Instead, what would matter was total watch time of Periscopes.
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The product essentially adds a pair of periscopes to your GoPro.
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Sighting through their periscopes, the gunners inside the tanks shot their .
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"They were using these range finders" in the periscopes, she said.
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That doesn't include views from Periscopes on the web or embedded in Tweets.
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The grainy Periscopes have a few thousand concurrent viewers at their very best.
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The apps will host live streaming video as well as tweets, Vines and Periscopes.
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Twitter will rely on notifications and you seeing the initial tweet or retweets of Periscopes.
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For example, Microsoft's Xbox 360 game controllers have been used to operate Navy submarine periscopes.
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In most periscopes, the mirrors are placed at 45-degree angles, with the viewer looking forward.
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Facebook's remaining advantage is that videos are permanent, whereas Periscopes disappear 24 hours after they're first posted.
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The Xbox controller is used to maneuver the photonic masts—sensors that have replaced periscopes in modern submarines.
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Periscopes generate notifications for all your followers there, and show up instantly at the top of the Twitter timeline.
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Twitter's real-time feed where Periscopes now play in-line means it's easy to find them right when they start.
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The CEO also wished a fond farewell to Katch, a third-party tool for saving Periscopes and sharing them elsewhere.
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A hybrid of the two platforms In-line Periscopes are designed to look like a hybrid between the two platforms.
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The US Navy is beginning to use Xbox 360 controllers to operate the periscopes on submarines, according to The Virginian-Pilot.
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It's like a series of periscopes, mirrors and lenses that allows me to interview Elsa at the same time I'm operating.
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The 6-second loops will now be joined by longer videos, and maybe someday Periscopes will find a home there as well.
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The bow sustained most damage, but the hatches are still in the closed position, the conning tower is intact, and the periscopes are visible.
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Other figures are more deeply rooted in new media, like Cernovich's frequent live Periscopes and the constant, frenetic live-tweeting of the day's news.
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Accomplishing the rare trick of making politicians relatable C-SPAN threw fuel on the fire by rebroadcasting Periscopes from Peters and his fell Rep.
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Most newer Twitter features, including polls, bookmarks, and Periscopes, never made it to third-party apps, because Twitter would not include them in its APIs.
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Some of these new features have included things like TweetDeck Teams, group direct messages, new search filters for finding Vines, GIFs and Periscopes, and more.
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These colorful ships had artistically adventurous patterns that, due to the limitations of U-boat periscopes and torpedoes, were surprisingly effective at keeping ships safe.
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Taken together, the hundreds of tweets, posts, and Periscopes from the "new right" over the last few days have ranged from anxious to defensive to exhausted.
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In its latest subs the US Navy tapped the Xbox 360 controller to maneuver submarine periscopes and the Army's anti-drone laser uses an Xbox controller.
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Greenseers who possess warging abilities and the ability to see the past and the future, can use weirwood trees to essentially look through, like time periscopes.
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On Friday The Virginian-Pilot reported that the US Navy is beginning to use Xbox 360 controllers to guide periscopes on their newest nuclear-powered warfare submarines.
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The Mare Island naval shipyard in the northern Bay Area used to make submarine periscopes for World War II. Now Factory OS's prefab homes are built there.
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The Life of Pablo still didn't come out, which meant forming an impression on this impossibly long-awaited record based on KTT rips and hanger-on Periscopes.
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Scott Peters and Eric Swalwell with Periscopes were viewed over 215 million times and the hashtags #NoBillNoBreak and #HoldTheFloor were tweeted over 1.4 million times, according to Twitter.
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On the Apple TV, users will be able to view live streaming and top tweets side-by-side on their televisions, as well as top Vines and Periscopes.
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We all know the feeling, in this twitchy online world — to witness yesterday's Twitter feed and feuds would be excruciating, just as most of the Periscopes would be stale.
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Designed for reconnaissance and combat behind enemy lines while collecting intelligence, it is loaded up with both serious armor, hard-hitting weapons, advanced optics, three periscopes and much, much more.
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Meanwhile, Twitter also announced that Periscopes will now be viewable live within the company's curated news stories, Moments, as the company continues to push into live video across the platform.
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After complaints from junior officers and sailors about the clunky controls used to direct submarine periscopes, the U.S. Navy will start using Xbox 360 controllers aboard Virginia-class submarines instead, the Virginian-Pilot reported Friday.
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The system, reportedly inspired by submarine periscopes, turns one of the lens arrays sideways, a 90-degree shift that houses it across the length of the device rather than facing outward like more traditional lens systems.
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His rise to the top communications job suggested that, perhaps, the White House was poised to adopt some of the tactics of Twitter personalities like Cernovich, meaning more content — Periscopes and tweets — aimed straight at the base.
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Two years ago, the U.S. Navy started testing the controllers as replacement controls for its newer, high-tech periscopes (called photonic masts) that are equipped with cameras and controlled with a large joystick (similar to those used to control helicopters).
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The periscopes in the conning tower would offer views of the concrete plant across the Hackensack River, which cuts through suburban New Jersey just west of New York City roughly parallel to the Hudson River and drains into Newark Bay leading to New York Harbor.
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This cuts down on the need to seek out specific accounts or hashtags and lets you see hyper-focused content about the things you actually care for, or receive the event-related tweets, Vines, and Periscopes in your feed alongside the typical bad jokes and snark.
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When we visited the Pittsburgh lab that created the snake robot, however, we were greeted by a different beast entirely: a six-legged creature that looked like a metal insect or crustacean — albeit one roughly the size of a small dog, with a serpentine head that periscopes above its square body.
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Lockheed Martin reportedly came up with the idea of using Xbox controllers for Virginia-class submarine periscopes at their "classified research lab" in Manassas, Virginia, where sailors work with engineers to find ways to use commercial hardware and software—like Xbox Kinect and 360 controllers, touch tablets, and Google Earth—in Navy submarines.
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Other winners include periscopes built out of PVC tubes at East Harlem bus stops and retractable jump ropes outside barber shops and salons in Richmond, Va. Sidewalks in Detroit will be repainted to resemble sprinting tracks and slides will pop up next to stairways used to commute through the slopes of Knoxville, Tenn.
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If I were to go live, and you've; probably saw this on your Twitter feed with all The Daily Show broadcasts [Beykpour had just come back from doing a bunch of Periscopes on the set of that show] you see a tweet in your timeline now and it's not a link, it's just auto-playing video.
