Indeed, Hesse's novels are best understood as successive versions of a spiritual autobiography—a form that, ironically, was a staple of Pietist literature.
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The Pietist movement, which arose in the late seventeenth century, aimed at reinvigorating an orthodox Lutheran establishment that, in its view, had become too rigid.
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They are considered so low-tech that even chain saws can be prohibited, according to the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College.
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The phrase was invented by Goethe, who used it in his "Confessions of a Beautiful Soul," a fictional memoir in which a Pietist noblewoman describes her spiritual life.
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According to the most recent statistics from the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Geauga County, Ohio is home to the fourth-largest Amish community in the country.
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All political candidates, of whatever party, are alien to the Amish and their values, says Steven Nolt, head of the Young Centre for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College near Lancaster.
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Bach made passing contact with Pietist figures and themes, though he remained aligned with the orthodox wing—not least because Pietists held that music had too prominent a role in church services.
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Philadelphia department store magnate John Wanamaker sought to secure his own vision of pietist consumer repose while instilling a stringent regime of worker self-discipline via his financing of the Young Men's Christian Association.
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Indeed, in rebelling against his Pietist upbringing, Hesse ended up recapitulating its central themes: he never lost the habit of rigorous self-examination or his feelings of unworthiness and his longing for an experience of the divine.
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A Pietist named August Hermann Francke—who, according to Chafe, may have influenced the themes of the St. John Passion—advocated the conversion of Jews to Christianity, but did so in a spirit of persuasion rather than coercion.
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A study of Lancaster County in Pennsylvania by Elizabethtown College's Young Centre for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies found that Amish turnout in 2016 was 24% lower than in 2004, even though the number of eligible Amish voters was much higher.
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The Amish, who number roughly 342,000 in North America, are dispersed across rural areas of states like Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin, according to the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College, a leading authority on Amish life.
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Michael Cromartie, an expert on politics and religion at the Ethics & Public Policy Centre, a think-tank in Washington, notes that branches of American Christianity, such as parts of the evangelical pietist and Pentecostal traditions, often claim that God speaks directly to believers and (typically) tells them what they want to hear.
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The Missionary Church is an evangelical Christian denomination of Anabaptist origins with Wesleyan and Pietist influences.
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Friedrich Adolf Lampe Friedrich Adolph Lampe (18 February 1683 – 8 December 1729) was a German Pietist pastor, theologian and professor of dogmatics. He was a Cocceian, and follower of Johannes d'Outrein. He is known as the first Pietist leader from a Calvinist rather than Lutheran background.
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The community is named after Johann Michael Hahn (1758-1819). At the age of 20, he experienced his first 'central vision.' Additional visions occurred, of which he spoke in pietist meetings. Many people flocked to the so-called Erbauungsstunden (a pietist meeting which typically lasts one hour), in which Hahn interpreted the Bible.
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Marie Wulf (August 1685 – January 27, 1738), was a Danish preacher; a pietist and later a follower of the Moravian Church.
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Dippel. Johann Conrad Dippel, also spelled Johann Konrad Dippel (10 August 1673 – 25 April 1734), was a German pietist theologian, physician, alchemist and occultist.
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He began his studies with Johan Henrik Scheffel in Stockholm and worked there for a time.Biographical notes @ Kunstindeks Danmark. However, as a Pietist (a member of a sect that was out of favor with the established church), he faced serious discrimination. As a result, he moved to Denmark in 1734, where he took lodging with a carpenter in a district of Copenhagen that was largely Pietist.
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Erdmuthe Dorothea, Countess of Zinzendorf, née Countess of Reuss-Ebersdorf (7 November 1700 in Ebersdorf 19 June 1756 in Herrnhut) was a German Pietist and hymn writer.
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The sect was formed in the residence of Anna Maria van den Aveelen in Södermalm in Stockholm. She was the widow of the artist Johannes van den Aveelen from the Netherlands. She gathered women to meetings of prayer and bible studies. The bible meetings became popular, and attracted more and more people, among them the radical pietist Sven Rosén (Pietist), who formed the bible study group in to a sect.
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Heinrich Wilhelm Ludolf (20 December 1655 – 25 January 1712) was a German Pietist, secretary to Prince George of Denmark, and ecumenical traveller. He is known also as a linguist.
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It appeared until 1941, when it was banned by the Nazi government. From 1836, they also published the youth-oriented magazine, Jugendblätter, for the pietist pastor, Christian Gottlob Barth.
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Hearing Labadie's teachings, she was convinced of her need to be joined in community living with her fellow believers. Labadie's approach to Christian spirituality, but not his communitarian approach with its separation from mainstream churches, was paralleled in the Pietist movement in Germany. Many of its leaders, such as Philipp Jakob Spener, approved Labadie's stance but preferred for their own part to trust in the established structures. Some Pietist community enterprises did, however, arise.
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Daniel Lorenz Salthenius (March 16, 1701 – January 29, 1750) was a professor of theology at the University of Königsberg from 1732 until his death. Salthenius was born in Markim between Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden, the son of a Lutheran pastor. He studied at the university in his birthplace, as well as University of Halle, and became a noted Pietist. He was appointed to his post at Königsberg to help the Pietist cause there.
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The Labadists were a 17th-century Protestant religious community movement founded by Jean de Labadie (1610–1674), a French pietist. The movement derived its name from that of its founder.
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Carroll has been married for 46 years, and has five children and 14 grandchildren. An elder in the Evangelical Covenant Church, a Pietist denomination, Carroll considers himself an Evangelical Christian.
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Her works consisted mainly of pietist-sentimentalist poems, journals and memoirs. Elisa von der Recke looked after thirteen foster daughters. She died in Dresden and is buried at the in Dresden.
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Donald Kraybill, Distinguished College Professor and Senior Fellow in the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College, is one of the most active scholars studying the Amish today.
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Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg monument in Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu, South India Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg (10 July 1682 – 23 February 1719) was a member of the Lutheran clergy and the first Pietist missionary to India.
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While listening to a reading from Martin Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans, Wesley felt spiritually transformed: Pietism continued to influence Wesley, who had translated 33 Pietist hymns from German to English. Numerous German Pietist hymns became part of the English Evangelical repertoire. By 1737, Whitefield had become a national celebrity in England where his preaching drew large crowds, especially in London where the Fetter Lane Society had become a center of evangelical activity.
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Walch and Zinzendorf greatly influenced Boehler, and showed him the ways of Pietism a movement within Lutheranism that was instrumental in the upbringing of the Methodist movement later started by John Wesley. The Pietist movement combined the Lutheran emphasis on biblical doctrine with the Reformed, but with a particular emphasis on a vigorous Christian life and behavior over intellectual doctrine. Zinzendorf used his influence on the Moravian Church to gather more supporters of the Pietist movement, including Boehler.
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"Jens Baggesen", Kalliope. . Retrieved 14 April 2004. Other 18th century writers include the pietist hymn writer Hans Adolph Brorson and the witty, satirical poet Johan Herman Wessel."Hans Adolph Brorson", Den store Danske.
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Auflage, Band V, col. 721 The Geneva Convention, an important part of humanitarian international law, was largely the work of Henry Dunant, a reformed pietist. He also founded the Red Cross.R. Pfister, Schweiz.
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He had his early education at a boarding school in Beuggen, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, from where the Pietist movement originated. From 1837 to 1842, he studied at the Basel Mission Seminary, a training school and seminary in Basel, Switzerland, where he was trained in theology, pedagogy, philosophy and languages. His consecration was in the summer of 1842 in the Basel Minster. As a result of his Pietist upbringing in Germany and Switzerland, Thompson was culturally European and fluent in English and German.
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Denominations belonging to the International Federation of Free Evangelical Churches trace their roots to the Radical Pietist movement. Radical Pietists separated from the Lutheran Churches, which held the status of state churches in Europe.
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International Federation of Free Evangelical Churches (IFFEC) is a worldwide federation of evangelical free churches that trace their roots to the Radical Pietist movement. The member federations predominantly originate from Europe and the Americas.
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The rise of fascism, p. 168-169 Many of its leaders were priests or participants of the mainly Ostrobothnian Pietist movement called Herännäisyys.R. Alapuro (1970). Akateeminen Karjala-seura: Ylioppilasliike ja kansa 1920- ja 1930-luvulla.
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In 1873, the Hesse family moved to Calw, where Johannes worked for the Calwer Verlagsverein, a publishing house specializing in theological texts and schoolbooks. Marie's father, Hermann Gundert (also the namesake of his grandson), managed the publishing house at the time, and Johannes Hesse succeeded him in 1893. Hesse grew up in a Swabian Pietist household, with the Pietist tendency to insulate believers into small, deeply thoughtful groups. Furthermore, Hesse described his father's Baltic German heritage as "an important and potent fact" of his developing identity.
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The founding Brethren were broadly influenced by Radical Pietist understandings of an invisible, nondenominational church of awakened Christians who would fellowship together in purity and love, following Jesus while awaiting Christ's return. A notable influence was Ernest Christopher Hochmann von Hochenau, a traveling Pietist minister. While living in Schriesheim, his home town, Mack invited Hochmann to come and minister there. Like others who influenced the Brethren, Hochmann considered the pure church to be spiritual, and did not believe that a highly organized church was necessary.
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The United Zion Church is a Radical Pietist denomination in the Anabaptist, specifically River Brethren, tradition. It separated from the mainstem of the River Brethren due to its allowance of meetinghouses, rather than worshipping in homes.
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Auflage, Band II, col. 1885–1886H. Hohlwein, Pufendorf, Samuel, in ', 3. Auflage, Band V, col. 721 The Geneva Convention, an important part of humanitarian international law, was largely the work of Henry Dunant, a reformed pietist.
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He was a staunch Pietist and was influenced by Erik Pontoppidan. He is known as a curate in Bergen from 1775 to 1811, and also as the maternal grandfather of the famous poet Johan Sebastian Cammermeyer Welhaven.
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Lutheran Theology after 1580 article in Christian Cyclopedia Sophie Magdalene expressed her Pietist sentiment in 1737 by founding a Lutheran convent. Late orthodoxy was torn by influences from rationalism, philosophy based on reason, and Pietism, a revival movement in Lutheranism. After a century of vitality, the Pietist theologians Philipp Jakob Spener and August Hermann Francke warned that orthodoxy had degenerated into meaningless intellectualism and formalism, while orthodox theologians found the emotional and subjective focuses of Pietism to be vulnerable to Rationalist propaganda.Fuerbringer, L., Concordia Cyclopedia Concordia Publishing House. 1927. p.
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The Pietist has his sin in the foreground and looks at the wounds of Jesus; the Moravian has the wounds in the forefront and looks from them upon his sin. The Pietist in his timidity is comforted by the wounds; the Moravian in his happiness is shamed by his sin'.Shawe (1977), p 13 Unintrusiveness is based on the Moravian belief that God positively wills the existence of a variety of churches to cater for different spiritual needs. There is no need to win converts from other churches.
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Tübingen: Mohr 1993, p. 95. Ivan G. Marcus raised support for the community's historicity by pointing out references to Chassidei Ashkenaz practices in Arba'ah Turim and Sefer ha-Manhig. He further admitted that all of the points questioning its existence do raise questions, but the questions raised by Dan and Gruenwald "do not prove that the pietist world as described in SH [Sefer Hasidim] did not exist", and "the existence of the hasidim per se and the influence of their customs are attested in non-pietist rabbinic sources".
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After the death of Plantin other books by Hiël were printed by Augustijn van Hasselt in Cologne. In 1687 Jacob Clausen published the complete works of Hiël in a German translation which were very successful in Pietist circles.
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Johann Albrecht Bengel Johann Albrecht Bengel (24 June 1687 – 2 November 1752), also known as Bengelius, was a Lutheran pietist clergyman and Greek- language scholar known for his edition of the Greek New Testament and his commentaries on it.
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Accessed 3 May 2012. who was the namesake for Holsteinsborg (now Sisimiut) in Greenland. Work among the Sami (Finnemisjon) was initiated under the pietist Thomas von Westen (1682-1727) in 1716. He swiftly established thirteen stations before his death.
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Carl Olof Rosenius (February 3, 1816 - February 24, 1868) was a Swedish preacher, author and editor of the monthly Pietisten (The Pietist) from 1842 to 1868.Twice-Born Hymns by J. Irving Erickson, (Chicago: Covenant Press, 1976) p. 111.
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Forced out of his Zeitz residence, he shifted the seat of his government to Weida and retired to Osterburg Castle. Urged by his consort and the Halle pietist August Hermann Francke, he revoked his conversion a few weeks before his death.
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He died in Halle.Catalogus Professorum- Halensis (translated biography) Knapp was a proponent of the Pietist Christian thought, and a representative of rational Biblical Supranaturalism. He was the author of a book on the Psalms (published over 11 editions from 1778 to 1789), and of "Vorlesungen über die christliche Glaubenslehre", a work that was later translated into English (with some additions) as "Lectures on Christian Theology" by Leonard Woods, Jr. He also published biographical sketches of Pietist theologians August Hermann Francke, Philipp Jakob Spener and Johann Anastasius Freylinghausen. Knapp was father-in-law to theologian Johann Karl Thilo (1794–1853).
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Soon afterwards, however, his marriage and his acceptance of a pastorate marked a sharp change of views, and he produced a number of noteworthy works on practical theology. He was a thoroughly learned and prominent Pietist Lutheran, with a wide range of influence, and at least in his early career a radical Pietist, vehemently opposed to the unbending ecclesiastical structures of his time. His sacred poems also made a substantial contribution to the treasury of hymns within the Lutheran church, and a poem of his was used by Johann Sebastian Bach (“Vergiss mein nicht,” BWV 505).
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He lectured widely at colleges and universities and held several visiting professorships including five years (1986–1990) as a Distinguished Scholar-in-Residence at the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College, where his wife also held a teaching appointment.
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Adam Gottlieb Weigen (1677–1727) was a German pietist, theologian and early animal rights writer. Weigan was the son of a surgeon and was born at Waiblingen in 1677.Sträter, Udo. (2011). Pietismus und Neuzeit: Ein Jahrbuch Zur Geschichte Des Neueren Protestantismus.
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145; Google Books. In that year, also, he was reported to the authorities in Frankfurt by Philipp Jakob Spener, the Pietist, for table talk disrespectful of the Bible.John Mackinnon Robertson, A Short History of Freethought, Ancient and Modern vol. 2 (1915), p.
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Marie-Anne Calame (5 May 1775 - 12 October 1834 or 22 October 1834), was a Swiss Vitreous enamel miniaturist and a pietist philanthropist educator. She founded the Asile des Billodes, a famous charity school for orphans and other children in need of help.
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Catharina Freymann (16 September 1708 – 12 December 1791) was a Norwegian educator and pietist leader. Catharina Maria Freymann was born in Christiania (now Oslo, Norway). She was the daughter of Wenzel Freymann and Karen Bartholomeusdatter. Her father was a blacksmith who had immigrated from Bohemia.
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Instead the fortress was used as a prison. The most noted prisoner was the radical pietist Thomas Leopold, who spent 42 years of his life behind bars, 32 of those at Bohus, for his alleged heresies. His stone-clad cell still exists in the castle.
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He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. Ewald grew up in a strongly pietistic parsonage. His father was Enevold Ewald (1696-1754), vicar at the orphanage in Copenhagen. His maternal grandmother Marie Wulf (1685–1738), was a pietist and later a follower of the Moravian Church.
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In 1986, he served in the highest elected position in the Church of the Brethren as Annual Conference moderator. The Church of the Brethren is a Christian denomination of the Anabaptist and Pietist traditions that is committed to living out its faith peacefully, simply, and in community. In 1988, Durnbaugh became the J. Omar Good Distinguished Visiting Professor at Juniata and, in 1989, the Carl W. Ziegler Professor of History and Religion at Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania. His many professional associations included affiliation with the Young Center for the Study of Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College and service as President of the Brethren Journal Association.
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The old Dome of Turku, Finland The Castle of Turku, where Lars Ulstadius was imprisoned the first three years of his life sentence. Lars Ulstadius (circa 1650, Oulu, Finland–1732, Stockholm 1732), was a Finnish pietist, who personified the first appearance of radical pietism in Finland.
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Count Carl Gustaf Frölich (163714 March 1714) was a Swedish military officer of German descent, Riga Governor in 1700-1706 and infantry general. He was the brother of a Pietist writer and mystic Eva Margareta Frölich (1650-1692) and a colonel Hans Frederik Frölich (1637-1715).
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He also published several volumes of poetry, as well as a volume entitled Écrivains nationaux (1874, republished 1889), and biographies of the pietist Alexandre Vinet (1875),Eugène Rambert: Alexandre Vinet. Histoire de sa vie et de ses œuvres. 1875. of the poet Juste Olivier (1879)Juste Olivier: Œuvres choisies.
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Nils Engelhart had several priesthood assignments in Nordmøre and Romsdal in subsequently years. Engelhart was an active participant of the pietist association Syvstjernen, along with his friend Thomas von Westen. The influence from Syvstjernen marked a beginning of the Pietism movement in Norway. Engelhart died in Veøy in 1719.
