans and to Marius' veterans. According to Appian, this was to be provided from land that had been seized by the Cimbri in northern Italy and according to other ancient writers it was to be achieved by founding new Roman colonies outside Italy (see below). Saturninus was an ally of Gaius Marius. According Pseudo-Aurelius Victor "to win the favour with the soldiers of Marius, [he] carried a law assigning veterans a 100 iugera [125 acres, 311.5 hectares] of land in Africa" during his first tribunate in 103 BC. He helped Marius to be elected to his fourth consulship in 102 BC.
The only important development was in the growing strength of the democratic opposition to the aristocracy.Abbott, 96 Tiberius' brother Gaius was elected Plebeian Tribune in 123 BC. Gaius Gracchus' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces,Abbott, 97 so he first enacted a law which put the knights (equites, or apolitical businessmen of the upper classes) on the jury courts instead of the senators. He then passed a grain law which greatly disadvantaged the provincial governors, most of whom were senators and thus who could no longer serve on the jury courts. The knights, on the other hand, stood to profit greatly from these grain reforms, and so the result was that Gaius managed to turn the most powerful class of non-senators against the senate.
This inscription then records that Clemens was legatus or assistant to his father-in-law Titus Prifernius Geminus during the latter's year governing the public province of Achaea; after his consulate, he was legatus for his father-in-law a second time, this time when Geminus was governor of Asia. Clemens returned to Rome, where he held the Republican office of plebeian tribune; following this he was assigned as curator to the Greek cities of Athens, Thespis, Plataea; then at a later date for the cities of Thessaly. The finances of many cities during this period had fallen into disarray, and the emperors Trajan and Hadrian were forced to appoint special magistrates to reorganize them.See Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, book 10, for an example of how Pliny discharged a similar assignment in the province of Bithynia and Pontus.
An inscription, now preserved in the Museum of Mytilene, provides details of Macrinus' cursus honorum.Greek text published with a French translation in René Hodot, "La grande inscription de M. Pompeius Macrinus à Mytilène", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 34 (1979), pp. 221-237 The earliest office mentioned in this inscription was the quaestor, which he is said to have served in Bithynia and Pontus; Werner Eck dates his quaestorship to 98/100.Eck, "Miscellanea prosopographica", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 42 (1981), pp. 245f Upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Macrinus would be enrolled in the Senate.Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 16 This was followed by the other Republican magistracies, plebeian tribune and praetor. After stepping down from the office of praetor, Macrinus received a series of imperial appointments.
Significantly, Lucius Trebellius adopted the Cognomen Fides for his actions as Plebeian Tribune in 47 BC to resist laws that would abolish debts; later when he fell into debt himself and began supporting debt abolishment, Cicero used his cognomen as a method of abuse and ridicule. According to this theory it is no coincidence that, in selecting the name "Trebellius Pollio", the author is playing with the concepts of fides and fidelitas historica at the precise point in the lives that are assigned to "Trebellius Pollio" and "Flavius Vopiscus Syracusius". In the case of "Flavius Vopiscus Syracusius", it was argued that it too was inspired by the Philippics' reference to "Caesar Vopiscus" (Phil, 11.11), with Cicero's reference to Vopiscus immediately preceding his reference to Lucius Trebellius. The cognomen "Syracusius" was selected because Cicero's In Verrem is filled with references to "Syracusae" and "Syracusani".
He also wrote that the allocations concerned land in the plain of Stella (a relatively remote area on the eastern Campanian border) that had been made public in by-gone days, and other public lands in Campania that had not been allotted but were under lease.Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Julius Caesar, 30.3 Plutarch, who had a pro-aristocratic slant, thought that this law was not becoming of a consul, but for a most radical plebeian tribune. Land distribution, which was anathema to conservative aristocrats, was usually proposed by the plebeian tribunes who were often described by Roman writers (who were usually aristocrats) as base and vile. It was opposed by ‘men of the better sort’ (aristocrats) and this gave Caesar an excuse to rush to the plebeian council, claiming that he was driven to it by the obduracy of the senate.
Plutarch noted that others said that it was a device by Lentulus Spinther to confine Pompey to an office so that Spinther would be sent instead to Egypt to help Ptolemy XII of Egypt put down a rebellion. A plebeian tribune had proposed a law to send Pompey to Egypt as a mediator without an army, but the senate rejected it, citing safety concerns. As praefectus annonae Pompey sent agents and friends to various places and sailed to Sardinia, Sicily and the Roman province of Africa (the breadbaskets of the Roman empire) to collect grain. So successful was this venture that the markets were filled and there was also enough to supply foreign peoples. Both Plutarch and Cassius Dio thought that the law made Pompey ‘the master of all the land and sea under Roman possession’.