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Periscopes may also be referred to by slang, e.g. "shufti-scope".
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During 1900, the Department of Shipbuilding asked the help of Jules Carpentier to make periscopes for submarines. This was to provide a "vision tube" under water, "the walrus" in maritime engineering projects in Cherbourg. In 1906, the number of periscopes made by him in service exceeded 80. He also devised trench periscopes that were widely used during the First World War.
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The loader has at his disposal one left-facing episcope and two rotating periscopes.
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Final production BRDM-2s have additional turret periscopes and a TNA-2 navigation apparatus.
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The side firing ports are provided with M17 periscopes, the rear one is fitted with an M27 periscope.
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In 2013, the fin was fitted with periscopes and masts of the type fitted to Otway while in service.
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The Royal Swedish Navy upgraded five of its Thales CK038 traditional periscopes to Thales CM010 optronics mast in 2007.
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Tanks and armoured vehicles use periscopes: they enable drivers, tank commanders, and other vehicle occupants to inspect their situation through the vehicle roof. Prior to periscopes, direct vision slits were cut in the armour for occupants to see out. Periscopes permit view outside of the vehicle without needing to cut these weaker vision openings in the front and side armour, better protecting the vehicle and occupants. A protectoscope is a related periscopic vision device designed to provide a window in armoured plate, similar to a direct vision slit.
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Telescopes, rear-projection televisions, periscopes, non-reversing mirrors, high quality kaleidoscopes, and the animation process Spectrafocus use this type of mirror.
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Engima has been provided with a battlefield management system (BMS), active defense suit, periscopes, local cameras and an NBC protection kit.
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The driver is provided with three day periscopes which cover the front and right of the vehicle. One of the driver's periscopes can be replaced by a night vision device. The commander sits behind the driver and has a single piece hatch. The air-cooled, turbocharged diesel engine sits to the right rear of the driver.
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She was equipped with three periscopes – an attack periscope, a surveillance periscope, and an auxiliary periscope – and a hydrophone for passive sonar.
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This can be remote controlled from the ranging station or command center and takes the place of the periscopes used in older installations.
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The gunner sits on the left of the turret, with the commander to his right with hatches that open to the rear. Both are provided with telescopic sights mounted on the front of the turret. The gunner has two vision periscopes that cover the front and left of the turret. The commander has six periscopes that provide all-round coverage.
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After the Second World War the technology was adopted thorough the whole world. Even today, original Gundlach periscopes are used in some tanks and APCs.
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This large room is dedicated entirely to the history of American submarines. The room features a pair of working periscopes, targeting computers, and battle flags.
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The M3A1 variant introduced a gas particulate filter system for NBC threats. Unlike the M2A1 Bradley, the NBC masks connected to the central filter for all five crewmen, instead of just the driver, gunner, and vehicle commander. This variant also introduced a fire suppression system. The three periscopes on the rear deck were omitted on the M3A1, and replaced by four periscopes in the cargo hatch itself.
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The driver's center periscope can be replaced by a passive infra-red periscope for night driving. The commander sits immediately behind the driver, and has a cupola that can be completely traversed. The cupola has five periscopes, four of which are M17 day periscopes, the fifth has 1x to 6x variable magnification. The turret is fitted on the right side of the hull behind the engine.
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When the shutters are in their opened position, they protect the driver and commander from being blinded by the sunlight and ensure that the windscreen won't be blurred by rain or snow. The commander and driver have periscopes allowing both of them a more detailed view of the surrounding terrain. The commander has six TNP-A periscopes (five in the front and one on the side of the vehicle), a TPKU-2B day sight and a TKN-1 night sight(night-vision device). The driver has four TNP-A periscopes (all in the front), one of which can be replaced by a TWN-2B night-vision device.
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The United States Navy has announced that it plans to use Xbox 360 controllers to control periscopes on new Virginia-class submarines, for both cost and familiarity reasons.
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D7 collided with a U-boat in May 1918. Her periscopes were damaged but she escaped otherwise unscathed. D7 was sold on 19 December 1921 to H. Pounds.
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The driver can be seen looking through the port to the left, with periscopes above him. The driver sat on the right in the front of the hull, with the hull gunner on the left, separated by a bulkhead. The driver had two periscopes and a visor in the hull front. The visor could be opened fully or a small "gate" in it opened; in the latter case, a thick glass block protected the driver.
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A replacement road wheel is often carried on the glacis plate. The driver has a single-piece hatch that opens to the left, and is provided with three daylight periscopes, the centre one of which is replaceable by an image intensification (or thermal) periscope for night driving. The commander is seated behind the driver and has a two-piece hatch that opens to either side. The commander is also provided with three daylight periscopes.
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In modern use, specialised periscopes can also provide night vision. The Embedded Image Periscope (EIP) designed and patented by Kent Periscopes provides standard unity vision periscope functionality for normal daytime viewing of the vehicle surroundings plus the ability to display digital images from a range of on- vehicle sensors and cameras (including thermal and low light) such that the resulting image appears "embedded" internally within the unit and projected at a comfortable viewing positions.
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A passive night vision periscope can be used in place of one of the day periscopes. A single infantry man sits behind the driver and has a hatch immediately above him with two vision periscopes that provide coverage of the front of the hull, as well as a large spherical firing port on the right side of the hull. Type 89 showing the firing ports. A Type 89 prototype at the JGSDF public information center.
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The driver was originally provided with only a single wide-angle AFV No.44 Mark 2 periscope which was later supplemented in late 1982 by two additional side- looking periscopes.
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She was decommissioned in 1990 and is laid up at Devonport awaiting disposal. Conquerors periscopes can be viewed at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum in Gosport.Kemp, Paul (2006). Submarine action.
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This model is essentially a re-stowed M2 Bradley. The passenger compartment was occupied by two observers and more ammunition and missiles. Because it did not carry a squad, the firing ports were covered. The M3 retained the three periscopes between the cargo hatch and entry ramp and the periscopes along the left side of the vehicle, while those on the right side were covered over as they would have been inaccessible due to the TOW missile stowage rack.
