Within the Bureau, payment was decided upon by rank. As established in the year 1392, the top rank of Directors is paid sixteen piculs of rice per month. The Deputy Directors and Chiefs of the Five Agencies are allotted ten piculs per month, the Astronomers receive seven piculs, while both the Registrars and Chief Diviners have six and a half piculs. The Chiefs of the Clepsydras receive six piculs, and the Calendar Officers and Observers both have five and a half piculs.
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On Sunday 1 October Prins van Oranje was open for the general public in Semarang, and on 2 October she left for Batavia. On 4 October 1871 Prins van Oranje arrived back in Batavia. For the return voyage she left Batavia on 15 October. She had primarily been loaded in Semarang. While there 3,000 piculs sugar and 14,500 piculs coffee had been loaded for the Netherlands Trading Society. For other traders from Semarang she carried: 4,200 piculs coffee, 4,570 kg of indigo, 5.5 piculs nutmeg, 1.75 piculs cinnamon, 0.75 piculs mace, 12 piculs gutta-percha. In Batavia 1,923 piculs of tin, 73,269 pounds of tea, 785 kg indigo, 870 pounds vanilla, 23 piculs of coffee and some other goods were added. There were 29 passengers and 79 soldiers on board.
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The lowest payment level goes to the Observers of the Sunrise and the Professors of the Clepsydras at five piculs per month.
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The inquilinos (lessees) of the hacienda rose to become the middle class. Dasmariñas, 8,664 hectares were all farmed in 1890 except for 3,770 hectares (including parcels at Gatdula and Balimbing). Lessees paid the usual land rent base on the measurement of lowland and upland riceland set up by the "uldog" (friar administrator) of casa hacienda de Salitran. In the 1880s, there were 200 quinones of dry and 50 quinones of wet ricelands yielding some 2,300 cavanas of palay, 5,000 piculs of mucavado sugar, 50 cavans of corn and camote, 60 piculs of tao and 25 piculs of peanuts.
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On board the officers and Louis de Wilde, agent of SMN, welcomed the Resident, the Regent and family, the Lieutenant of the Chinese and his wife and the other guests. These were shown around the ship, and then all sat down to lunch in the saloon. Of course there were many toasts to Prins Hendrik, the SMN etc. By 11 o'clock AM the guests left the ship while Prins Hendrik fired 11 shots to salute the authorities. On 2 February Prins Hendrik left Pasuran carrying about 50 passengers for Batavia, as well 1,400 piculs of sugar and 1,000 piculs of coffee.
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In 1810 Milford carried cotton and hemp to England. The next year she carried 7,978 piculs of cotton to China. The Register of Shipping (RS) for 1815 showed Milford with J.Douglas, master, Bruce & Co., owners, and trade Cork–India.RS (1815), Seq.№M1068.
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The exams increased in difficulty as the student progressed from the local level, and appropriate titles were accordingly awarded successful applicants. Officials were classified in nine hierarchic grades, each grade divided into two degrees, with ranging salaries (nominally paid in piculs of rice) according to their rank.
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Beiping, Shandong, Shanxi, and Henan provinces dispatched the peasantry to transport grain to the north. Millions of piculs of foodstuff were stored at the four fortresses, which served as advance bases. General Feng Shen led his main army further eastward. He left about 50,000 troops at Daning.
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A Dutch last, or Scheepslast, was Amsterdam pond, which is . In the Dutch East India Company (, commonly abbreviated to VOC) the last was about in the 17th century, later becoming as much as . The last was also used as a measure of rice in Dutch Formosa. It was composed of 20 piculs and about equal to .
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On 12 August County of Lancaster arrived in Batavia. She brought 1118 pieces of machinery, and 3,000 piculs stones for 'The dry dock company' to Batavia. To all appearances the dock was unloaded and Batavia and then shipped to Amsterdam Island. Here contractor Raalte, Behrend & Co had her subcontractor led by James Donald assemble the ship.
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Tai O has a history of salt production. In 1940, it was recorded that the Tai O salt marshes were covering and that the production has amounted to 25,000 piculs (1,512 metric tons) in 1938.S.Y. LIN "Salt Manufacture in Hong Kong", The Hong Kong Naturalist, January 1940 Currently the fishing lifestyle is dying out. While many residents continue to fish, it barely provides a subsistence income.