Cicero was also active in the courts, defending Gaius Rabirius from accusations of participating in the unlawful killing of plebeian tribune Lucius Appuleius Saturninus in 100 BC. The prosecution occurred before the comita centuriata and threatened to reopen conflict between the Marian and Sullan factions at Rome. Cicero defended the use of force as being authorised by a senatus consultum ultimum, which would prove similar to his own use of force under such conditions. Most famouslyin part because of his own publicityhe thwarted a conspiracy led by Lucius Sergius Catilina to overthrow the Roman Republic with the help of foreign armed forces. Cicero procured a senatus consultum ultimum (a recommendation from the senate attempting to legitimise the use of force) and drove Catiline from the city with four vehement speeches (the Catiline Orations), which to this day remain outstanding examples of his rhetorical style.
Coin of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Metellus Pius, a member of the distinguished plebeian gens Caecilia, was the son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, who was consul in 109 BC. His career began in that same year, when he accompanied his father to Numidia as his contubernalis (cadet) during the Jugurthine War, returning to Rome in 107 BC, when his father was forcibly recalled by the actions of Gaius Marius.Sall. Iug. 64, 4; Plut. Mar. 8, 4 In 100 BC, after his father was banished as a result of the political manoeuvrings of Gaius Marius and Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, Metellus Pius launched a campaign to have his father brought back from exile. He produced a petition in 99 BC to this effect, and his constant pleading on the subject resulted in Quintus Calidius, the Plebeian Tribune of 98 BC passing a law which allowed his father to return.
The son of the Quintus Pompeius who was Plebeian Tribune in 132 BC, Rufus was elected Tribune of the Plebs in 99 BC. He, alongside Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus, put forward a bill to recall Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus from exile, but it was vetoed by Publius Furius. In 91 BC, Pompeius was elected Praetor urbanus, followed by his election as consul in 88 BC, alongside Lucius Cornelius Sulla. The outbreak of the First Mithridatic War during their consulship saw the command of the war given to Sulla. This was opposed by the former consul and general Gaius Marius, who had a tribune of the Plebs, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, firstly bring forward a law which would enrol the Italian allies who had just received Roman citizenship across all of the Roman tribes, thereby giving Marius a large enough body of voters to pass a law to strip Sulla of his command.
Pflaum, "Deux familles sénatoriales", p. 108 The earliest office Gallus is recorded as holding was quaestor, which he discharged in the province of Asia; upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy he was enrolled in the Senate. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor. Upon completing his term as praetor, Gallus was selected as legatus or assistant to the proconsular governor of Africa. Upon returning to Rome, he was appointed curator of a network of roads in Etruria: the Via Clodia, Annia, Cassia, Cimina, and the Via Nova Trajana; Pflaum dates his curatorship of these roads to the years 117-120.Pflaum, "Deux familles sénatoriales", p. 113 Following this, Gallus was appointed legatus or commander of the Legio III Gallica stationed at Raphaneae in Syria. He returned to Rome, where the sortition allocated him the public province of Gallia Narbonensis to govern; Werner Eck assigns the term 124/125 to his tenure in that province.
The result of this first secession was the creation of the office of Plebeian Tribune, and with it the first acquisition of real power by the Plebeians.Abbott, 28 Map of the centre of Rome during the time of the Roman Empire According to tradition, Rome became a republic in 509 BC. However, it took a few centuries for Rome to become the great city of popular imagination. By the 3rd century BC, Rome had become the pre-eminent city of the Italian peninsula. During the Punic Wars between Rome and the great Mediterranean empire of Carthage (264 to 146 BC), Rome's stature increased further as it became the capital of an overseas empire for the first time. Beginning in the 2nd century BC, Rome went through a significant population expansion as Italian farmers, driven from their ancestral farmlands by the advent of massive, slave-operated farms called latifundia, flocked to the city in great numbers.
Tribunus plebis, rendered in English as tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune, was the first office of the Roman state that was open to the plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power of the Roman Senate and magistrates. These tribunes had the power to convene and preside over the Concilium Plebis (people's assembly); to summon the senate; to propose legislation; and to intervene on behalf of plebeians in legal matters; but the most significant power was to veto the actions of the consuls and other magistrates, thus protecting the interests of the plebeians as a class. The tribunes of the plebs were sacrosanct, meaning that any assault on their person was punishable by death. In imperial times, the powers of the tribunate were granted to the emperor as a matter of course, and the office itself lost its independence and most of its functions.
Cicero, one of the authors whose works the Historia Augusta references obliquely. Other examples of the work as a parody can be taken from the names of the Scriptores themselves. It has been suggested that "Trebellius Pollio" and "Flavius Vopiscus Syracusius" were invented, with one theory arguing that their origins are based on passages in Cicero's letters and speeches in the 1st century BC. With respect to "Trebellius Pollio", this is a reference to Lucius Trebellius, a supporter of Mark Antony who was mentioned in the Philippics (Phil, 11.14), and another reference to him in Epistulae ad Familiares along with the term "Pollentiam" reminded the History's author of Asinius Pollio, who was a fellow Plebeian Tribune alongside Lucius Trebellius and a historian as well. This is reinforced by noted similarities between the fictitious criticism of "Trebellius Pollio" by "Flavius Vopiscus" at the start of the Life of Aurelian, with similar comments made by Asinius Pollio about Julius Caesar's published Commentaries.
