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270 Sentences With "Plantae"

How to use Plantae in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "Plantae" and check conjugation/comparative form for "Plantae". Mastering all the usages of "Plantae" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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An ethnobotanist based at Emory University in Atlanta, Quave, 20083, has an unabashed fondness for all citizens of the kingdom plantae.
Presumably, these precautions and protocols are meant to keep their Frankenflower Watcher creations from going rogue and forming a plantae-singularity that annihilates human civilization to punish us for our sins against Mother Earth.[DARPA]
Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448. Nauka, Leningrad.
Merchant serves as the editor-in-chief of the journal Plantae and The Plant Cell.
Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448. Nauka, Leningrad.Lee, W.T. (1996).
Linnaeus' original classification placed the fungi within the Plantae, since they were unquestionably neither animals or minerals and these were the only other alternatives. With 19th century developments in microbiology, Ernst Haeckel introduced the new kingdom Protista in addition to Plantae and Animalia, but whether fungi were best placed in the Plantae or should be reclassified as protists remained controversial. In 1969, Robert Whittaker proposed the creation of the kingdom Fungi. Molecular evidence has since shown that the most recent common ancestor (concestor), of the Fungi was probably more similar to that of the Animalia than to that of Plantae or any other kingdom.
Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448. Nauka, Leningrad.Lee, W.T. (1996). Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 1-1688.
There are five kingdoms that present-day classifications group organisms into: the Monera, Protist, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
His works included Iconographia Botanica seu Plantae criticae (1823–32, 10 vols.) and Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie (1851–54).
Fundamenta aphorisms ::I. Bibliotheca (library), Aphorismen 1–52 ::II. Systemata (systematics), 53–77 ::III. Plantae (plants), 78–85 ::IV.
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C..Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448. Nauka, Leningrad.Denisov, N. (2008).
Kunzea preissiana was first formally described by the botanist Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's book Plantae Preissianae.
Dendrobium densiflorum was first formally described in 1830 by John Lindley and the description was published in Nathaniel Wallich's book, Plantae Asiaticae rariores.
Plantae Preissianae. George Bentham described the plant in 1867 as Calytrix asperula in the work Orders XLVIII. Myrtaceae- LXII. Compositae in Flora Australiensis.
"Phylum Rhodophyta: Red algae." In D. P. Gordon (Ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume three. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi (pp. 327–346).
Most bacteria were classified under Monera; however, some Cyanobacteria (often called the blue-green algae) were initially classified under Plantae due to their ability to photosynthesize.
Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Allium ochotense Prokh.The Plant List, Allium ochotense Prokh. Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448.
The leaves grey-green and arranged in a rosette at ground level. It occurs in a range to the north and east of Albany, especially in the Warren region, along the southern coast of Southwest Australia. Anigozanthos preissii was first described by Stephan Endlicher, in Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae, using the variant spelling Anigosanthus.Lehmann, J.G.C. (1848), Plantae Preissianae 2:26 The epithet is named for the botanist Ludwig Preiss.
Morinda asteroscepa is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in Malawi and Tanzania, but is on the IUCN Red List vulnerable species (Plantae).
Members of the domain Eukarya—called eukaryotes—have membrane-bound organelles (including a nucleus containing genetic material) and are represented by five kingdoms: Plantae, Protista, Animalia, Chromista, and Fungi.
Apostasia wallichii was first formally described in 1830 by Robert Brown. Brown's manuscript was published in Nathaniel Wallich's book, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores. The specific epithet (wallichii) honours Nathaniel Wallich.
Hakea brownii was first described by Carl Meisner in 1845 and published in Plantae Preissianae. The species was named after Robert Brown, librarian of the Linnean Society of London.
Triscenia is a genus of Cuban plants in the grass family.Grisebach, August Heinrich Rudolf. 1862. Plantae Wrightianae, e Cuba orientali 2: 534Tropicos, Triscenia Griseb.Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012).
This species was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (leptospermoides) refers to the similarity of this species to a leptospermum.
Plantae Preissianae. 1848. volume 2, p. 339. Lasiopetalum baueri is a small densely foliaged spreading shrub high and wide. The new growth is prominently covered with red-brown hair.
Verticordia lehmannii was first formally described by Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 from specimens collected by Ludwig Preiss and the description was published in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (lehmannii) honours Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, the editor of Plantae Preissianae. When he reviewed the genus Verticordia in 1991, Alex George placed this species in subgenus Verticordia, section Catocalypta along with V. roei, V. inclusa, V. apecta, V. insignis, V. habrantha and V. pritzelii.
Melaleuca pungens was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (pungens) is from the Latin pungens meaning "sharp", "acrid", "piercing" or "biting".
This species was first described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (mangles) is in honour of James Mangles, a collector of Western Australian plants.
The plant bears solitary pale yellow flowers. Berries egg-shaped, reddish, often with a white bloom, up to 15 mm long.Franchet, Adrien René. 1889. Plantae Delavayanae 39–40, pl. 11.
Machaonia was named by Humboldt and Bonpland in 1806 in their book, Plantae Aequinoctiales.Machaonia in International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland. 1806.
In R. McVaugh (ed.) Flora Novo-Galiciana. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Gray, Asa. 1853. Plantae Wrightianae, Texano-Neo-Mexicanae, part II. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6):1-119.
Leptospermum erubescens was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (erubescens) is from Latin meaning "reddening" or "blushing", referring to the flowers.
It was first formally described by Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 in Plantae Preissianae. He gave it the name Calycothrix leschenaultii. In 1867 George Bentham transferred the species to the genus Calytrix.
Hakea subsulcata was first formally described by Carl Meisner in 1845 and published the description in Plantae Preissianae. Named from the Latin sub - somewhat, and sulcatus - grooved, referring to the leaf structure.
Post translational modifications of the C22orf25 gene that are evolutionarily conserved in the Animalia and Plantae kingdoms as well as the Canarypox Virus include glycosylation (C-mannosylation), glycation, phosphorylation (kinase specific), and palmitoylation.
This species was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (violacea) is a Latin word meaning "violet-coloured" referring to the colour of the flowers.
Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1831. Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 5–6, t. 211, Chamaerops martiana The species is named after the German botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794-1868).Genaust, Helmut (1976).
Saussurea Costus falls within the Kingdom: Plantae, Phylum: Tracheophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Order: Asterales, Family: Compositae.Saha, D., Ved, D., Ravikumar, K. & Haridasan, K. 2015. Saussurea costus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.
Pterostylis turfosa was first described in 1846 by Stephan Endlicher and the description was published in the second volume of Lehmann's book Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (turfosa) is a Latin word meaning "peaty".
The species was first formally described by the botanist Stephan Endlicher in 1846 as part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Irideae. Plantae Preissianae. X. gracilis is close relative of Xanthorrhoea macronema from eastern Australia.
Dutch botanist Willem Hendrik de Vriese described two further plants—D. azurea and D. eriophora—from the Swan River and Perth environs in the 1845 work Plantae Preissianae, which are also now considered D. linearis.
Hakea lehmanniana was first formally described in 1845 by Swiss botanist Carl Meisner and the description was published in Plantae Preissianae. The species was named in honour of the German botanist, Johann Georg Christian Lehmann.
Hakea erinacea was first described in 1845 by Carl Meisner and the description was published in Proteaceae. Plantae Preissianae. It derives its name from the Latin erinaceus-a hedgehog, referring to its very spiky leaves.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meissner in 1848 as part of the Johann Georg Christian Lehmann work Plantae Preissianae. It is not too far removed from the Acacia myrtifolia group.
Plantae preissianae sive enumeratio plantarum quas in australasia occidentali et meridionali-occidentali annis 1838-1841 collegit Ludovicus Preiss, more commonly known as Plantae preissianae, is a book written by Johann Georg Christian Lehmann and Ludwig Preiss. Written in Latin, it is composed of two volumes and was first published by Sumptibus Meissneri in Hamburg between 1844 and 1847. The two volumes were published in six separate parts. The books detail the plants collected by Ludwig Preiss, James Drummond, Thomas Livingstone Mitchell and Johann Lhotsky in Western Australia.
A selection of diverse plant species A selection of diverse animal species Originally Aristotle divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move fast enough for humans to notice, and animals. In Linnaeus' system, these became the kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Plantae) and Animalia. Since then, it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms. However, these are still often considered plants in many contexts.
Thomasia angustifolia was first formally described by botanist Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel in 1845 who published the description in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (angustifolia) is from the Latin angustus meaning "narrow" and folium meaning "leaf".
It was first described in 1845 by Joachim Steetz as Ixiolaena chrysantha.Steetz, J. (1845) in Lehmann, J.G.C. (ed.) Compositae. Plantae Preissianae 1(3): 459. In 1867 it was assigned to the genus Podotheca by George Bentham.
Regelia inops was first formally described in 1848 by J.C.Schauer in the journal Plantae Preissianae. He had previously given it the name Beaufortia inops. The specific epithet (inops) is a Latin word meaning "poor", "helpless" or "weak".
Hakeas smilacifolia was first formally described by Carl Meisner in 1845 and published the description in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet refers to a similarity of the leaves of this species to one in the genus Smilax.
Flora of China, Vol. 24 Page 138 东北百合 dong bei bai he Lilium distichum Nakai ex Kamibayashi, Chosen Yuri Dzukai. t. 7. 1915Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448.
Kunzea recurva was first formally described by the botanist Johannes Conrad Schauer and published in 1844 in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (recurva) is derived from the Latin word, curvus meaning "bent".
This species was first formally described by Johann Georg Christian Lehmann in 1845 and the description was published in Plantae Preissianae.Named from the genus Myrtus - myrtle and from the Greek oides - similar to, referring to leaf shape.
In biology, kingdom (Latin: regnum, plural regna) is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla. Traditionally, some textbooks from the United States and Canada used a system of six kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea/Archaebacteria, and Bacteria/Eubacteria) while textbooks in countries like Great Britain, India, Greece, Brazil and other countries use five kingdoms only (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera). Some recent classifications based on modern cladistics have explicitly abandoned the term "kingdom", noting that the traditional kingdoms are not monophyletic, i.e.
The species was first formally described by the botanist George Bentham in 1855 as part of the work Plantae Muellerianae: Mimoseae as published in Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde.
Lilium pumilum is an Asian species of bulbous plants native to Mongolia, Siberia, the Russian Far East (Amur Krai, Primorye, Khabarovsk), Korea and northern China.Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448. Nauka, Leningrad.
It is hoped that this technology could be used to produce pharmaceutical alkaloids such as noscapine which are currently expressed at too low a yield in plantae to be mass- produced, allowing them to become marketable therapeutic drugs.
Acanthospermum is a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae, also known as starburrs or starburs. It was described as a genus in 1820.Schrank, Franz von Paula von. 1820. Plantae Rariores Horti Academici Monacensis 2(6): , pl.
The genus Eremothamnus was erected in 1889 by Otto Hoffmann, when he named its only species, Eremothamnus marlothianus.Otto Hoffmann. 1889. "Plantae Marlothianae. Ein Beitrag zur Kentniss der Flora Südafrikas" Botanische Jarhbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 10:278.
This species was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae from a specimen collected near York in 1840. The specific epithet (aspalathoides) is a reference to its similarity to plants in the genus Aspalathus.
Kunzea parvifolia was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer and the description was published in Johann Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (parvifolia) is derived from the Latin words parvus meaning "small" and folium meaning "leaf".