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Johann Anastasius Freylinghausen. Johann Anastasius Freylinghausen (2 December 1670 in Bad Gandersheim — 12 February 1739 in Halle) was a theologian of the pietist Halle School and a scholar and follower of August Hermann Francke. He was the second director of the Franckenschen Stiftungen, a collection of schools for orphans.
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It was important for him to command a standing army and a great role model and lead to an absolutist French state with a brilliant court. Johanna Elisabeth clung on to Pietist ideas of morality, with which she had been brought up, and stayed in the old castle in Stuttgart.
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Sexe was from Ullensvang parish in Hordaland, Norway. He was the son of Aamund Sjursen Sexe (1769–1864) and Brita Torsteinsdatter Mæland. He grew up on a farm with pietist parents who were members of the Haugean movement. He attended Bergen Cathedral School and took the examen artium in 1834.
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Protestant middle schools fared somewhat better, led by the well regarded gymnasiums in Danzig and Thorn. There were accomplished Polish Protestant schools in Silesia, led by the Pietist school in Teschen and the municipal school in Breslau. Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro Higher education institutions remained stagnant for a prolonged period of time.
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Johannes Müller was born in Riesa, a small town located a short distance down-river from Dresden. He was born into a revivalist family. His parents had met in a pietist community. His father, Johann Gottfried Lobegott Müller (1833–1905), was a school master and also a cantor and an organist.
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Friedrich Karl von Moser. Baron Friedrich Karl von Moser Filseck (born 18 December 1723 in Stuttgart; died 11 November 1798 in Ludwigsburg) was a German jurist, state journalist and a politician. Moser was the eldest son of Johann Jacob Moser. He was educated in the Pietist tradition at Kloster Berge school.
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Anim Zemirot is recited responsively, with the first verse read aloud by the shaliach tzibbur (, lit. messenger of the congregation), the second verse recited by the congregation in unison, and so on. The poem is believed to have been written by Rav Yehudah HeHassid, the 12th-century German scholar and pietist.
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From Wissenbach came the violinist, violist, concert director and radical pietist religion founder Johann Daniel Müller, also known as Elias or Elias Artista first predicted by Paracelsus (born 10 February 1716 in Wissenbach, died sometime after 1785, presumably in Riga). His wife was a relative of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
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The family then moved to Weferlingen Castle. After her husband's death, her son-in-law, King Christian VI of Denmark, invited her to Denmark, which became a Pietist refuge.August Tholuck: Geschichte des Rationalismus, Wiegandt und Grieben, 1865, S. 70 Sophie Christiane died in 1737 and was buried in Roskilde Cathedral.
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90 and was designated the Collegium Fridericianum or Friedrichskolleg in honor of Frederick on 10 May. The Pietist school was the first in Königsberg not to be affiliated with a parish church.Gause, p. 12 The school's first director in 1702 was Heinrich Lysius (1670-1731) of Flensburg, pastor of Löbenicht Church.
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He worked as a carpenter and a soldier. He was impressed by the pietist movement and converted in 1714. In 1722, he helped refugees from Moravia to escape the counter reformation to Saxony. There, he was a co-founder of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine, working closely with of Nikolaus Ludwig Graf von Zinzendorf.
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Johann Lukas Legrand was born in Basel on 30 May 1755. He was the son of Daniel Legrand, a civil judge and deputy to the Grand Council. Johann Lukas married Rosina Lindenmeyer in 1780. He was educated as a pietist at Chur, then studied philosophy and theology in Basel, Leipzig and Göttingen.
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He was described as a wise leader, who was clever and eloquent and was like a father to his priests. He was also authoritative and orthodox, resisting the pietist movement that was beginning during his time as bishop. He held that position until his death on 29 March 1733 in Christianssand, Norway.
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Bishop Hill Colony is a historic district in Bishop Hill, Illinois. Bishop Hill was the site of a utopian religious community which operated as a commune. It was founded in 1846 by Swedish pietist Eric Janson and his followers. The community was named Bishop Hill after the parish of Biskopskulla in Uppland, Sweden.
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Johanna was a shy, retiring and deeply religious woman—although famed for her sharp tongue in later life—and in his public life, Bismarck was sometimes accompanied by his sister Malwine "Malle" von Arnim. Bismarck soon adopted his wife's Pietism, and he remained a devout Pietist Lutheran for the rest of his life.
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The Independent Assemblies of God International (IAOGI) is a pentecostal Christian association with roots in a revival in 1890 decade among the Scandinavian Baptist and Pietist communities in the United States. Independent Assemblies of God International is a member of the Pentecostal Charismatic Churches of North America. International offices are located in Laguna Hills, California.
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According to Tim Keller, the New Life Churches and their Sonship course represented classic revivalism, and it did not fit well with the more doctrinalist cast of the OPC. The New Life Churches were made to feel unwelcome and nearly all left in the early 90s to swell the pietist ranks of the PCA.
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Opoku considered household chores to be demeaning and detested all forms of corporal punishment which was commonplace at the time. Pietist discipline and organisation was a hallmark of the Basel mission educational experience. In his view, only indentured labourers and domestic slaves deserved that kind of punishment. He was eventually baptised in 6 January 1856.
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Eric or Erik Jansson or Janson (19 December 1808According to Nordisk familjebok, the birthdate was 19 December.date also used by Randall J. Soland, Utopian Communities of Illinois: Heaven on the Prairie (History Press 2017), p. 67 – 13 May 1850) was the leader of a Swedish pietist sect that emigrated to the United States in 1846.
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Skevik's farm on the island Värmdön in the Stockholm archipelago outside Stockholm. Skevikare, or Skevikarna, was a Swedish Radical Pietist Christian community founded in ca. 1722 by the "Eriksson brothers", two Swedish Army officers. After initial prosecution by the Lutheran Orthodox authorities, they went on exile in Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands during 11 years.
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Pieter Jansz was born in Amsterdam on September 25, 1820. His theology was Protestant orthodoxy with a bias toward Pietist expressions. Within a three-month period in 1848, he lost both his father and his newlywed wife, Johanna Elisabeth van Ijzendoorn, through death. These tragedies affected him deeply and caused him to contemplate his future.
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Riethmüller took stanzas 2 and 6 from Christian David (1692–1751), who was raised Catholic and worked as a carpenter and a soldier. He was impressed by the pietist movement and converted in 1714. He worked closely with Nikolaus Ludwig Graf von Zinzendorf. David went as a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeinde to Greenland, among other places.
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Genuine piety was found almost solely in small Pietist gatherings. However, some of the laity preserved Lutheran orthodoxy from both Pietism and rationalism through reusing old catechisms, hymnbooks, postils, and devotional writings, including those written by Johann Gerhard, Heinrich Müller, and Christian Scriver.Devotional Literature Project Aside from that, however, Lutheranism vanished in the wake of rationalist philosophy.
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She began a new era for the opera in Saxony, which had previously been dominated by the castrati. In 1686, the pietist Philipp Jakob Spener became the court chaplain in Dresden. But Spener was not generally accepted there and in 1691 he moved to Brandenburg. Meanwhile, the duchy had recovered again from the consequences of the Thirty Years' War.
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Sefer Hasidim, by Rabbi Judah the Pious, is the most important work of the Chassidei Ashkenaz. The themes depicted within it most significantly portray the religious ideology of the Chassidei Ashkenaz. Sefer Hasidim contains over two thousand stories. Sefer Hasidim are told to individuals gathered around a leader and this leader was called a hasid bakhamor a Pietist Sage.
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Beate Barbara Juliane Freifrau von Krüdener (née Freiin von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel; ), often called by her formal French name, Madame de Krüdener, was a Baltic German religious mystic, author, and Pietist Lutheran theologian who exerted influence on wider European Protestantism, including the Swiss Reformed Church and the Moravian Church, and whose ideas influenced Tsar Alexander I of Russia.
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Friedrich Michael Ziegenhagen, portrait and autograph The Reverend Friedrich Michael Ziegenhagen (1694 - 24 January 1776) was a German-English clergyman, who worked as a court preacher for the Hanoverian King George I of Great Britain. At the same time, he was a prominent Pietist and one of the most prominent members of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK).
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Kitty and her mother travel to a German spa to recover from her ill health. There, they meet the wheelchair-bound Pietist Madame Stahl and the saintly Varenka, her adopted daughter. Influenced by Varenka, Kitty becomes extremely pious, but becomes disillusioned by her father's criticism when she learns Madame Stahl is faking her illness. She then returns to Moscow.
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From 1871 she was administrative director, pastor, evangelist and builder. Dora Rappard was a formative figure within the pietist community movement. She came to be called "the mother of St. Chrischona" due to her spiritual advice, leadership and writings. Dora Rappard died on 10 October 1923 in St. Chrischona, in the municipality of Bettingen, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland.
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He served as minister in Bondo until 1758, when his status was revoked on account of his Pietist sympathies. He returned to Celerina, his hometown, where he served as minister until his death in 1800. During this time as a minister in Celerina, he wrote a number of the hymns and composed music for which he is best known.
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Herättäjäjuhlat awakening festival in Seinäjoki, 2009The Awakening ( or ) is a Lutheran religious movement in Finland which has found followers in the provinces of Savo and Ostrobothnia. The origins of the movement are in the 18th century. It has functioned inside the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland throughout its existence. Formerly very pietist, the movement is currently considered within mainstream Finnish Lutheranism.
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By the mid- eighteenth century, there was a growing need for well-trained Lutheran clergy in the colonies. With the goal of creating closer union between the preachers, elders, and deacons of the area congregations, a conference was proposed. The Pietist foundation at the University of Halle in Germany sent 24 clergymen to minister in the colonies in 1742.Tappert, p. 48.
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Søren Kierkegaard was born to a Lutheran Protestant family. His father, Michael Pederson Kierkegaard, was a Lutheran Pietist, but he questioned how God could let him suffer so much. One day, he climbed a mountain and cursed God. For this sin, Michael believed that a family curse was placed upon him, that none of his children would live a full life.
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Hedberg earned a master's of philosophy and theology from the Royal Academy of Turku. He was ordained a Lutheran priest in 1834 and became curate in Siuntio, then in Lohja. Dating from 1836, he had supported the Pietist revivalist movement led by Savonian farmer and lay preacher Paavo Ruotsalainen. Soon Hedberg became one of the leaders of this movement in southern Finland.
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In 1660, he became pastor of the Reformed church in Mülheim an der Ruhr. There he led approximately 1661 one of the first Pietist conventicles in Germany. From 1668 he was an associate court preacher in Kassel to Countess Hedwig Sophie (1623-1683). In 1670 he became pastor primarius in the community of St. Martini in Bremen and remained so until his death.
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In The Seasons the village life of the latter is depicted as patriarchal in structure. The natural virtues idealized by the Pietist movement, diligence, piety, honesty, and submission to authority, flourish. Social consciousness of the people is largely dormant. There appear only a few characters through whose lips the poet accuses the gentry and the government of exploiting the people.
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For a time, he helped find refuge for other self-exiled Swedes, but soon came under scrutiny for his activities and moved to the country.Christian Elling, Nye Hörner-Studier in: Kunstmuseets Aarsskrift, XXIX 1942, pgs.1-12. In 1741, a new wave of Pietist refugees arrived in Copenhagen; including Sven Rosén, a major figure in the movement. He also received assistance from Hörner.
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Classical evangelicals emphasize absolute divine sovereignty, forensic justification, and "literalistic" inerrancy. The second, pietistic evangelicalism, originates from the 18th-century pietist movements in Europe and the Great Awakenings in America. Pietistic evangelicals embrace revivalism and a more experiential faith, emphasizing conversion, sanctification, regeneration and healing. The third, fundamentalist evangelicalism, results from the Fundamentalist-Modernist split of the early 20th century.
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Meyer was born on 21 March 1960 in Emden, Germany. She studied comparative religion, pedagogy, and cultural anthropology at the University of Bremen and the University of Amsterdam. She earned her PhD at the latter university in 1995 under doctoral advisors J. Fabian and H.U.E. Thoden van Velzen, with a thesis titled: Translating the Devil. An African Appropriation of Pietist Protestantism.
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The NLM adheres to the confessional documents of the Church of Norway (the Bible, the Apostolic, Nicene, and Athanasian Creeds, the Augsburg Confession, and Luther's Small Catechism). The organisation can be described as broadly evangelical with a focus on lay involvement. It has about 50,000 members. As inheritors of the pietist revival they are considered a conservative voice in the Norwegian context.
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A striking difference is the counterpoint technique, that, still being strict, became eloquent and sentimental. Now the pieces rarely show distinct sections in modern style and in archaistic counterpoint. In his later style, the musical presentation of the words acquired a pietist overtone. The sections alternate freely between polyphonic and chordal writing; the harmony is constantly elaborate; chromaticism is freely used.
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Over the course of the dialogue, the scholar showed the pietist that many elements of philosophy do not conflict with the Torah and in fact provide a better understanding of it. Furthermore, the scholar shows the pietist that philosophy should be studied by those educated Jews who will know what teachings of philosophy to disregard and what teachings to incorporate into their understanding. Falaquera also wrote one of the first commentaries on Maimonides’ Guide to the Perplexed in order to clarify sections that he felt people were misreading or misinterpreting, despite Maimonides urgings in the Guide that readers not comment or expound upon his work. Falaquera used his robust knowledge of sources to both strengthen and part from Maimonides’ teachings according to his own beliefs. Indeed, Falaquera’s commentary contains some viewpoints in his own name which is rarely seen in Falaquera’s other works.
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Copenhagen's opened in Læderstræde in 1729. The building was converted into a public house by restaurateur Christian Berg in 1742 and was subsequently known as Bergs Hus (Berg's Gouse). A small temporary theatre venue opened in the synagogue's former assembly room on 16 April 1848. It was the first of its kind after theatre had once again been legalized following the pietist king Christian VI's death.
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Holdeman's teachings on salvation and the Bible probably reflect more evangelical Protestant and Pietist influence. The church began during a time of widespread revival and spiritual awakening. They hold the Arminian position and therefore believe that a person can lose his or her salvation if they stop following Jesus. Leaving or excommunication from the Holdeman Mennonite church is usually considered as following a loss of salvation.
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Members of the Reformed Churches (liberated) have their own (primary and secondary) schools, their own national newspaper, and some other organisations, such as a labour union. Members of several pietist Reformed Churches have also founded their own schools, newspaper and political party. Increasingly, Muslim immigrants in the Netherlands are also using the legal possibilities created for the pillarised structure of society, by setting up their own schools.
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They finally set up Queens College (now Rutgers University) in New Jersey, but it quickly became anglicized. They never attempted to start newspapers; they published no books and only a handful of religious tracts annually. Pietist leader Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen (1691 – 1747) launched a series of revivals that challenge the mainstream church's emphasis on sacraments. Church buildings increasingly followed English rather than historic Dutch models.
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Müller was born in Gütersloh, in the Prussian province of Westphalia, where he attended the Pietist Evangelical Gymnasium. He went on to study Protestant theology at the universities of Halle and Bonn. Having finished his studies, he worked as a school inspector in his hometown, from 1905 also as a vicar and assistant preacher in Herford and Wanne. In 1908 he became parish priest in Rödinghausen.
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Only after his death did they gave themselves the name "The Michael Hahn'sche Community." At the beginning of the 19th century, many pietist communities even wanted to part with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Württemberg and emigrate to the Holy Land to await the nearness of God. Hahn, however, strongly discouraged a mass emigration, and prevented the separation of the community from the regional church.
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The act would later be abolished in 1788. Christiansborg, named after him The Pietist views of King Christian influenced much of his ecclesiastical polity although both nobility and many common people secretly resisted the king's influence. This did not mean that it was without effect. It had an influence on much of the poetry of the age including that of hymn writer Hans Adolph Brorson (1694–1764).
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Gutermann was originally from Biberach. La Roche spent the majority of her childhood in Augsburg, under strict Pietist upbringing, and made frequent visits to Biberach. There she became the friend of Christoph Martin Wieland, and became engaged to him. In 1753, however, she married Georg Michael Anton Frank Maria von La Roche--completely surprising to her fiancé Wieland, who at the time lived in Switzerland.
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Olof Ersson was born in a small hamlet of Sälja in Tärnsjö Parish in northern Uppland, Sweden. When Krans was twelve years old his family emigrated to the United States. The family arrived at the Bishop Hill Colony in Bishop Hill, Illinois during 1850. Bishop Hill was the site of a utopian religious community founded in 1846 by Swedish pietist Eric Jansson and his followers.
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By 1913 only 45 parishes offered Lutheran services in Lithuanian, in part a consequence of the banning of Lithuanian as a school language in Germany in 1873. So the Pietist laymen group called sakytojai (, i.e. lay preacher traditionally holding prayer hours in private homes before the actual service in Lithuanian, during the prior German service would take place; cf. also Shtundists) kept the Lithuanian language from vanishing.
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A Protestant Reformed Church in Veenendaal. When Flanders and North Brabant were reconquered by the Spanish army during the Eighty Years' War, their Protestant inhabitants were required to either convert to Catholicism or leave. Many emigrated north of the border, particularly during the Twelve Years' Truce of 1609–21. Many of them later became staunch supporters of the pietist movement known as the nadere reformatie (further reformation).
