Sex here would be better than even the best pharmaceutically enhanced orgy.
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She looks strong, with eyes and a smile that are naturally bright rather than pharmaceutically amped.
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As fall arrived, hair was slipping from her scalp, but the cancer had gone quiet, pharmaceutically stunned.
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Steven Soderbergh takes viewers on a wild, pharmaceutically induced ride in "Side Effects," starring Rooney Mara and Channing Tatum.
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I first saw "2001" in the spring of 1968 in the same pharmaceutically compromised condition that all my friends did.
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In semi-automated units (SAUs) frontal cortical and limbic activity is pharmaceutically suppressed and hardware connectivity established with the parietal lobe.
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In the meantime, the FDA's "failure to aggressively use all available tools to remove pharmaceutically adulterated supplements from commerce leaves consumers' health at risk," Cohen wrote.
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Climbing insurance deductibles are fueling a boom in telemedicine—medical care by phone, online messaging, or video chat—particularly for life's more awkward (and pharmaceutically lucrative) ailments.
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If this were a game of poker, one might say that our indiscriminate use of antibiotics has allowed gonorrhea to see our hand and predict our next move, pharmaceutically speaking.
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Both died at home under mysterious, possibly pharmaceutically-induced circumstances; both were flamboyantly-coiffed leading artists of the 1980s; Michael was called the King of Pop, while Prince was called... Prince.
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In the report, the researchers studied different locations around the world for antibiotic-resistant genes, including the human gut, the skin, wastewater, soil, pharmaceutically polluted sites and, in an apparent innovation, Beijing smog.
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After rescuing their sex life from pharmaceutically enabled, only-on-Wednesday drudgery, they plot to save Audrey's Empathy Initiative and daydream about international adventures like the ones they used to take — with real toilets this time.
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Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a drug based on one of the cannabinoids that's found in marijuana, interest in the potential to identify and manufacture other pharmaceutically beneficial chemicals from the plant has grown.
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"The agency's failure to aggressively use all available tools to remove pharmaceutically adulterated supplements from commerce leaves consumers' health at risk," writes general internist Pieter Cohen from Harvard Medical School in a commentary on the new research.
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As for rock-and-roll, a wall of neon rock posters features vibrating color fields and amped up visuals inspired by the sensory overload of pharmaceutically enhanced concert experiences: the hippie [movement's] contribution to advertising as a commercial artform.
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And while it may difficult for those in the sterile, pharmaceutically fixated West to wrap their minds around how 30-plus-year cobra wine can cure farsightedness and hair loss, in China, elixirs of this kind go back millennia.
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And it felt comfortable making that judgment call from a knowingly impaired performance (to be fair, she agreed to perform while impaired), just as other committees feel comfortable making the opposite judgment for students with pharmaceutically-hopped-up focus.
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The novel's pretty, unnamed narrator is (like Lily) an orphan, though she does have an inheritance to financially sustain her during a yearlong, pharmaceutically induced retreat from the world and from her own consciousness — with echoes of Lily's own gradual dependence on a medicinal sleep aid.
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Marianne Elliott ("War Horse") directs a cast that includes Andrew Garfield (as the drag queen who speaks with angels), Denise Gough (as a pharmaceutically numbed Mormon, at sea in New York and the Antarctic) and, in one of the season's most anticipated marriages of an actor and a role, Nathan Lane (as the closeted super-lawyer Roy Cohn).
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In 2017, Pfizer made public information about pharmaceutically-acceptable non-catechol selective D1 agonists that are in clinical development.
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All methods are scrutinized by applications to the total synthesis and "diverted total synthesis" of natural products and pharmaceutically active compounds.
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Bifurcaria is a source of unique diterpenoids which may prove pharmaceutically beneficial. In one preliminary study, an extract of Bifurcaria bifurcata halted the proliferation of cancer cells.
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Recognizing that approximately 50% of commercial pharmaceuticals are organic salts, ionic liquid forms of a number of pharmaceuticals have been investigated. Combining a pharmaceutically active cation with a pharmaceutically active anion leads to a Dual Active ionic liquid in which the actions of two drugs are combined. ILs can extract specific compounds from plants for pharmaceutical, nutritional and cosmetic applications, such as the antimalarial drug artemisinin from the plant Artemisia annua.
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Lactulose-based galenical composition or form characterized by the combination of anhydrous lactulose with an equally anhydrous vehicle consisting of a mixture of pharmaceutically acceptable purified paraffinic hydrocarbons.