The scientific name commemorates Lady Amherst, (as does Lady Amherst's pheasant) and also her daughter Sarah.Wallich, Nathaniel. Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 1. 1830[1829]. Another common name, the Orchid Tree, is otherwise reserved for members of the genus Bauhinia.
Melaleuca tuberculata was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (tuberculata) is derived from the Latin word meaning "full of lumps" "in reference to the prominent oil glands on the leaves".
Kunzea praestans was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer and the description was published in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's book Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (praestans) is a Latin word meaning "preeminent", "distinguished", "superior" or "excellent".
Melaleuca holosericea was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (holosericea) is from Ancient Greek, meaning "entire, complete or whole" and "silk", referring to the silky hairs on the branches and leaves.
Boronia fastigiata was first formally described in 1845 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling and the description was published in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (fastigiata) is derived from the Latin word fastigium meaning "top of a gable" or "ridge of a roof".
Melaleuca preissiana was first formally described by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's 1844 Plantae Preissianae from a specimen collected by James Drummond. The specific epithet (preissianna) honours Ludwig Preiss, a prolific collector of Western Australian plants and animals.
Boronia crassifolia was first formally described in 1845 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling and the description was published in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (crassifolia) is derived from the Latin words crassus meaning "thick", "fat" or "stout" and folium meaning "a leaf".
Boronia crassipes was first formally described in 1845 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling and the description was published in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (crassipes) is derived from the Latin words crassus meaning "thick", "fat" or "stout" and pes meaning "a foot".
The species was originally in 1844 named by Schauer in Plantae Preissianae as Symphyomyrtus lehmannii. In 1867, George Bentham in Flora Australiensis placed it in the genus Eucalyptus as Eucalyptus lehmannii after Johann Georg Christian Lehmann who was Professor of Botany and Director of the Botanic Gardens in Hamburg and editor of Plantae Preissianae. There is some confusion between the species E. lehmannii and E. conferruminata - some authors place this tree in E. conferruminata. Others discriminate between these two species on characters such as operculum length - E. conferruminata is said to have a relatively short operculum.
Plants are mainly multicellular organisms, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, plants were treated as one of two kingdoms including all living things that were not animals, and all algae and fungi were treated as plants. However, all current definitions of Plantae exclude the fungi and some algae, as well as the prokaryotes (the archaea and bacteria). By one definition, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (Latin name for "green plants"), a group that includes the flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns and their allies, hornworts, liverworts, mosses and the green algae, but excludes the red and brown algae.
Based on the addition of Chromista as a kingdom, he suggested that even with his nine kingdoms of eukaryotes, "the best one for general scientific use is a system of seven kingdoms", which includes: #Plantae, #Animalia, #Protozoa, #Chromista #Fungi, #Eubacteria, and #Archaebacteria.
Cephalanthus salicifolius is a species of flowering plant in the cinchona family, Rubiaceae.Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von & Bonpland, Aimé Jacques Alexandre. 1809. Plantae Aequinoctiales 2: 63–64, pl. 98. Cephalanthus salicifoliusDavidse, G., M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera. 2012.
First formally described by the botanist Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 as part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Plantae Preissianae. The plant was subsequently reclassified to Taxandria juniperina in a 2007 revision by Wheeler and Marchant into the new genus Taxandria.
Hakea costata was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meissner in 1845 and published in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's book Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin (costatus) meaning "ribbed", referring to the longitudinal ribbing of the leaves.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meissner in 1844 as a part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmanns wotk Plantae Preissianae. It was reclassified as Racosperma shuttleworthii in 2003 by Leslie Pedley then transferred back to genus Acacia in 2006.
The lateral plantar nerve supplies quadratus plantae, flexor digiti minimi brevis, adductor hallucis, the dorsal and plantar interossei, three lateral lumbricals and abductor digiti minimi. Cutaneous innervation is to the lateral sole and lateral one and one half toes (like the ulnar nerve).
Melaleuca spathulata was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (spathulata) is from the Ancient Greek σπάθη (spathê) meaning "broad blade" or "paddle for stirring and mixing" referring to the spoon-like leaf shape.
Araçá Roxo = Psidium rufum Psidium rufum is commonly known as the purple guava. It is endemic to Brazil and bears an edible fruit.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Psidium rufum var. widgrenianum is listed on the IUCN Red List vulnerable species (Plantae).
Edited by James L. Reveal The classifications "animal kingdom" (or kingdom Animalia) and "plant kingdom" (or kingdom Plantae) remain in use by modern evolutionary biologists. The protozoa were originally classified as members of the animal kingdom. Now they are classified as multiple separate groups.
A 1997 proposed phylogenetic tree of Plantae, after Kenrick and Crane,Kenrick, Paul & Peter R. Crane. 1997. The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. (Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press.) . is as follows, with modification to the Pteridophyta from Smith et al.
Mémoire concernant les plantes cryptogames qui peuvent être réunies sous le nom d'Ascoxylacei. Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des Arts de Lille: 174–176. : Libert M-A (1830–1837). Plantae cryptogamicae quas in Arduenna collegit M.A. Libert …, 4 vols.
Tryptophan synthase or tryptophan synthetase is an enzyme that catalyses the final two steps in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. It is commonly found in Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae. However, it is absent from Animalia. It is typically found as an α2β2 tetramer.
There are at least three stages of plant development where photomorphogenesis occurs: seed germination, seedling development, and the switch from the vegetative to the flowering stage (photoperiodism). Most research on photomorphogenesis comes from plants, it occurs in several kingdoms: Fungi, Monera, Protista, and Plantae.
The species was first formally described by botanist Carl Meissner and published in Plantae Preissianae in 1844. Meissner assigned it the name Brachysema praemorsa. In 2002 botanists Gregory Chandler and Michael Crisp reassigned this species to the genus Gastrolobium along with other Brachysema species.
Hyalosperma is a genus of Australian flowering plants in the sunflower family.Steetz, Joachim in Lehmann, Johann Georg Christian. 1845. Plantae Preissianae 1(4): 476–477 in LatinTropicos, Hyalosperma Steetz ; Species The species occur in all 6 states of Australia but not in the Northern Territory.
First formally described as Agonis spathulata by the botanist Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 as part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Plantae Preissianae The plant was subsequently reclassified to T. spathulata in a 2007 revision by Wheeler and Marchant into the new genus Taxandria.
First formally described as Agonis parviceps by the botanist Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 as part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Plantae Preissianae The plant was subsequently reclassified to T. parviceps in a 2007 revision by Wheeler and Marchant into the new genus Taxandria.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel in 1845 as part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Dilleniaceae. Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet is taken from the Latin word meaning gold in reference to the colour of the flower.
The species Verticordia endlicheriana was first formally described by Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 and the description was published in Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. In 1991, Alex George undertook a review of the genus Verticordia and described five varieties of Verticordia endlicheriana including this variety.
The differences between fungi and other organisms regarded as plants had long been recognised by some; Haeckel had moved the fungi out of Plantae into Protista after his original classification, but was largely ignored in this separation by scientists of his time. Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi. The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969 by Whittaker, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works and forms the basis for new multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly upon differences in nutrition; his Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs, his Animalia multicellular heterotrophs, and his Fungi multicellular saprotrophs.
Petunia is a genus in the family Solanaceae, subfamily Petunioideae. Well known members of Solanaceae in other subfamilies include tobacco (subfamily Nicotianoideae), and the cape gooseberry, tomato, potato, deadly nightshade and chili pepper (subfamily Solanoideae).“Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Family Solanaceae”. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Photomicrograph of the microflora Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, 900x Mag. In microbiology, collective bacteria and other microorganisms in a host are known as flora. Although microflora is commonly used, the term microbiota is becoming more common as microflora is a misnomer. Flora pertains to the Kingdom Plantae.
Avellinia is a genus of Mediterranean plants in the grass family.Parlatore, Filippo, 1842. Plantae Novae vel minus notae opusculis diversis olim descriptae, page 59Cabi, E. & M. Doğan. 2012. Poaceae. 690–756. In A. Güner, S. Aslan, T. Ekim, M. Vural & M. T. Babaç (eds.) Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi.
Raphistemma is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1831.Nathaniel Wallich, 1832, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores Vol. 2: 50-51, pl. 163 in Latin with commentary in EnglishTropicos genus Raphistemma It is native to China and Southeast Asia.
It is a dicot, meaning that the plant has 2 embryonic leaves and/or cotyledons. It is of the kingdom Plantae, the order Caryophyllales, and the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae. The genus is Rumex L.- Dock There are also fifteen different subspecies. These are- Rumex salicifolius var.
Torrey, John, & Asa Gray. 1849. Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae, an account of a collection of plants made chiefly in the vicinity of Santa Fé, New Mexico. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1):1-116.Forrest Shreve, & Ira Loren Wiggins. 1964.
It is found along slopes and drainage lines in the Wheatbelt and Mid West regions where it grows in lateritic or loamy soils over granite. The species was first described by the botanist Alexander Bunge 1845 in the Umbelliferae section of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae.
The species was first formally described by the botanist George Bentham in 1855 as part of the work Plantae Muellerianae: Mimosea as published in the journal Linnaea. It was reclassified as Racosperma campylophyllum by Leslie Pedley in 2003 then transferred back to genus Acacia in 2006.
Eremophila glabra subsp. albicans was first described in 1845 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling who gave it the name Stenochilus albicans and published the description in Plantae Preissianae. The type was collected by Bartling near Fremantle. It was reduced to a subspecies of Eremophila glabra by Robert Chinnock in 2007.
The species was first formally described by Otto Wilhelm Sonder in 1848 and given the name Halgania lehmanniana. The description was published in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's 1848 Plantae Preissianae. In 1981, Robert Chinnock changed the name to Eremophila lehmanniana. The specific epithet (lehmanniana) honours the botanist, J.G.C. Lehmann.
Dicranocarpus is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family.Gray, Asa. 1854. Plantae Novae Thurberianae 322.Tropicos, Dicranocarpus A. Gray There is only one known species, Dicranocarpus parviflorus, native to Mexico (Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí) and the United States (New Mexico, western Texas).
Eucalyptus redunca was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's book Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (redunca) is from the Latin word reduncus meaning bent backwards, referring to the tip of the operculum that is sometimes bent when young.
Tryptophan synthase is commonly found in Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae. It is absent from animals such as humans. Tryptophan is one of the twenty standard amino acids and one of nine essential amino acids for humans. As such, tryptophan is a necessary component of the human diet.
Mahonia decipiens is a species of shrub in the Berberidaceae described as a species in 1913.Sargent, Charles Sprague. 1913. Plantae Wilsonianae. An Enumeration of the Woody Plants Collected in Western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University 1: 379 It is endemic to Hubei Province in China.
The species was first formally described by botanist Carl Meissner, his description published in Plantae Preissianae in 1845. Grevillea pimeleoides and G. centristigma are closely related and were formerly treated as subspecies. Grevillea drummondii is classified as Priority Four Flora (Rare) under the Wildlife Conservation Act in Western Australia.
Boronia megastigma was first formally described in 1848 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling and the description was published in Lehmann's book Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (megastigma) is derived from the Ancient Greek words mega meaning "large" or "great" and stigma, referring to the large stigma of this boronia.
Gagea hiensis is an Asian species of plants in the lily family. It is native to Korea, Mongolia, China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi), and Russia (Amur Oblast, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Kuril Islands, Zabaykalsky Krai).Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448.
Melaleuca subtrigona was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (subtrigona) is from the Ancient Greek word trigonos meaning triangular and the prefix sub- meaning “under” referring to the shape of the leaves as being almost triangular in cross-section.