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Johannes Kelpius (; 1667 – 1708) was a German Pietist, mystic, musician, and writer, interested in the occult, botany, and astronomy, who came to believe with his followers in the "Society of the Woman in the Wilderness" that the end of the world would occur in 1694. This belief, based on an elaborate interpretation of a passage from the biblical Book of Revelation, anticipated the advent of a heavenly kingdom somewhere in the wilderness during that year. Kelpius felt that the seventeenth-century Province of Pennsylvania, given its reputation for religious toleration at the edge of a barely settled wilderness, was the best place to be. Philadelphia had been founded in 1682, but the city and the Province of Pennsylvania had quickly become a tolerant haven and refuge for many pietist, communitarian, or free-thinking groups who were leaving the Old World for the congenial religious climate of the British colony.
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Soap Lake, Washington The Evangelical Covenant Church and the Evangelical Free Church are denominations in the Radical Pietistic tradition that were founded by Scandinavian immigrants to the Americas. They, along with other Radical Pietistic churches, founded the International Federation of Free Evangelical Churches as an association of denominations around the world that "share the same Pietist approach to the faith and accept the Bible as their only creed".
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While pastoring a church in New Jersey, Gilbert Tennent became acquainted with Dutch Reformed minister Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen. Historian Sydney Ahlstrom described Frelinghuysen as "an important herald, if not the father of the Great Awakening". A pietist, Frelinghuysen believed in the necessity of personal conversion and living a holy life. The revivals he led in the Raritan Valley were "forerunners" of the Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies.
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In the late 1880s, Brown published a pamphlet entitled "The Devil's Mission of Amusement," that argued against the growing belief that churches ought to provide secular activities and amusements to attract non-church goers; for his pains he was called "a morbid pietist," "a sour bigot," "a kill-joy," and "a victim of religious melancholia."Murray, 127-28. Brown also opposed the use of musical instruments in worship.
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They were renovated from the ground up in 1971 and 1972. The Stumm organ comes from 1822. Beginning in 1606, the church’s crypt served as the burying place for the Grumbach feudal lords. Among Herren-Sulzbach’s pastors have been a few descendants of the well known Pietist Philipp Jakob Spener (1635-1705), such as Johann Karl Spener, Friedrich Wilhelm Spener, Friedrich Philipp Spener and August Ludwig Jakob Euler.
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In 1683 he got married, and during the next two years he travelled through Europe. In Sweden, he had learnt much theory, but in Europe he saw many practical approaches towards the Christian faith. Among them were the traditions of the Catholic Church in France, and the Pietist movement in Hamburg, Germany. When he got back to Stockholm he gave sermons in Stockholm, influenced by what he had seen in Europe.
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During the late 18th century the Radical Pietist movement throughout the Duchy of Württemberg increased again after having diminished over the previous decades. Many Pietists separated from church for religious reasons. In Württemberg, where Rottenacker belonged to, those religious dissenters were generally known as 'separatists'. Since 1785 the linen weaver George Rapp from Iptingen became the most important leader of the Separatists in Württemberg, directing about 2,000 followers.
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He was born at Saalfeld in the Electorate of Saxony, the son of a poor clergyman. He grew up in pietistic surroundings, which powerfully influenced him his life through, though he never became a Pietist. In his seventeenth year he entered the University of Halle, where he became the disciple, afterwards the assistant, and finally the literary executor of the orthodox rationalistic professor S. J. Baumgarten. He also wrote Latin poems.
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The Pietist, as an individual but even more as a Sage, was existentially responsible for the transgressions of his fellows, indeed for the transgressions of Jewish society as a whole Samuel's son Judah went farther and depicted him as the head of a sect. Two versions of the Sefer Hasidim exist, the Bologna Edition and the Parma MS Edition, and a debate about which one represents an earlier version persists.
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The 'Five Brothers Painting', a group portrait of the personalities of Württemberg Pietism - left to right, Johannes Schnaitmann, Anton Egeler, Johann Martin Schäffer, Immanuel Gottlieb Kolb, Johann Michael Hahn. Michael Hahn (2 February 1758, Altdorf bei Böblingen - 20 January 1819, Sindlingen, now known as Jettingen bei Herrenberg) was a German Pietist, Theosophist and the founder of the Hahn'schen Gemeinschaft. His alleged forename Johann does not appear on his birth certificate.
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At the time, Zelie was betrothed to Philip Louis Passavant, and was still in Germany. Extensive preparations were made by Baron Basse to establish the new home and town in America and prepare it for his daughter's arrival in September 1807. Baron Basse sold of his land to George Rapp, a Bavarian pietist religious leader, who founded the village of Harmony. Baron Basse came to be known as "Dr. Muller".
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Vocal music includes short poetic songs called stev, emigrant ballads which expressed nostalgia for Norway and express hope, despair and loss about life in the United States. By the 1930s the Finnish epic Kalevala was still read and sometimes sung.Levy, p. 873 For those whose social life centered on churches where music was prohibited by the Pietist and other movements, music was sometimes done at home or disguised as a game.
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Amalia Catharina (8 August 1640 – 4 January 1697), Countess of , was a German poet and composer. She was born in Arolsen to Count Philipp Theodor von Waldeck-Eisenberg and the Countess Marie Magdalene of Nassau-Siegen. In 1664, she married George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach, the son of George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg. She published a number of Pietist poems and songs in Hildburghausen in 1692.
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Großengstingen (Diocese of Chur) remained Catholic, while Kleinengstingen and Kohlstetten (both Württemberg) have been reformed to become Protestant (Evangelical Pietist) due to their different relations during the Reformation. Kleinengstingen belonged initially to the parish of St. Martin in Großengstingen, which was first mentioned in 1275. The Martin Church was built in the Rococo style by Zwiefalten Abbey 1717-1719. The parish includes today also the Catholics of Kleinengstingen and Kohlstetten.
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Christian Metz (1794–1867) was born in Germany and emigrated to the United States on October 26, 1842. Once in the U.S., he helped to create a colony for the Community of True Inspiration, a pietist sect. The first was named Ebenezer near what is now Buffalo, New York. In 1855, he relocated to Iowa along with the 1,200-strong congregation and assisted in the founding of the Amana Colonies.
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Using the Francke school of Halle (Saale) as a model, Theodor Gehr (died 1705), an official of Brandenburg-Prussia, founded a Pietist private school in Sackheim on 11 August 1698.Wiese, p. 151 It became a royal school of Frederick I, King in Prussia, on 4 March 1701.Armstedt, p. 119 For 16,000 guilder in 1703, it acquired the hall of Obermarschall von Creytzen on Collegiengasse in eastern LöbenichtAlbinus, p.
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The Prohibitionists, more of a movement than a party, focused their efforts on banning alcohol. Most party members came from pietist churches, and most were former Republicans. Only twelve states sent delegates to the convention, and the platform they agreed on was silent on most issues of the day, focusing instead on the evils of alcohol. For president, the Prohibitionists nominated Neal Dow, a Civil War general from Maine.
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It was "part-time" home of Louis McLane. The estate was founded by Augustine Herman, a Bohemian-born cartographer from Prague. Ephraim, the oldest son of Herman, was among the principal converts to the Labadist faith, a Frisian Pietist sect that practiced a form of Christian communism that emphasized asceticism, plain dress, gender equality, and universal priesthood. In 1863, Augustine Herman granted 3,750 acres (15 km2) of land to the Labadists to form a colony.
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Mulgrave's first husband, George Peter Thompson In 1842, when the Basel Mission recruitment team visited Jamaica, Americo-Liberian, George Peter Thompson fell in love with the then 16-year old Catherine Mulgrave. Born in 1819, Thompson was orphaned as a child, he was taken to Europe by the Basel missionary, the Rev. J. F. Sessing. He was raised in a Beuggen mission house in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, from where the Pietist movement originated.
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In the nineteenth century, the name Salem described a Christian village modelled after the Pietist village in Wurttemberg, many Basel missionaries hailed from. European Basel missionaries settled with their converts in Salem. The Christian quarter of the town had the church, the school and other buildings. The school was built around a quadrangle with the classrooms on one side, dormitories on the other and the headmaster's and teachers’ residences on the other side.
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He stayed in prison, and they gave him better conditions, so that he was able to hold meetings and prayers in his prison cell, together with the people of the growing radical-pietistic movement in Stockholm. Ulstadius died in 1732; he had then been in prison for 44 years, and was remembered long after, both in Finland and Sweden, as a forerunner for the pietist revival and for free revivals in general.
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Churches in the Radical Pietist movement include the Brethren in Christ Church (as well as the Calvary Holiness Church that separated from it), the Baptist General Conference, the Community of True Inspiration (Inspirationalists), members of the International Federation of Free Evangelical Churches (such as the Evangelical Covenant Church and the Evangelical Free Church), the Mennonite Brethren Church, the Templers, the Old Order River Brethren, the United Zion Church, and the Schwarzenau Brethren.
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His theological position was expressed in dogmatic and polemical terms, as he took on Arminians, Cartesians, the followers of Cocceius and Jesuits.Douglas H. Shantz, Between Sardis and Philadelphia: the life and world of Pietist court preacher Conrad Bröske (2008), p. 39; Google Books. Spanheim encouraged the Voetians to stamp their orthodoxy on the Leiden theological faculty, and in 1676 pushed for the publication of 20 deprecated positions, marking out the Cocceian/Cartesian views.
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The book is arranged following the liturgical year, with hymns designated for each Sunday and hymns for other church events. The book also contains some morning and evening hymns, and at the end 38 hymns with the Passion of Jesus as their theme. Guldberg's hymnal introduced some Pietist hymns from Pontoppidan's hymnal into use in Norwegian churches. When Niels Schiørring's book of melodies was added to Guldberg's hymnal, some new hymn melodies came into use.
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Theologia Germanica gained immense cachet in the Radical Reformation, and in later Lutheran and Pietist traditions. In 1528, Ludwig Haetzer republished Theologia Germanica with interpretive "Propositions" by the Radical Reformer Hans Denck. Towards the end of his life (1541–42), the radical Sebastian Franck produced a Latin paraphrase of the Haetzer version. Sebastian Castellio published Latin (1557) and French (1558) translations, after his break with John Calvin over the execution of Michael Servetus (1553).
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Two of the best-known ones in English are Children of the Heavenly Father (Tryggare kan ingen vara) and Day by day (Blott en dag).Inspiring Hymn Stories for Daily Devotions google. com. Retrieved: January 6, 2013 Jenny Lind, known worldwide as the "Swedish Nightingale", was also a pietist and popularized Sandell's hymns in America and wherever she sang. She additionally helped finance Ahnfelt's Andeliga Sånger (Sacred Songs), first published in 1850.
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In 2003, the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, another body with Mennonite and Pietist heritage, began pursuing an attempt to join their 200-some churches in the United States with the Missionary Church. The leadership of both denominations were firmly behind this. However, United Brethren members in the United States voted against the idea 56% to 44%, thereby halting the discussions. The Missionary Church is a member of the National Association of Evangelicals.
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Swedish historian Bengt Sundkler described them as "an apocalyptic-kiliastic pietist movement, the so-called Gråkoltarna [Greyfrocks] in Stockholm of the 1730s" who were "impoverished, destitute Swedes appearing in penitential grey coats". In prison, the women refused to work, attend religious service, convert back to the church or eat. They caused great concern with their statement that God had not given them permission to work. They were imprisoned in cells deprived of light and heating.
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Starting in 1984 he worked for twelve years for "Good Books" and "The People's Place" in Intercourse, Pennsylvania. In early 1997 he was hired at the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies where he worked until his death.Stephen Scott: Old Order and Conservative Mennonites Groups, Intercourse, PA 1996, page 252."Stephen Scott" at GoodBooks Jeff Bach: "In Memoriam Steve Scott (1948-2011)" in The Mennonite Quarterly Review, October 2012, page 147.
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He was born into a peasant family on 2 February 1758, at Altdorf near Stuttgart. At the age of seventeen he claimed to have had a vision lasting for three hours. From that time on he attended Pietist meetings, despite his father's opposition which drove him from his home. He became a preacher, living on the estate of Duchess Frances at Sindlingen near Herrenberg in Württemberg, where he died on 20 January 1819.
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Pierson's father was a merchant in Amsterdam, his mother an author of pietist works. The family was prominent in the Christian revival movement of the Reveil and attended the meetings of Isaac da Costa and Nicolaas Beets. Pierson studied theology at Utrecht University, where he was influenced by Opzoomer. He became a Protestant minister in Leuven in 1854, and in 1857 in the Walloon church in Rotterdam, where he was highly esteemed.
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Francke Foundation: Orphanage (Engraving, 1749) The Francke Foundations (Franckesche Stiftungen), also known as Glauchasche Anstalten in Halle, were founded in 1695 as a Christian, social and educational work by August Hermann Francke (1663–1727), a Pietist, theologian and university professor in Halle, Germany. Francke Foundations are today a modern educational cosmos closely connected with their history. The Francke Foundations are on the German proposal list as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1999.
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When his castle was ready, Henry X finally married, on 29 November 1694, in Laubach with Erdmuthe Benigna (1670-1732), daughter of Count John Frederick of Solms-Laubach. Both spouses were seen as extremely pious. They were close friends of the Pietist-pedagogue August Hermann Francke from Halle, and later with the Count Nikolaus Ludwig of Zinzendorf, who would marry their daughter Erdmuthe Dorothea. Ebersdorf soon became a center of the Pietism in Thuringia.
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Among "low church" Liberal Protestant, Protestant, Confessing Evangelical, or Pietist Lutherans, Evangelical Catholic Lutheranism is seen as a violation of Reformation ideals. While the Church authorities have often by various actions tried to prevent the formation of Catholic parishes within the European State Churches, the Catholic movement has been preserved by many confraternities, religious orders, and monastic communities. It is growing in countries such as Norway.Katolsk infiltrasjon i Statskirken... - Mens Vi Venter, nr.
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The Frankean Synod was a Lutheran church body in North America in the 19th century. The Synod was formed by Lutheran pastors in New York who were dissatisfied with their church's position on slavery in 1837. The Synod was named in memory of the Pietist leader of the Foundation at the University of Halle, August Hermann Francke. The Frankean Synod was noted for its socially progressive views: it was strongly abolitionist, pro-temperance, and pacifist.
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426 In 1688, the Finnish Radical Pietist Lars Ulstadius ran down the main aisle of Turku Cathedral naked while screaming that the disgrace of Finnish clergymen would be revealed, like his current disgrace. The last famous orthodox Lutheran theologian before the rationalist Aufklärung, or Enlightenment, was David Hollatz. Late orthodox theologian Valentin Ernst Löscher took part in the controversy against Pietism. Medieval mystical traditions continued in the works of Martin Moller, Johann Arndt, and Joachim Lütkemann.
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The school originated in a realschule founded by the Pietist Johann Julius Hecker in 1747, the first secondary school in Berlin. On its 50th anniversary in 1797 the school was renamed after Friedrich Wilhelm III, who had succeeded his father as King of Prussia earlier in that year, and wanted to improve the successful secondary school. He gave money for an extra building to house the expanded school. The school buildings were located on Friedrichstrasse in the Friedrichstadt district.
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Lars Levi Laestadius (10 January 1800 – 21 February 1861) was a Swedish pastor and administrator of the Swedish state Lutheran church in Lapland who founded the Laestadian pietist revival movement to help his largely Sami congregations, who were being ravaged by alcoholism. Laestadius was also a noted botanist and an author. Laestadius himself became a teetotaller (except for his ongoing use of wine in holy Communion)L. L. Laestadius, The Voice of One Crying in the Wilderness , Trans.
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He grew up in Askim, and has been a devout Christian since the age of 18, when a friend invited him to a Christian camp. Only two years later, he had learned the guitar and piano, and released his first record as a part of the duo Arild og Arnold. In 1973, he started two gospel choirs, Tvers and Mini-Tvers. With these choirs Børud became a pioneer in introducing gospel music to Norwegian Pietist congregations.
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Johannes Emde was born in Arolsen, Germany in 1774 and died in Surabaya in 1859. In Indonesia, Emde lived in Surabaya, earning his living as a watchmaker, and married a Javanese woman from the Solo kraton. He was a Pietist, and was already living in Surabaya when he started preaching in about 1815. Emde did his missionary work by asking children to spread the Gospel of Mark as translated by Bruchner to literate people at the markets.
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The movement was founded 13 September 1861 in the village of Stenlille on Zealand. The movement's origins derive from pietist and Lutheran orthodox traditions. The term Inner Mission implies a domestic mission targeted at those who are already Christians, as opposed to the many organisations dedicated to undertaking missions in foreign countries and among pagans. The movement was influential in temperance work, various collective initiatives in rural communities, and other efforts to 'civilise' the people of the 19th century.