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Actinoplanes is a genus in the family Micromonosporaceae. They have aerial mycelia and spherical, motile spores. Actinoplanes species produce the pharmaceutically important compounds valienamine (a precursor to the antidiabetic drug acarbose and the antibiotic validamycin), teicoplanin, and ramoplanin.
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Functionalized allylamines have extensive pharmaceutical applications. Pharmaceutically important allylamines include flunarizine and naftifine. Flunarizine aids in the relief of migraines while naftifine acts to fight common fungus causing infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm. Flunarizine and naftifine are pharmacologically active allylamines.
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In Denmark, all pharmacies are owned by the Association of Danish Pharmacies and controlled by the state. There are two pharmaceutically trained groups with a higher education in the Danish pharmacies: pharmaconomists () and pharmacists (). There are also pharmacy technicians () who have a vocational training and unskilled laborers/workers () who perform manual labour.
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Stretching over a period of some 30 years, Hayne produced 13 volumes of "Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in der Arzneykunde gebräuchlichen Gewächse" each with 48 copper engravings of pharmaceutically interesting plants, mostly done by Friedrich Guimpel and Peter Haas. Hayne was an honorary member of the Berlin Society of Friends of Natural Science.
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Commercially available organobromine pharmaceuticals include the vasodilator nicergoline, the sedative brotizolam, the anticancer agent pipobroman, and the antiseptic merbromin. Otherwise, organobromine compounds are rarely pharmaceutically useful, in contrast to the situation for organofluorine compounds. Several drugs are produced as the bromide (or equivalents, hydrobromide) salts, but in such cases bromide serves as an innocuous counterion of no biological significance.
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2-Quinolone is an organic compound related structurally to quinoline. It is the majority tautomer in equilibrium with 2-quinolinol. The compound can be classified as a cyclic amide, and as such is used as an isostere for peptides and other pharmaceutically-inspired targets. The isomer 4-quinolone is the parent of a large class of quinolone antibiotics.
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The Australian pharmaceutical company Solagran has been investigating the medical significance of polyprenols and their substitution with dolichols when ingested where there is a deficiency. Trials of Ropren (already pharmaceutically registered as a hepatoprotector) in relation to neurodegenerative diseases (including Alzheimer's disease) in both Russia and Australia indicate considerable potential as a safe and effective treatment.
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Hydrocodone is only pharmaceutically available as an oral medication. It is well-absorbed, but the oral bioavailability of hydrocodone is only approximately 25%. The onset of action of hydrocodone via this route is 10 to 20 minutes, with a peak effect (Tmax) occurring at 30 to 60 minutes, and it has a duration of 4 to 8 hours.
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Al-Nabari finished his academic period and went to work for a pharmaceutical company called ChemAgis (now Perrigo). During his time in the academia and at work Al-Nabari registered 12 patents, some of them for treatments of Alzheimer's disease and brain cancer. Patents List: # Process for preparing temozolomide, patent No. 7,612,202, 2009 # Use of purified donepezil maleate for preparing pharmaceutically pure amorphous donepezil hydrochloride, patent No. 7,592,459, 2009. # Stable amorphous forms of montelukast sodium, patent No. 7,544,805, 2009. # Process for preparing temozolomide, patent No. 2006/0183,898, 2006. # Use of purified donepezil maleate for preparing pharmaceutically pure amorphous donepezil hydrochloride, patent No. 2006/0069,125, 2006. # Process for alkylating secondary amines and the use in donepezil preparation thereof, patent No. 2006/0122,227, 2006. # Novel processes for preparing substantially pure anastrozole, patent No. 2006/0035,950, 2006.
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Cyclotides display a wide range of pharmaceutically important bioactivities, but their natural function is in plant defense as insecticidal agents. On the structure of cyclotides kalata B1, all 23 non-cysteine residues were successively substituted with alanine. The data were tested by NMR Spectroscopy. In addition, alanine scanning is also used to determine which functional motif of Cry4Aa has the mosquitocidal activity.
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16-Hydroxytabersonine is a terpene indole alkaloid produced by the plant Catharanthus roseus. The metabolite is an intermediate in the formation of vindoline, a precursor needed for formation of the pharmaceutically valuable vinblastine and vincristine. 16-hydroxytabersonine is formed from the hydroxylation of tabersonine by tabersonine 16-hydroxylase (T16H). Tabersonine 16-O-methyltransferase (16OMT) methylates the hydroxylated 16 position to form 16-methoxytabersonine.
