Smartphones have largely replaced cameras, newspapers, books, and personal stereos.
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"At younger ages, loud toys, firecrackers, loud video games, personal stereos or personal music players, lawnmowers or leaf blowers, sporting events or air shows, or other non-music events might be more likely noisy activities than music venue attendance," Le Prell said.
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The introduction of the personal stereo coincided with the 1980s aerobics vogue, making it very popular to listen to music during workouts. Moreover, the prevalence of portable cassette players correlates with a 30-percent increase of people walking for exercise between 1987 and 1997. In the 1990s, portable CD players became the most popular personal stereos. In the 2000s, digital players like the iPod became the dominant personal stereos.
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A Sony WM-75 Sports Walkman A personal stereo, or personal cassette player, is a portable audio player using an audiocassette player, battery power and in some cases an AM/FM radio. This allows the user to listen to music through headphones while walking, jogging or relaxing. Personal stereos typically have a belt clip or a shoulder strap so a user can attach the device to a belt or wear it over their shoulder. Some personal stereos came with a separate battery case.
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Personal Stereos and the Management of Everyday Life, Oxford: Berg Publishers and Sound Moves, iPod Culture and Urban Experience.Bull, M (2007) Sound Moves. iPod Culture and Urban Experience London: Routledge. Bull is Editor of the journal Senses and Society and the book Sound Studies: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies.
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Walkman (stylized WALKMAN) is a brand of portable media players manufactured by Sony. The original Walkman, released in 1979, was a portable cassette player that allowed people to listen to music of their choice on the move. Its popularity made "walkman" an unofficial term for personal stereos of any producer or brand. By 2010, when production stopped, Sony had built about 200 million cassette-based Walkmans.walkman-archive.
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One specific effect noted by both Patton and Bull is what Bull calls "auditized looking,"'Sounding out the city: personal stereos and the management of everyday life: Materialising Culture', Berg, Oxford, 2000. the ability of those listening to a personal stereo to make or escape eye contact with others in ways they wouldn't otherwise. Traditional messages carried by eye contact are to some extent dissolved by the music's protective bubble, the listener seen as unavailable.
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Mechanical improvements in tape transport cannot remedy this problem because it stems from minor defects and wear of the cassette shell. Bidirectional autoreversing cassette tape transports are particularly prone to azimuth errors. Simple transports that use fixed four-track replay heads – the industry standard for car and personal stereos – can be properly aligned in one direction only, leaving the other direction vulnerable to unpredictable random errors. Transports that use rotating two-head assemblies were usually equipped with independent alignment screws for forward and reverse directions.
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Following the conclusion of the Beslan school hostage crisis in Russia in September 2004, the Russian authorities claimed that the terrorists had "listened to German hard rock group Rammstein on personal stereos during the siege to keep themselves edgy and fired up". The claim has not been independently confirmed. Band members said this about the issue: Pekka-Eric Auvinen, the perpetrator of the Jokela school shooting in November 2007, also included Rammstein in one of his favorite bands. However, he noted that the music among other things was not to blame for his decisions.
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At around 15:30, approximately ten minutes apart, two grenades were detonated by the militants against security forces outside the school, setting a police car on fire and injuring one officer, but Russian forces did not return fire. As the day and night wore on, the combination of stress and sleep deprivation—and possibly drug withdrawal—made the hostage-takers increasingly hysterical and unpredictable. The crying of the children irritated them, and on several occasions crying children and their mothers were threatened with being shot if they would not stop crying. Russian authorities claimed that the hostage-takers had "listened to German heavy metal group Rammstein on personal stereos during the siege to keep themselves edgy and fired up" (Rammstein had previously come under fire following the Columbine High School massacre, and again in 2007 after the Jokela High School shooting).
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Sony contended the Walkman evolved from a succession of portable mono and stereo cassette recorders spanning over a decade, starting with the TC-50 in 1968, illustrated in court with chronological charts. They never sought to file patents on the Walkman, its legal team argued, because the technology was innovative but not wholly inventive, rendering any such filing invalid. Counsel representing Sony and Toshiba, who also appeared in opposition, further argued that Pavel's idea consisted of multiple components, namely a belt-like garment that housed an amplifier and battery pack separately, and lacked a stability mechanism to counter movement. Pavel's legal representatives countered that, although the patent describes a stereo system in conjunction with a belt, "his claim covers all personal stereos" and Sony's own charts appeared to show their personal audio equipment getting larger with time, not smaller or more refined.
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