Plantae Asiaticae Rariores is a horticultural work (alternative title Descriptions and figures of a select number of unpublished East Indian plants) published in 1830–1832 by the Danish botanist Nathaniel Wallich. Plantae Asiaticae Rariores was published in London, Paris and Strassburg between 1829 and 1832 and consisted of 3 volumes bound from the 12 original parts in folio size (21½ × 14½ inches) with 294 hand-coloured plates lithographed by Maxim Gauci. Wallich went on extended leave in 1828 to supervise the printing and hand-colouring of the illustrations in England. Foremost of the watercolour artists who executed the original paintings were two Indian artists, Vishnupersaud, responsible for 114 plates and Gorachand for 87.
In 1893, Mary had visited the Colombian Exposition in Chicago with her nephew, who was a botanist, and this had inspired her to study plants in Northern Illinois. In 1901, Chase became a botanical assistant at the Field Museum of Natural History under Charles Frederick Millspaugh, where her work was featured in two museum publications: Plantae Utowanae (1900) and Plantae Yucatanae (1904). Two years later, Chase joined the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a botanical illustrator and eventually became a scientific assistant in systematic agrostology (1907), assistant botanist (1923), and associate botanist (1925), all under Albert Spear Hitchcock. Chase worked with Hitchcock for almost twenty years, collaborating closely and also publishing (The North American Species of Panicum [1910]).
Among his written works was the first part of "Hortus Spaarne-Bergensis" (1839), a catalogue of banker Adriaan van der Hoop's exotic plant collection. He was an editor of Caspar Reinwardt's scientific works,Vriese, Willem Hendrik de @ Nationaal Herbarium Nederland two years after Reinwardt's death, he published "Plantae Indiae Batavae Orientalis: quas, in itinere per insulas Archipelagi Indici Javam, Amboinam, Celebem, Ternatam, aliasque, annis 1815-1821 exploravit Casp. Georg. Carol. Reinwardt" (1856).Google Books Plantae Indiae Batavae Orientalis He was the author of a memoir on Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen OCLC WorldCat Herinneringen aan Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen as well as of noteworthy treatises on cinchona (1855), vanilla (1856) and camphor (1856).
Alongside her academic career, Ainsworth is involved with initiatives to increase the representation of women in science. She has led summer camps for high school girls (Pollen Power) to teach young people about plant science and the Earth's future climate. She is involved with the Plantae Women in Plant Biology network.
John Hogg (1800–1869) was a British naturalist who wrote about amphibians, birds, plants, reptiles, and protists. In 1839, he became a member of the Royal Society. John Hogg is credited with the creation of a fourth kingdom, accompanying Carl Linnaeus's Lapides, Plantae and Animalia, to classify Life, namely Protoctista.
Gagea pauciflora is an Asian species of plants in the lily family. It is native to Mongolia, Russia (Primorye, Amur Oblast, Zabaykalsky Krai, Yakutia, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Altay Krai, Buryatia), and China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Tibet).Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448.
Bacteria are fundamentally different from the eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, amebas, protozoa, and chromista). Eukaryotes have cell nuclei, bacteria do not. In 1969, Whittaker elevated the bacteria to the status of kingdom. His new classification system divided the living world into five kingdoms: #Plantae, #Animalia, #Protista (Eunucleata), #Fungi, and #Monera (the kingdom bacteria).
Buddleja alata Rehder & E.H.Wilson is endemic to western Szechuan, China, growing at elevations of 1,300-3,000 m; it was first described and named by Rehder and Wilson in 1913.Sargent, C. S. (1913). Plantae Wilsonianae. An Enumeration of the Woody Plants Collected in Western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
Cyrtostylis huegelii was first formally described in 1846 by Stephan Endlicher from a specimen collected on Rottnest Island. The description was published in J.G.C. Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (huegelii) honours Charles von Hügel who collected the type specimen. Some authorities regard C. huegelii as a synonym of C. reniformis var. huegelii.
Hakea scoparia was first formally described in 1845 by the Swiss botanist Carl Meissner in Plantae Preissianae. His description was based on plant material collected from the environs of the Swan River by James Drummond. The specific epithet (scoparia) is derived from the Latin word scopa meaning "broom" a reference to the foliage.
Hakea preissii was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meissner in 1845 from a specimen collected in a forest near York. The description was published in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (preissii) honours Ludwig Preiss who collected plant specimens in Western Australia between 1838 and 1842.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meissner in 1844 in the Johann Georg Christian Lehmann work Plantae Preissianae. It was reclassified as Racosperma benthamii by Leslie Pedley in 2003, but returned to the genus Acacia in 2006. It is closely related to Acacia sessilis and closely resembles Acacia cochlearis.
Lilium debile is a herbaceous plant of the lily family, native to the Russian Far East (Khabarovsk, Sakhalin, Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands).Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families It is related to the taller and more widespread species Lilium medeoloides.Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448.
The lateral plantar nerve (external plantar nerve) is a branch of the tibial nerve, in turn a branch of the sciatic nerve and supplies the skin of the fifth toe and lateral half of the fourth, as well as most of the deep muscles, its distribution being similar to that of the ulnar nerve in the hand. It passes obliquely forward with the lateral plantar artery to the lateral side of the foot, lying between the flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae and, in the interval between the flexor muscle and the abductor digiti minimi, divides into a superficial and a deep branch. Before its division, it supplies the quadratus plantae and abductor digiti minimi. It divides into deep and superficial branches.
Plantae Aequinoctiales 2: 155-156 short description in Latin, longer description plus commentary and figure captions in FrenchBonpland, Aimé Jacques Alexandre 1809. Plantae Aequinoctiales 2: plate 130 full-page drawing of Quercus humboldtii The tree grows in the Andean highlands where the mean annual temperature is 16−24 °C, and the mean annual rainfall 1500–2500 mm. It can be found in moderately fertile and deep soils as well as in degraded soils, preferring shallow soils with a thick layer of humus. The acorns provide important food for wildlife; two parrots - the rusty-faced parrot and Fuertes's parrot - are endemic to the threatened montane ecosystems of the Colombian Andes and are particularly dependent on the Andean oak forests as a home.
Chionachne is a genus of Asian, Australian, and Papuasian plants in the grass family.Brown, Robert. 1838. Plantae Javanicae Rariores 15, 18Tropicos, Chionachne R. Br.Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 649 葫芦草属 hu lu cao shu Chionachne R. Brown Ausgrass2, Grasses of AustraliaAtlas of Living AustraliaJannink, T. A. & J. F. Veldkamp. 2002.
Stephen Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher. 1846. Plantae Preissianae sive Enumeratio plantarum quas in Australasia occidentali et meridionali-occidentali annis 1838-1841; collegit Ludovicus Preiss. Partim ab aliis partim a se ipso determinatas descriptas illustratas edidit Christianus Lehmann, Hamburg 2: 45. Anguillaria monantha The species was transferred to the genus Wurmbea in 1980 by Terry Macfarlane.
Numerical List of Dried Specimens of Plants in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company / Which Have Been Supplied by Dr. Wallich, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden at Calcutta. London, 1828–1849. (see External links below). He published two books, Tentamen Florae Nepalensis Illustratae and Plantae Asiaticae Rariores, and went on numerous expeditions.
Salvinia, a genus in the family Salviniaceae, is a floating fern named in honor of Anton Maria Salvini, a 17th-century Italian scientist. Watermoss is a common name for Salvinia. The genus was published in 1754 by Jean-François Séguier, in his description of the plants found round Verona, Plantae VeronensesPl. Veron. 3: 52. 1754.
Calothamnus suberosa was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae. It was placed in the present genus as Melaleuca suberosa in 1931 by Charles Austin Gardner in Enumeratio Plantarum Australiae Occidentalis. The specific epithet (suberosa) is a Latin word meaning "corky" referring to the corky bark of this species.
The central compartment is shared by the lumbricals, quadratus plantae, flexor digitorum brevis, and adductor hallucis; the medial compartment by abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi (often considered part of the former muscle); whilst the lateral compartment is occupied by extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis.
The lycophytes, when broadly circumscribed, are a vascular plant (tracheophyte) subgroup of the kingdom Plantae. They are sometimes placed in a division Lycopodiophyta or Lycophyta or in a subdivision Lycopodiophytina. They are one of the oldest lineages of extant (living) vascular plants; the group contains extinct plants that have been dated from the Silurian (ca. 425 million years ago).
The quadratus plantae (flexor accessorius) is separated from the muscles of the first layer by the lateral plantar vessels and nerve. It acts to aid in flexing the 2nd to 5th toes (offsetting the oblique pull of the flexor digitorum longus) and is one of the few muscles in the foot with no homolog in the hand.
Magnolia nilagirica was originally described and published under the name Michelia nilagirica (the basionym) by Jonathan Carl Zenker (1799–1837) in Plantae Indicae, quas in montibus … , 2: 21, t. 20. 1836. In 2000 it was reclassified under the genus Magnolia by Richard B. Figlar (In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, 23. 2000. Guangzhou, China).
The hybrid was originally formally described as a species Adenanthos cunninghamii by Swiss botanist Carl Meissner, his description published in 1845 in the first volume of Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet honours Allan Cunningham. A genetic analysis of Adenanthos cunninghamii was undertaken in 2003. This analysis confirmed that it is a hybrid between Adenanthos sericeus and Adenanthos cuneatus.
In 1735, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus formalized living things into two supergroups, in his monumental Systema Naturae. All organisms were placed into the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia. Linnaeus added a third kingdom of the natural world in 1766; Lapides (rocks). These were deemed to be similar to plants in that they were, neither living nor sentient, i.e.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meissner as part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Leguminosae. Plantae Preissianae. It was reclassified as Racosperma microneurum by Leslie Pedley in 2003 then transferred back to the genus Acacia in 2006. The only other synonym is Acacia subangularis, but the plant is also often confused with Acacia lineolata.
In 1935, John William Besant was to write: 'The wealth of beautiful trees and flowering shrubs which adorn gardens in all temperate parts of the world today is due in a great measure to the pioneer work of the late Professor Henry'.Besant, J. W. (1935) 'Plantae Henryanae', Gard. Chron. 98 (9 November 1935): 334–335.
From his twenty-second year he devoted himself to botany. The upland and valley flora of the Eastern Alps was his chief study. To find specimens, Wulfen frequently hiked up the Großglockner and was a pioneer in exploring the Austrian Alps. In 1781, he published his studies in the well- illustrated Plantae rariorum Carinthicae (Rare Plants of Carinthia).
The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies. The five kingdom system may be combined with the two empire system. In the Whittaker system, Plantae included some algae. In other systems, such as Lynn Margulis's system of five kingdoms, the plants included just the land plants (Embryophyta), and Protoctista has a broader definition.
In the plant kingdom (Plantae), almost all psychoactive plants are found within the flowering plants (angiosperms). There are many examples of psychoactive fungi, but fungi are not part of the plant kingdom. Some important plant families containing psychoactive species are listed below. The listed species are examples only, and a family may contain more psychoactive species than listed.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meissner in 1844 as part of the Johann Georg Christian Lehmann work Leguminosae. Plantae Preissianae. It was reclassified as Racosperma tetragonocarpum in 2003 by Leslie Pedley and placed back into the genus Acacia in 2006. The type specimen was collected near Strawberry Hill Farm in Albany.