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Submarines traditionally had two periscopes; a navigation or observation periscope and a targeting, or commander's, periscope. Navies originally mounted these periscopes in the conning tower, one forward of the other in the narrow hulls of diesel-electric submarines. In the much wider hulls of US Navy submarines the two operate side-by-side. The observation scope, used to scan the sea surface and sky, typically had a wide field of view and no magnification or low-power magnification.
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At 20:20, she surfaced. Her periscope shears were bent 30 degrees from the vertical to starboard. All equipment mounted therein was damaged. Both periscopes and both radars were out of commission.
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It proved effective at identifying large surface ships up to away but was ineffectual when tracking periscopes. AN/APS-20 was also briefly used as part of the Space Race, with Project Mercury.
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Production of the third series ran from March to June 1944 with few changes from the second series. The Fahrersehklappe 80 was replaced by periscopes and the lighter StuH 43/1 was used.
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On 12 May, she sighted two periscopes and opened gunfire on who dived quickly but not before Frazier had scored hits on the periscopes. Immediately gaining sonar contact, the destroyer began a depth charge attack which brought air bubbles, oil, and debris to the surface. Two more attacks ensured the submarine was sunk. Early in the foggy morning of 10 June, with Lieutenant Commander Elliot M. Brown in command, she made two separate attacks on radar contacts which were believed to be submarines.
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The conning tower is dragged under the log boom. Both periscopes are disabled and the radar antenna is carried away. Doyle's left arm is broken, but he refuses morphine. “It wouldn't help my shooting”.
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Other streamlining adjustments were made to the hull with all external fittings removed, including the external torpedo tubes and gun. The periscopes, radar masts, snort mast and wireless mast were all incorporated into the new bridge fin.
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Seven periscopes are provided for the turret crew and three for the AML's driver. One of the three driving periscopes may be substituted with an infrared or image intensification periscope for night operations. On either side of the hull below the turret ring is an access door, one for the driver on the right and one intended for emergency purposes on the left. The left hull door, on which a spare wheel and tyre or fuel cans may be mounted, opens to the rear while the right hull door opens to the front.
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There is no night vision equipment fitted as standard, although in some models an infrared searchlight could be mounted externally on the turret or the day periscopes replaced with new infrared periscopes. An emergency escape hatch is situated beneath the driver's seat. The engine compartment is located towards the rear of the hull and is insulated from the crew by a fireproof bulkhead. The Allison Cross-Drive Model CD-500-3 transmission is located within this compartment, immediately behind the engine, and includes one forward and one reverse gear ratios.
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However, the bays are different in shape. The second projecting bay also has three vision blocks and periscopes. On top of the second projecting bay is a cupola which replaces the additional rectangular roof hatch from the BTR-50PK.
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U-41 had both periscopes damaged and was forced to abort her patrol and return to home. Circe was a member of the Second Fleet Sweeping Flotilla, based at Scapa Flow as part of the Grand Fleet, in July 1917.
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On 10 January 2013, struck an unidentified vessel in the Persian Gulf and lost one of its periscopes. The ship's commanding and executive officers were relieved for cause following the incident. The ship was later identified as a fishing trawler.
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Point of View is an art installation, created by the California artist Matthew Passmore, consisting of two towers installed in Haifa, Israel, and San Francisco, California. The towers serve as periscopes, offering live views of the other city to viewers.
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Vision for the troops was provided through three periscopes placed between the rear ramp and the cargo hatch just behind the turret, as well as two periscopes on each side of the hull above the side firing ports. The passenger compartment also held up to five TOW or Dragon missile reloads. The side and rear hull armor consisted of two steel plates one inch apart and away from the aluminum armor. The hull top, bottom, and front consisted of 5083 aluminum armor, and steel armor was added to the front third of the hull bottom to increase mine protection.
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AMX-10P hulls are fabricated from a welded steel or aluminum alloy and notable for their parallel incorporation of the driving and engine compartments. The driver is seated at the front of the vehicle and to the left. An AMX-10P's driving compartment is provided with a single hatch cover opening to the rear and three periscopes intended for observation purposes when the hatch is closed. Night vision equipment was not fitted as standard to the base production model; however, one of the three driving periscopes could be replaced with combined day/night intensification sights as needed.
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Comparison in design of periscope well and sail. In 2004, the United States Navy began fitting photonics masts to s.How Photonics Masts Will Work According to the US Navy: > In Virginia-class boats, traditional periscopes have been supplanted by two > Photonics Masts that house color, high-resolution black and white, and > infrared digital cameras atop telescoping arms. With the removal of the > barrel periscopes, the ships’ control room has been moved down one deck and > away from the hull’s curvature, affording it more room and an improved > layout that provides the commanding officer with enhanced situational > awareness.
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The periscopes and radar were knocked out. They were landed safely at Darwin 19 May, 8 days after leaving the Philippines. Most uniquely, one of the female passengers also gave birth to a healthy baby boy during the return trip. [Needs Citation].
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49–50 killing 20 men and wounding 23 others.Yakubov & Worth, p. 108 Her crew, ordered to abandon ship after the commander of the force received a report of periscopes, was taken aboard Gordy. The accompanying ships unsuccessfully attempted to sink Gnevny with gunfire.
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Navigational search capability is provided by a Type 1007 I-band navigation radar. They will also be fitted with the new Common Combat System. Two periscopes are carried, a CK51 search model and a CH91 attack model. Both have TV and thermal imaging cameras in addition to conventional optics.
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As a result, current photonic masts will be replaced with Low-Profile Photonics Masts (LPPM) which resemble traditional submarine periscopes more closely. In the future, a non-rotational Affordable Modular Panoramic Photonics Mast may be fitted, enabling the submarine to obtain a simultaneous 360° view of the sea surface.
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Sail of the French submarine The 'conning tower' of a pre-1950s submarine was a small watertight compartment mounted above the main pressure hull, equipped with instruments and controls and from which the periscopes were used to direct the boat and launch torpedo attacks. Above this was an open bridge for surface navigation and signalling, and the gun direction platform. It should not be confused with the submarine's control room, which was directly below it in the main pressure hull; or the bridge which was a small exposed platform in the top of the sail. As improvements in technology allowed the periscopes to be made longer it became unnecessary to raise the conning station above the main pressure hull.
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Also, as built the Electric Boat trio had two 34 foot periscopes. This resulted in a fairly small periscope shear support structure above the fairwater. The three Government boats had one 34 foot and one 40 foot periscope and this necessitated a taller shear and support stanchions.Johnston, pp.4-5.