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The four other bells were all cast in 1860. The interior is supported by 14 monolithic columns made of sandstone and has a free-standing pulpit in the northern part of the nave. Much like the St. Pierre Cathedral in Geneva, the Church of the Holy Ghost holds about 2,000 people and is one of the largest Protestant churches in Switzerland. From 1693 to 1698 the hospital's chief minister was the Pietist theologian, Samuel Heinrich König.
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Their history is one of the most intriguing of the Radical Pietistic movement in Scandinavia. It started about 1720 with the "Eriksson brothers" among the Swedish population of west Finland. These two former officers in the Swedish Army preached the Pietist spirituality, why they were soon brought before court, having denied some of the doctrines of the Lutheran Church of Sweden. After a seven-year-long trial they arrived in Stockholm in 1733 to be officially exiled.
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Countess Henrietta Benigna Justine Zinzendorf, born in Berthelsdorf in Saxony on December 28, 1725, was the daughter of Count Nicolaus Zinzendorf and Countess Erdmuth Dorthea (Reuss) Zinzendorf. She was among the four of twelve children who lived past the age of five. The four children, born between 1725 and 1738, were Benigna, Christian Renatus, Maria Agnes, and Elizabeth. Her parents, Pietist Lutherans, lived in a manor house in Berthelsdorf until Benigna was two years of age.
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Original of the Herrenberg Altar in the Stuttgart State Gallery The Herrenberg Altarpiece () is a winged altarpiece, that was created between 1518 and 1521 for the Brethren of the Common Life, a German Roman Catholic pietist community. It was built as a high altar for the collegiate church in Herrenberg in the state of Württemberg, now part of southwest Germany. Today the altarpiece, which has only survived in part, is in the possession of the Stuttgart State Gallery.
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Christoph Schütz (November 6, 1689 in Umstadt, Germany - January 4, 1750 in Bad Homburg, Germany) was a pietist writer and a songbook publisher. Schütz's book, Die Güldene Rose. . . von der Wiederbringung Aller Dinge (The Golden Rose . . . on the Restoration of All Things) influenced George Rapp and his Harmony Society so much at one point that they used the symbol of the rose and the Bible verse Micah 4:8 as the symbol of their communal society for a couple of years.
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In approving his marriage to Regina Hesse, the committee saw the Hesse family's local mercantile connections as beneficial to Basel Mission trading activities. The couple had eight children but three died at an early age. All surviving children worked with the Basel Mission in one capacity or the other. The oldest son became an employee of the Basel Mission Trading Company while her two younger sons went to the Basel Mission Seminary in Switzerland and were consecrated as Pietist priests.
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25 (Although this reference specifically mentions Saxony, government promoted rationalism was a trend across Germany) As a result of the impact of a local form of rationalism, termed Neology, by the latter half of the 18th century, genuine piety was found almost solely in small Pietist conventicles. However, some of the laity preserved Lutheran orthodoxy from both Pietism and rationalism through reusing old catechisms, hymnbooks, postils, and devotional writings, including those written by Johann Gerhard, Heinrich Müller and Christian Scriver.
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The most important leader of the Awakening in central Europe was Nicolaus Zinzendorf, a Saxon noble who studied under pietist leader August Hermann Francke at Halle University. In 1722, Zinzendorf invited members of the Moravian Church to live and worship on his estates, establishing a community at Herrnhut. The Moravians came to Herrnhut as refugees, but under Zinzendorf's guidance, the group enjoyed a religious revival. Soon, the community became a refuge for other Protestants as well, including German Lutherans, Reformed Christians and Anabaptists.
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Montgomery County is religiously diverse. Of Montgomery County's population, according to the Associations of Religion Data, 13% is Catholic, 5% is Baptist, 4% is Evangelical Protestant, 3% is Jewish, 3% is Methodist/Pietist, 2% is Adventist, 2% is Presbyterian, 1% is Episcopalian/Anglican, 1% is Mormon, 1% is Muslim, 1% is Lutheran, 1% is Eastern Orthodox, 1% is Pentecostal, 1% is Buddhist, and 1% is Hindu. The Seventh-day Adventist Church maintains its General Conference headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland.
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Shawe quotes Zinzendorf's remark that 'The Apostles say: "We believe we have salvation through the grace of Jesus Christ ...." If I can only teach a person that catechism I have made him a divinity scholar for all time'.Shawe (1977), p 9 From this simplicity flow secondary qualities of genuineness and practicality. Happiness is the natural and spontaneous response to God's free and gracious gift of salvation. Again Shawe quotes Zinzendorf: 'There is a difference between a genuine Pietist and a genuine Moravian.
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Jean de Labadie Jean de Labadie (13 February 1610 – 13 February 1674) was a 17th-century French pietist. Originally a Roman Catholic Jesuit priest, he became a member of the Reformed Church in 1650, before founding the community which became known as the Labadists in 1669. At its height the movement numbered around 600 with thousands of adherents further afield. It attracted some notable female converts such as the famed poet and scholar, Anna Maria van Schurman, and the entomological artist Maria Merian.
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The Amana Colony stems from a religious movement started in 1714 in Germany by Eberhard L. Gruber and Johann F. Rock. They had both grown displeased with the dogmatism of the Lutheran Church and began to study the Pietist teachings of Philipp Spener. Gruber and Rock fervently spread their beliefs and gained a following originally known as the New Spiritual Economy. They believed that God communicated through individuals with the "gift of inspiration", just as he did in the days of the prophets.
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Despite that minor victory, Dow began to sour on the Republican party, believing them insufficiently committed to his cause and disappointed at their failure to protect the rights of Southern blacks as Reconstruction came to an end. Other temperance advocates felt the same way, and some had organized a new Prohibition Party in 1869. The Prohibitionists focused their efforts on banning alcohol to the exclusion of all other issues. Most party members came from pietist churches, and most, like Dow, were former Republicans.
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The Dunkard Brethren have their roots in a Protestant movement known as Schwarzenau Brethren or Dunkards. This movement began in 1708, when Alexander Mack and seven other believers conducted baptism of new members by immersion in the Eder river in Germany. The Church of the Brethren represented the largest body of churches that descended from this original pietist and Anabaptist movement. For the history until 1926 see Church of the Brethren: Early history and Church of the Brethren: The Great Schism.
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Pfander had been posted to Agra to evangelize Muslims and also to assist the already working German missionary colleagues, who like Pfander had been exiled from Central Asia by the Tsar's prohibition on any further Pietist missionary activity.Schirrmacher, Christine: Mit den Waffen des Gegners. Christlich-muslimische Kontroversen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, dargestellt am Beispiel der Auseinandersetzung um Karl Gottlieb Pfanders „Mizan al-haqq“ und Rahmatullah ibn Halil al-´Utmani al Karanawis „Izhar al-haqq“ und der Diskussion über das Barnabasevangelium.
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Johann Matthias Schröckh (1733-1808) Johann Matthias Schröckh (July 26, 1733 - August 1, 1808) was an Austrian-German historian and literary scholar born in Vienna. He was a grandson to Pietist preacher Matthias Bel (1684-1749). In 1751 he began his studies at the University of Göttingen, where he had as instructors, church historian Johann Lorenz von Mosheim (1693-1755) and Orientalist Johann David Michaelis (1717-1791). He continued his education at the University of Leipzig, earning his master's degree in 1755.
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The Danish mission was the first Protestant mission in India and from its inception, was staffed by German missionaries trained at Pietist schools and seminary founded by Francke at the end of 17th century. A Tamil-Latin dictionary containing 9000 words was compiled there by a medical missionary named Friedrich Koenig in 1778, whose source letters are stored in the royal archives.Danish National Archives 2012, p. 158 The fort is featured in a large number of videos, films and commercials.
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Steven M. Nolt (born 1968) is an American scholar who serves as Senior Scholar and Professor of History and Anabaptist Studies at the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College. The author of fifteen books, most of which focus on Amish and Mennonite history and culture, Nolt is a frequent source for journalists and other researching Anabaptist groups. He was often quoted in the aftermath of the 2006 West Nickel Mines School shooting at Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania.
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This evangelical religious movement spread to the Continent and emerged in Germany chiefly out of Pietist groups through the work of Julius Anton von Poseck, William Henry Darby and Carl Brockhaus. By the 1850s the resultant group had a focal point in Elberfeld and are known to the present as the Elberfelder Brethren. They have branches throughout Germany and Switzerland and beyond. A translation of the Bible into German was produced by this group and is known as the Elberfelder Bibel.
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After searching for a church that taught New Testament discipleship and finding none in their area, they committed to follow the Lord's teaching regardless of the cost. They rejected established state churches, including infant baptism, existing Eucharistic practices, and the use of force to punish dissenters. The founding Brethren were broadly influenced by Radical Pietist understandings of an invisible, nondenominational church of awakened Christians who would fellowship together in purity and love, awaiting Christ's return. These eight Christians referred to themselves as "brethren," and New Baptists ().
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This is a common feature in Paul's epistles. Except in Galatians, Paul thanks or blesses God for the good things he has heard about a particular church in the beginning of his letters. In this epistle, Paul mixes it with his prayer for the church (1:3–4) and with joy (1:5), "a combination he will recommend in 4:6". Lutheran pietist Johann Albrecht Bengel says that the whole letter can this be summarised: "The sum of the epistle is, I rejoice, rejoice ye".
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Wesley's Sunday Service was an adaptation of the Book of Common Prayer for use by American Methodists. In his Watch Night service, he made use of a pietist prayer now generally known as the Wesley Covenant Prayer, perhaps his most famous contribution to Christian liturgy. He was a noted hymn-writer, translator and compiler of a hymnal. Wesley also wrote on physics and medicine, such as in The Desideratum, subtitled Electricity made Plain and Useful by a Lover of Mankind and of Common Sense (1759).
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The Harmony Society was a Christian theosophy and pietist society founded in Iptingen, Germany, in 1785. Due to religious persecution by the Lutheran Church and the government in Württemberg,Robert Paul Sutton, Communal Utopias and the American Experience: Religious Communities (2003) p. 38 the Harmony Society moved to the United States in 1803–1804, initially purchasing 3,000 acres (12 km²) of land in Butler County, Pennsylvania. On February 15, 1805, they, together with about 400 followers, formally organized the Harmony Society, placing all their goods in common.
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2, no. 1, 1988 The Engels were a pietist, fiercely Calvinist family with solid beliefs in predestination and the rejection of forms of worldly pleasure. Hardwork and prayer were mantras: and they saw no contradictions in creating vast wealth while neighbours, their employees remained in poverty; as that was their destiny. From Rhineland farming stock, the family's prosperity began when Johann Casper Engels (1715-1787) arrived in Barmen and saw that the crystal clear lime free waters of the Wupper was idea for linen bleaching.
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The construction material is fieldstone, and the roof is made of shake. Internally, the church is characterised by the undecorated walls, the flat ceiling and the curious pulpit, built in 1753 on top of a medieval altar and constructed by carpenter Magnus Granlund. The latter reflects a pietist tradition within Lutheranism that places the oral sermon in the centre of the life of the church. A triumphal cross from the 12th century originally from Läby Church is currently on display at the Swedish History Museum.
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The official seal of the Universalist General Convention American Universalism developed from the influence of various Pietist and Anabaptist movements in Europe, including Quakers, Moravians, Methodists, Lutherans, Schwenkfelders, Schwarzenau Brethren, and others. Pietists emphasized individual piety and zeal and, following Zinzendorf, a "religion of the heart."A similar idea was developed by FDE Schleiermacher Early followers were most often German in ancestry. The majority of the early American Universalists lived in the Mid- Atlantic colonies, though Rhode Island also had a fair number of followers.
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Madame Zeller was the daughter of a Swiss clergyman. The Zeller family was important in regards to two major pietist centers during the 19th century: Schloss Beuggen, a teachers' training college, and Mannedorf in the Canton of Zürich. In the year 1819, Mr. Zeller received the call to begin a home for destitute children, in Beuggen near Bâle; and he soon joined to it the institution for training poor schoolmasters. His great love for, and devotion to, the work, caused it to increase from year to year.
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Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania The Harmony Society was a Christian theosophy and pietist society founded in Iptingen, Germany, in 1785. Due to religious persecution by the Lutheran Church and the government in Württemberg, the group moved to the United States,Robert Paul Sutton, Communal Utopias and the American Experience: Religious Communities (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004) p. 38. where representatives initially purchased land in Butler County, Pennsylvania. On February 15, 1805, the group of approximately 400 followers formally organized the Harmony Society, placing all their goods in common.
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70-71 Despite problems in the state's large agricultural sector, La Follette did not have the appeal in Kansas he had in more northerly areas of the Midwest, as isolationism was much weaker in this largely Anglo-Saxon Protestant state and Bryan-era pietist Democratic support struck a different cultural vein from La Follette's largely Catholic and Lutheran backers.Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 420, 424 Unlike the Bryanites, La Follette's base strongly opposed the Ku Klux Klan, which was widely popular in Kansas, and was focused on farm cooperatives.
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Along with Theodor Kliefoth and August Friedrich Christian Vilmar, he promoted agreement with the Roman Catholic Church with regard to the authority of the institutional church, ex opere operato effectiveness of the sacraments, and the divine authority of clergy. Unlike Catholics, however, they also urged complete agreement with the Book of Concord. alt= The Neo-Lutheran movement managed to slow secularism and counter atheistic Marxism, but it did not fully succeed in Europe. It partly succeeded in continuing the Pietist movement's drive to right social wrongs and focus on individual conversion.
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He was a Lutheran minister and a schoolteacher who, due to contacts with early pietist literature, came to be tormented by religious doubt, guilt, and general anxiety. He first caused a stir in the beginning of the 1680s by blowing up his philosophical works in Oulu with gunpowder. He also renounced his priesthood in the Lutheran church and his schoolteacher job. He then fell ill (or so it was thought by those who didn't understand his prophetic calling), and for about two years he neither washed himself nor had his hair or beard cut.
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Zinzendorf was born just a month after the spiritual awakening experience on August 13, 1727, that signaled the renewal of the Ancient Unity of Brethren, in which Moravian exiles on the lands of his father committed themselves to a life in Christ. Both his parents were deeply committed to this ideal. His father and his mother, née Countess Erdmuthe Dorothea Reuss-Ebersdorf, came from Pietist families that stressed the indwelling of the spirit. His parents considered their relationship to be a marriage of champions in which the goal was serving Christ.
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In Sweden, Pietism roused similar opposition, and a law of 1726 forbade all conventicles conducted by laymen, though private devotional meetings under the direction of the clergy were permitted, this law not being repealed until 1858. Philipp Jakob Spener called for such associations in his Pia Desideria, and they were the foundation of the German Evangelical Lutheran Pietist movement. Due to concern over possibly mixed-gender meetings, sexual impropriety, and subversive sectarianism conventicles were condemned first by mainstream Lutheranism and then by the Pietists within decades of their inception.
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As a champion of Lutheran orthodoxy, Mayer later became one of Spener's most troublesome opponents. In 1692–93 there was a serious controversy among the senior pastors in Hamburg concerning the admissibility of Pietist conventicles. Mayer vehemently rejected them, along with Pietism in general, while , the senior pastor at St. Nicholas', approved them, supported by Abraham Hinckelmann, senior pastor at St. Catherine's, and , senior pastor at St. Michael's. Mayer prevailed and Horb was removed from his post; after Mayer's departure, however, Winckler, who had formerly acted as mediator, became the senior minister in Hamburg.
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After the merger the PCA membership was 706 churches, 116,788 communicant members, and 1,276 teaching elders. In 1986 the PCA again invited the Orthodox Presbyterian Church to join them, but without success. Not everyone agreed with the decision. In the four years after 1986, there was a voluntary realignment as congregations left the OPC for the PCA, mainly from California, Montana and Pennsylvania, but also from as far as Alaska. By the 1970s, the OPC had grown a new ‘pietist/revivalist’ wing under the influence of Jack Miller.
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The Evangelische Brüdergemeinde Kornthal (Evangelical United Brethren of Kornthal) had about 600 inhabitants in the 1860s. The church's estate in Kornthal had been very small district since the Pietist community was founded in 1819. Many of its residents worked away from the community and took advantage of the opening of the Zuffenhausen station on the Württemberg Central Railway in 1846. When the parliament of Württemberg decided to build the Black Forest Railway through the Strohgäu district on 13 August 1865, it was not certain that a station would be established in Korntal.
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Stormtroopers holding German Christians propaganda during the Church Council elections on July 23, 1933 at St. Mary's Church, Berlin. The Neo-Lutheran movement managed to slow secularism and counter atheistic Marxist socialism, but it did not fully succeed in Europe. It partly succeeded in continuing the Pietist movement's drive to right social wrongs and focus on individual conversion. The Neo- Lutheran call to renewal failed to achieve widespread popular acceptance because it was rooted in a lofty, idealistic Romanticism that did not connect with an increasingly industrialized and secularized Europe.
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During his minority Frederick had been educated by his pious Calvinist, Pietist and humanist tutor Alexander von Sinclair (father of the future diplomat Isaac von Sinclair). He was criticised for over-educating Frederick but answered "Is he called to be a huntsman or one of the high-born wastrels with whom Germany is teeming? Should he spend his time gaming, hunting and walking or will he instead need to read the reports and expert opinions of his councillors and make decisions about them?" Fried Lübbecke: Kleines Vaterland Homburg vor der Höhe.