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A 1903 map showing opium production in China measured in piculs As for any traditional measurement unit, the exact definition of the picul varied historically and regionally. In imperial China and later, the unit was used for a measure equivalent to 100 catties.新华字典 (Xīnhuá Zìdiǎn), Peking, 1984. In 1831, the Dutch East Indies authorities acknowledged local variances in the definition of the pikul.
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Rewards were given to those who captured the escapees of the plot, including Chen Kui, Grand Defender of Tianjin, who was promoted. On August 9, the Mongol officer Wu Cong was put in charge of the Chief Military Commission of the Left; in September, twenty taels of silver and two-hundred piculs of grain were added to his stipend.Robinson (1999), 111. Ma Ang was made the Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent in September.Robinson (1999), 110.
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Columbia University Press. ; (pbk) They were great manufacturers and lovers of wine: According to the Shiji, grapes and alfalfa were introduced to China from Dayuan following Zhang Qian's embassy: > The regions around Dayuan make wine out of grapes, the wealthier inhabitants > keeping as much as 10,000 or more piculs stored away. It can be kept for as > long as twenty or thirty years without spoiling. The people love their wine > and the horses love their alfalfa.
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The campaign concluded with the capture of Naghachu and his horde, their families, and their domesticated animals. Naghachu, his 6500 officers, and their families were sent to Nanjing. In the period after his surrender to the Ming, Naghachu was given a marquisate with a stipend of 2000 piculs of grain, an estate of public fields in Jiangxi, and a mansion in Nanjing. He ultimately died (probably due to his excessive alcohol consumption) near Wu-ch'ang on 31 August 1388 and was buried outside Nanjing.
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67,000 patman (each patman is 4 piculs and 5 pecks) of grain 48,000 silver ounces were forced to be paid yearly by Kashgar to the Dzungars and cash was also paid by the rest of the cities to the Dzungars. Trade, milling, and distilling taxes, corvée labor, saffron, cotton, and grain were also extracted by the Dzungars from the Tarim Basin. Every harvest season, women and food had to be provided to Dzungars when they came to extract the taxes from them.Millward 2007, p. 92.
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67,000 patman of grain (each patman is 4 piculs and 5 pecks, or roughly 4,800 kg + 44 litres of dry rice) and 48,000 silver ounces were required to be paid yearly by Kashgar to the Dzungars, and the rest of the cities were also taxed. Trade, milling, and distilling taxes, corvée labor, saffron, cotton, and grain were also extracted by the Dzungars from the Tarim Basin. Every harvest season, women and food had to be provided to Dzungars when they came to extract the taxes from them.Millward 2007, p. 92.
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Just before landing the ship was cleaned up and painted. Suter had been to the Hawaiian Islands on several previous trips, and as he suspected, the day after he arrived on November 6, 1820 King Kamehameha II inspected the ship and was impressed. The ancient Hawaiians had keen interest in boats, and the young king knew his father Kamehameha the Great used Western military technology such as large armed ships to conquer the islands. On November 16, 1820, the price was negotiated as 8000 piculs of sandalwood (over a million pounds), estimated to be worth about US$80,000 at the time.
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The parts of Batavia Dock would be assembled at Amsterdam Island. In August 1874 3,000 piculs of stones were brought from Europe to Batavia for 'the dry dock company'. In November 1874 there were riots with the local population on Amsterdam Island, caused by the behavior of one of the employees of the contractor. By August 1876 Batavia Dock was expected to be in service before the end of 1876. In February 1877 Batavia Dock was finally launched. SS Prins Hendrik opened the harbor in June 1878. Meanwhile, a pier and other facilities were already complete by November 1876.
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Despite it being customary for high officials of the time to commit suicide when charged with a capital offence, Ning Cheng submitted to even the most severe of punishments. Eventually, he escaped and made his way home, forging papers in order to get through the pass. Declaring that "An official who can't advance to a salary of 2,000 piculs or a merchant who can't make at least 10,000,000 cash is not fit to be called a man!", Ning Cheng borrowed money and bought over 1,000 qing (equivalent to about 600 million square feet) of farmland on which he employed several thousand poor families to work.
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Instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack, in 1387 the Ming sent a military campaign to attack Naghachu and forced his surrenderHarmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics, by Yuan-kang Wang after a successful diplomacy of the Ming. Naghachu and thousands of his officers and relatives were sent to Nanjing, the capital of the Ming dynasty at that time. The Ming granted Naghachu himself a marquisate with a stipend of 2,000 piculs of grain, and estate of public fields in Jiangxi, and a mansion in Nanjing. He died near Wuchang on 31 August 1388, probably from overindulgence in alcohol, and was buried outside Nanjing.