Notable Populares included men who held the plebeian tribunate such as the Gracchi brothers, Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, Marcus Livius Drusus, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, Servilius Rullus and Publius Clodius Pulcher; and men who held the consulship such as Appius Claudius Pulcher, Publius Mucius Scaevola, Marcus Fulvius Flaccus (who also became a plebeian tribune), Gaius Marius, Gaius Marius the Younger, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Julius Caesar. There were other notable Populares such as Quintus Sertorius, who participated in the capture of Rome by the Marians in 87 BC and fought the Sertorian War, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Marc Antony, who fought for Caesar, were given a consulship by him and later became members of the Second Triumvirate. Although Marcus Licinius Crassus did not play a prominent part in Roman politics apart from his consulship in 70 BC, prior to being part of the First Triumvirate he was known as a supporter of the Populares.Sumner, G. V. Cicero, Pompeius, and Rullus (1996).
Duilius then called for the election of the tribunes, and refused to acknowledge the re-election of the tribunes of 449. As only five other men were elected, Duilius announced that the legally-elected tribunes should appoint five others to fill the vacancies, thereby frustrating the tribunes whom the senate had sought to return to office for a second year. As a concession to those patricians who had supported the peaceful resolution of the conflict, the tribunes chose two patricians, Tarpeius, and his colleague Aternius, to fill two of the vacant positions. This was the only time that patricians were permitted to hold this office, in consequence of which the plebeian tribune Lucius Trebonius Asper succeeded in passing the lex Trebonia, requiring that in the future, votes should continue to be called until the full number of tribunes had been elected, thereby preventing future tribunes from appointing colleagues who might be opposed to the interests of the people.
Livy, V, 17 In 395 BC, Medullinus was elected Consular Tribune for the fifth time, alongside Publius Cornelius Cossus, Publius Cornelius Scipio, Quintus Servilius Fidenas, Caeso Fabius Ambustus and Marcus Valerius Lactucinus Maximus.Livy, V, 24 It is assumed that Medullinus remained at Rome, where he and some of his colleagues continued to manage internal affairs. Meanwhile two brothers, Cornelius Maluginensis and Cornelius Scipio, were entrusted with the campaign against the Falisci, which did not produce any concrete results, while Valerius Lactucinus and Quintus Servilius were allotted the campaign against the town of Capena, which was ultimately forced to sue for peace with Rome. In Rome itself, however, disputes over the division of spoils taken in the fall of Veii from the year before continued to rage, when another controversy was ignited, arising from the proposal of the Plebeian tribune Titus Sicinius to transfer part of the Roman population to Veii, to which the Roman senate strenuously objected.
Rémy, Les carrières sénatoriales dans les provinces romaines d'Anatolie au Haut-Empire (31 av. J.-C. - 284 ap. J.-C.), (Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes- Georges Dumézil, 1989), p. 63 Fronto's promotion to the Senate was in two steps: first he was adlected inter tribunicos, that is, with the rank of having been plebeian tribune; then advanced to praetorian rank. His advancement excused him from the expenses of the praetorship, foremost of which were sponsoring the ludi or public games, which was a considerable expense: one inscription records that for three of the six ludi the state allocated over 1,600,000 sesterces for them, and praetors were expected to match or exceed this amount with their contributions.Richard Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: University Press, 1984), pp. 59-62 Promoting Fronto to the Senate in two steps was an unusual approach; all but one other man Vespasian is known to have adlected to the Senate were directly adlected inter praetorios.Houston, "Vespasian's Adlection of Men in Senatum", American Journal of Philology, 98 (1977), p. 46 n. 68.
His cursus honorum is recorded in two inscriptions, and provides an outline of his life.CIL XI,5211 (= ILS 911); IRT 528 Tullus started his senatorial career likely in his teens as a member of the decemviri stlitibus iudicandis, one of the four boards of the vigintiviri, a minor collegia young men whose fathers were members of the Senate serve in at the start of their careers. This was followed by service as a military tribune with Legio V Alaudae on the Rhine frontier, the same legion his brother Tullus served in. Lucanus then proceeded through the ranks of republican magistracies, first as quaestor assisting an unnamed emperor (likely Nero whose name was commonly omitted from inscriptions due to damnatio memoriae), then as plebeian tribune and praetor, after which he and his brother were appointed legatus, or commander, of Legio III Augusta, a posting that included governing the province of Numidia, from the year 70 to 73; Werner Eck suggests Lucanus handled the civilian responsibilities while Tullus commanded the legion.