Verticordia endlicheriana was first formally described by Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 and the description was published in Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. In 1991, Alex George undertook a review of the genus Verticordia and described five varieties of Verticordia endlicheriana including this variety. The varietal name "compacta" refers to the compact, cauliflower-like form of the plant.
The Linnaean classification has eight levels: domains, kingdoms, phyla, class, order, family, genus, and species. The fungi were originally treated as plants. For a short period Linnaeus had classified them in the taxon Vermes in Animalia, but later placed them back in Plantae. Copeland classified the Fungi in his Protoctista, thus partially avoiding the problem but acknowledging their special status.
Olav Johan Sopp (née Johan Oluf Olsen; 6 October 1860 - 14 August 1931) was a Norwegian mycologist. He was a pioneer of Norwegian and international mycological research. He was the first to suggest classifying fungi as belonging to neither plantae nor animalia, but to a third kingdom. He also contributed to the development of the Norwegian dairy and brewery industry.
However, systematics was an active field of research long before evolutionary thinking was common. Traditionally, living things have been divided into five kingdoms: Monera; Protista; Fungi; Plantae; Animalia. However, many scientists now consider this five-kingdom system outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally begin with the three-domain system: Archaea (originally Archaebacteria); Bacteria (originally Eubacteria) and Eukaryota (including protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
Fritillaria maximowiczii is a plant species known from northeastern China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning) and eastern Russia (Zabaykalsky Krai, Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye).Flora of China v 24 p 133, 轮叶贝母 lun ye bei mu Fritillaria maximowicziiKew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Fritillaria maximowicziiKharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448. Nauka, Leningrad.
Quercus xalapensis is a large tree with a trunk 40–80 cm in diameter. Leaves are lance-shaped, up to 10 cm long, with numerous teeth along the edge, each tooth tapering to a long, thin point.Bonpland, Aimé Jacques Alexandre. 1809. Plantae Aequinoctiales 2: 24-26 short description in Latin, longer description plus commentary and figure captions in FrenchBonpland, Aimé Jacques Alexandre. 1809.
Caladenia nana was first formally described in 1846 by Stephan Endlicher from a specimen collected near Wilson Inlet, and the description was published in Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. In 2001, Stephen Hopper and Andrew Brown reduced Caladenia unita to a subspecies of Caladenia nana and therefore this orchid to subspecies nana. The specific epithet (nana) is a Latin word meaning "dwarflike".Backer, C.A. (1936).
Lepidosperma tetraquetrum occurs on sands with black peat near permanent water. The first description was published by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck in the 1846 volume of Plantae Preissianae. L. tetraquetrum, according to its conservation status, is not considered to be threatened. The seed of the plant is favoured by red-eared firetails (Stagonopleura oculata), an endemic grass finch.
As NOTCH signaling is conserved in most multi- cellular life, so to are the processes that are involved in the pathway. Because of NOTCH presence in most life forms, not just limited to the kingdom Animlia, it is also present in the kingdom plantae and kingdom fungi. There are several different Homologs in POFUT-1 present in many kingdoms of life.
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, whom he succeeded at the Jardin du Roi, later the Jardin des Plantes, died in that year. His own original publications are not of marked importance, but he edited an edition of Tournefort's Institutions rei herbariae (3 vols., 1719), and a posthumously published work of Jacques Barrelier, Plantae per Galliam, Hispaniam, et Italiam observatae, &c.; (1714).
The species was originally formally described as Baeckea scholleraefolia by the botanist Johann Georg Christian Lehmann in 1848 in the work Curae Posteriores in Plantae Preissianae. It was later placed into the genus Rinzia in 1986 by Trudgen in the work Reinstatement and revision of Rinzia Schauer (Myrtaceae, Leptospermeae, Baeckeinae) in the journal Nuytsia. Other synonyms include; Baeckea schollerifolia and Hypocalymma schollerifolium.
Hypocalymma strictum is a species of shrub in the myrtle family Myrtaceae, endemic to the south west of Western Australia. It grows to between 0.2 and 1.5 metres in height and produces pink or white flowers between August and May in its native range. The species was first formally described by botanist Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae in 1844.
Calectasia grandiflora is one of eleven species in the genus Calectasia. It was first described by Ludwig Preiss in Plantae Preissianae in 1846. The specific epithet (grandiflorum) is from the Latin grandis = great and floris = flower referring to the flowers that are relatively large compared to those of the similar C. narragara. It is commonly called the blue tinsel lily.
They have cells with cellulose in their cell walls, and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins. In some classification systems, the group has been treated as a kingdom, under various names, e.g. Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, or simply Plantae, the latter expanding the traditional plant kingdom to include the green algae. Adl et al.
The species was first formally described by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling in 1845 as Myoporum brevifolium and the description was published in Plantae Preissianae. In 1847, Alphonse de Candolle changed the name to Pseudopholidia brevifolia and in 1859, Ferdinand von Mueller changed it to Eremophila brevifolia. The specific epithet (brevifolia) is derived from the Latin words brevis meaning "short" and folia meaning "leaves".
The species was first formally described by Swiss botanist Carl Meisner in 1848 and the description was published in Plantae Preissianae. Its name is said to be derived from the Latin multus - "many", and linea - "fine, parallel lines", referring to the veins in the leaf. The classical Latin linea is not a plural, but a singular, meaning "line".Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879).
Gustavia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lecythidaceae described by Linnaeus in 1775.Linnaeus, Carl von. 1775. Plantae Surinamenses 12, 17, 18 in LatinTropicos Gustavia L. It is native to tropical Central America and South America.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Many of the species are threatened; some are critically endangeredPrance, G.T. & Mori, S.A. (1979). Lecythidaceae.
Eukaryotic bet hedging models, unlike prokaryotic models, tend to be used to study more complex evolutionary proceces. In the context of eukaryotes, bet hedging is best used as a way to analyze complex environmental influences affecting the selective pressures underlying the principle of bet hedging. However, because Eukarya is a broad category, this section has been subdivided into kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meissner in 1848 as part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Leguminosae. Plantae Preissianae. It was briefly reclassified as Racosperma trigonophyllum in 2003 by Leslie Pedley before being reverted to the current name in 2006. The type specimen was collected by James Drummond in 1844 in the Swan River Colony.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Otto Karl Anton Schwarz in 1927 as part of the work Plantae novae vel minus cognitae Australiae tropicae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. It was reclassified as Racosperma lamprocarpum by Leslie Pedley in 2003 before being transferred back to the genus Acacia in 2006. The other known synonym is Acacia aulacocarpa.
It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress. Kingdom Plantae belongs to Domain Eukarya and is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is: Kingdom; Phylum (or Division); Class; Order; Family; Genus (plural genera); Species.
These have a red-purple to pale violet perianth (up to 30 mm long) and glandular hairs. The style is up to 40 mm long. The species was first formally described in 1845 by botanist Johann Lehmann in Plantae Preissianae The type specimen was collected from the foot of the Darling Scarp by Ludwig Preiss in 1839. It is susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback.
The species was first collected in 1789 at Tixtla, Guerrero, by Sessé and Mociño. It was formally described as Zinnia violacea by Cavanilles in 1791. Jacquin described it again in 1792 as Zinnia elegans, which was the name that Sessé and Moçiño had used in their manuscript of Plantae Novae Hispaniae, which was not published until 1890.Kirkbride, J. H. & J. H. Wiersma. (2007).
As a taxonomist, he is credited with describing 150 new botanical species. From 1906 to 1945 he was tasked with compilation of the "Plantae Finlandiae Exsiccatae". In 1969 the grass genus Lindbergella was named in his honor by Norman Loftus Bor.Biodiversity Heritage Library Taxonomic literature : a selective guide to botanical publications In the field of entomology he published the treatise "Coleoptera insularum Canariensium" (1958).
Wurmbea monantha is a perennial herb that is native to Western Australia.Kew World Checklist for Selected Plant Families, Wurmbea monantha The white to pink flowers are produced between July and September in its native range. The species was first formally described in 1846 by Austrian botanist Stephen Endlicher in Plantae Preissianae, based on plant material collected from Perth. He gave it the name Anguillaria monantha.
Hakea ambigua was first formally described by botanist Carl Meissner in 1848 who published the description in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's book Plantae Preissianae. The type specimen was collected by James Drummond near the Swan River. The specific epithet (ambigua) is derived from the Latin word ambiguus meaning "of double meaning", "doubtful" or "uncertain" considered to be a reference by Meisner having doubts "about the species relationships".
Ulva on rock substratum at the ocean shore. Some green seaweeds like Ulva are quick to utilize inorganic nutrients from land runoff, and thus can be indicators of nutrient pollution. Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant clade Viridiplantae (or Chlorobionta). Viridiplantae, together with red algae and glaucophyte algae, form the supergroup Primoplantae, also known as Archaeplastida or Plantae sensu lato.
Grevillea umbellulata is a shrub which is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It grows to between 0.35 and 1.8 metres in height and produces white, cream, pink or grey flowers between July and December (mid winter to early summer) in its native range. The species was first formally described by botanist Carl Meissner, his description published in Plantae Preissianae in 1848.
Verticordia endlicheriana was first formally described by Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 and the description was published in Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. In 1991, Alex George undertook a review of the genus Verticordia and described five varieties of Verticordia endlicheriana including this variety. The varietal name "major" refers to the flowers of this variety which are larger than those in the rest of the species.
Lév.), Junopsis decora (Wall.) Wern.Schulze, Neubeckia decora (Wall.) Klatt and Neubeckia sulcata (Klatt) It was first published in British Flower Garden Series 2, in 1829.James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) It was first described by Nathaniel Wallich in his book Plantae Asiaticae Rariores in 1830. It was later published in then Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1969. It is hardy to USDA Zone 3.
Japanese popular mushrooms, clockwise from left, enokitake, buna-shimeji, bunapi-shimeji, king oyster mushroom and shiitake. By 1959, Robert Whittaker proposed that fungi, which were formerly classified as plants, be given their own kingdom. Therefore, he divided life into four kingdoms such as: #Protista, (or unicellular organisms); #Plantae, (or multicellular plants); #Fungi; and #Animalia (or multicellular animals). Whittaker subdivided the Protista into two subkingdoms: # Monera (bacteria) and # Eunucleata (single celled eukaryotes).
Many of his specimens were written up under "Plantae Marlothiana" by Engler and others in Berlin. In 1888 he accepted a post in the Department of Chemistry at Victoria College (which later became Stellenbosch University); shortly after this in 1889 he became Professor and held this position till 1892. Thereafter he lectured at Elsenburg Agricultural School and at the same time acted as consultant and analytical chemist in Cape Town.
There are an abundant collection of flora from Argentina and the Southern Cone present in the design, such as Araucaria and Blue Patagonian Spruce, and evergreen trees. In other sections plant species are systematically ordered by their taxonomic qualification. There are also other plantae from the Americas, such as sequoias from United States and "Palo Borracho" Chorisia speciosa, also called Floss silk tree from Brazil and Northern Argentina.
Lysiphyllum cunninghamii was first described in 1852 as Phanera cunninghamii by George Bentham.Bentham, G. in Miquel, F.A.W. (1852), Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 264 The type specimen (BM000810756) was collected by Allan Cunningham in 1820 at Careening Bay in the Kimberley and is held in the British Museum.BM000810756, British Museum. In 1864, Bentham assigned it to the genus, Bauhinia, and it became Bauhinia cunninghamii,Bentham, G. (1864) Flora Australiensis 2: 295.