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Pietism, a reformist group within Lutheranism, forged a political alliance with the King of Prussia based on a mutual interest in breaking the dominance of the Lutheran state church. The Prussian Kings, Calvinists among Lutherans, feared the influence of the Lutheran state church and its close connections with the provincial nobility, while Pietists suffered from persecution by the Lutheran orthodoxy. Bolstered by royal patronage, Pietism replaced the Lutheran church as the effective state religion by the 1760s. Pietist theology stressed the need for "inner spirituality" (), to be found through the reading of Scripture.
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Lechler was born on 26 July 1824 to pastor and Pietist Gottlob Lechler. He initially joined the merchant industry as an apprentice. During this time, an illness in which he contracted resulted in his Christian faith being strengthened and in 1844 committed himself to becoming a missionary by entering a Mission school run by the Basel Mission. It was during this time that he became acquainted with Theodore Hamberg W. Schlatter, Rudolf Lechler: A Biography of the Basel Mission in China (Basel Mission Bookshop, 1911), pp. 1–23.
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Quarried in France, the buhrstones, a type of millstone, were carefully dressed by specially trained craftsmen so as to form two level, gritty surfaces that would pulverize the grain between them."History of the Graue Mill and Museum", DuPage Graue Mill Corporation/Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, accessed March 13, 2007. Graue and his family were Pietist Germans who opposed American slavery. The mill is one of three authenticated Illinois stops on the Underground Railroad, the subversive movement that helped fugitive slaves escape from the American South to Canada.
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The River Brethren of the 18th century also held to a firm reliance on the centricity of Scripture. As their Pietist lifestyles and their beliefs regarding baptism continued to develop, they began to distance themselves from other Anabaptist denominations, such as the Mennonites and German Baptists, of which groups they had previously been a part. Jacob Engle is noted as one of the early leaders (sometimes considered the "founder" of the BIC Church) who promoted this position. The first confessional statement of this group was formulated around 1780.
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The persecution that Rapp and his followers experienced caused them to leave Germany and come to the United States in 1803.Robert Paul Sutton, Communal Utopias and the American Experience: Religious Communities (2003) p. 38 Rapp was a Pietist, and a number of his beliefs were shared by the Anabaptists, as well as groups such as the Shakers. Rapp's religious beliefs and philosophy were the cement that held his community together both in Germany and in America – a Christian community and commune, which in America organized as the Harmony Society.
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He was a close friend of the Lutheran theologian and Pietist leader Philipp Jakob Spener during the early development of Spener's movement in Frankfurt. From 1680 to 1682, he worked as a tutor accompanying a young nobleman during his Wanderjahr through Germany, England, France, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Pastorius' biography reveals increasing dissatisfaction with the Lutheran church and state of his German youth in the Age of Absolutism. As a young adult his Christian morality even strained the relationship with his father Melchior Adam (1624–1702), a wealthy lawyer and burgomaster in Windsheim.
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His group officially split with the Lutheran Church in 1785 and was promptly banned from meeting. The persecution that Rapp and his followers experienced caused them to leave Germany and come to the United States in 1803. Rapp was a Pietist, and a number of his beliefs were shared by the Anabaptists, as well as groups such as the Shakers. Rapp's religious beliefs and philosophy were the cement that held his community together both in Germany and in America – a Christian community and commune, which in America organized as the Harmony Society.
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She came from the German Jewry's elite. She married the famous theologist Eleazar of Worms, a leader of the Ḥasidei Ashkenaz, the German-Jewish pietist movement. While her spouse devoted his time to his religious pursuits, she took responsibility for the family's economy and business, and she is known in history as the economic support for an extensive household, including children, students, and teachers. She conducted a business in parchment scrolls in order to support the family and enable her spouse to devote all his time to study.
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Louis Frederick was the son of Albert Anton of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and his wife, the poet and pietist, Countess Emilie Juliane of Barby-Mühlingen. Between May 1687 and October 1688, he made a Grand Tour, accompanied by his Hofmeister Johann von Asseburg. He was received at the Palace of Versailles by King Louis XIV and in Vienna by Emperor Leopold I. He was also received by Duke Frederick I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, whose daughter Anna Sophie he would marry on 15 October 1691 at Friedenstein Castle in Gotha. The pair would have 15 children.
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In the following up Wolff was accused by Francke of fatalism and atheism. In November he had to leave the city within 48 hours; his successors were Joachim Lange, a pietist, and his son. According to Jonathan I. Israel "the conflict became one of the most significant cultural confrontations of the eighteenth century and perhaps the most important of the Enlightenment in Central Europe and the Baltic countries before the French Revolution." What happened in Halle should not be seen as an isolated case, but as trendy and fashionable.
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Despite problems in the state's agricultural sector, La Follette did not have the appeal in Oklahoma he had in more northerly areas of the Plains. Isolationism was weaker in this heavily Southern, Protestant state and Bryan-era pietist Democratic support struck a different cultural vein from La Follette's largely Catholic and Lutheran backers.Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 420, 424 Unlike the Bryanites, La Follette's base strongly opposed the Ku Klux Klan, which dominated politics in Oklahoma at the time, and was focused on farm cooperatives.
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Throughout his leadership of the Maryland Temperance Alliance, Daniel remained a member of the Republican Party, but in 1884 he left to join the small Prohibition Party. Like Daniel, most party members came from pietist churches, and most were former Republicans. Elected as the head of the Maryland branch of the party, he attended the 1884 Prohibition Party National Convention in Pittsburgh. After being selected as temporary chairman of the convention, the delegates chose Daniel to be nominated for vice president alongside the presidential nominee, John St. John.
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The effects of Calvinism could be seen in crime rates, in education, in military effectiveness, in financial responsibility, and many other parts of Dutch and Prussian social life, all of which increased their ability to form bureaucratic states. Where in the Netherlands the effect of Calvinism was from the ground upwards, as most of its population was indeed Calvinist, in Prussia—where most of the population was Lutheran and only the royal house was Calvinist—the effect was from the rulers downwards (to some extent through the Pietist Lutheran movement, which was influenced by Calvinism).
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In 1847 Bismarck, aged thirty-two, was chosen as a representative to the newly created Prussian legislature, the Vereinigter Landtag. There, he gained a reputation as a royalist and reactionary politician with a gift for stinging rhetoric; he openly advocated the idea that the monarch had a divine right to rule. His selection was arranged by the Gerlach brothers, fellow Pietist Lutherans whose ultra-conservative faction was known as the "Kreuzzeitung" after their newspaper, the Neue Preußische Zeitung, which was so nicknamed because it featured an Iron Cross on its cover.Steinberg, 2011, p. 93.
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In writing this book, not only did Knutzen show how strongly rooted his thinking was in Königsberg's theological debate, but he also revealed his intimate knowledge of what had until then been an unknown aspect of British philosophy. The book also offers a good picture of Knutzen's theological standpoint. This work originally appeared as a series of articles in the “Königsberger Intelligenzblätter” (Knutzen, 1745). This way, Knutzen brought a breath of fresh, modern and advanced air into the Prussian cultural milieu dominated by Franz Albert Schultz’s Pietist theology.
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At this time Schelling was influenced also by Franz Xaver von Baader and the writings of Jakob Böhme. In fact Of Human Freedom contains explicit references to Baader's doctrine of evil, and Böhme's schematic creation myths, and uses the term theosophy; a detailed mapping of Böhme's thought onto Schelling's argument in the Freiheitsschrift has been carried out by Paola Mayer.Mayer pp. 197-209. On the other hand Robert Schneider and Ernst Benz have argued for the more direct influence of the pietist Johann Albrecht Bengel and theosophist Friedrich Christoph Oetinger.
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Dorothea Charlotte was a daughter of the Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1620–1667), from his second marriage to Sophia Margaret of Oettingen-Oettingen (1634–1664), daughter of Joachim Ernest of Oettingen-Oettingen. On 1 December 1687 she married Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. He was under the guardianship of his mother, Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg until 1688. Dorothea Charlotte was a pietist and exerted some influence upon the affairs of state in favour of the pietists in the first years of her marriage.
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It later became a member of the Conference of the Norwegian-Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. Under the increasing influence of the Haugean pietist movement among Norwegian American clergy and parishes, it joined a group originally called the Friends of Augsburg, which subsequently became the Lutheran Free Church. Later, when it began to call its pastors from clergy of The American Lutheran Church, it became a member of that body. It became a member of the ELCA when the American Lutheran Church merged with two other Lutheran synods.
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Bethge was born in Warchau, Landkreis Jerichow II, Province of Saxony, the Kingdom of Prussia, near Magdeburg, on August 29, 1909. He attended several universities, as is customary for theology students in Germany, before attending the underground Finkenwalde Seminary in Pomerania where Bonhoeffer taught in the name of Germany's Confessing Church (part of the anti-Nazi resistance). Bethge became Bonhoeffer's close friend and confidant. With the help of pietist congregations within the old-Prussian Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania the seminary would be relocated twice after Nazi-imposed closures.
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Adventism in Norway came from the Pietist revival that was caused by Norwegian Lutheran preacher Hans Nielsen Hauge. Evidence suggests that four families in southern Norway became the nucleus of Norwegian Adventism after discovering the seventh-day Sabbath, though it is not believed to have been the result of contact from keepers of the Sabbath. Instead, it is believed that it was derived from their reading of the Bible. The Danish American John Gottlieb Matteson came to Norway in 1878 and began working as a missionary for the Seventh-day Adventists.
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Rapp was summoned to Maulbronn for an interrogation, and the government confiscated Separatist books. When released in 1803, from a brief time in prison, Rapp told his followers to pool their assets and follow him on a journey for safety to the "land of Israel" in the United States, and soon over 800 people were living with him there. The Harmonites were Christian pietist Separatists who split from the Lutheran Church in the late 18th century. Under the leadership of George Rapp, the group left Württemberg, Germany, and came to the United States in 1803.
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King Frederik IV of Denmark restructured his army in 1715–1718 in order to obtain a large but not too expensive army, because of the Great Nordic War which took place in 1700–1721. He designated 12 regions to provide cavalry, and one of them was Frederiksborg. Being a pietist, he also ordered each of these regions to build 20 schools each in very high quality for the education of the children in the regions, providing the first public schools in Denmark. This decision was made March 28, 1721, and all schools were established in 1727.
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Another revival that led to the formation of a denomination known as the Evangelical Christians (, Yevangel'skiye khristane) which first appeared in 1909 when a British missionary, Granville Radstock, started preaching among the imperial Russian aristocracy. Led by the engineer Ivan Prokhanov and mostly rooted in the Pietist tradition, they formed a nationwide association in St Petersburg, the All-Russian Evangelical Christian Union. Prokhanov's parents had left the Spiritual Christian Molokan faith, and many Molokane transformed to his similar but more organized faith form. These evangelical groups came under pressure in Soviet times, with many adherents being incarcerated or deported.
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Tim Keller suggests that they were "made to feel unwelcome" in the OPC, since their "pietist/revivalist" outlook "did not fit well with the more doctrinalist cast of the OPC."Keller, Tim. What's so great about the PCA Gary North argued in 1991 that these churches "have not officially departed from confessional orthodoxy," but that "their focus has not been on traditional confessional preaching and Calvinist doctrine." The theological foundation of Sonship theology has been summarized by its proponents as "sanctification by faith".Neil H. Williams, The Theology of Sonship (Jenkintown, PA: World Harvest Mission, 2002), 7.
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The Church of the Brethren is a Christian denomination with origins in the Schwarzenau Brethren ( "Schwarzenau New Baptists") that was organized in 1708 by Alexander Mack in Schwarzenau, Germany, as a melding of the Radical Pietist and Anabaptist movements. The denomination holds the New Testament as its only creed. Historically, the church has taken a strong stance for nonresistance or pacifism—it is one of the three historic peace churches, alongside the Mennonites and Quakers. Distinctive practices include believers baptism by trine immersion; a threefold love feast consisting of feet washing, a fellowship meal, and communion; anointing for healing; and the holy kiss.
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He became close to Richard Rothe at the seminary, the most original proponent of "mediation theology" (Vermittelungstheologie). While a candidate for an ecclesiastical position Rupp followed the accepted Pietist position. After graduation he was a private tutor for a few months, then taught at the Royal and City Schools for boys from 1832–35, while also lecturing at the university as "Privat docent" on literature, history and philosophy. He caused a stir by expressing his concern with the revivalist preaching of Hermann Olshausen, Königsberg professor of theology, which had several times caused mental breakdowns among attendees.
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In verses 39-40, the family returns to Nazareth in Galilee, where Jesus grows and becomes strong and wise. He receives God's favour or grace. Unlike the apocryphal gospels, no preternatural stories of Jesus' childhood are found in Luke, or indeed any of the four canonical gospels. Verse 40 is echoed in verse 52: Lutheran pietist Johann Bengel suggests that verse 40 refers to the period from his first to his twelfth year, when Jesus grew in body, whereas verse 52 covers the period from his twelfth to his thirtieth year, when his progress is a spiritual increase towards "full perfection".
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In 1594, the Polish royal court tribunal attempted to restore Catholic services to St. Mary's, but the City Council rejected that approach. But as a compromise, since the Catholic kings of Poland had been the nominal heads of the City since the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), the Council authorised building the baroque Catholic Royal Chapel. It was erected by Tylman van Gameren (Gamerski) and completed in 1681, near St. Mary's Church, for the king's Catholic service when he visited Danzig. With St. Mary's pastor Constantin Schütz (1646–1712) a moderate pietist theology replaced the previously dominant Lutheran orthodoxy.
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Maulana Abdullah Ghaznavi (1811–1881) was an Afghan-Indian Muslim scholar and pietist. A pupil of Sayyid Nazir Husain, he was exiled from his native Ghazni, Afghanistan on account of his adherence to and propagation of Ahl-i Hadith doctrines and had settled in Amritsar, Punjab, where he soon began attracting his own circle of students and admirers."The Ghaznawi family", Umm-Ul-Qura Publications According to political scientist Dietrich Reetz, Abdullah Ghaznavi represented the ascetic tradition within the leadership of the early Ahl-i Hadith movement in contrast to those who reflected the sect's increasing popularity among the urban elites.
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He was a Research Fellow at Elizabethtown College's Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies and directed the Brethren Member Profile 2006, the second nationally representative survey of Brethren in the United States. Bowman was Chair of the Department of Sociology at Bridgewater College in Bridgewater, Virginia from 1988 until 2007. He has served as Director of Survey Research for the University of Virginia's Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture since 1995. Bowman has designed social surveys on political and moral culture that were fielded by the Gallup Organization and was a statistical software consultant for SYSTAT Software.
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The Engels family house at Barmen (now in Wuppertal), Germany Friedrich Engels was born on 28 November 1820 in Barmen, Rhine Province, Prussia (now Wuppertal, Germany) as eldest son of Friedrich Engels Sr. (1796–1860) and of Elisabeth "Elise" Franziska Mauritia von Haar (1797–1873).A copy of Friedrich Engels's birth certificate appears on page 577 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Volume 2 (New York: International Publishers, 1975). The wealthy Engels family owned large cotton- textile mills in Barmen and Salford, both expanding industrial metropoles. Friedrich's parents were devout Pietist Protestants and they raised their children accordingly.
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Marx, with Friedrich Engels, had formulated a socialist and communistic programme that Bruno Bauer firmly rejected. Marx and Engels in turn expressed their break with Bauer in two books: The Holy Family (1845) and The German Ideology (1846). The Prussian Minister of Education, Altenstein, sent Bauer to the University of Bonn, to protect his Rationalist Theology from the critique of the Berlin orthodox, as well as to win over Bonn University to Hegelianism. Bauer, however, created many enemies at pietist-dominated Bonn university, where he openly taught Rationalism in his new position as professor of theology.
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This society established in the early part of the 19th Century was inspired by the Pietist Movement and the Christian Awakening which occurred in the 17thand 18th Centuries which were themselves outshoots of the Reformation which took place earlier in the 16th Century. Their objective was to send European missionaries to other lands to establish the Christian faith among other peoples. On 10 June 1835 at Stade, The German Protestants had an open meeting where it was mooted to form a single North German Missionary Society to send out men into the world to spread the Gospel.
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By 1705, the Macks became moved by the Pietist movement locally led by Ernst Christoph Hochmann von Hochnau and started to host an illegal Bible study and prayer group at their home. In the early 1700s, Graf (Count) Henrich Albrecht Sayn-Wittgenstein provided refuge to religious dissenters from other German states and elsewhere. Many were settled around the small village of Schwarzenau, including Mack and his followers. The era of toleration for radical Pietism lasted only until ~1740, but had few precedents at the time and was denounced by the rulers of most other German states.
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Bockmuehl was born on May 6, 1931 in Essen, Germany to Erich Enil Bockmuehl (a mechanical engineer) and Johanna Karoline Ihlo. He was spiritually shaped by the teaching of Wilhelm Busch, the German pietist pastor of Weigle House, and was inspired about the importance of Christian mission through an encounter with Toyohiko Kagawa, when Kagawa was visiting Weigle House in 1950. He later pursued theological and philosophical studies, completing a DTheol at the University of Basel in 1959. During this time he studied with Karl Barth and briefly worked as the teaching assistant of Jürgen Moltmann.