The sources seem to see the law as a breakthrough not just because it provided access to the consulship, but because it required that one of the two consuls each year be a patrician. However, during one twelve-year period after the passage of the laws, from 355 to 343 BC, both consuls were patricians and the consulship became an unbroken line of shared office only after that.Cornell, T.J., The Beginnings of Rome, pp.344-37 Cornell notes that, according to Livy and his sources, the regular and unbroken sharing of the consulship stemmed from the Lex Genucia proposed by the plebeian tribune Lucius Genucius in 342 BC which, it is claimed, allowed plebeians to hold both consulships.Livy, The History of Rome, 7.42 However, the Fasti consulares (a chronicle of yearly events in which the years are denoted by their consuls) suggest that this law made it obligatory for one consulship to be held by a plebeian. This most probably explains why the first instance of plebeians holding both consulships was in 173 BC despite Livy's interpretation.
Livy, V, 32 While Medullinus presumably again managed affairs in Rome, Lucius Lucretius and Gaius Aemilius were entrusted the campaign against Volsci, while Agrippa Furius and Servius Sulpicius were given command of the war against the Salpinates. However, both campaigns were discontinued due to an outbreak of pestilence that had hit Rome. The Romans had easily had the upper hand against the Volsci during the first and only pitched battle, and began to raid their territory, until the Volsci were granted a twenty-year truce in exchange for compensating the Romans for all territory which had been raided and destroyed during the previous year, as well as paying the expenses of the Roman soldiers that year. The Salpinates, having heard of the defeat of the allies, retreated into their strongholds, leaving its territory defenseless to Roman raids. It was during Medullinus’ consular tribunate that Marcus Furius Camillus, accused by the Plebeian tribune Lucius Apuleius of unfairly distributing the spoils of war obtained after the fall of Veii, decided to go into voluntary exile to Ardea.
Those who looked on the power of Pompey with suspicion made Crassus and Cato the champions of the senatorial party when Lucullus declined the leadership.Plutarch, Parallel Lives, the Life of Lucullus, 38.2, 42.5 Plutarch also wrote that Pompey asked the senate to postpone the consular elections so that he could be in Rome to help Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus to canvass for his candidacy, but Cato swayed the senate to reject this. Plutarch also noted that according to some sources since Cato was the major stumbling block for his ambitions, he asked for the hand of Cato's elder niece for himself and the hand of the younger one, whereas according to other sources he asked for the hand of Cato's daughters. The women were happy with this because of Pompey's high repute, but Cato thought that this was aimed at bribing him by means of a marriage alliance and refused.Plutarch, Parallel Lives, the Life of Cato Minor, 30.1–4, The Life of Pompey, 44.2–3 In 60 BC, Pompey sponsored an agrarian bill proposed by the plebeian tribune Flavius that provided for distribution of public land.
It is more or less agreed that Marius Maximus the biographer is identical with one of the most successful senators of the Severan dynasty whose career is known from inscriptions, namely Lucius Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus, twice consul and once Prefect of the City of Rome.Mennen, pgs. 109-110 His family may have hailed from Africa and was not senatorial; his father, L. Marius Perpetuus, was an Equestrian procurator in Gaul but evidently secured entry to the senatorial order for his son as a novus homo. Probably born about 160 AD, Marius Maximus’ military career began in the reign of Marcus Aurelius, when he was Tribunus laticlavius of the Legio XXII Primigenia. Around 178 to 180, he held the same rank in the Legio III Italica. During Marcus Aurelius’ reign, he was also one of the quattuorviri viarum curandarum (or officer in charge of the roads outside of the walls of Rome). Around AD 182/183, Marius Maximus was the quaestor urbanus before being nominated as a candidate for the office of Plebeian Tribune. He became a senator under Commodus, and was adlected into the praetorship.
The cursus honorum of Catilius Severus is preserved in an inscription recovered from Antium. His earliest recorded office was the first of the traditional republican magistracies, quaestor, which enabled him to be enrolled as a member of the Senate; in his case, he was assigned as quaestor to the province of Asia. He advanced to the traditional Roman magistracy of plebeian tribune; the fact he was praetor is omitted from this inscription, but must be presumed because it was required for the following offices Catilius is recorded as holding. Normally a senator destined for the consulate would hold only two offices, command of a legion and governorship of a province or prefect of one of the aerarii or treasuries: Catilius held six of these. First in the list was prefectus frumenti dandi (or Prefect responsible for the distribution of Rome’s free grain dole), next was legatus or assistant to the proconsular governor of Asia, then curator of an unnamed road, legatus or commander of Legio XXII Primigenia, and lastly prefect of each of the treasuries, aerarium militare in the years 105 to 107, then the aerarium Saturni in 108 to 110.

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