Hibbertia depressa is a shrub in the Dilleniaceae family that is native to Western Australia. The shrub has a prostrate to sprawling habit and typically grows to a height of . It blooms between September and February and produces yellow flowers. The species was first formally described by the botanist Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel in 1845 as part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Dilleniaceae published in Plantae Preissianae.
Melaleuca rhaphiophylla was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Schauer in Plantae Preissianae from specimens collected "in the sandy plain of the Swan River" and "in humus on the banks of the Avon River near the village of York". The specific epithet (rhaphiophylla) is derived from Ancient Greek words rhaphís meaning “a needle” and phyllon meaning "a leaf", referring to the needle like foliage of this species.
As a result, these amitochondriate protists were separated from the protist kingdom, giving rise to the, at the same time, superkingdom and kingdom Archezoa. This superkingdom was opposed to the Metakaryota superkingdom, grouping together the five other eukaryotic kingdoms (Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae and Chromista). This was known as the Archezoa hypothesis, which has since been abandoned; later schemes did not include the Archezoa–Metakaryota divide. † No longer recognized by taxonomists.
Rocky Mountain Juniper There are at least 20 species of Gymnosperms or Coniferous plants in Montana. The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferophyta or Coniferae, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. Pinophytes are gymnosperms. They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being trees with just a few being shrubs.
Berberis veitchiiCharles Sprague Sargent. 1913. Plantae Wilsonianae an enumeration of the woody plants collected in Western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908 and 1910 by E.H. Wilson, 1: 363. is a shrub native to western Hubei, China.Flora of China v 19 p 738 It was once cultivated as an ornamental in other countries, the source almost certainly being seed collected by Wilson. .
Biseriate is a botanical term applied to both plantae and fungi, meaning 'arranged in two rows'. The term can refer to any number of structures found within these kingdoms, from arrangement of leaves to the placement of spores. It becomes useful in taxonomy for placing a species within a certain genus, family, or even order, based upon morphology, when making an initial choice or when DNA evidence is inconclusive.
Nationaal Herbarium Nederland Flora Malesiana ser. 1, 1: Cyclopaedia of collectors); Flora Malesiana ser. 1, 5: Cyclopaedia of collectors, Supplement I) With Johannes Elias Teijsmann (1808–1882), he was co-author of "Plantae novae in Horto Bogoriensi cultae" (1862) and "Catalogus plantarum quae in Horto botanico bogoriensi coluntur" (1866).Google Search published works With Teijsmann, he described the genera Capellenia, Eusideroxylon and Gonystylus, as well as numerous botanical species.
A sculpted bust of Bernardino by Mario Rutelli is situated in the garden. In 1789, Bernardino published his major work, Hortius regius panormitanus, a catalogue of the plants in the Botanical Garden, with notes on their wild origins in Sicily and, where appropriate, their medicinal uses. Three years later he published Plantae ad Linnaeanum opus addendae, a short pamphlet in which he described 32 new species of plants.
Verticordia endlicheriana was first formally described by Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 and the description was published in Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. In 1991, Alex George undertook a review of the genus Verticordia and described five varieties of Verticordia endlicheriana including this variety. The epithet "angustifolia" is from the Latin word meaning "narrow-leaved" referring to the leaves near the flowers, compared to those of the other varieties of this species.
The filamentous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus uses a similar structure to penetrate the eggs of nematodes. Fungi were considered to be part of the plant kindgom until the mid-20th century. By the middle of the 20th century Fungi were considered a distinct kingdom, and the newly recognized kingdom Fungi becoming the third major kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes with kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia, the distinguishing feature between these kingdoms being the way they obtain nutrition.
As mitochondria were known to be the result of the endosymbiosis of a proteobacterium, it was thought that these amitochondriate eukaryotes were primitively so, marking an important step in eukaryogenesis. As a result, these amitochondriate protists were separated from the protist kingdom, giving rise to the, at the same time, superkingdom and kingdom Archezoa. This was known as the Archezoa hypothesis. The eight kingdoms became: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Archezoa, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
Fungi were considered to be part of the plant kingdom (subkingdom Cryptogamia) until the mid-20th century. They were divided into four classes: Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes. In the middle of the 20th century Fungi were considered a distinct kingdom, the newly recognized kingdom Fungi becoming the third major kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes with kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia, the distinguishing feature between these kingdoms being the way they obtain nutrition.
Daviesia horrida, the prickly bitter-pea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a prickly shrub, growing to between 0.3 and 2 metres in height. The red and yellow pea flowers are produced between July and November in its native range. The species was first formally described by Swiss botanist Carl Meissner in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae in 1844.
Robert Harding Whittaker (December 27, 1920 – October 20, 1980) was an American plant ecologist, active in the 1950s to the 1970s. He was the first to propose the five kingdom taxonomic classification of the world's biota into the Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera in 1969.Whittaker, Robert H. (1969) "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdom's in Avantika ".
In 1782, a mysterious pale yellow scabious, called Scabiosa trenta, was described by Belsazar Hacquet, an Austrian physician, botanist, and mountaineer, in his work Plantae alpinae Carniolicae. It became a great source of inspiration for later botanists and mountaineers discovering the Julian Alps, especially Julius Kugy. The Austrian botanist Anton Kerner von Marilaun later proved Belsazar Hacquet had not found a new species, but a specimen of the already known submediterranean Cephalaria leucantha.
The distribution of algal species has been fairly well studied since the founding of phytogeography in the mid-19th century. Algae spread mainly by the dispersal of spores analogously to the dispersal of Plantae by seeds and spores. This dispersal can be accomplished by air, water, or other organisms. Due to this, spores can be found in a variety of environments: fresh and marine waters, air, soil, and in or on other organisms.
The species was first formally described in 1846 by Austrian botanist Stephen Endlicher in Plantae Preissianae, based on plant material found in the "damp and muddy sanddunes of the Swan River near the town of Perth". He gave it the name Anguillaria tenella. The species was transferred to the genus Wurmbea in 1878 by George Bentham. The specific epithet, tenella, is a Latin adjective (tenellus, -a, -um) which describes the plant as "delicate".
The species was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meissner in 1845 as part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Proteaceae. Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet is said to be derived from Loranthus which is a genus of mistletoe and the Latin word folius meaning leaf, referring to the resemblance of the leaves of the species to that of a mistletoe. The proper word for "leaf" in classical and botanical Latin is however folium.
Bartholina burmanniana is one of two species within the Bartholina genus, the other being B. etheliae. Heinrich Bernard Oldenland collected the species type, placing the voucher in the herbarium of Johannes Burman the Dutch botanist and physician. Burman's son Nicolaas Burman (1733–1793), arrived in Uppsala in 1760 to learn under Carl Linnaeus, bringing herbarium material from Oldenland's Cape of Good Hope collections. Linnaeus described these specimens in 1760 in the Plantae Rariores Africanae.
In the same way, his paraphyletic kingdom Protozoa includes the ancestors of Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Chromista. The advances of phylogenetic studies allowed Cavalier-Smith to realize that all the phyla thought to be archezoans (i.e. primitively amitochondriate eukaryotes) had in fact secondarily lost their mitochondria, typically by transforming them into new organelles: Hydrogenosomes. This means that all living eukaryotes are in fact metakaryotes, according to the significance of the term given by Cavalier-Smith.
Grevillea paniculata is a shrub which is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It grows to between 0.6 and 3 metres in height and produces white, cream or yellow flowers between June and November (early winter to late spring) in its native range. The species was first formally described in 1845 by botanist Swiss Carl Meissner in Plantae Preissianae in 1845, based on plant material collected by Ludwig Preiss near York.
Kunzea micromera was first formally described in 1848 by the botanist Johannes Conrad Schauer in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (micromera) is derived from the ancient Greek words () meaning "small" and () meaning "part".Backer, C.A. (1936). Verklarend woordenboek der wetenschappelijke namen van de in Nederland en Nederlandsch-Indië in het wild groeiende en in tuinen en parken gekweekte varens en hoogere planten (Edition Nicoline van der Sijs).
It crosses the tendon of the tibialis posterior distally on the tibia, and the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus in the sole. Distally to its division, the quadratus plantae radiates into it and near the middle phalanges its tendons penetrate the tendons of the flexor digitorum brevis. In the non- weight-bearing leg, it plantar flexes the toes and foot and supinates. In the weight-bearing leg it supports the plantar arch.
This species was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Plantae Preissianae. The specific epithet (micromera) is from the Ancient Greek words mikros (μικρός) meaning "small" and meros (μέρος) meaning "part",Backer, C.A. (1936). Verklarend woordenboek der wetenschappelijke namen van de in Nederland en Nederlandsch-Indië in het wild groeiende en in tuinen en parken gekweekte varens en hoogere planten (Edition Nicoline van der Sijs). apparently referring to the very small leaves of this species.
Relhania, is a genus of African plants in the pussy's-toes tribe, within the sunflower family. Their flowerheads are yellow-to-orange, and each is solitary, on a short stem near the apex of a branch.L'Héritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis. 1789. Sertum Anglicum, seu, Plantae rariores quae in hortis juxta Londinum : imprimis in horto regio Kewensi excoluntur, ab anno 1786 ad annum 1787 observatae, vol 22 pages 13-14 in LatinL'Héritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis. 1789.
Eryngium pinnatifidum (commonly known as blue devils) is a species of plant in the family Apiaceae. It is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It grows up to 50 cm in height and produces blue or white flowers between August and November (late winter to late spring) in its native range. It is also commonly seen in Victoria The species was first formally described by botanist Alexander von Bunge, his description published in 1845 in Plantae Preissianae.
The genus Eucalyptus was first formally described in 1789 by Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle who published the description in his book Sertum Anglicum, seu, Plantae rariores quae in hortis juxta Londinum along with a description of the type species, Eucalyptus obliqua. The name Eucalyptus is derived from the Ancient Greek words eu meaning "good", "well", "true", "beautiful" or "very". and kalypto meaning "(I) cover", "conceal" or "hide". referring to the operculum covering the flower buds.
They are thick in texture, and measure 8 mm long by 2 mm wide. This plant first appeared in scientific literature in Plantae Preissianae in 1846, authored by the German botanist Joachim Steetz. Endemic to New South Wales, Comesperma sphaerocarpum is found along the tablelands and coast, from Warialda in the north to Nowra. In the Sydney region it is found in the Munmorah State Conservation Area, Royal, Lane Cove and Brisbane Water National Parks and other bushland reserves.
Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them. The clade that includes both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and is referred to as the clade Viridiplantae and as the kingdom Plantae. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, most with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular seaweeds. There are about 8,000 species of green algae.
The plant was first formally described by the botanist George Bentham in 1855 as part of the work Plantae Muellerianae: Mimoseae as published in Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde. It was reclassified as Racosperma bynoeanum by Leslie Pedley in 2003 then transferred back to genus Acacia in 2006. The only other synonym is Acacia pumila. The specific epithet honours Benjamin Bynoe, the Royal Navy surgeon aboard the Beagle who collected the type specimen.
The first formal description of this species was published by Johannes Conrad Schauer in Lehmann's 1844 Plantae Preissianae, from a specimen collected by Ludwig Preiss near the Gordon River. The specific epithet (habrantha) is a derived from the Greek words habros meaning "dainty" or "pretty" and anthos meaning "a flower". When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991, he placed this species in subgenus Verticordia, section Catocalypta along with V. roei, V. inclusa, V. apecta, V. insignis, V. lehmannii and V. pritzelii.