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Strictosidine is formed by the Pictet–Spengler reaction condensation of tryptamine with secologanin by the enzyme strictosidine synthase. Thousands of strictosidine derivatives are sometimes referred to by the broad phrase of monoterpene indole alkaloids. Strictosidine is the base molecule for numerous pharmaceutically valuable metabolites including quinine, camptothecin, ajmalicine, serpentine, vinblastine and vincristine. Biosynthetic pathways help to define the subgroups of strictosidine derivatives.
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Modern methods of grain cleaning have significantly reduced ergotism as a human disease; however, it is still an important veterinary problem. Ergot alkaloids have been used pharmaceutically. Patulin is a toxin produced by the P. expansum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Paecilomyces fungal species. P. expansum is especially associated with a range of moldy fruits and vegetables, in particular rotting apples and figs.
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Experiments in South Florida have been conducted to use it as a superior rootstock for sugar-apple or soursop. While the grafts initially appear to be effective, a high percentage of them typically fail over time. Soursop on pond-apple rootstock has a dwarfing effect. Recent research suggests that its alcoholic seed extract contains anticancer compounds that could be used pharmaceutically.
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Pharmacotoxicology entails the study of the consequences of toxic exposure to pharmaceutical drugs and agents in the health care field. The field of pharmacotoxicology also involves the treatment and prevention of pharmaceutically induced side effects. Pharmacotoxicology can be separated into two different categories: pharmacodynamics (the effects of a drug on an organism), and pharmacokinetics (the effects of the organism on the drug).
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Iodobenzamide (IBZM or iolopride) is a chemical substance. Pharmaceutically it is a dopamine antagonist and it can be used by nuclear medicine physicians as a radioactive tracer for SPECT where the radioactive isotope is iodine-123 or iodine-125. The main purpose of a brain study with IBZM is the differentiation of Parkinson's disease from other neurodegenerative diseases such as Lewy Body dementia and multiple system atrophy.
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The central C4SN ring is folded in phenothiazines. The compound was originally prepared by Bernthsen in 1883 via the reaction of diphenylamine with sulfur, but more recent syntheses rely on the cyclization of 2-substituted diphenyl sulfides. Few pharmaceutically significant phenothiazines are prepared from phenothiazine,Gérard Taurand, "Phenothiazine and Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. although some of them are.
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Hydrazones are reactants in hydrazone iodination, the Shapiro reaction and the Bamford-Stevens reaction to vinyl compounds. A hydrazone is an intermediate in the Wolff–Kishner reduction. Hydrazones can also be synthesized by the Japp–Klingemann reaction via β-keto-acids or β-keto-esters and aryl diazonium salts. The mechanochemical process was used recently as a green one to synthesize pharmaceutically attractive phenol hydrazones.
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Ion exchange resins are used in water purification and catalysis of organic reactions. See also AT-10 resin, melamine resin. Certain ion exchange resins are also used pharmaceutically as bile acid sequestrants, mainly as hypolipidemic agents, although they may be used for purposes other than lowering cholesterol. Solvent Impregnated Resins (SIRs) are porous resin particles which contain an additional liquid extractant inside the porous matrix.
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Sulfadimethoxine can either be given alone (such as under the commercial name Albon) or in combination with ormetoprim to as a "potentiated sulfonamide" to increase antimicrobial activity. Ormetoprim is a diaminopyridine, inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, which is further along the pathway for synthesizing folic acid. Though the optimum ratio of sulfadimethoxine to ormetoprim has been found to be 20:1, it is sold pharmaceutically as a 5:1 mixture.
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Aboriginal Australians sometimes chew the nicotine-containing leaves of Duboisia hopwoodii (see entry on pituri) mixed with wood ash for their stimulant and, after extended use, depressant effects. The leaves of Duboisia leichhardtii and Duboisia myoporoides also contain scopolamine and hyoscyamine, along with some other pharmaceutically important alkaloids. A derivative of scopolamine is the drug butylscopolamine, a potent peripherally acting antispasmodic. These trees are commercially grown for the pharmaceutical industry.
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It is primarily administered to the throat. Xibornol is a lipophilic drug mainly used in Italy and Spain in spray dosage forms for the local treatment of infection and inflammation of the throat. Its poor water solubility makes difficult the development of aqueous formulations of the drug, thus giving rise to a limited number of stable and pharmaceutically accepted preparations. In fact, xibornol is actually marketed only as spray aqueous suspension.