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That night she surfaced and found that her periscopes were excessively damaged and that her bridge had been riddled with shrapnel. The damage necessitated a return to Pearl Harbor for repairs. Later that night, the busy Asashimo sank . Rock began her second war patrol on 4 April 1944, destination Honshū.
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Combustion air is drawn in via a cyclone filter system. The oscillating turret is similar to that fitted to the AMX-13 light tank. The commander is seated on the left of the turret and the gunner on the right. The commander is provided with seven periscopes, a periscopic sight.
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The periscopes had two problems, the first of which was shared with the other masts.Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pp. 231–2 They were not streamlined; raising a periscope while moving would create enough drag and turbulence to shake the entire submarine.Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p.
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She repeatedly fired on suspected submarine periscopes. alt=A large battleship lists in the water as the crew evacuates the vessel before it capsizes. Szent István was hit by two torpedoes abreast her boiler rooms. The aft boiler room quickly flooded and gave the ship a 10° list to starboard.
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Sakaida, p. 104-107 The submarines were equipped with two periscopes of German manufacture, about long, one for use during daylight and the other at night.Sakaida, p. 104 A special anechoic coating made from a mixture of gum, asbestos, and adhesives was applied to the hulls from the waterline to the bilge keel.
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At 95 meters high, it was the tallest structure at LC-34. The blockhouse, located 320 meters from the pad, was modeled after the domed reinforced concrete structure at LC-20. During a launch, it could accommodate 130 people as well as test and instrumentation equipment. Periscopes afforded views outside the windowless facility.
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Visual feeds from the masts are displayed on liquid-crystal display interfaces in the command center. The design of earlier optical periscopes required them to penetrate the pressure hull, reducing the structural integrity of the pressure hull as well as increasing the risk of flooding, and also required the submarine's control room to be located directly below the sail/fin. Implementation of photonics masts (which do not penetrate the pressure hull) enabled the submarine control room to be relocated to a position inside the pressure hull which is not necessarily directly below the sail. The current photonics masts have a visual appearance so different from the ordinary periscopes that when the submarine is detected, it can be distinctly identified as a Virginia-class vessel.
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The first double deck route to become OMO was Route 233 serving the Roundshaw Estate near Croydon. XA class Leyland Atlanteans were fitted with periscopes so that the driver could view the upper deck. The vehicles were fitted with Johnson fareboxes, a simpler system of fare collection than the autofare system fitted to the Merlins.
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Kamehamehas sail with fairwater planes, the upper half of her rudder, her bust of King Kamehameha I, a koa plate, bow and spear, and the wardroom monkeypod wood table are stored at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Her periscopes have been donated to the Deterrent Park on Submarine Base Bangor, Washington, to become part of the exhibit.
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Each TEL carries four ready-to fire missiles, but typically no missiles for reloading. Reloading is performed manually and usually takes approximately 5 minutes. The missile boxes are lowered for transport to lower the total height of the vehicle. The driver and commander have periscopes for viewing outside the vehicle when the hatches are closed.
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O-3 was laid down on 2 December 1916 by Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Massachusetts. She was launched on 27 September 1917, and commissioned on 13 June 1918 with Lieutenant G. L. Dickson in command. Provincetown, 1918. Bow torpedo tube door and saddle ballast tank bulge are visible, as are her two periscopes.
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The Investigators was a BAFTA-nominated children's science program, presented by children, on Channel 4 in Great Britain. It showed various interesting experiments from how to blow a balloon up with yeast to building bridges. Other experiments included on the program were making salmon flavoured ice cream and making periscopes. It aired on Saturday morning.
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Joessel After completion, the ships were refitted: they received a new higher cylindrical conning tower, bridge and two periscopes of 7.5 m (at the conning tower) and 9.5 m (in the central operations room). The ships served in the Atlantic until the early 1930s and were transferred to Indochina. They were stricken in May 1936.
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An illustration of some of the optical devices available for laboratory work in England in 1858. An optical instrument (or "optic" for short) is a device that either processes light waves (or photons) to enhance an image for viewing, or to analyze and determine their characteristic properties. Common examples include periscopes, microscopes, telescopes, and cameras.
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In addition, Bream shared with and the destruction of a 6,806 ton passenger/cargo vessel. On 23 October 1944, while patrolling off western Luzon, Bream made a daring surface attack on a Japanese formation, damaging the heavy cruiser Aoba. Bream (SS-243) returning to base with periscopes raised and battle flags flying, June 1945.
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As befitting a carrier, the Condor possesses a large hangar with a decent flight deck for vehicles to take off from. There are living quarters for seven or more people. The ship has two periscopes for outside observation. However, given the generous window design of the bridge, the forward view is more than sufficient.
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The hull is made of all-welded homogeneous armour plate, and provides protection against small arms fire. The vehicle carries a maximum of 15 including crew. The driver sits in the front left of the hull, and has a single piece hatch, which opens to the left. The driver is provided with three day periscopes.
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120 His office was equipped with recording devices (on tapes and discs), bugs, detectors, transparent mirrors, periscopes for indirect observation and sensitive photoelectric cells. His powerful Mercedes- Benz had a recording device and a two-way radio. After 1936, Moruzov established schools for preparing specialists, such as radio-telegraph operators, photo and film experts, and fingerprinters.Eşan, p.
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One man was thrown from his bunk, and another was knocked off his feet. Trout emergency dived to . As she passed on the way down, another bomb exploded without effect. Since both periscopes were out of commission, the submarine headed for Brisbane for emergency repairs and arrived at Capricorn Wharf, New Farm on 13 October 1942.
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An exploding bomb damaged both her periscopes and cracked all four battery blower motors. The bomb probably came from an American B-17; a similar incident had happened the day before, when another B-17 had bombed the submarine USS Grayling, mistaking it for a Japanese cruiser. Tambor returned to Pearl Harbor on 16 June for repairs.Schultz, p.
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The submarine was ordered on 18 December 1911. On 15 June 1912 the O 4 was laid down in Flushing at the shipyard of De Schelde. The launch took place on 5 August 1913. A passive sonar and two retractable periscopes were installed on the ship making it the first submarine in the Dutch navy having this equipment.