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With the financial success of the orphanage, the East India Company launched Orphan Press, employing the orphans at Agra. The success of Serampore Baptist Press for the East India Company in lower Bengal by Serampore Trio was soon replicated at Sikandra in the 1840s for printing Urdu and Persian tracts in criticism of Islam. This further escalated with the transfer of "Sadr courts" from Allahabad to Agra. At the heart of this new publishing activity, CMS recruited Pfander, a German pietist missionary with Swiss missionary training and considerable linguistic skills combined with experience in preaching on the Persian frontier (Central Asia).
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Outer court at Bohus Fortress The window opening to Thomas Leopolds' cell in the corner of the outer court. Thomas Leopold, born 1693 near Kristianstad, Scania, dead 1771 in Kungälv, was one of the prophets and martyrs of the Swedish Pietist movement during the 18th century. Thomas' father Sigfrid had immigrated from Germany, and his mother was the daughter of an immigrant Scotsman. At 35 years of age, during studies in Lund, he was imprisoned for his radical profession of faith, and remained a prisoner for 42 years, 32 years of which was in Bohus Fortress, where he died, 77 years old.
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Gottfried van Swieten: engraving thought to be by Johann Georg Mansfeld, based on a drawing by Lakner In the course of his second journey to London (1794–1795),Sources differ in whether this occurred on the outbound or return journey; Larsen and Feder (1997, 67). in Passau, Haydn had heard a revised version of his work, amplified to include a chorus, prepared by the Passau Kapellmeister Joseph Friebert. The words were not the original Latin but pietist poetry, written in German. Haydn was impressed with the new work and decided to improve on it, preparing his own choral version.
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This was in marked contrast to the earlier practice where the province had been responsible for its own defence. After the war, the Ostrobothnians revolted against the stationing of regular soldiers to the province, leading to the Cudgel War, the last peasant uprising in Finnish history. The war was a devastating loss to the peasants and marked the definitive end of the province as semi-independent, unregulated frontier. Katarina Asplund (1690-1758), a Finnish pietist, was a leading figure within the pietism movement in Ostrobothnia, and was often in conflict with the authorities on charges of blasphemy.
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Direct descendants of Erik Jansson still lived in the colony of Bishop Hill until December 20, 2005 when Jansson's great-great grandson and Bishop Hill volunteer fireman Theodore Arthur Myhre Sr. died while on a fire service call. Other known descendants remain elsewhere in Nevada, Alabama, California, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Texas. The pietist practices of Bishop Hill's founding father did not make a lasting impact on Erik's descendants nor remain in the practical lives of his followers. One of his descendants, Tanya Edgil, of Hamilton, Alabama, participates in the Swedish reality TV show Allt för Sverige in 2018.
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In 1878 Jakob Sverdrup left Sogndal to become vicar in Leikanger. As a theologian, Sverdrup was a pietist, and sided with the laity movement, proposing that lay priests be given the right to preach. Together with Ole Vollan he had started the magazine Ny Luthersk Kirketidende in 1877, an organ which spoke against the Conservative High Church Lutheranism of the time. Sverdrup also published several pamphlets during his life,List of publications in BIBSYS and in 1897 he published Forklaring over Luthers lille katekisme af J. R. Sverdrup, a revision of the explanation of Luther's Small Catechism originally written by his father.
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Bishop Hill State Historic Site is an open-air museum in Henry County, Illinois. It is located about 2 miles north of U.S. Route 34 in Bishop Hill, Illinois. Colony Church built in 1848 The Illinois Historic Preservation Agency operates four surviving buildings in the village as a state historic site located within the Bishop Hill Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1984. Bishop Hill was the site of a utopian religious community founded in 1846 by Swedish pietist Eric Janson.
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Neal Dow, Thompson's running mate in 1880 Thompson had identified with the Republican Party since its founding in the 1850s, but in 1874 he left it to join the new Prohibition Party. The Prohibitionists, more of a movement than a party, focused their efforts on banning alcohol. Like Thompson, most party members came from pietist churches, and most were former Republicans. He was the party's nominee for the federal House of Representatives from Ohio's 12th district at a special election held that year because of the resignation of Democrat Hugh J. Jewett, as well as for the full term that would follow.
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According to historian Mark Sidwell, Bible Conferences may have tapped into the historical impulse for the Pietist “ecclesiola in Ecclesia” or “little church within the church.” Antecedents also included the frontier Camp Meetings of the Second Great Awakening and Keswick Convention meetings. There were elements that resembled the Chautauqua Movement and Bible Conferences were part of the legacy of evangelicalism’s “Benevolent Empire” which was embodied in social reform efforts including the Temperance Movement and abolitionism. Bible Conferences were also intertwined with the rise and formation of Protestant fundamentalism in the last decades of the 19th century.
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On 19 September 1846, in Pietist fashion, she bade an emotional farewell to her grandmother, parents and siblings before leaving with four missionaries, Johann Dieterle, Joseph Mohr, Johannes Stanger and Friedrich Meischel who were also going to the Gold Coast. When they were about thirty minutes outside Korntal, a group of young women with whom she had started a prayer fellowship six months earlier presented her with a token of grapes as “proof of their love” for her. She entered a London- bound passenger steamship. During the voyage, she and the missionaries often sang Lutheran hymns.
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The terms high church and low church were historically applied to particular liturgical and theological groups within Anglicanism. The theological differences within Lutheranism have not been nearly so marked as those within the Anglican Communion; Lutherans have historically been unified in the doctrine expressed in the Book of Concord. However, quite early in Lutheranism, polarities began to develop owing to the influence of the Reformed tradition, leading to so-called "Crypto-Calvinism". The Pietist movement in the 17th century also moved the Lutheran church further in a direction that would be considered "low church" by Anglican standards.
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Today lyrics from the 19th century are to a great extent derived from Protestant theologians or clerics from the context of various German revivalist movements. These include the contributions of hymn writers Friedrich August Tholuck (1799-1877) who wrote "Das sei alle meine Tage", Philipp Spitta (1801-1859) who wrote "Bei dir, Jesus, will ich bleiben," and the pastor's wife Marie Schmalenbach (1835-1924) who wrote "Brich herein, süßer Schein." In addition, melodies were written by Michael Haydn, Johannes Kuhlo, Andreas Sulger, and Johann Georg Christian Störl. Christian Gottlob Barth (1799-1862) and Albert Knapp (1798-1864) were notable Wuerttemberg pietist writers.
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Neo-Lutheranism was a 19th-century revival movement within Lutheranism which began with the Pietist-driven Erweckung, or Awakening, and developed in reaction against theological rationalism and pietism. This movement followed the Old Lutheran movement and focused on a reassertion of the identity of Lutherans as a distinct group within the broader community of Christians, with a renewed focus on the Lutheran Confessions as a key source of Lutheran doctrine. Associated with these changes was a renewed focus on traditional doctrine and liturgy, which paralleled the growth of Anglo-Catholicism in England. An extract from Scherer's 1968 Ph.D. thesis, "Mission and Unity in Lutheranism".
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This society was modeled on the collegia pietatis (cell groups) used by pietists for Bible study, prayer and accountability. All three men experienced a spiritual crisis in which they sought true conversion and assurance of faith. Whitefield joined the Holy Club in 1733 and, under the influence of Charles Wesley, read German pietist August Hermann Francke's Against the Fear of Man and Scottish theologian Henry Scougal's The Life of God in the Soul of Man (the latter work was a favorite of Puritans). Scougal wrote that many people mistakenly understood Christianity to be "Orthodox Notions and Opinions" or "external Duties" or "rapturous Heats and extatic Devotion".
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Late Orthodoxy was torn by influences from rationalism, philosophy based on reason, and Pietism, a revival movement in Lutheranism that sought to emphasise the importance of personal devotion, morality, emotions, and the study of Scripture. After a century of vitality, the Pietist theologians Philipp Jakob Spener and August Hermann Francke warned that Lutheran orthodoxy degenerated life-changing scriptural truth into meaningless intellectualism and Formalism. Pietism increased at the expense of orthodoxy, but their emphasis on personal morality and sanctification came at the expense of teaching the doctrine of justification. The Pietisitic focus on stirring up devout emotions was susceptible to the arguments of rationalist philosophy.
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He has lived in Virginia since 1988. Dreyer's 2017 novel Isacq (Hardware River Press) is a picaresque account of the (fictional) life and adventures of his forefather Isacq d’Algué, alias Johannes Augustinus Dreyer (1689–1759; grandnephew of the Pietist leader August Hermann Francke), with brief flash-forwards into the future. Thousands of people living in southern Africa today are descended from Isacq d’Algué, who arrived at the Cape in 1713 as an adelbors, or midshipman, on a Dutch East India Company ship. Dreyer is currently at work on a memoir dealing with his early experiences in the anti- apartheid movement and looking at how things have turned out.
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Hans Ernst von Kottwitz (1 September 1757 - 13 May 1843) was a German Pietist and philanthropist. He was born in Tschepplau, near Glogau, Silesia, and he died in Berlin. Information on Kottwitz's life is largely derived from a handful of letters and biographies of other individuals, and events prior to 1807 (when he settled in Berlin) are at best sketchy. He was educated in Breslau, and later served as a page in the court of Frederick II. He travelled extensively through several German states, and in Silesia, is credited with establishing factories and institutions based on his personal ideals in an effort to alleviate poverty.
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Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten, minister In 1728 the 22-year-old Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten, a Hallensian Pietist and bibliophile, was appointed as minister of the church. In 1734 he became professor in theology and in 1748 rector of the Halle University. At the end of his life he translated encyclopedic articles or biographies from English into German, for example Samlung von merkwürdigen Lebensbeschreibungen grösten Theils aus der Britannischen Biographie (Collection of remarkable descriptions of lives mostly from Britain biography), published in 1757. At the end of the 17th century two important movements started in Halle which influenced many people during the 18th century: pietism and radical Enlightenment.
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In December 1753, George Washington and Christopher Gist came through the area. They were shot at somewhere between present-day Evans City and Ellwood City (the exact location is unknown), through a region above the forks of the Ohio known as Mutheringtown or "Murdering Town".From Logstown to Venango with George Washington, W. Walter Braham; George Washington at Fort Necessity, John P. Cowan (1955) In 2003, the borough commemorated the event as part of the 250th Anniversary Commemoration of the French and Indian War. Rapp's Seat overlooking Harmony and Connoquenessing Creek Harmony was founded by the pietist Johann Georg Rapp and his Harmony Society in 1804.
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Mark states that the Passover was two days away, although Lutheran pietist Johann Bengel argues in his Gnomon of the New Testament that μετὰ δυὸ ἡμέρας (meta duo hēmeras) in means "on the following day".Bengel, J. A., Gnomon of the New Testament on Mark 14 If the Passover was on Friday (Good Friday) then this happened on Wednesday, the day celebrated by Christians as Holy Wednesday. Mark states that the chief priests were looking for a way "by craft",: Geneva Bible wording or "by trickery" to arrest Jesus. They determine not to do it during the feast, because they were afraid that the people would riot.
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Sophie Christiane was a daughter of Count Albrecht Frederick of Wolfstein-Sulzbürg (1644–1693) from his marriage to Countess Sophia Louise of Castell-Remlingen (1645–1717), daughter of Count Georg Wolfgang of Castell-Remlingen (1610-1668) and Countess Sophie Juliane of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Pfedelbach (1620-1682). Sophie Christiane's maternal uncle was married to an aunt of Count Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf and Sophie Christiane was consequently raised strictly religiously in the Pietist manner. On 14 August 1687 she married Margrave Christian Heinrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach (1661–1708), at Obersulzbürg castle. The margrave's court at Bayreuth felt that his spouse was "not befitting" (i.e.
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Some of these schisms healed in the early twentieth century, and many of the splinter Methodist groups came together by 1939 to form The Methodist Church. In 1968, the Methodist Church joined with the Pietist Evangelical United Brethren Church to form The United Methodist Church, the largest Methodist church in America. Other groups include the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, the Congregational Methodist Church, the Evangelical Church of North America, the Evangelical Congregational Church, the Evangelical Methodist Church, the Free Methodist Church of North America, and the Southern Methodist Church. In nineteenth-century America, a dissension arose over the nature of sanctification.
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Johann Adam Steinmetz Johann Adam Steinmetz (24 September 1689 in Großkniegnitz – 10 July 1762 in Prester, Magdeburg) was a German Lutheran pastor, Pietist, educator and one of the most significant revivalists in 18th century Europe. After studies he worked as a pastor in Töppliwoda and later (1720–1730) he served a congregation in Teschen. “Jesus Church” in Teschen was of unique importance – it was visited by crowds from the Upper Silesia and by many secret Protestants from northern Moravia; services were held in Polish, German and Czech. Remnants of the Bohemian Brethren visited Steinmetz and he mentored and counseled them, thus preparing the revival among them.
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In 1738 Sauer began to publish almanacs, calendars, books and newspapers in 1739 using a type face that his German readers could more easily read. The press itself is believed to have come from Berleburg in Wittgenstein, with which he had remained in contact. It had been used by Pietist printers there. Sauer also made his own ink, which he eventually sold as “Sauer’s Curious Pennsylvania Ink-Powder.” In 1739 he brought out the first number of Der Hoch-Deutsch Pensylvanische Geschichts-Schreiber, a religious and secular journal, a small folio, by , which attained a circulation of nearly 10,000, and had great influence among his countrymen.
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Christaller, influenced by the Pietist movement within the German Lutheran church, decided very early in his life to become a missionary. Later, from 1841 to 1844, Christaller was an apprentice and an assistant to a town clerk in the mayor's printing office in Winnenden Among his options after his apprenticeship were entering the public service, going to a university to study languages or going to the seminary in Basel. He opted to enroll at the seminary. In May 1847, Christaller applied for admission to the Basel Mission Seminary and Training School in Basel, Switzerland, starting his studies in September 1848 at age of 20.
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His successors were Joachim Lange, a pietist, and his son. His enemies had gained the ear of the king Frederick William I and told him that, if Wolff's determinism were recognized, no soldier who deserted could be punished, since he would have acted only as it was necessarily predetermined that he should. This so enraged the king that he immediately deprived Wolff of his office, and commanded him to leave Prussian territory within 48 hours or be hanged. The same day Wolff passed into Saxony, and presently proceeded to Marburg, Hesse-Kassel, to whose university (the University of Marburg) he had received a call even before this crisis, which was now renewed.
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St. Macarius the Great standing next to a Cherub. Fifty Spiritual Homilies were ascribed to Macarius a few generations after his death, and these texts had a widespread and considerable influence on Eastern monasticism and Protestant pietism.Frances Young, From Nicaea to Chalcedon, (2nd edn, 2010), p116 This was particularly in the context of the debate concerning the 'extraordinary giftings' of the Holy Spirit in the post- apostolic age, since the Macarian Homilies could serve as evidence in favour of a post-apostolic attestation of 'miraculous' Pneumatic giftings to include healings, visions, exorcisms, etc. The Macarian Homilies have thus influenced Pietist groups ranging from the Spiritual Franciscans (West) to Eastern Orthodox monastic practice to John Wesley to modern charismatic Christianity.
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A military career was out of the question, however, since Frederick was too dynastically valuable to risk his life. In line with Sinclair's Calvinist-Pietist ideals, Frederick managed the state finances as honestly as he could, though he often had to ask for loans from bankers in Amsterdam or Frankfurt. He did not manage to correct the major financial mismanagement he had inherited, despite efforts by specialists such as Friedrich Karl von Moser. Even as late as 1780 his administration was unable to draw up a list of all debts, receipts and expenditure and Frederick's intent to put all decrees in writing seemed impossible - the mismanagement was handed on to Frederick's successor.
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Prosa aus dem Nachlass (Suhrkamp 1965), translated by Ralph Manheim in Tales of Student Life (Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1976) Dated 1934, they describe Knecht's childhood and education as a Swabian theologian. This Knecht has been born some dozen years after the Treaty of Rijswijk in the time of Eberhard Ludwig, and in depicting the other characters Hesse draws heavily on actual biographies: Friedrich Christoph Oetinger, Johann Friedrich Rock, Johann Albrecht Bengel and Nicolaus Zinzendorf make up the cast of Pietist mentors. Knecht is heavily drawn to music however, both that of the acknowledged master Pachelbel and the more exotic Buxtehude. The fragment breaks off as the young contemporary of Bach happens upon an organ recital in Stuttgart.
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After the death of the pietist Jean de Labadie in 1674, his followers set up a community in Wieuwerd at the stately Walt(h)a Castle that belonged to three of them, the sisters Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck.Details on the Waltha or Thetinga estate Drawing and map of the estate by Johann Andreas Graff, Merian's husband Here, the Labadists engaged in printing and many other occupations, including farming and milling. The original settlers included the famed poet, painter and scholar Anna van Schurman, who died in Wieuwerd in 1678. One member, Hendrik van Deventer, skilled in chemistry and medicine, set up a laboratory at the house and treated many people, including Christian V, the King of Denmark.