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His research group explores the concept of "modern alchemy", whereby ligand design is used to transmute the reactivity of earth-abundant metals to mimic, or ideally surpass, the performance of precious metals. His group tackles pharmaceutically- and industrially-relevant problems using a combination of synthetic, spectroscopic, physical characterization and computational methods. The major research areas in his laboratory are catalysis with Earth-abundant metals, dinitrogen functionalization, and the interconversion of ammonia with its elements.
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Liebig's assistant Carl Ettling perfected glass-blowing techniques for producing the Kaliapparat, and demonstrated them to visitors. Liebig's kaliapparat simplified the technique of quantitative organic analysis and rendered it routine. Brock suggests that the availability of a superior technical apparatus was one reason why Liebig was able to attract so many students to his laboratory. His method of combustion analysis was used pharmaceutically, and certainly made possible many contributions to organic, agricultural and biological chemistry.
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Schwochau, Klaus. Technetium. Wiley-VCH (2000). The term radioisotope, which in its general sense refers to any radioactive isotope (radionuclide), has historically been used to refer to all radiopharmaceuticals, and this usage remains common. Technically, however, many radiopharmaceuticals incorporate a radioactive tracer atom into a larger pharmaceutically-active molecule, which is localized in the body, after which the radionuclide tracer atom allows it to be easily detected with a gamma camera or similar gamma imaging device.
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Meliponines store their honey in pots, not in combs like the honeybees. ResearchGate Publication 23476798 Compared to A. mellifera, a honeybee species that is well known for their honey, T. carbonaria honey had higher values in moisture, water activity, and electrical activity. The two different honeys can also be distinguished by flavor and aroma. Also, the antioxidant activity of T. carbonaria honey has such a high value that it has potential to serve medicinal needs both nutritionally and pharmaceutically.
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Berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) is a central enzyme in the biosynthesis of berberine, a pharmaceutically important alkaloid. The enzyme itself hasn't had extensive research carried on, and has very limited, if any, specific medical application. On the other hand, berberine is highly regarded for its interactions with several diseases. Berberine has been known to influence weight loss, and this antiobesity effect may benefit all conditions related to increased body mass such as hypertension, dyslipidemia or pre-diabetes.
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Biotechnology for Natural Products Program applies modern and conventional scientific techniques to discover pharmaceutically-important compounds produced from local isolates and to develop plant cell culture systems as a source of high-value secondary metabolites (drugs). The program uses bioinformatics, computational software, and tissue culture technology for the identification and mass production of identified novel compounds. Continuing efforts are exerted to promote and commercialize BioVac-HS and BioVac-FC, the vaccines against Pasteurella multocida which causes fatal hemorrhagic septicemia and fowl cholera, respectively.
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Serum levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, and other adrenal steroids are followed for additional information, but may not be entirely normalized even with optimal treatment. (See Glucocorticoid for more on this topic.) Mineralocorticoids are replaced in all infants with salt-wasting and in most patients with elevated renin levels. Fludrocortisone is the only pharmaceutically available mineralocorticoid and is usually used in doses of 0.05 to 2 mg daily. Electrolytes, renin, and blood pressure levels are followed to optimize the dose.
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Glysobuzole (or isobuzole) is an oral antidiabetic drug, it is taken once daily by oral administration and it is water soluble to become pharmaceutically active within the gastrointestinal tract. It is a sulfonamide derivative that is similar to sulfonylureas. Glysobuzole has antihyperglycemic activity, so it is able to lower blood glucose levels by increasing the release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells. Glysobuzole functions as a modulator in metabolic processes involving insulin and therefore it is used to treat diabetes.
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Commercially available organobromine pharmaceuticals include the vasodilator nicergoline, the sedative brotizolam, the anticancer agent pipobroman, and the antiseptic merbromin. Otherwise, organobromine compounds are rarely pharmaceutically useful, in contrast to the situation for organofluorine compounds. Several drugs are produced as the bromide (or equivalents, hydrobromide) salts, but in such cases bromide serves as an innocuous counterion of no biological significance. Other uses of organobromine compounds include high-density drilling fluids, dyes (such as Tyrian purple and the indicator bromothymol blue), and pharmaceuticals.