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Only the commander is provided with a hatch. The commander has eight day periscopes for all round observation and the gunner has an additional three. The primary sighting system is the PERI-Z11 sight, which has either 2× or 6× optical magnification. From version 1A2 on, there was an additional thermal sight with 2x and 8x magnification.
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One turret was built on a wooden platform for testing and training purposes. In the 1980s planning for a major maintenance and modernization program began. The largest modifications were the electrical system in the turrets and the gun periscope. New periscopes were ordered from Yugoslavia, but the break-up of the nation and the resulting Yugoslav wars caused delays.
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"The Panavision Story." American Cinematographer, April 1977. The technology was created during World War I to increase the field of view on tank periscopes; the periscope image was horizontally "squeezed" by the anamorphic lens. After it was unsqueezed by a complementary anamorphic optical element, the tank operator could see double the horizontal field of view without significant distortion.
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It was soon exported to both Europe and the United States and was placed in malls and department stores, becoming the first arcade game in the US to cost 25 cents per play. Sega was surprised by Periscopes success, and for the next two years, Sega produced between eight and ten games per year, exporting all of them.
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Soon after, the Mist was ordered to join the Reserve Fleet, into which she was reluctantly accepted. In May 1938, Mackenzie was assigned to . There was a serious incident when Seahorse was accidentally rammed by the destroyer . The submarine dived to avoid the destroyer, which did not detect it on asdic, but suffered damage to its periscopes.
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The powerpack is similar to the M113A1, except for a larger radiator capacity and turbocharger. The transmission is also fitted with heavy duty components from the M548 tracked cargo carrier. Immediately to the left of the engine is the driver, above whom is a hatch that opens to the right. The driver has four M27 day periscopes.
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One of the drivers periscopes can be replaced by a night vision device. The commander sits behind the driver and has a single piece hatch. The air-cooled, turbocharged diesel engine sits to the right rear of the driver. It has a large intake located in the top of the hull, with an exhaust on the right hand side.
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The power pack is located at the rear of the platform enabling the driver and commander to sit side by side in the front providing a very high level of local situation awareness and high field of view with the help of eight frontal periscopes. The rear power pack configuration also enables a low thermal and noise signature.
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A Visual Guide to the U.S. Fleet Submarines Part Three: Balao and Tench Classes 1942–1950 pp. 2-3, Johnston, David (2012) Navsource Naval History website For the masts and periscope shears, the original arrangement for both the Government and Electric Boat designs had (forward to aft) the two tapered cone shaped periscope support shears, followed by a thin mast for the SJ surface search radar, and then by a thin mast for the SD air search radar. There were minor differences in how the periscopes were braced against vibration, but both designs were nearly identical. About halfway through their production run, Electric Boat altered their design, moving the SJ radar mast forward of the periscopes, then altered it again a few boats later by enlarging the SD radar mast.
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After a two-year residency at the TUM he began to work at C.A. Steinheil & Sons. In 1909 he joined the telescope division of Carl Zeiss, in Jena, Germany. He began to run the division in 1918. During his years there, he focused mainly on improving submarine periscopes as well as the scopes on shotguns, prism binoculars, and guns on naval vessels.
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Upon commissioning, I-6 was attached to the Yokosuka Naval District. She was taking part in maneuvers off Ise Bay on 1 August 1935 when she collided with the destroyer at 14:27. She suffered damage to her periscopes and proceeded to Yokosuka for repairs. In July 1936, I-6 embarked a Watanabe E9W1 (Allied reporting name "Slim") reconnaissance seaplane for testing purposes.
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Of the foursubmarines, only twowere commissioned before the end of World War I: Lagrange and Romazzotti, which operated in the Mediterranean Sea. From 1922 to 1923, the ships underwent a major refit in which they received new major conning towers, bridges and periscopes. All ships served in the Mediterranean Sea until 1935 for Lagrange and 1937 for the other threeships.
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Joessel was built in the Arsenal de Cherbourg. She was laid down in November 1913, launched on 21 July 1917, and completed in February 1920. She received the pennant number Q 109. Joessel was refitted during the 1920s when she received a new conning tower, bridge and two periscopes of 7.5 m (at the conning tower) and 9.5 m (at Headquarters).
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In 1914, Brodetsky was appointed a Lecturer in Applied Mathematics at the University of Bristol. During the First World War he was employed as an advisor to the British company developing periscopes for submarines. In 1919, Brodetsky became a Lecturer at the University of Leeds. Five years later he was appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics at Leeds where he remained until 1948.
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The driver is seated at the front centre of the Ratel and provided with three bulletproof windscreens for use in a combat environment. This design feature was adopted directly from the Berliet VXB-170 and favoured for its enhanced situational awareness. The windscreens are fitted with armoured shutters which could be closed down as needed. Three vision periscopes are provided for the driver.
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A main ballast tank vent malfunctioned, and she assumed a 50-degree down angle, reaching a depth of before her crew could stop her descent. Her crew finally stabilized her at a depth of . Allied vessels pursued her for the next 11 hours, during which one of her periscopes and one of her fuel tanks developed leaks and her internal temperature rose to .
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Extensive damage was done to the sail, all periscopes and snorkel system were completely inoperative. After patched up in Subic Bay, returned to Pearl Harbor for a short while then to Mare Island, Vellejo, Calif. for major repairs. Arrived back in Pearl Harbor late December 1965. Back in Pearl Harbor late in 1965, Medregal operated their until departure for Japan 2 July 1966.
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The hull is made of welded steel, and provides protection against small arms fire. The vehicle carries a maximum of 15 including crew. The driver sits in the front left of the hull, and has a single piece hatch, which opens to the left. The driver is provided with two day periscopes which cover the front and right of the vehicle.
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The commander is situated in the E-8 KUKA 1-man turret behind the driver. The troop compartment is accessed from two rear-doors, as well as from two roof-hatches. The squad leader sits alone, with the rest of the men at the sides in a 3-man and 4-man rows. The troops have two optical periscopes for situational awareness.
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The Medium Range Sonar (MRS) and Long Range Sonar (LRS) were replaced. A new sonar was added, the Mine and Obstacle Avoidance Sonar (MOAS). The consoles and screens in the command room were upgraded to more modern versions, while the navigation and attack periscopes went from being depended on analog sensors to digital sensors. This was done by replacing several masts.