Symphoricarpos sinensis is an erect shrub up to 250 cm (8 1/3 feet) tall. It has 3-6 pairs of white, bell-shaped flowers and dark blue fruits with waxy coatings.Rehder, Alfred 1911. Plantae Wilsonianae an enumeration of the woody plants collected in Western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908 and 1910 by E.H. Wilson edited by Charles Sprague Sargent 1(1): 117–118 description in Latin, commentary in EnglishJones, George Neville 1940.
In 1916–1917 Charles Sprague Sargent edited a partial list of his introductions as Plantae Wilsonianae. The Ernest Wilson Memorial Garden and a blue plaque marking his birthplace are in the Cotswold market town of Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire. In May 2010, a blue plaque was also erected at Birmingham Botanical Gardens, by the Birmingham Civic Society, marking Wilson's time there. For the 2015 Tatton Park Flower Show the gardening staff at Tatton Park, Cheshire created the China 'Mother of Gardens' exhibit.
The species was first formally described by the botanist George Bentham in 1855 as part of the work Plantae Muellerianae: Mimoseae a spublished in Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde. It was reclassified as Racosperma nematophyllum by Leslie Pedley in 2003 then transferred back genus Acacia in 2006. The specific epithet is taken from the Greek word nemato meaning thread-like and phyllon meaning leaf in reference to the shape of the phyllodes.
These trips resulted in publication of the two-volume Plantae Wrightianae in 1852–1853. Hymenoxys hoopesii (owl's claws), an example of Plummera named by Gray Gray traveled to the American West on two separate occasions, the first in 1872 by train, and then again with Joseph Dalton Hooker, son of William Hooker, in 1877. His wife accompanied him on both trips. Both times his goal was botanical research, and he avidly collected plant specimens to bring back with him to Harvard.
Their plastids are surrounded by four membranes, and are believed to have been acquired from some red algae. Chromista as a biological kingdom was created by British biologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1981 to differentiate some protists from typical protozoans and plants. According to Cavalier-Smith, the kingdom originally included only algae, but his later analysis indicated that many protozoans also belong to the new group. As of 2018, the kingdom is as diverse as kingdoms Plantae and Animalia, consisting of eight phyla.
Verticordia endlicheriana was first formally described by Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 and the description was published in Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. In 1991, Alex George undertook a review of the genus Verticordia and described five varieties of Verticordia endlicheriana including this variety. The type collection for this variety was gathered near Carnamah by Alex George and Elizabeth Berndt. The varietal name "manicula" is derived from a Latin word meaning little hand referring to the hand-like shape of the petals.
This taxon was first collected from near Perth in the 1840s, and published as Calymperes latifolium in 1846 by Georg Ernst Ludwig Hampe, in Volume II of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. In the 1980s, a careful examination showed it to be only superficially similar to Calymperes (Calymperaceae). It was held to belong to a different family, the Pottiaceae, but did not fit into any of that family's published genera. In 1985, therefore, Ilma Grace Stone published Calymperastrum and transferred C. latifolium into it.
The factory at Toten was taken over by the Swiss company Henri Nestlé in 1897, while Sopp continued as technical and scientific manager until he retired in 1925. Sopp was the first to suggest classifying fungi as belonging to neither plantae nor animalia, but to a third kingdom, already in his thesis Om sop paa levende jordbund from 1893, and in a subsequent article in the periodical Nyt Tidsskrift. He was decorated as a Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1900.
Two varieties have been named: var. zionis, the Zion wild buckwheat, with white to yellow flowers, has been reported from scattered populations in 4 counties in Utah (Kane, San Juan, Washington, and Wayne) and 2 counties in Arizona (Coconino and Mohave). var. coccineum J. T. Howell, the Point Sublime wild buckwheat, with bright red flowers, is known from only two locations, one on the edge of the Grand Canyon in Coconino County, the other from Hack Canyon in Mohave CountyHowell, John Thomas. 1943.Plantae Occidentales III.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel in 1845 as part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Dilleniaceae published in Plantae Preissianae. The name is commonly misapplied to Hibbertia pilosa. The species is commonly occurring throughout the South West, Peel, western parts of the Great Southern and the south western parts of the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia between Gingin in the north and Albany in the south where it is found in a variety of habitat growing in lateritic soils.
Structure of a plant cell Plant cells are eukaryotic cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or centrioles, except in the gametes, and a unique method of cell division involving the formation of a cell plate or phragmoplast that separates the new daughter cells.
Berberis aemulans is a shrub endemic to the region of Sichuan in southern China. It grows there in thickets and on slopes at elevations of 2900–3200 m.C.K. Schneid., 1917, in Plantae Wilsonianae an enumeration of the woody plants collected in Western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University during the years 1907, 1908 and 1910 by E.H. Wilson edited by Charles Sprague Sargent 3: 435 1917 Berberis aemulans is a deciduous shrub up to 2 m tall, with spines along the branches.
Rock Sheoak was first collected on Mount Brown near York in 1840 by Ludwig Preiss. The specific name huegeliana honours the Austrian naturalist Baron Carl von Huegel. The species was first described by the botanist Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel as Casuarina huegeliana in 1845 as part of the Johann Georg Christian Lehmann work Casuarinaceae. Plantae Preissianae, it as later reclassified to the current genera by Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson in 1982 in the work Notes on Casuarinaceae II published in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens.
In 1893 Hassler presented his ethnographic work at the Chicago World Fair. He made his first botanical collections in 1895 and in 1896 considered returning to Switzerland settle permanently but, in 1897, decided, instead, to go to Paraguay for more botanical exploration. These led to the 1898 publication of the first part of Plantae Hasslerianae published in the academic journal, Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, with further parts published through to 1907. In June 1898 he moved to San Bernardino and built his first house in '.
A complete catalogue of these, inclusive of other collectors' related collections from Paraguay, (Catalogus Hasslerianus, 2008-), is being published and made available online. The collections formed the basis of the description of many new species, published in the work Plantae Hasslerianae in several parts between 1898-1907 as well as subsequent studies both by Emil Hassler and by others. These collections serve today as a basis for drafting a flora of Paraguay. Hassler's specimens are of a high quality and include all parts necessary for identification.
The intrinsic muscles in the sole are grouped in four layers: In the first layer, the flexor digitorum brevis is the large central muscle located immediately above the plantar aponeurosis. It flexes the second to fifth toes and is flanked by abductor hallucis and abductor digiti minimi. In the second layer, the quadratus plantae, located below flexor digitorum brevis, inserts into the tendon of flexor digitorum longus on which the lumbricals originate. In the third layer, the oblique head of adductor hallucis joins the muscle's transversal head on the lateral side of the big toe.
272 Central muscle group: The four lumbricals arise on the medial side of the tendons of flexor digitorum longus and are inserted on the medial margins of the proximal phalanges. The quadratus plantae originates with two slips from the lateral and medial margins of the calcaneus and inserts into the lateral margin of the flexor digitorum tendon. It is also known as the flexor accessorius. The flexor digitorum brevis arises inferiorly on the calcaneus and its three tendons are inserted into the middle phalanges of digits two to four (sometimes also the fifth digit).
It was edited, as stated on its title page, in: "Lugdun.Lugdun. is the shorthand for Lugdunum - the Latin name of the Dutch city of Leiden Batavorum: Apud Franciscum Hackium ; et Amstelodami:Amstelodami is the Latin name for Amsterdam Apud Lud. Elzevirium". Elzevirium is the Latin name of the prestigious Elsevier publisher, which still exists. The work consists of a single volume, originally measuring 40 centimeters (height) and its full title, with subtitle, is: " Historia naturalis Brasiliae ...: in qua non tantum plantae et animalia, sed et indigenarum morbi, ingenia et mores describuntur et iconibus supra quingentas illustrantur ".
Belgian naturalist Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman described the black wattle in 1925 in his book Plantae Bequaertianae. The species is named after American naturalist Edgar Alexander Mearns, who collected the type from a cultivated specimen in East Africa. Along with other bipinnate wattles, it is classified in the section Botrycephalae within the subgenus Phyllodineae in the genus Acacia. An analysis of genomic and chloroplast DNA along with morphological characters found that the section is polyphyletic, though the close relationships of many species were unable to be resolved.
In 1987, Cavalier-Smith introduced a classification divided into two superkingdoms (Prokaryota and Eukaryota) and seven kingdoms, two prokaryotic kingdoms (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) and five eukaryotic kingdoms (Protozoa, Chromista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia). Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators revised the classification in 2015, and published it in PLOS ONE. In this scheme they reintroduced the classification with the division of prokaryotes superkingdom into two kingdoms, Bacteria (=Eubacteria) and Archaea (=Archaebacteria). This is based on the consensus in the Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea (TOBA) and the Catalogue of Life.
He was also the author of an ethnographical study of Southern Slavic peoples called Slavus Venedus Illyricus. From 1774 to 1787, he was the secretary of the Carniolan Agricultural Society, members of which were also other prominent members of the Enlightenment, such as Sigmund Zois, Blaž Kumerdej, Gabriel Gruber, Peter Pavel Glavar, and Anton Tomaž Linhart. As a botanist Hacquet wrote a book on alpine flora from Carniola called Plantae alpinae Carniolicae. The botanical genus Hacquetia is named after him, as well as the plant species Pedicularis hacquetii (Hacquet's lousewort).
Character of the kingdom of Protists.) In 1938, Herbert Copeland resurrected Hogg's label, arguing that Haeckel's term Protista included anucleated microbes such as bacteria, which the term "Protoctista" (literally meaning "first established beings") did not. In contrast, Copeland's term included nucleated eukaryotes such as diatoms, green algae and fungi. This classification was the basis for Whittaker's later definition of Fungi, Animalia, Plantae and Protista as the four kingdoms of life. The kingdom Protista was later modified to separate prokaryotes into the separate kingdom of Monera, leaving the protists as a group of eukaryotic microorganisms.
Brown's arrangement remained current until 1856, when Carl Meissner published his arrangement. In the interim a number of new species were published, notably in John Lindley's 1839 A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony, and by Meissner in J. G. C. Lehmann's 1845 Plantae Preissianae. However, the only significant change to Brown's classification was Stephan Endlicher's 1847 publication of Eudryandra as a replacement name for Brown's Dryandra verae. Meissner's 1856 arrangement maintained Brown's distinction between Dryandra and Hemiclidia, and his three Dryandra sections, but further divided Eudryandra into eight series.
68 orthologs are known for C2orf16. The protein seems to have appeared in the mammalian evolutionary history 320 million years ago, around the divergence of mammals from reptiles. This history would explain why orthologs do not exist in amphibians, reptiles, birds, nor other more distantly related species. Any orthologs from species more distant from humans than other mammals are likely not related in function, however, the P-S-E-R-S-H-H-S repeat is present in bony fishes, crustaceans, stramenopiles including potato blight, plantae, and prokaryotes.
Thomas Cavalier-Smith supported the consensus at that time, that the difference between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria was so great (particularly considering the genetic distance of ribosomal genes) that the prokaryotes needed to be separated into two different kingdoms. He then divided Eubacteria into two subkingdoms: Negibacteria (Gram negative bacteria) and Posibacteria (Gram positive bacteria). Technological advances in electron microscopy allowed the separation of the Chromista from the Plantae kingdom. Indeed, the chloroplast of the chromists is located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum instead of in the cytosol.
Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data. The basal character of the Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and spirotaenia are only more conventionally basal Streptophytes. The algae of this paraphyletic group "Charophyta" were previously included in Chlorophyta, so green algae and Chlorophyta in this definition were synonyms. As the green algae clades get further resolved, the embryophytes, which are a deep charophyte branch, are included in "algae", "green algae" and "Charophytes", or these terms are replaced by cladistic terminology such as Archaeplastida, Plantae, Viridiplantae or streptophytes, respectively.