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According to regulations applicable in the European Economic Area two medicinal products are bioequivalent if they are pharmaceutically equivalent or pharmaceutical alternatives and if their bioavailabilities after administration in the same molar dose are similar to such a degree that their effects, with respect to both efficacy and safety, will be essentially the same. This is considered demonstrated if the 90% confidence intervals (90% CI) of the ratios for AUC0–t and Cmax between the two preparations lie in the range 80–125%.
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Effective antidotes are unknown. Research in monkeys has shown that the use of glyceryl monoacetate can prevent problems if given after ingestion of sodium fluoroacetate, and this therapy has been tested in domestic animals with some positive results. In theory, glyceryl monoacetate supplies acetate ions to allow continuation of cellular respiration which the sodium fluoroacetate had disrupted. Experiments of Dr. Goncharov and co- workers resulted in development of a successful therapeutic complex, containing a phenothiazine compound, a dioic acid compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
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In another aspect the pharmaceutical composition can include a phenothiazine compound, a nitroester compound, ethanol, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.Goncharov N.V., Kuznetsov A.V., Glashkina L.M., Radilov A.S. Compositions and Methods for Treating Intoxications. United States Patent Application 20100249116, publication date 09/30/2010; see also: Goncharov N.V., Jenkins R.O., Radilov A.S. Toxicology of fluoroacetate: a review, with possible directions for therapy research // J.Appl.Toxicol.(2006)26:148-161 In clinical cases, use of muscle relaxants, anti-convulsants, mechanical ventilation, and other supportive measures may all be required.
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Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α in prostanoid nomenclature), pharmaceutically termed carboprost is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient. In domestic mammals, it is produced by the uterus when stimulated by oxytocin, in the event that there has been no implantation during the luteal phase. It acts on the corpus luteum to cause luteolysis, forming a corpus albicans and stopping the production of progesterone. Action of PGF2α is dependent on the number of receptors on the corpus luteum membrane.
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Pharmaceutical drugs are chemicals used for the alteration, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease, health conditions or structure/function of the human body. Some pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) can enter the environment by one route or another as the parent compound or as pharmacologically active metabolites. Drugs are developed with the intention of having a beneficial biological effect on the organism to which they are administered, but many such compounds all too often pass into the environment where they may exert an unwanted biological effect.Halling-Sorensen et al. 1998.
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Although amyl nitrite is known for its practical therapeutic applications, the first documented case of recreational use was in 1964Lubell, I. Correspondence with Burroughs Wellcome Co., 1964, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1967. . The poppers "craze" began in the early 1970s in the LGBT community in gay bars, discothèques and bathhouses, marking its prominent presence in gay culture. It was packaged and sold pharmaceutically in fragile glass ampoules wrapped in cloth sleeves which, when crushed or "popped" in the fingers, released the amyl nitrite for inhalation. Hence the colloquialism poppers.
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Microbubbles are used as contrast agents for sonographic examination, specifically echocardiograms, for the detection of a cardiac shunt. These microbubbles are composed of agitated saline solution, most of which are too large to pass through the lung capillaries. Therefore, the only ones that reach the left side of the heart pass through an abnormal connection between the two sides of the heart, known as a right-to-left shunt. In addition, pharmaceutically prepared microbubbles are composed of tiny amounts of nitrogen or perfluorocarbons strengthened and supported by a protein, lipid, or polymer shell.
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Traces of prescription drugs — including antibiotics, anti- convulsants, mood stabilizers and sex hormones — have been detected in drinking water. Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) discarded from human therapy and their metabolites have been found to not be completely eliminated by sewage treatment plants and have been found at low concentrations in surface waters downstream from those plants. The continuous discarding of incompletely treated water may interact with other environmental chemicals and lead to uncertain ecological effects. Due to most pharmaceuticals being highly soluble, fish and other aquatic organisms are susceptible to their effects.
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The leaves are a commercial source of pharmaceutically useful alkaloids. The same alkaloids render all plant parts poisonous. The leaves contain a number of alkaloids, including hyoscine (scopolamine), used for treating motion sickness, stomach disorders, and the side effects of cancer therapy. A bush medicine developed by Aboriginal peoples of the eastern states of Australia from the soft corkwood tree, or Duboisia myoporoides, was used by the Allies in World War II to stop soldiers getting seasick when they sailed across the English Channel on their way to liberate France and defeat Hitler during the Invasion of Normandy.