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When the ship was next docked, it was found that her starboard bilge keel had been partly bent and broken. As there is no other explanation, it is believed that this damage was caused by striking the conning tower of the submarine as she was in the act of submerging. After the Armistice U-139 was inspected at Brest where it was noted that not only are the periscopes broken but the thin metal weather screen on the forward side of the conning tower was badly bent as the result of the collision. A German crew member, still on board, stated “the U-139 had encountered an American transport off the Atlantic coast, which had attempted to ram her, and had succeeded in breaking off both periscopes, so that for the remainder of the cruise the submarine was unable to attack while submerged.
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The collision resulted in damage to the submarine's periscopes and conning tower. In early 1956 during ASW exercises Eaton was involved in a collision with the destroyer USS Power (DD-839). Eaton following collision with , 6 May 1956. On 6 May 1956, off the Virginia Capes, the battleship USS Wisconsin (BB-64) collided with the Eaton in thick fog while daylight steaming at high speed (20 knots).
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The ship and internal features are constructed of nonmagnetic materials, significantly reducing the chances of it being detected by magnetometers or setting off magnetic naval mines. The submarines have two Kollmorgen periscopes. The Dolphins can mount an external special forces hangar aft of their sail. The Dolphins are equipped with three V-16 396 SE 84 diesel engines built by MTU Friedrichshafen (now Tognum), developing sustained power.
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They can use side doors for the entrance and exit. Above their seats are hatches, the driver’s hatch having a three position lock: one position being designed for locking the cover while driving with the open hatch. The driver and the commander have each three periscopes available for their use in the vehicle. The driver’s seat is ergonomic and adjustable in vertical and horizontal planes.
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Submarines left the drydock at New Orleans and reinstalled periscope shears, periscopes, and radar masts which had been removed to clear bridges over the river.Nelson, William T., RADM USN "1,500 Miles in a Floating Dry Dock" United States Naval Institute Proceedings March 1980 pp. 86-89 Manitowoc had never built a submarine before, but the first was completed 228 days before the contract delivery date.
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The gunner was given a telescoping gun sight and two observation periscopes. AMX-30B at the Bovington Tank Museum. The production version of the AMX-30 was fitted with Hispano- Suiza's HS-110 diesel engine, located in the rear of the hull. The engine could be replaced on the field in 45 minutes, and produced , offering the tank a maximum velocity of on roads.
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The fin and conning tower of Sheean. The CH093 attack periscope mast is extended, and one of the panels for the distributed sonar array can be seen at the bottom right of the image. Each submarine is fitted with a CK043 search periscope and CH093 attack periscope. The periscopes were manufactured by Pilkington Optronics (now Thales Optronics), and experienced several problems early in the submarines' service lives.
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Kazan Optical-Mechanical Plant Kazan Optical-Mechanical Plant () is a company based in Kazan, Russia and established in 1940. The Kazan Optical-Mechanical Plant Production Association is one of the largest Russian optical companies. It develops and produces a wide range of optical-electronic and optical- mechanical instruments, including submarine periscopes, aerial cameras, satellite cameras, laser rangefinders and night-vision instruments. The plant has a design bureau.
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By the late 1970s, the Oberons in Canadian service had become obsolete and were in need of an update. Planning was done in 1978 and the program approved in February 1979.Ferguson, p. 298 In an effort to take the subs from anti-submarine warfare training to frontline service, Maritime Command developed a refit program that included new sonars, periscopes, communications and fire-control systems.
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By the late 1970s, the Oberons in Canadian service had become obsolete and were in need of an update. Planning was done in 1978 and the program approved in February 1979.Ferguson, p. 298 In an effort to take the subs from anti-submarine warfare training to frontline service, Maritime Command developed a refit program that included new sonars, periscopes, communications and fire-control systems.
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The vehicle has three forward-facing periscopes in front of the driver's cupola. The centre periscope can be replaced with a night driving device. The fire control system includes a gunner's day sight, PNK-6 commander's panoramic sighting system, PTT-2 thermal imaging sight, anti- aircraft sight and anti-aircraft machine gun control system. Detection range of targets for thermal sighting system is up to 8 km.
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By the late 1970s, the Oberons in Canadian service had become obsolete and were in need of an update. Planning was done in 1978 and the program approved in February 1979.Ferguson, p.298 In an effort to take the subs from anti- submarine warfare training to frontline service, Maritime Command developed a refit program that included new sonars, periscopes, communications and fire- control systems.
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The troop room is at the rear, have two roof hatches, six firing ports (three in each side) each with an associated day periscope and a door in the rear which has two firing ports and two day periscopes as well as containing some diesel fuel and which is used as fuel reservoir. The troops are seated three each side, with the seventh manning the turret.
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These GFM cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns or observation periscopes. They were manned by 20 to 30 men. 5\. Petits ouvrages: These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers. The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches.
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By the late 1970s, the Oberons in Canadian service had become obsolete and were in need of an update. Planning was done in 1978 and the program approved in February 1979.Ferguson, p. 298 In an effort to take the subs from anti-submarine warfare training to frontline service, Maritime Command developed a refit program that included new sonars, periscopes, communications and fire-control systems.
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In 1953, the Bugara near Pearl Harbor, was training with the USS Whitehurst, a destroyer escort. Bugara came to periscope depth and saw a bow with painted "634" on it closing fast at 15 knots. The two had a collision that damaged the Bugara's upper sail and periscopes. On 7 December 1954 she departed Pearl Harbor for San Diego, where she arrived 15 December.
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300px The EE-3 Jararaca's hull is of electro-slag refined steel which provides ballistic protection against artillery fragments and small arms fire. The driving compartment is located in the front of the hull and to the left. It is provided with three periscopes and a single piece hatch cover. Immediately behind the driving compartment is a crew compartment which accommodates up to two additional personnel.
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The company also produced photographic lenses (1883), spectacle lenses (1889), microtomes (1890), binoculars and telescopes (1893). The firm was incorporated as "Bausch and Lomb Optical Company, Inc.," in 1908, the year Bausch's long-time partner died. Bausch's company did very well during the First World War as the war created a demand for binocular telescopes, range-finders, gunsights, searchlight mirrors, periscopes and torpedo tube sights.
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The M13 was also armed with three or four machine-guns: one coaxially with the main gun and two in the forward, frontal ball mount. A fourth machine gun was sometimes carried in a flexible mount on the turret roof for anti-aircraft use. Two periscopes were available for the gunner and commander, and a Magneti Marelli RF1CA radio was also fitted as standard equipment.