As records were collected the need to draw all the information together advanced. Checklists and annotated checklists were produced and updated so the actual numbers of different species became more precise. At first this was quite local. Threlkeld, in 1726, produced the first attempt at an enumeration of Irish Algae and in 1802 William Tighe published his "Marine plants observed at the County of Wexford," it included 58 marine and 2 freshwater species. In 1804 Wade published Plantae Rariores in Hibernia Inventae, in which 51 species of marine and 4 species of freshwater algae were enumerated.
Together with Chromalveolata, Amoebozoa (he amended their description in 1998), and Archaeplastida (which he called Plantae since 1981) the six formed the basis of the taxonomy of eukaryotes in the middle 2000s. He has also published prodigiously on issues such as the origin of various cellular organelles (including the nucleus, mitochondria), genome size evolution, and endosymbiosis. Though fairly well known, many of his claims have been controversial and have not gained widespread acceptance in the scientific community to date. Most recently, he has published a paper citing the paraphyly of his bacterial kingdom, the origin of Neomura from Actinobacteria and taxonomy of prokaryotes.
Diatom genomics brought much information about the extent and dynamics of the endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT) process. Comparison of the T. pseudonana proteins with homologs in other organisms suggested that hundreds have their closest homologs in the Plantae lineage. EGT towards diatom genomes can be illustrated by the fact that the T. pseudonana genome encodes six proteins which are most closely related to genes encoded by the Guillardia theta (cryptomonad) nucleomorph genome. Four of these genes are also found in red algal plastid genomes, thus demonstrating successive EGT from red algal plastid to red algal nucleus (nucleomorph) to heterokont host nucleus.
Transport and golgi organization 2 homolog (TANGO2) also known as chromosome 22 open reading frame 25 (C22orf25) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TANGO2 gene. The function of C22orf25 is not currently known. It is characterized by the NRDE superfamily domain (DUF883), which is strictly known for the conserved amino acid sequence of (N)-Asparagine (R)-Arginine (D)-Aspartic Acid (E)-Glutamic Acid. This domain is found among distantly related species from the six kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia and is known to be involved in Golgi organization and protein secretion.
Unlike the six-panel sets the archaic panels are not labelled, and while some plants on the archaic panels are recognisable others are stylised beyond recognition. No records survive of how Waterhouse and Lea selected the designs for the archaic panels, or on from which images they were derived. Owing to the flattened nature of the designs, it is possible that they were based on pressed flowers in the museum's herbarium, or on illustrations in the British Museum's collection of books on botany. Some of the archaic panels appear to be simplified versions of the illustrations in Nathaniel Wallich's book Plantae Asiaticae Rariores.
The Archaeplastida (or kingdom Plantae sensu lato) are a major group of autotrophic eukaryotes, comprising the red algae (Rhodophyta), the green algae, and the land plants, together with a small group of freshwater unicellular algae called glaucophytes. The Archaeplastida have chloroplasts that are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting that they were acquired directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. All other groups besides the amoeboid Paulinella chromatophora, have chloroplasts surrounded by three or four membranes, suggesting they were acquired secondarily from red or green algae. Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes have never been involved in secondary endosymbiosis events.
Saurauia nepalensis from Plantae Asiaticae Rariores Wallich was also temporarily appointed superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, and later permanently joined the garden in 1817, and served there until 1846, when he retired from the service. Ill health forced Wallich to spend the years 1811–1813 in the more temperate climate of Mauritius, whence he continued his studies. In 1822, at the behest of his friend Sir Stamford Raffles he travelled to Singapore to design the botanical garden, but returned to Calcutta the following year. Wallich prepared a catalogue of more than 20,000 specimens, known informally as the "Wallich Catalogue".
One of Wallich's greatest contributions to the field of plant exploration was the assistance he regularly offered to the many plant hunters who stopped in Calcutta on their way to the Himalayas. The three volumes of Plantae Asiaticae Rariores made use of artists employed by the Calcutta Botanic Garden: 146 drawings by Gorachand, 109 by Vishnupersaud and one work by Rungiah (the artist employed by Robert Wight); the rest of the plates were by John Clark and three by William Griffith. Two hundred and fifty copies of the work were printed, of which 40 were purchased by the East India Company.Desmond, Ray 1994.
In biology, a phylum (; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent. Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom Animalia or Metazoa contains approximately 35 phyla; the plant kingdom Plantae contains about 14, and the fungus kingdom Fungi contains about 8 phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships between phyla, which are contained in larger clades, like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.
However, Labillardière had confused "Van-Diemen" with "Terre Van-Leuwin", and although he later made the correction on the herbarium sheet in Paris, the name L. sericeum continued to be applied to plants collected in Tasmania. Although in 1844 Johannes Conrad Schauer noted in Plantae Preissianae (in Latin) "in Van Leuwin's Land, not on Van Diemen's Island", the correction was not made until 1967 with the publication of James Hamlyn Willis's paper in the journal Muelleria. Leptospermum sericeum is a Western Australian endemic, found near Esperance, which has pink, sessile flowers and does not grow to the height of L. glaucescens.
Hovea stricta is a shrub in the family Fabaceae, native to the south-west of Western Australia. The erect shrub typically grows to a height of The species has purple or blue flowers that appear between June and October in its native range. It occurs on low hills, breakaways and flat plains along the coastal areas of the South West, Peel and Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy lateritic soils. The species was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meisner, in 1844 in the Leguminosae section of Lehmann's work Plantae Preissianae.
In 1842, he left Western Australia for London, where he broke up and sold his plant collection to recoup his costs. Various botanists published species based on his specimens, and these were later collated by Johann Lehmann to form the multi-volume Plantae Preissianae Sive Enumeratio Plantarum Quas in Australasia Occidentali et Meridionale Occidentali Annis 1838-41 Collegit L, published in Hamburg between 1844 and 1848. The specimens collected by Preiss were not limited to plants: they included birds, reptiles, insects and molluscs. The molluscs were described by Karl Theodor Menke and published in Hanover in 1843 titled Molluscorum Novae Hollandiae Specimen.
This variety was first published as a variety of Dryandra floribunda (now B. sessilis) by Carl Meissner in the second volume of Plantae Preissianae, published in 1848. It was based on a type specimen collected by James Drummond; this specimen was said to have been collected at the Swan River, where this variety does not now occur. Meissner did not explicitly give an etymology for the varietal epithet, but referred to the leaves as cordatis, Latin for "heart-shaped", and this is now universally recognised as the source of the name. In 1870, George Bentham published what is now recognised as a synonym of this variety, as D. floribunda var. major.
All living things were traditionally placed into one of two groups, plants and animals. This classification may date from Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC), who made the distinction between plants, which generally do not move, and animals, which often are mobile to catch their food. Much later, when Linnaeus (1707–1778) created the basis of the modern system of scientific classification, these two groups became the kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Metaphyta or Plantae) and Animalia (also called Metazoa). Since then, it has become clear that the plant kingdom as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms.
Engravings after his botanical paintings illustrated Mark Catesby's works on the flora of the American colonies. Engravings from his series Plantae et Papiliones Rariores, 1748-59, found their way onto Chelsea porcelainThe Gardens Trust, "The other Chelsea flower show" For Philip Miller he illustrated many of the more spectacular plants that were in cultivation in the Chelsea Physic Garden. Ehret was at the top of his profession in 1768 when the young botanist Joseph Banks returned from Labrador and Newfoundland with the botanical specimens that made his early reputation; it was to Ehret he turned for meticulous paintings on vellum.Patrick O'Brian, Joseph Banks, A Life, 1987 p.60.
Makoto Kitayama (born 1952) is a Japanese musician, active since the late '60s, most notably as vocalist and songwriter for the progressive rock band Shingetsu. After Shingetsu folded at the end of the seventies, Kitayama has released two solo albums: the instrumental, keyboard-dominated, "Doubutsukai No Chinou" in 1982 (re-released in 2004) and the progressive rock outing "Hikaru Sazanami" in 1998. "Practical Encyclopedia of Kingdom Plantae" was released in 2008, and is the second part of a planned trilogy that started with his debut solo album, inspired by a book series from 1932.He's helped here by Takashi HAYASHI, the leader and guitarist of Qui.
Allium sacculiferum, also called northern plain chive or triangular chive, is an East Asian species of wild onion native to Japan, Korea, eastern Russia (Amur Oblast, Khabarovsk, Primorye), and northeastern China (Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning). It is found along the banks of lakes and rivers at elevations less than 500 m.Flora of China v 24 p 196, 朝鲜薤 chao xian xie Allium sacculiferumChoi, H.J. and Oh, B.U. (2011), A partial revision of Allium (Amaryllidaceae) in Korea and north-eastern China. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 167: 153–211. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01166.xKharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448. Nauka, Leningrad.
The European Register of Marine Species (commonly known by the acronym ERMS) is an authoritative taxonomic list of species occurring in the European marine environment. The ERMS was founded in 1998 by grant from the EU's Marine Science and Technology Programme and the project covers species of the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protoctista occurring in the marine environment over a wide geographic range. The marine area within the scope of the ERMS includes the continental shelf seas of Europe as well as the Mediterranean shelf, Baltic Seas and deep-sea areas. The database contains the records of tens of thousands of marine species.
His firm completed works that included Nathaniel Wallich’s Plantae Asiaticae Rariores and James Bateman’s Orchidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala (1837-43), boasting the largest lithographic plates ever produced. Wilfrid Blunt had nothing but praise for Gauci, calling him “a master of the process, he ranged his tone from the palest of silvery greys to the richest velvet black; his outline is never mechanical or obtrusive.”Grosvenor Prints He also produced the lithography for John Forbes Royle, Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the flora of Cashmere. Vol.II – Plates, London: Wm.H. Allen & Co., 1840.
Tardigrades are able to withstand such cold temperatures not by avoiding freezing using antifreeze proteins as a freeze avoidance organism would, but rather by tolerating ice formation in the extracellular body water, activated by ice nucleating proteins. In addition to other organisms, plants (Plantae) can be either stenothermic or eurythermic. Plants inhabiting the boreal and polar climates generally tend to be cold-eurythermic, enduring temperatures as cold as –85°, and as warm as at least 20 °C, such as boreal deciduous conifers. This is in direct contrast to plants that typically inhabit more tropical or montane regions, where plants may have purely tolerable range between only about 10° and 25 °C, such as the banyan tree.
Thomas J. Goreau et al who wrote the book Geotherapy believe that mafic/ultra-mafic rock flour has a powerful effect in restoring trace minerals to soils, which increases the health and vigour of the Microorganism, Plantae, Animalia pathway and also sequesters carbon. An early experimenter was the German miller, Julius Hensel, author of Bread from Stones, who reported successful results with steinmehl (stonemeal) in the 1890s. His ideas were not taken up due to technical limitations and, according to proponents of his method, because of opposition from the champions of conventional fertilisers. John D. Hamaker argued that widespread remineralization of soils with rock dust will be necessary to reverse soil depletion by current agriculture and forestry practice.