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Alfred Matthew Hubbard is reputed to have introduced more than 6,000 people to LSD, including scientists, politicians, intelligence officials, diplomats, and church figures. He became known as the original "Captain Trips", travelling about with a leather case containing pharmaceutically pure LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin. He became a 'freelance' apostle for LSD in the early 1950s after supposedly receiving an angelic vision telling him that something important to the future of mankind would soon be coming. When he read about LSD the next year, he immediately sought and acquired LSD, which he tried for himself in 1951.
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Teriparatide injection is pharmaceutically equivalent to Forteo (that is, has the same active ingredient in the same strength, dosage form and route of administration) and has been shown to have comparable bioavailability. These characteristics allowed the product to be approved under a 505(b)(2) NDA for which Forteo was the reference drug. It may provide a lower-cost teriparatide option for increasing bone density in patients at high risk for fracture, and is FDA-approved for the same indications as Forteo, which means it can be used for the same patients as Forteo, including new patients and those currently responding to treatment. Teriparatide was approved for medical use in the European Union in June 2003.
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WRKY transcription factors also play a role in regulating pathways for the biosynthesis of pharmaceutically valuable plant-specialized metabolites.Suttipanta, Pattanaik, Kulshrestha, Patra, Singh, et al. (2011) The Transcription Factor CrWRKY1 Positively Regulates the Terpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Physiology. 157(4). 2081-2093, Li, Zhang, Zhang, Fu and Yu (2013) Functional analysis of a WRKY transcription factor involved in transcriptional activation of the DBAT gene in Taxus chinensis. Plant Biology. 15(1). 19-26, Ma, Pu, Lei, Ma, Wang, et al. (2009) Isolation and Characterization of AaWRKY1, an Artemisia annua Transcription Factor that Regulates the Amorpha-4,11-diene Synthase Gene, a Key Gene of Artemisinin Biosynthesis. Plant and Cell Physiology. 50(12).
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The molecular weight of the polymers can be controlled by the molar ratio of the reactants. The addition of triols leads to crosslinked polymers, whereas the crosslinking density is determined by the ratio of triol/diol. The polymerization takes already place rapidly at room temperature and ambient pressure and allows the formation of a polymer matrix in the presence of sensitive pharmaceutically active agents. POE-II-Synthese The solid polyorthoester type II polymers are very hydrophobic, storable in the dry and significantly less sensitive to acid than polyorthoester type I. The pH-sensitivity (and thus the rate of degradation in physiological media) as well as the glass transition temperature (and thus the mechanical and thermal properties) can be controlled through the use of diols of different chain flexibility.
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Dendrimers are valuable for medical, biomaterial and nanoengineering applications; these polymers can functions as targeting components, detecting agents, and pharmaceutically-active compounds. Thiol-ene additions are useful in the divergent synthesis of dendrimers due to the characteristics of click chemistry such as the mild reaction conditions (benign solvents), regioselectivity, high efficiency, high conversion and quantitative yield. Because this reaction is photo-initiated, it does not require copper catalysis, unlike other common reactions used in dendrimer preparation; this is advantageous for the synthesis of functional biomaterials given the inhibitory characteristic of copper on biological systems. Thiol-ene reactions have been used alongside anhydride, esterification, Grignard, and Michael reactions to functionalize chain ends and build polymer backbones in the synthesis of branched molecules such as glycodendrons, polythioether dendrimers and organosilicon thioether dendrimers. A general strategy for the divergent synthesis of a dendrimer begins with a core; commonly-used cores include 2,4,6-triallyloxy-1,3,5-triazine, triallyl isocyanurate and tetravinylsilane.
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Halichondrin B is a large naturally occurring polyether macrolide originally isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai by Hirata and Uemura in 1986. In the same report, these authors also reported the exquisite anticancer activity of halichondrin B against murine cancer cells both in culture and in in vivo studies. Halichondrin B was highly prioritized for development as a novel anticancer therapeutic by the United States National Cancer Institute and, in 1991, was the original test case for identification of mechanism of action (in this case, tubulin-targeted mitotic inhibitor) by NCI's then-brand- new "60-cell line screen" The complete chemical synthesis of halichondrin B was achieved by Yoshito Kishi and colleagues at Harvard University in 1992, an achievement that ultimately enabled the discovery and development of the structurally simplified and pharmaceutically optimized analog eribulin (E7389, ER-086526, NSC-707389). Eribulin was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on November 15, 2010, to treat patients with metastatic breast cancer who have received at least two prior chemotherapy regimens for late- stage disease, including both anthracycline- and taxane-based chemotherapies.
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