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Active protection methods can also be used, such as explosive reactive armour. These can be added over the existing armour of the vehicle. To increase protection, periscopes are installed instead of windscreens and vision blocks. Collective NBC (Nuclear, Biological and Chemical) protection is available which can protect the occupants from shock waves and penetrating radiation from nuclear attacks, radioactive dust, and bacteriological and chemical weapons.
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A squat, four wheeled, vehicle, the Eland slopes downwards at the front and less prominently at the rear. There are large semicircular wheel arches, which are obscured by storage bins adjacent to each rear wheel. Sand channels are stowed across the front of the hull, with headlamps located on either side of the towing shackle, beneath the channels. There are three periscopes over the driver's position.
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On each side of the hull are six road wheels with an idler at the rear, and three track return rollers. The suspension is a torsion bar system. The driver sits to the right of the engine, with a single-piece hatch above him that opens to the right. The driver is provided with three fixed vision periscopes, and a single traversable periscope in the hatch.
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In 1956, the Civil Aeronautical Administration proposed a rear-view mirror mounted right above the pilot to keep an eye when private aircraft are landing or taxiing on the runway to prevent collisions."Periscopes for Aircraft" Popular Mechanics, June 1956, p. 142. Fighter aircraft usually have one or more rear-view mirrors mounted on the front canopy frame to watch out for chasing aircraft.
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VDP cloches were equipped with three embrasures or crenels for direct vision, providing protection to observers. VDP cloches were also equipped with periscopes that allowed a greater arc of view. The cloches were embedded in a thick concrete carapace over a combat, entrance or observation block element of a largely subterranean Maginot fortification. A platform, identical to that used in the GFM cloche, was installed for the observer within the cloche.
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The gunner has a day/night thermal scope and an emergency back-up day sight. Fire-control system includes a ballistic computer, an electro-mechanical gun stabilizer, and a laser rangefinder. The driver’s hatch mounts three periscopes, with the central periscope being able to be replaced by an image intensifying night vision periscope. On the original ZBD-04, The commander has a day sight and an image-intensifying night sight.
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Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pp. 217–8 Recurring issues were usually associated with diesel engines, propeller shaft seals, periscopes and masts, hydraulic couplings, and the combat system.Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 216 At the same time, many of the systems worked with few or no problems, with the submarine meeting or exceeding design specifications for maximum speed, manoeuvrability, and submerged endurance, particularly at low speeds.
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Whipping Boy are an Irish alternative rock band who were mainly active in the 1980s and 1990s. The band reformed briefly in 2005 for a series of shows. 2011 saw Whipping Boy emerge again, this time without Paul Page and Myles McDonnell. The Whipping Boy Periscopes Up tour summer 2011 saw Joey (bass) and Finn (guitar) replace them with longtime live guitarist Killian McGowan completing the line up.
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It was 18 calibers long, with 40° traverse and −12/+22° elevation. The gun had a muzzle brake, and there were several observation and aiming systems (binoculars, periscopes and others) for the crew. The low muzzle velocity (around 450 m/s) meant a relative short range, 9,500 m at best elevation of 45 degrees, but the installation allowed only 22° and so the range was limited to around 7–8 km.
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Sunfish stood out of Majuro on 15 January 1945 to patrol in the East China and Yellow Seas. However, she had to terminate the patrol on 20 February when a collision with an unsighted ice floe bent both periscopes. The ship entered Apra Harbor, Guam, on 27 February, for refit and repairs. Sunfish began her 11th, and last, war patrol on 31 March 1945 off Honshū and Hokkaidō.
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These problems were attributed to RAN demands that the optical view be the first exposed when a periscope was raised above the water, instead of placing the infrared sensor and single-pulse radar at the head as on other submarines, requiring the optical path to be routed around these components. The periscopes were gradually improved, and were no longer a problem by the time the fast track submarines entered service.
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Production Yak-11s were heavier than the prototypes, with later batches fitted with non-retractable tailwheels and revised propellers. A 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun was sometimes fitted instead of the UBS, while some were fitted with rear-view periscopes above the windscreen. In total, Soviet production amounted to 3,859 aircraft between 1947 and 1955. with a further 707 licence-built by Let in Czechoslovakia as the C-11.
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They were not zigzagging but all of the ships had lookouts posted to search for periscopes and one gun on each side of each ship was manned. Weddigen ordered his submarine to submerge and closed the range with the unsuspecting British ships. At close range, he fired a torpedo at Aboukir. The torpedo broke the back of Aboukir and she sank within 20 minutes with the loss of 527 men.
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T.E.) show in December and at the Hotel Equipment Exhibition in Paris in October 1967. The popular three-player cabinet drew in Fr500 (approximately then and ) per day at the Paris show, which was sparsely attended. At the time, Periscopes large cabinet was cost-prohibitive for international export, but its popularity among distributors flying in to see the game prompted Sega to develop a smaller model for the worldwide market.
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Ro-60 crash- dived, but the attack damaged her periscopes and several of her diving tanks. After she resurfaced that night and her crew inspected her damage, her commanding officer decided that she no longer could dive safely. The Battle of Wake Island ended as Wake Island fell to the Japanese on 23 December 1941, and that day Ro-60 and Ro-62 received orders to return to Kwajalein.
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Johannes Hevelius described an early periscope (which he called a "polemoscope") with lenses in 1647 in his work Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio [Selenography, or an account of the Moon]. Hevelius saw military applications for his invention. In 1854, Hippolyte Marié-Davy invented the first naval periscope, consisting of a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. Simon Lake used periscopes in his submarines in 1902.
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Signals from the sensor-set travel electronically to workstations in the submarine's control center. While the cables carrying the signal must penetrate the submarine's hull, they use a much smaller and more easily sealed—and therefore less expensive and safer—hull opening than those required by periscopes. Eliminating the telescoping tube running through the conning tower also allows greater freedom in designing the pressure hull and in placing internal equipment.
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Drawings of buried railroad tanker vessels used as bunkers for instrumentation and control. Note periscopes in right tank The first twelve missiles were built at Redstone Arsenal. Assembly of the first Redstone began in the fall of 1952. Engineers needed a propulsion test stand to improve the missile, but they were not allowed to spend research and development funds on constructing facilities even for a cause vital to national security.