Whittaker's original reclassification was based on the fundamental difference in nutrition between the Fungi and the Plantae. Unlike plants, which generally gain carbon through photosynthesis, and so are called autotrophs, fungi do not possess chloroplasts and generally obtain carbon by breaking down and absorbing surrounding materials, and so are called heterotrophic saprotrophs. In addition, the substructure of multicellular fungi is different from that of plants, taking the form of many chitinous microscopic strands called hyphae, which may be further subdivided into cells or may form a syncytium containing many eukaryotic nuclei. Fruiting bodies, of which mushrooms are the most familiar example, are the reproductive structures of fungi, and are unlike any structures produced by plants.
Bryological specimens found on the expedition were kept for personal study by Lorentz, while vascular plants that he collected were sent to August Grisebach for further analysis, who described the vascular specimens in the treatise "Plantae Lorentzianae" (1874). With his assistant, Georg Hieronymous, he conducted botanical investigations through the northern provinces of Jujuy and Salta, and into the lowlands of the Gran Chaco and Bolivia. Collections from this expedition were described by Grisebach (along with Lorentz's later collections from Entre Rios Province) in the treatise "Symbolae ad Floram Argentinam" (1879). His collection of lichens from the expedition were shipped to August von Krempelhuber and his Hepaticae specimens were sent to bryologist Karl Müller.
More recent phylogenomic analyses of diatom proteomes provided evidence for a prasinophyte-like endosymbiont in the common ancestor of chromalveolates as supported by the fact the 70% of diatom genes of Plantae origin are of green lineage provenance and that such genes are also found in the genome of other stramenopiles. Therefore, it was proposed that chromalveolates are the product of serial secondary endosymbiosis first with a green algae, followed by a second one with a red algae that conserved the genomic footprints of the previous but displaced the green plastid. However, phylogenomic analyses of diatom proteomes and chromalveolate evolutionary history will likely take advantage of complementary genomic data from under-sequenced lineages such as red algae.
Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1996. She also contributed illustrations to the Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. Drake is perhaps best known for her collaboration with Augusta Innes Withers on the drawings for the monumental Orchidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala by James Bateman, but she also contributed to Lindley's book, Ladies' Botany (1834–1837), Nathaniel Wallich's Plantae Asiaticae Rariores, John Forbes Royle's Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains and to The Botany of HMS Sulphur (1836–1842). She did not travel abroad and probably went no further than Kew Gardens, the Lindley home or to Loddiges nursery, which put on a display of orchids especially for her.
Depending on rank, botanical names may be in one part (genus and above), two parts (various situations below the rank of genus) or three parts (below the rank of species). The names of cultivated plants are not necessarily similar to the botanical names, since they may instead involve "unambiguous common names" of species or genera. Cultivated plant names may also have an extra component, bringing a maximum of four parts: ;in one part :Plantae (the plants) :Marchantiophyta (the liverworts) :Magnoliopsida (class including the family Magnoliaceae) :Liliidae (subclass including the family Liliaceae) :Pinophyta (the conifers) :Fagaceae (the beech family) :Betula (the birch genus) ;in two parts :Acacia subg. Phyllodineae (the wattles) :lchemilla subsect.
The four lumbricales have their origin on the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus, from where they extend to the medial side of the bases of the first phalanx of digits two-five. Except for reinforcing the plantar arch, they contribute to plantar flexion and move the four digits toward the big toe. They are, in contrast to the lumbricales of the hand, rather variable, sometimes absent and sometimes more than four are present. The quadratus plantae arises with two slips from margins of the plantar surface of the calcaneus and is inserted into the tendon(s) of the flexor digitorum longus, and is known as the "plantar head" of this latter muscle.
The superficial and deep branches of the lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve provide sensory innervation to the skin of the lateral side of the sole, to the fifth and half the fourth toes, and the nail bed of these toes. They also provide motor innervation to quadratus plantae, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, lateral three lumbricals, adductor hallucis, and the dorsal and plantar interossei. The medial plantar nerve from the tibial nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial side of the sole, the skin of the medial three and a half toes, and the nail beds of these toes. It also provides motor innervation to abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis, and the first lumbrical.
Johann Joseph Peyritsch (October 20, 1835 – March 14, 1889) was an Austrian physician and botanist born in Völkermarkt. In 1864 he earned his medical doctorate from Vienna, and from 1866 to 1871 was associated with Vienna General Hospital. He later served as custos at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna, and in 1878, succeeded Anton Kerner von Marilaun as professor of botany at the University of Innsbruck, a position he maintained until his death in 1889.BHL Taxonomic literature : a selective guide to botanical publications He was editor of Heinrich Wilhelm Schott's celebrated monograph on aroids, Aroideae Maximilianae, and with Theodor Kotschy (1813–1866), was co-author of Plantae Tinneanae, a book describing flora collected on the Tinné expedition to Sudan.
Haeckel's 'Monophyletischer Stambaum der Organismen' from Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866) with the three branches Plantae, Protista, Animalia In his 1817 work, Le Règne Animal, the French zoologist Georges Cuvier combined evidence from comparative anatomy and palaeontology to divide the animal kingdom into four body plans. Taking the central nervous system as the main organ system which controlled all the others, such as the circulatory and digestive systems, Cuvier distinguished four body plans or embranchements:De Wit, Hendrik Cornelius Dirk De Wit. Histoire du Développement de la Biologie, Volume III, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne, 1994, p. 94-96. Grouping animals with these body plans resulted in four branches: vertebrates, molluscs, articulata (including insects and annelids) and zoophytes or radiata.
The species is distinguished from other members of the genera by the leaves which are typically long and are distinctly concave above and convex below. The sepals are usually glabrous or some with sparse hairs. Often found in swamps, along creeks in verges it has a limited distribution, confined to a small area in the Great Southern region centred around Albany extending from West Cape Howe to Cheyne Beach to where it grows in sandy or loam soils around granite. First formally described by the botanist Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 as part of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work Plantae Preissianae The plant was subsequently reclassified to T. angustifolia in a 2007 revision by Wheeler and Marchant into the new genus Taxandria.
Anemone wightiana Gardneria ovata from Nathaniel Wallich's 'Plantae Asiaticae Rariores' (1832) Rungiah aka Rungia or Rungia Raju was a 19th-century Indian botanical illustrator, noted for producing a large number of images for Robert Wight's books on Indian flora. The Raju family were painters of the Kshatriya caste of Tanjore, and were originally from the Telugu-speaking region in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Robert Wight took up a post in India in 1819 as first assistant surgeon and later full surgeon of the 33rd Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry in the East India Company's service. His interest in botany was evident so that he was transferred to Madras and placed in charge of the Botanic Gardens there, later taking up the position of naturalist to the East India Company.
Richard Relhan (1754–1823) was a botanist, a fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and author of a renowned book about the plants around Cambridge. Relhan, the son of Dr. Anthony Relhan, was born at Dublin in 1754. He was elected a King's Scholar at Westminster School in 1767, and was admitted a scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, on 7 May 1773. He graduated B.A. in 1776 and M.A. in 1779, and, having taken holy orders, was chosen in 1781 fellow and conduct (or chaplain) of King's College, Cambridge. In 1783 Professor Thomas Martyn (1735–1825) gave Relhan all the manuscript notes he had made on Cambridge plants since the publication of his Plantae Cantabrigienses in 1763. With this assistance Relhan published his chief work, the Flora Cantabrigiensis in 1785, de scribing several new plants and including seven plates engraved by James Sowerby.
Descriptive names above the rank of family are governed by Article 16 Article 16 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), which rules that a name above the rank of family may either be ‘automatically typified’ (such as Magnoliophyta and Magnoliopsida from the type genus Magnolia) or be descriptive. Descriptive names of this type may be used unchanged at different ranks (without modifying the suffix). These descriptive plant names are decreasing in importance, becoming less common than ‘automatically typified names’, but many are still in use, such as: : Plantae, Algae, Musci, Fungi, Embryophyta, Tracheophyta, Spermatophyta, Gymnospermae, Coniferae, Coniferales, Angiospermae, Monocotyledones, Dicotyledones, etc. Many of these descriptive names have a very long history, often preceding Carl Linnaeus. Some are Classical Latin common nouns in the nominative plural, meaning for instance ‘the plants’, ‘the seaweeds’, ‘the mosses’.
Jackson studied mosses, liverworts, and ferns, and published a monograph on a group of liverworts, British Jungermanniae, in 1816. This was succeeded by a new edition of William Curtis's Flora Londinensis, for which he wrote the descriptions (18171828); by a description of the Plantae cryptogamicae of Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland; by the Muscologia, a very complete account of the mosses of Britain and Ireland, prepared in conjunction with Thomas Taylor and first published in 1818; and by his Musci exotici (2 volumes, 18181820), devoted to new foreign mosses and other cryptogamic plants. Hooker published more than 20 major botanical works over a period of 50 years, including British Jungermanniae (1816), Musci Exotici (18181820), Icones Filicum (18291831), Genera Filicum (1838) and Species Filicum (18461864). Other works include Flora Scotica (1821), The British Flora (1830) and Flora Borealis Americana; or, The Botany of the Northern Parts of British America (1840).
Within a specific kingdom ( Plantae, Animalia, Fungi etc) the localization of viruses colonizing the host can vary: Some human viruses, for example, HIV, colonizes only the immune system, while influenza viruses on the other hand can colonize either the upper respiratory tract or the lower respiratory tract depending on the type (human Influenza virus or avian influenza viruses respectively). Different viruses can have different routes of transmission; for example, HIV is directly transferred by contaminated body fluids from an infected host into the tissue or bloodstream of a new host while influenza is airborne and transmitted through inhalation of contaminated air containing viral particles by a new host. Research has also suggested that solid surface plays a role in the transmission of water viruses. In a experiments that used E.coli phages, Qβ, fr, T4, and MS2 confirmed that viruses survive on a solid surface longer compared to when they are in water.
When the latter character had been absent, > I should not have hesitated to record N. sanguinea as occurring in Sumatra; > also the provenance of the two mentioned plants from probably the same > habitat has kept me from doing this. Of course it is possible, that both > plants of Junghuhn represent a new species, but since the material at hand > shows only characters intermediate between two species already known and > between many related species intermediate forms have been found, I prefer to > distinguish also these plants as such. It is very improbable that it is a > hybrid, since pure N. sanguinea has not been found in Sumatra, and from the > region where Junghuhn collected his plants N. singalana too has not been > recorded. As is obvious from a letter written by Macfarlane and extant in > the Leiden Herbarium this author intended to make a description of N. > Junghuhnii for Koorders to be published in his Plantae Junghuhnianae > lneditae, but apparently it had not come to that.
During this leave, Wight spent much time in Scotland where the two men worked on the collections and distributed up to 20 sets of duplicates to specialists in Britain, Europe, America and Russia. Wight & Arnott embarked on three joint publications: a Catalogue of the herbarium specimens (reproduced lithographically as was done by Wallich), a Peninsular Flora arranged according to the natural system, and a volume of monographs, mainly by other authors, of three significant plant families. Before Wight’s return to India in 1834 the first two parts of the herbarium catalogue (with species numbers 1–1892), the first volume of the outstanding Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis (up to the family Dipsacaceae of the Candollean system) had been published. Shortly thereafter came the Contributions to the Flora of India under Wight’s name, containing accounts of the families Asclepiadaceae (by himself and Arnott), Cyperaceae (by Christian Nees von Esenbeck) and Compositae (by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle). Nees published Wight’s Acanthaceae in Wallich’s Plantae Asiaticae Rariores, but the only other botanists to intensively examine his collections were George Bentham, who published Wight’s Labiatae and Scrophulariaceae and John Lindley who described some of his orchids.

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