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At the end of the year she returned with her daughters and Empeytaz to Baden, a fateful migration. The empress Elizabeth of Russia was now at Karlsruhe; and she and the pietist ladies of her entourage hoped that the emperor Alexander might find at the hands of Madame de Krüdener the peace which an interview with Jung-Stilling had failed to bring him. The baroness herself wrote urgent letters to Roxandre de Stourdza, sister of Alexandre Stourdza the tsar's Romanian secretary, begging her to procure an interview. There seemed to be no result; but the correspondence paved the way for the opportunity which a strange chance was to give her of realizing her ambition.
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Knutzen sought to strike a balance between Pietist Lutheranism and Christian Wolff's dogmatic philosophy, trying to compatibilize the teachings of Pietism with the hypotheses of Wolff's illustrated philosophy. Knutzen saw philosophy not merely as a propaedeutic for gaining access to theology, but as a separate science that established its own postulates. This is patent from one of his writings, published in 1740, the year in which Kant joined the university, titled “Philosophical Proof of the Truth of the Christian Religion” (Knutzen, 1740). This volume, which was to become his most famous work and built him a reputation in the 18th century, stated that philosophy is the depository of rational proof, even of religion itself.
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Socioeconomic gender equality in the Bible Belt is the lowest in all of Norway; the major cities of Bergen, Stavanger and Kristiansand, however, are amongst the most progressive municipalities in the country. In the 1926 referendum on the repeal of prohibition on alcohol, the Bible Belt cast a strong vote against repeal (73.1% in Rogaland, 77.2% in Møre og Romsdal), unlike the rest of Norway. The Bible Belt also has a strong pietist movement, that opposes the central authority of the State Church of Norway. Rogaland is home to many missionary associations and the strongest base of the two main Christian democratic parties, the Moderate Left and Christian People's Party (the latter originally being from Hordaland).
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Ola Raknes was the son of the farmer Erik Askildson (Askjellson) Raknes (1856–1926) and Magdali Olsdotter (born Raknes) (1859–96) and grew up at the family farm of Raknes in Hamre on the island Osterøy in the Osterfjorden fjord near Bergen in a strict pietist environment. There were altogether 10 children of whom 7 grew up to become adults, and five of his siblings emigrated to the United States.Gatland 2010, p. 15f. He was married twice: in his first marriage in 1911 with Aslaug Vaa (1889 – 1965, the marriage was dissolved in 1938) they begot the children Magli (1912–1993), Anne (1914–2001), Tora (1916–1995), Erik (1919–) and Tor (1923–).
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The Amida pietist movement, and in particular the Jōdo Shinshū, also provided a liberation theology (or ideology) for a wave of uprisings against the feudal system in late-fifteenth and sixteenth century Japan which are known as the Ikkō-ikki revolts. The causes of this phenomenon are disputed, but may have had both religious and socio-political causes. As a consequence of the Ikkō-ikki revolts and the growing power of the Jōdo Shinshū, the sect's fortress-temples Ishiyama Hongan-ji and Nagashima (built at the end of the 15th century) were eventually destroyed by Oda Nobunaga's armies. The fortress at Nagashima was razed to the ground in 1574, taking about 20,000 people with it.
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The Klein Meetinghouse is a historic Dunkard (Schwarzenau Brethren or Church of the Brethren) meetinghouse in Harleysville, Pennsylvania built in 1843. The second oldest congregation of the Brethren in the United States, which was founded in the area in 1720, built the meetinghouse, and the adjoining cemetery contains the remains of Peter Becker, who led the Brethren to America in 1714.Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1972, [ NRHP Nomination Form for Klein Meetinghouse] Enter "public" for ID and "public" for password to access the site. Gravestones of Peter Becker, the larger of the two was placed in 1886 The meetinghouse reflects the belief in simplicity held by the Brethren and similar Pietist and Anabaptist churches in early America.
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He was active in anti-slavery and temperance causes, in both of which his son Henry followed him. Otterbein University building as it appeared in Thompson's tenure Thompson graduated from Jefferson College (now Washington & Jefferson College) in 1858 with a bachelor's degree, and studied for two years at the Western Theological seminary (now Pittsburgh Theological Seminary). In 1861, he was appointed professor of mathematics at Western College (now Leander Clark College), a United Brethren-affiliated college in Shueyville, Iowa, and taught there for one year. The United Brethren, a pietist church that arose first among Pennsylvania Germans during the Great Awakening, was one of the earliest churches in the United States to embrace abolitionism.
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In 1718, the couple and their children moved to Bergen, whence - at the conclusion of the Great Northern War - they set sail for Greenland on 12 May 1721, arriving at Baal's River (the modern Nuup Kangerlua) on the southwest coast on 3 July. Hope Colony (Haabets Koloni) was established on Kangeq Island at the mouth of the fjord; the remains of the house where the family lived together with (initially) about 25 other people are still preserved. The settlement was moved to the mainland and renamed Godthaab by the royal governor Claus Paarss in 1728. Despite her strong Pietist bias, Gertrud supported her husband's missionary work among the Inuit, working among them as a nurse.
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The village was founded in 1846 by Swedish immigrants affiliated with the Pietist movement, led by Erik Jansson. Prior to founding the Bishop Hill Colony, Jansson preached to his followers in Sweden about what he considered to be the abominations of the Lutheran Church and emphasized the doctrine that the faithful were without sin. As Jansson's ideas became more radical, he began to lose support from many of his sympathizers and was forced to leave Sweden in the midst of growing persecution. Jansson had previously sent Olof Olsson, a trusted follower, as an emissary to the United States to find a suitable location where the Janssonists could set up a utopian community centered on their religious beliefs.
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In the 1680s Jacobi attended the University of Halle, one of the main centres of Lutheranism, where the leading Pietist August Hermann Francke set up various educational institutions. While at Halle, he came into contact with English students; and in 1708 he moved to England to start work as a translator and bookseller in London, opening a bookshop near Somerset House in the Strand, London in 1709. He specialised in religious tracts, using his contacts with Francke in Halle and John Downing of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in London. Known as the "German bookseller on the Strand", his bookshop imported German bibles, prayer books and hymnals for the German Lutheran community in London, whose activities centred around the Lutheran chapel of St Mary in Savoy.
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In 1727 Frederick IV ordered the College of Missions to contribute materials for the opening of an orphanage in Copenhagen, and donated the buildings of the former chivalric academy in Nytorv (where the court is now located) to the project. The orphanage opened on the 11th of October, with a wide variety of privileges provided by the king, such as operating a factory and a pharmacy, as well as the printing and trading of books. During the Copenhagen Fire of 1728, the building was burnt, and a new building was built in its place. In the late 1720s the pietist was the priest of The Vajsenhus, bringing in the influence of the Moravian Church, and the orphanage became the site of many prayer sessions.
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Krapf's pietist background did not help him much to understand and appreciate traditional Ethiopian Christianity, especially their emphasis on saints, liturgy and use of Ge'ez, a language no longer spoken. When he departed Shewa in 1842, he found his way to Gondar blocked by the aftermath of the Battle of Debre Tabor, retraced his steps to the court of Adara Bille, a chieftain of the Wollo Amhara who then robbed him. Krapf managed to effect his escape with his servants, and made his way to Massawa supported by the reluctant charity of the local inhabitants. Thus he centered his interest on the Oromo people of southern Ethiopia, in his time known as the Galla, who then were largely believers in a traditional religion.
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He would paraphrase, edit, and weave in commentaries from other authors in order to make the texts more comprehensible and more palatable to an observant educated Jewish audience. In addition, inspired by the debate between David Kimhi, a Maimonidean, and Judah Alfakhar, an anti-Maimonidean, Falaquera wrote the Iggeret ha-Vikku’ah, The Epistle of the Debate, in order to counter the objections of anti-rationalist thinkers and to persuade them of the value of studying philosophy and science. However, this goal was ultimately not successful as evidenced by continued further controversies surrounding Maimonides and rationalist studies. In the Iggeret ha-Vikku’ah, a debate between a traditionally observant Jew, the pietist, and a Jew educated in philosophy, the scholar, is described.
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Easter Morning Born in Lübeck, his ancestors for three generations had been Protestant pastors; his father Christian Adolph Overbeck (1755–1821) was doctor of law, poet, mystic pietist and burgomaster of Lübeck. Within a stone's throw of the family mansion in the Konigstrasse stood the Gymnasium, where the uncle, doctor of theology and a voluminous writer, was the master; there the nephew became a classic scholar and received instruction in art. The young artist left Lübeck in March 1806, and entered as student the academy of Vienna, then under the direction of Heinrich Füger. While Overbeck clearly accrued some of the polished technical aspects of the neoclassic painters, he was alienated by lack of religious spirituality in the themes chosen by his masters.
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Only with the success of the Oxford Movement and its increasing emphases on ritualistic revival from the mid-19th century onward, did the term "High Church" begin to mean something approaching the later term "Anglo-Catholic". Even then, it was only employed coterminously in contrast to the "Low" churchmanship of the Evangelical and Pietist position. This sought, once again, to lessen the separation of Anglicans (the Established Church) from the majority of Protestant Nonconformists, who by this time included the Wesleyans and other Methodists as well as adherents of older Protestant denominations known by the group term "Old Dissent". In contrast to earlier alliances with the Tories, Anglo-Catholicism became increasingly associated with socialism, the Labour Party and greater decision-making liberty for the church's convocations.
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The Fellowship of Christian Assemblies (FCA) is a pentecostal Christian association with roots in a revival during the 1890s among the Scandinavian Baptist and Pietist communities in the United States. In 1907 most of those congregations that experienced revival (many named Guds forsamling - Assembly of God in Norwegian) learned about the Pentecostal movement through William Howard Durham Mission in Chicago. One of his assistant elders, F. A. Sandgren, published the Folke-Vennena a periodical for Scandinavians, and consequently many Midwest churches joined the Pentecostal movement. The Scandinavian Pentecostalism was marked by a congregationalist church government, which led to an isolation from the other Pentecostal groups in North America, and the formation of loose networks, such the Fellowship of Christian Assemblies and the Independent Assemblies of God, International.
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The Schwarzenau Brethren, the German Baptist Brethren, Dunkers, Dunkards, Tunkers, or simply the German Baptists, are an Anabaptist group that originally dissented from several Lutheran and Reformed churches that were officially established in some German-speaking states in western and southwestern parts of the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the Radical Pietist ferment of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Hopeful of the imminent return of Christ, the founding Brethren abandoned Reformed and Lutheran churches that were established in some German states and formed a new church in 1708 when their apocalyptic hopes were still unfulfilled. They thereby attempted to translate "the Philadelphian idea of love into concrete congregational ordinances obligatory for all the members."Meier, Marcus (2008).
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During the rule of King Frederick of Württemberg, deserters, military prisoners, and separatists from the Radical Pietist group from the circle of Rottenacker were kept at Fort Hohenasperg. By 1813, about 400 prisoners were arrested on the fortress. When his son King William I of Württemberg became ruler in 1817, corporal punishment, such as running the gauntlet, was abolished. Further inmates in Fort Hohenasperg included the writer Berthold Auerbach, who was kept here between 1837 and 1838; Friedrich Kammerer (1833); the doctor and poet Theobald Kerner (1850–1851); the theologian Karl Hase; the satirist Johannes Nefflen; the poet Leo von Seckendorff, the writer Theodor Griesinger; and many more, mostly political dissidents, who in general were held prisoner because of their anti- monarchistic views.
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Martin Stephan was born August 13, 1777 in Stramberg, Moravia, presently the Czech Republic, of Austrian, German, and Czech parents. Martin attended St. Elizabeth's Gymnasium in Breslau, sponsored by local pietist and pastor Johann Ephraim Scheibel, rector of the Gymnasium and father of Johann Gottfried Scheibel, a professor at the University of Breslau.Walter O. Forester, Zion on the Mississippi: The Settlement of the Saxon Lutherans in Missouri 1839-1841 (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1953), 27. He attended the University of Halle and the University of Leipzig from 1804-1809.Forester, 28. Stephan became pastor in Haber, Bohemia in 1809. In 1810, Martin became the pastor of St. John's in Dresden, a specially chartered church that had its origins in those who had fled from Moravia and Bohemia in 1650.
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In her essay Hannah Arendt takes Herder's side in reviving the debate among Dohm, Mendelssohn, Lessing and Herder. According to her Moses Mendelssohn's concept of emancipation was assimilated to the pietist concept of Lessing's enlightenment based on a separation between the truth of reason and the truth of history, which prepared the following generation to decide for the truth of reason and against history and Judaism which was identified with an unloved past. Somehow her theological argument was very similar to that of Kant, but the other way round. For Kant as a Lutheran Christian religion started with the destruction and the disregard of the Mosaic law, whereas Herder as a Christian understood the Jewish point of view in so far, that this is exactly the point where religion ends.
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As Selderhuis notes, for Bucer, "When people conduct themselves lasciviously, either as married or unmarried folk, they fall under divine judgement... Marriage... [is] the context in which sexual intimacy should have its place... Marriage is, after all, the only framework within which sexual desires can be legitimately satisfied." Immanuel Kant, who was raised as a Pietist, considered sex before marriage to be immoral. He argued that sexual desire objectifies the person you crave and, since no logically consistent ethical rule allows you to use a person as an object, it is immoral to have sex (outside marriage). Marriage makes the difference because, in marriage, the two people give all of themselves to create a union and, thus, now have rights over each other as each now belongs to the other.
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Historic image of the church The Dansborg Fort was the most important gateway in the trade route from Europe to Coramandel for the Danish Emire. Protestant missionaries were sent from Denmark by king Fredric IV, who was also the head of Lutheran Church of Denmark. Two of them, namely, Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Plutschua came to Tranquebar on 9 July 1706, established the Tranquebar Mission, learnt Tamil in a few years and were the first to translate and print The New Testament of the Bible in Tamil in the printing press inside the fort. The Danish mission was the first Protestant mission in India and from its inception, was staffed by German missionaries trained at Pietist schools and seminary founded by Francke at the end of the 17th century.
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He was confined to a wheelchair for his entire life. As a child, he was influenced by the Pietist movement of the Basel missionaries and became actively involved in church activities. Akrofi had his primary school education at Apirede followed his middle school education at Akropong. He was then admitted to the Scottish Mission Teacher Training College (Basel Mission Seminary) and trained as a teacher-catechist. During this time, his life philosophy was shaped by the educational ideas Presbyterian Scottish missionaries who replaced the Basel missionaries after their expulsion, as “alien security risk”, by the British colonial government at the beginning of World War I. As many Basel missionaries were either of German or Swiss German origins, the colonial government saw them as political appendages of the German government.
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It is a great pity that having written this as a novel (understandable in the light of the patchy nature of the historical facts), the book misses references and a bibliography. The many amazing facts that were uncovered during the author’s research (such as the fact that Isacq was the grandnephew of the Pietist leader August Hermann Francke) have all been worked into the fabric of the novel, but there is no way the reader can distinguish between these and pure conjecture. One can only hope that the author will at some stage write up the annotated results of his research. The novel is not bed-time reading. One could treat it as such and just gulp it down out of fascination for the “story”, but that would be a pity.
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To view the craft as an end in itself, or as a "calling" would serve this need well. This attitude is well-noted in certain classes which have endured religious education, especially of a Pietist background. He defines the spirit of capitalism as the ideas and esprit that favour the rational pursuit of economic gain: "We shall nevertheless provisionally use the expression 'spirit of capitalism' for that attitude which, in the pursuit of a calling [berufsmäßig], strives systematically for profit for its own sake in the manner exemplified by Benjamin Franklin." Weber points out that such a spirit is not limited to Western culture if one considers it as the attitude of individuals, but that such individuals – heroic entrepreneurs, as he calls them – could not by themselves establish a new economic order (capitalism).
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She became known in her lifetime as the "Good Angel of Württemberg". After the Duke's death (upon which Frederick Eugene, Louis Eugene and Frederick William succeeded to the duchy, in turn), she gave safe haven to the Pietist and Theosophist Johann Michael Hahn in Sindlingen after he was persecuted for his views by the church in Württemberg. On Charles Eugene's death in 1793 Franziska had to leave Schloss Hohenheim and in January 1795 she moved into Schloss Kirchheim, spending summer months on her estates in Sindlingen and Bächingen an der Brenz, the latter which she had paid off but tried to sell after Charles' death, being financially strapped. She rarely came to the Stuttgart court, since her relations with Charles Eugene's family, especially his nephew Frederick William, were tense after Charles Eugene's death.
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Another important development was the founding of the Theater am Gänsemarkt in Hamburg in 1678, aimed at the local middle classes who preferred opera in their own language. The new opera house opened with a performance of Johann Theile's Der erschaffene, gefallene und aufgerichtete Mensch, based on the story of Adam and Eve. The theatre, however, would come to be dominated by the works of Reinhard Keiser, an enormously prolific composer who wrote over a hundred operas, sixty of them for Hamburg. Initially, the works performed in Hamburg had all been on religious themes in an attempt to ward off criticisms by Pietist church authorities that the theatre was immoral, but Keiser and fellow composers such as Johann Mattheson broadened the range of subject matter to include the historical and the mythological.