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In 1287 the Yuan commander Toghan, a son of Kublai Khan, invaded Vietnam for the third time. Under his command were a land force led by himself, and a massive fleet consisted 70,000 regular troops, 21,000 tribal auxiliaries from Yunnan and Hainan, a 1,000-man vanguard under the general Abachi, and 500 ships under the Muslim general Omar (Vietnamese: Ô Mã Nhi) and Chinese Fan Yi (according to some sources, the total Mongol force was composed of 300,000–500,000 men). They also transported 170,000 piculs of grains on Zheng Wenhu's supply fleet, followed the Omar's fleet. After the defeat of the first two invasions, Kublai sent veterans such as Arigh Khaiya, Nasir al-Din and his grandson Esen-Temür.
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Early in 1384 the campaign in Yunnan and Guizhou was declared over and General Fu was awarded a dukedom with an annual stipend of three thousand piculs of rice. General Fu Youde came to Beiping in 1385 to take over the military command left vacant by the death of Xu Da. When Fu Youde took over the theater command of the Beiping garrison, he had about seventeen guard units with more than 131,000 men, while the troop strength of the entire country had exceeded the one million mark. In time, Fu Youde rose through the ranks of the military, eventually becoming one of the Hongwu Emperor’s most important generals.The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, p.173.
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For example, on November 16, 1820 he bought a Royal Yacht known as Cleopatra's Barge for 8000 piculs of sandalwood (over a million pounds), estimated to be worth about US$80,000 at the time. It had been sold a few years before for $15,400 by the Crowninshield family of Salem, Massachusetts. Kamehameha II was quite proud of his ship; in the words of Charles Bullard, the agent for the shipowner: > If you want to know how Religion stands at the Islands I can tell you — All > sects are tolerated but the King worships the Barge. He tried to gain favor with missionaries by offering free passage on the opulent ship, and regularly entertained foreign visitors with their choice of alcoholic beverages.
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When the Nossa Senhora da Graça sank, its cargo mostly consisted of about 3000 piculs of unsold Chinese silk and 160 crates of silver bullion; altogether, the total loss was estimated at more than a million in gold. Recovery efforts have persisted from the night of the sinking—when 200 floating baskets of silk were picked up with grappling hooks—right down to modern times, but the majority of the treasure caches have yet to be found. These efforts centered around the area where the carrack was recorded to have sunk, under the sea off the island of Koyagi, Nagasaki. Of the 150 or 160 crates of silver known to be on board the vessel, 70 were retrieved by a merchant of Hirado in 1617.
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"Wine, meat, and women" and "a parting gift" were forcibly extracted from the Uighurs daily by the Dzungars who went to physically gather the taxes from the Uighur Muslims, and if they dissatisfied with what they received, they would rape women, and loot and steal property and livestock. Gold necklaces, diamonds, pearls, and precious stones from India were extracted from the Uighurs under Dāniyāl Khoja by Tsewang Rabtan when his daughter was getting married. 67,000 patman (each patman is 4 piculs and 5 pecks) of grain 48,000 silver ounces were forced to be paid yearly by Kashgar to the Dzungars and cash was also paid by the rest of the cities to the Dzungars. Trade, milling, and distilling taxes, corvée labor, saffron, cotton, and grain were also extracted by the Dzungars from the Tarim Basin.
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The Dzungars also extorted extra taxes on cotton, silver, gold, and traded goods from the Muslims besides making them pay the official tax. "Wine, meat, and women" and "a parting gift" were forcibly extracted from the Uighurs daily by the Dzungars who went to physically gather the taxes from the Uighur Muslims, and if they dissatisfied with what they received, they would rape women, and loot and steal property and livestock. Gold necklaces, diamonds, pearls, and precious stones from India were extracted from the Uighurs under Dāniyāl Khoja by Tsewang Rabtan when his daughter was getting married.eds. Dani & Masson & Unesco 2003, pp. 196–97. 67,000 patman (each patman is 4 piculs and 5 pecks) of grain 48,000 silver ounces were forced to be paid yearly by Kashgar to the Dzungars and cash was also paid by the rest of the cities to the Dzungars.
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