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She experienced her first spiritual awakening when she heard a sermon by a Pietist Lutheran missionary who recounted stories about children in Africa who had no access to education and had never heard about the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Emilie Ziegler wished she did not have to go to school too but the preacher's words influenced her decision to become a missionary. In January 1850, Ziegler moved to Basel, Switzerland to become an au pair in the household of a widower, Inspector Hoffman of the Basel Mission. Though she enjoyed her new role in childcare, she was uncomfortable in the Hoffman household because she found its members “too pious for her liking.” After a few months, her employers moved to a different European city and Ziegler left Basel.
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Although Bismarck hoped to become a diplomat, he started his practical training as a lawyer in Aachen and Potsdam, and soon resigned, having first placed his career in jeopardy by taking unauthorized leave to pursue two English girls: first Laura Russell, niece of the Duke of Cleveland, and then Isabella Loraine-Smith, daughter of a wealthy clergyman. He also served in the army for a year and became an officer in the Landwehr (reserve), before returning to run the family estates at Schönhausen on his mother's death in his mid-twenties. Around age 30, Bismarck formed an intense friendship with , newly married to one of his friends, . Under her influence, Bismarck became a Pietist Lutheran, and later recorded that at Marie's deathbed (from typhoid) he prayed for the first time since his childhood.
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Shortly thereafter, however, Løgstrup was forced to go underground due to his activities in support of the Danish resistance.Hans Fink and Alasdair MacIntyre (1997) "Introduction" in The Ethical Demand (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press) From the 1930s, Løgstrup was a member of Tidehverv, a strongly anti-pietist movement within the Danish Church which at the time espoused a dialectical theology heavily influenced by Kierkegaard. However he drifted increasingly further from the group (and from its interpretation of Kierkegaard, particularly as espoused by Kristoffer Olesen Larsen) and broke with the movement in the early 1950s.Bjørn Rabjerg (2007) "Løgstrups kritik af Kierkegaard: Den uendelige kvalitative forskel på fortabelse og kærlighed" Res Cogitans 1(4): 20-58 Løgstrup retired from the University of Aarhus in 1975 but continued writing a four-volume work, Metaphysics.
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Catherine Mulgrave died of pneumonia in Christiansborg on 14 January 1891 and her body was buried at the Basel Mission Cemetery in Osu, Accra. Commenting on her pioneering role in women's empowerment through education and evangelisation in a largely patriarchal environment, the Gold Coast historian and Basel Mission pastor, Carl Christian Reindorf described her as “our spiritual mother.” Many of her pupils went on to become Christian wives to new African Christians who formed the nucleus of the emerging clergy and catechist class of the Gold Coast. Her second marriage also reflected the successful symbiosis of cultures, in this case, African-Caribbean and European, as well as religious traditions, Pietist and Jamaican Moravian which created a “golden bridge” for intercultural relations, in spite of a rigid or absolute system that separated the living arrangements of the two groups in nineteenth century colonial Ghana.
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Some parts of the Danish rural population were firmly sticking to his hymns during the pietist and rationalist period contributing to their survival. The same goes for the Faroe Islands, where his hymns have been in widespread use through most of the 20th century, often sung to quite complicated folk melodies, which may, however, often be traced back to Kingo’s melody collection, or Gradual,Thomas Kingo (1699): Gradual, Odense. Facsimile edition by Erik Norman Svendsen and Henrik Glahn, with afterword by Henrik Glahn: “Om melodiforholdene i Kingos Graduale”, Copenhagen 1967 from 1699, as described by Marianne Clausen in her magnum opus about Faroese folk singing. Though not the first Danish hymn writer Kingo must be considered the first real important one and also among the Danish poets of the 17th century he is generally a leading figure.
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Although he worked as a school teacher his whole life, Waldenström's notability comes from his work as a theologian, editor of Christian periodicals, and a preacher. He was long a leading member of the Swedish Evangelical Mission (Evangeliska fosterlandsstiftelsen), a movement within the state church, but was among those who left the organization in 1878 to form the Swedish Mission Covenant (Svenska missionsförbundet, since 2003 the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden, the Svenska missionskyrkan), which long had an ambivalent relationship to the state church, torn between the relative moderation of Waldenström and the greater radicalism of the first president Erik Jakob Ekman (1842–1915) and his followers. After Ekman's resignation in 1904, Waldenström became the president of the society. In 1868 he began editing Pietisten ("The Pietist"), which was a publication associated with the free church movement.
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Missionaries of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society arrived in the Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg, (now the suburb of Osu) in Gold Coast in 1828 at the behest of the then Danish Governor, Major Christopher von Richelieu. Founded in 1815 in Basel, Switzerland at the height of the Pietist theological movement, many of its young missionaries came from working class artisan backgrounds in Wurtemberg located in southern Germany. Pietism sought to “revitalise the Christian church from within by deepening and making more personal the religious life of the Christian community. It aimed at expressing their Christian convictions through positive deeds and exemplary life-styles including spreading the Gospel to other continents in response to the ‘call of God’.” In their view, formal education, agriculture, small scale industry, arts and craft went hand in hand with the propagation of the Gospel.
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Conflicts between local worshipers and the new churches were most explosive in the countryside, where dissenting pietist groups were more active, and were more directly under the eye of local law enforcement and the parish priest. Before non-Lutheran churches were granted toleration in 1809,Gritsch, Eric W. A History of Lutheranism. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 180. clampdowns on illegal forms of worship and teaching often provoked whole groups of pietists to leave together, intent on forming their own spiritual communities in the new land. The largest contingent of such dissenters, 1,500 followers of Eric Jansson, left in the late 1840s and founded a community in Bishop Hill, Illinois.Barton, A Folk Divided, 15–16. The first Swedish emigrant guidebook was published as early as 1841, the year Unonius left, and nine handbooks were published between 1849 and 1855.Barton, A Folk Divided, 17.
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From 1996 on there are people from different denominations living a common life at the castle, praying, working and studying according to a simple rule. Out of this common life of prayer together with the visitors at retreats and seminars given at the château a need for something "more" arose and this gave birth to the independent Ecumenical Community of Bjärka-Säby with its members scattered throughout Scandinavia though regularly returning to the castle. Inside the château hangs portraits of Hedvig Ekman, Gustaf Aulén, Nathan Söderblom, and icons of Bridget of Sweden as well as traditional icons from the Russian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox tradition and icons painted by members of the community. The château also has a patristic library, as well as a side chapel that was built in the 18th century as a result of the devotion of the Pietist Lutheran Hedvig Ekman.
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90–92 (Internet Archive). Samuel Cradock's son, Samuel Cradock Jnr (1621–1706), was admitted to Emmanuel (1637), graduated (BA (1640–1); MA (1644); BD (1651)), was later a Fellow (1645–56), and pupil of Benjamin Whichcote.Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, i(1), p. 411; J.C. Whitebrook, 'Samuel Cradock, cleric and pietist (1620–1706): and Matthew Cradock, first governor of Massachusetts', Congregational History Society, 5(3), (1911), pp. 183–90; S. Handley, 'Cradock, Samuel (1620/21–1706), nonconformist minister', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. After part of the Medford estate was rented to Edward Collins (1642), it was placed in the hands of an attorney; the widow Rebecca Cradock (whose second and third husbands were Richard Glover and Benjamin Whichcote, respectively), petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts, and the legatees later sold the estate to Collins (1652).Brooks, The History of the Town of Medford, pp 41–43, and p. 93 (Internet Archive).
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The Brethren of the Common Life (Latin: Fratres Vitae Communis, FVC) was a Roman Catholic pietist religious community founded in the Netherlands in the 14th century by Gerard Groote, formerly a successful and worldly educator who had had a religious experience and preached a life of simple devotion to Jesus Christ. Without taking up irrevocable vows, the BrethrenThere were a few communities of Sisters as well. banded together in communities, giving up their worldly goods to live chaste and strictly regulated lives in common houses, devoting every waking hour to attending divine service, reading and preaching of sermons, labouring productively, and taking meals in common that were accompanied by the reading aloud of Scripture: "judged from the ascetic discipline and intention of this life, it had few features which distinguished it from life in a monastery", observes Hans Baron.Hans Baron, "Fifteenth century civilisation and the Renaissance", in The New Cambridge Modern History, vol.
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In German-speaking Europe, the Brethren became known as ' (New Baptists), in distinction from the older Baptist groups with which they had no formal ties. In the United States, they became popularly known as "Dunkers", "Dunkards", or "Tunkers", forms that stem from the German verb tunken (Pennsylvanian German dunke), to dip, to immerse. Another religious group related historically to the same Radical Pietist ferment as the Brethren is the Community of True Inspiration. German Baptists are not to be confused with Primitive, Separate, Southern, Particular, and all other mainline Baptist denominations who, although generally unified on rudimentary doctrines such as baptism, would have conflicting views in other areas, such as non-resistance, etc. In addition, German Baptists are not to be confused with a recent, small, renewal movement of “Plain,” “Covered” Baptists, who, for all intents and purposes, have comparable beliefs and practice of the historic German Baptists for the most part (albeit in wide variance), but are of different origins.
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The Schwarzenau Brethren was first organized in 1708 under the leadership of Alexander Mack (1679–1735) in the Schwarzenau, Wittgenstein community of modern-day Bad Berleburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, now part of Bad Berleburg in North Rhine- Westphalia. They believed that both the Lutheran and Reformed churches were taking liberties with the true, pure message of Christianity as revealed in the New Testament, so as they began to have the New Testament available in German and read it for themselves, they rejected established liturgy, including infant baptism and popular Eucharistic practices in favor of following New Testament practices. The founding Brethren were broadly influenced by Radical Pietism understandings of an invisible, (nondenominational) church of awakened Christians who would fellowship together in purity and love, reaching out to the lost and hurting in Jesus' name and working together while awaiting Christ's return. A notable influence was Ernest Christopher Hochmann von Hochenau, a traveling Pietist minister.
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In the same way as Anglo- Catholics have esteemed Caroline Divines, the Catholic Lutherans, owing to the nature of the Lutheran Reformation, have been able to appreciate many, largely forgotten, Catholic teachings of Reformers like Martin Luther, Laurentius Petri, Mikael Agricola, George of Anhalt, Martin Chemnitz, Gnesio-Lutherans, Gerhard's Confessio Catholica etc. According to formerly Roman Catholic Friedrich Heiler, the Lutheran Church is the proper via media between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism because of its emphasis upon doctrine and because it has preserved the Catholic doctrine of the Sacrament and its liturgical traditions in purer form than the Anglican Church in the Book of Common Prayer.Friedrich Heiler and the High Church Movement in Germany by Bernard E. Meland, (JSTOR) Evangelical Catholic spirituality is characteristically more theocentric and christocentric than that of Pietist, rationalistic, and Liberal Protestant Lutheranism. In addition to the Theology of the Cross there is usually emphasis on Christus Victor, which makes it clear that Easter is more important than Good Friday.
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Framed as a tragic character and what Jon Miller called a "strategic deviant", Riis' complex legacy is connected to his personal traits: charisma, Pietist strength, stamina, audacity, persuasion, imagination, ingenuity, strong will, persistence or tenacity to survive on the Gold Coast leading to the endurance of the Basel mission, in spite of difficulties encountered in the early years, including loneliness in a faraway land, alienation from his colleagues, the loss of his entire nuclear family to disease and external circumstances pertaining to inter-ethnic conflict. Riis' efforts led to the streamlining of the Basel mission's work. This eventually led to the establishment of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana and its pioneering role in the development of formal education, mechanised agriculture, infrastructure, modern healthcare and the expansion of economic opportunities for the native people of the Gold Coast through commerce and industry in the arts and crafts over a ninety-year period, between 1828 and 1918. A boarding house, Riis House, at the Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School, Legon was named in his memory.
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Some catechists whose future wives became pregnant before marriage were dismissed, as the situation was at odds with Basel Mission's Pietist standards for monogamy and procreation while the polygamous traditional society, being more flexible, permitted it childbearing outside marriage. In 1869, Johann Georg Widmann wrote to the Basel Home Committee on return to the Gold Coast from furlough in Germany, to brief the mission's central administration on his wife's work: “She has taken over the running of the toddler school again and started a Sunday school for women and virgins, where she is supported by 5 monitors (assistant teachers) ... In our household, we have 15 people, some our former children, some young girls, of whom three are orphans, two girls and a little boy ...” The number of girls who came to Rosina Widmann's school increased to 70 over time. When the Basel Mission started distributing for the school children, enrollment climbed to 80 or 90 by the end of the 1840s. Attrition was high as many students left within six to twelve months.
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Templers in Wilhelma, Palestine The German Templer Society emerged in Germany during the mid-nineteenth century, with its roots in the Pietist movement of the Lutheran Church, and its history a legacy of preceding centuries during which various Christian groups bravely undertook to establish the perfect Christian religion in preparation for Christ's promised return. The movement was founded by Christoph Hoffmann [1815-1885], who believed that humanity’s salvation lay in the gathering of God's people in a Christian community. He also believed that the second coming of Christ was imminent, and that according to Biblical prophecy it would take place in Jerusalem, where God's people were to gather as a symbol of the rebuilding of the temple. Hoffmann’s thinking was inspired by the 1st century Christian community and based on Matthew’s Gospel in regard to Old Testament prophecies and their relevance to the coming of Jesus Christ. Hoffmann also believed that these “prophecies concerned mainly the founding of the Kingdom of God on earth.” In deciding where a Christian community should be established, Hoffmann wrote, “I made a special study, to discover if a center were named in the prophesies.
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Samuel Gobat was born at Crémines, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, and baptised a member of the Reformed Churches of Bern-Solothurn. After serving in the Reformed at Bettingen from 1823 to 1826, he went to Paris and London, whence, having acquired some knowledge of Arabic and Ge'ez, he went out to Ethiopia under the auspices of the Anglican church with the Church Missionary Society. Samuel Gobat In 1834 Gobat married Marie Christine Regine Zeller (1813–1879), daughter of Christian Heinrich Zeller (1779–1860), educator, pioneer of the inner mission and Pietist hymnologist. They had ten children, among them: Hanna Maria Sophie Gobat (1838–1922), married in 1859 Reverend John Zeller (1830–1902), missionary in Nazareth who later became the leader of the Gobat School in Jerusalem, Sophie Rosine Dorothea (Dora) Gobat (1842–1923), a missionary of St. Chrischona Pilgrim Mission, married in 1867 Carl Heinrich Rappard (1837–1909), missionary in Alexandria for St. Chr Maria Sophie Elisabeth Gobat (1844–1917), married in 1869 the Swiss publisher Paul Kober, and Blandina Marianne Gobat (1850–1926), married Theodor Friedrich Wolters (1837–1910), pastor in Smyrna, missionary in Nazareth and Jerusalem.
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New Harmony, Indiana, a Utopian attempt, depicted as proposed by Robert Owen In the United States and Europe, during the Second Great Awakening (ca. 1790–1840) and thereafter, many radical religious groups formed utopian societies in which faith could govern all aspects of members' lives. These utopian societies included the Shakers, who originated in England in the 18th century and arrived in America in 1774. A number of religious utopian societies from Europe came to the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the Society of the Woman in the Wilderness (led by Johannes Kelpius (1667–1708)), the Ephrata Cloister (established in 1732) and the Harmony Society, among others. The Harmony Society was a Christian theosophy and pietist group founded in Iptingen, Germany, in 1785. Due to religious persecution by the Lutheran Church and the government in Württemberg,Robert Paul Sutton, Communal Utopias and the American Experience: Religious Communities (2003) p. 38 the society moved to the United States on October 7, 1803, settling in Pennsylvania. On February 15, 1805, about 400 followers formally organized the Harmony Society, placing all their goods in common.
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In 1865, the British colonial government was contemplating abandoning the Gold Coast as a colony due to perceived economic unviability in the impenetrable forested middle belt of Ghana. Eager to keep its missionary presence on the Gold Coast, the Basel Mission Home Committee assigned one of its missionaries, Elias Schrenk (1831–1913) , on a fact-finding and diplomatic task; proving to Westminster that the development of infrastructure, particularly roads would open up the natural resource-rich forest Akan hinterland. He sailed to London and argued his case before the parliamentary committee after petitioning the Colonial Secretary. Schrenk was successful in his mission and the Gold Coast remained a British colony. Between 1854 and 1859, Elias Schrenk studied at the Basel Mission Seminary in Switzerland before embarking to Ghana, where he lived until 1872. Schrenk, a believer in Pietist faith healing, was the General Treasurer of the Basel Mission Trading Company in Christiansborg and later experimented with cocoa planting in the early 1870s in Ghana. Gravely ill in 1858, Schrenk had visited faith healers in Germany, Johann Blumhardt at Bad Boll and subsequently Dorothea Trudel at Mannedorf between 1858 and March 1859, where he was fully healed. In mapping out a route to Kumasi, the missionaries considered two options.
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