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To view the firings, the tanks also contain two periscopes believed to have been from two surplus Army tanks.bunker entrance in 2017 When workers assembled the first Redstone missile at Redstone Arsenal in spring of 1953, the Redstone Interim Test Stand stood ready. A crane hoisted the missile (without the warhead) onto the stand and placed a frame atop the missile. Cables were attached to the frame to steady the missile.
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The first submerged circumnavigation by a detachment (Russian: отряд; otryad) of submarines was undertaken by two submarines under the overall command of Rear Admiral Anatoliy Ivanovich Sorokin. The detachment departed from the Red Banner Northern Fleet on 1 February 1966. Planning for the mission was credited to Admiral Vladimir Chernavin, then the commander of a Northern Fleet division of submarines and later to become Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy.. The detachment's sailing orders from the Main Naval Staff read in part: alt=Graphic depicting a submarine with a rounded bow, cylindrical hull that tapers to a fin-like rudder, a conning tower near the bow that tapers backward and has nine radio masts and periscopes, and two propeller shafts near its stern. alt=Graphic depicting a submarine with a blunt squared-off bow, a wide cylindrical hull that end in a blunt stern and rudder, a low conning tower that has nine radio masts and periscopes, and two propeller shafts near its stern.
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The system automatically detects and tracks asymmetric threats and very small objects such as swimmers and periscopes in all weather conditions. Seastar can also be used for helicopter guidance. Seastar is internationally marketed as Sea Watcher 100 Gatekeeper is a 360-degree panoramic electro-optical surveillance and alerter system based on IR/TV technology. Designed to counter emerging asymmetric threats down to small boats and swimmers, Gatekeeper increases short-range situational awareness in littoral environments.
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Thales Optronics Limited has its headquarters and main production facility in Glasgow, Scotland, where it employs around 630 people. Its principal activity is the design, development and manufacture of infra-red cameras, laser range-finders, and television cameras for use in airborne reconnaissance systems, armoured vehicle sighting systems, submarine periscopes and target locators. In 2011 Thales Optronics Limited generated total revenues of £229 million (2010 - £212 million) and profits of £24.4 million (2010 - £14 million).
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Close up view of a Challenger 2 The digital fire control computer from Computing Devices Co of Canada contains two 32-bit processors with a MIL STD1553B databus, and has capacity for additional systems, such as a Battlefield Information Control System. The commander has a panoramic SAGEM VS 580-10 gyrostabilised sight with laser rangefinder. Elevation range is +35° to −35°. The commander's station is equipped with eight periscopes for 360° vision.
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A 45 mm (1.77 in) semi-automatic anti-aircraft gun was mounted on the conning tower, and a 100 mm (3.9 in) gun on the deck for surface combat. Observation and communication equipment was somewhat less than top-level, but generally adequate. The boats were equipped with two periscopes, observation PZ-7.5 and targeting PA-7.5, mounted very close to each other and reports existed of difficulties in using them simultaneously. Several radios were installed.
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The modified versions, made from Japanese aircraft propellers, that were tested by Halibut were almost three times better in testing (6 out of 7 detonations) and even more efficient in action. A short time later, while performing underwater training, Halibut was accidentally struck by a destroyer; the glancing blow damaged both periscopes (an incident which in peacetime would warrant a board of inquiry). The damage was repaired in hours, and there were no other repercussions.
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The commander had a ring of six fixed ×1 periscopes around his hatch to give all-around vision. The commander's main sight was a French SFIM VS580-10 gyrostabilized panoramic sight. Two degrees of magnification ×3 and ×10 were provided, it also incorporated a Nd-YAG laser rangefinder. In addition, a gyrostabilised panoramic thermal sight, the Dutch Philips-USFA UA 9090, was also mounted on the turret roof, in front of the loader's hatch.
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The steel CE Van instead had, from the "front" end, a single luggage compartment, then a single guards compartment, then two further luggage compartments. Both ends of the van were fitted with walk-through, full-width, collapsible diaphragms. The central guards compartment was fitted with periscopes aimed in each direction, allowing the guard to observe signals and perform other duties as required. The three luggage sections could between them take around of luggage.
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Local hunters supplied New York and Philadelphia with wildfowl via the railroads. Waretown became known for its hunting and fishing grounds, and celebrities like Presidents Grover Cleveland and William McKinley, baseball great Babe Ruth, and Wild West entertainer Buffalo Bill Cody came to participate in these pursuits. During World War II, blimps cruised along the Jersey coast looking for German U-boats. Local fishermen reported periscopes of U-boats within 20 miles of the shore.
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15 October 1946 found her back at Charleston Navy Yard, and while maneuvering out her slip that afternoon, Salinan collided with , carrying away the destroyer's starboard propeller guard. Several bulkheads were damaged on both vessels. On 26 April 1948, while engaged in services at Key West, the submarine collided with Salinan while conducting a submerged exercise at a 60-foot depth. Cochinosuffered damage to her periscope shears, both periscopes, and radar antenna, requiring major repairs.
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Both boats evaded any pursuit although MAS-15 had to discourage the Austro-Hungarian torpedo boat Tb 76 T by dropping depth charges in her wake. Tegetthoff, thinking that the torpedoes were fired by submarines, pulled out of the formation and started to zigzag to throw off any further attacks. She repeatedly fired on suspected submarine periscopes. alt=A large battleship lists in the water as the crew evacuates the vessel before it capsizes.
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They typically employ prisms and total internal reflection instead of mirrors, because prisms, which do not require coatings on the reflecting surface, are much more rugged than mirrors. They may have additional optical capabilities such as range-finding and targeting. The mechanical systems of submarine periscopes typically use hydraulics and need to be quite sturdy to withstand the drag through water. The periscope chassis may also support a radio or radar antenna.
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Like the rest of her class, G10s role was to patrol an area of the North Sea in search of German U-boats. While on exercises, the submarine collided with a merchant vessel resulting in the destruction of the bridge and the periscopes. On 3 June 1916, following the Battle of Jutland, HMS Titania instructed G10 to locate and sink floating remains of to prevent the capture of materials.Battle of Jutland Official Despatches. p.
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Mirrors are also used to view other items that are not directly visible because of obstructions; examples include rear-view mirrors in vehicles, security mirrors in or around buildings, and dentist's mirrors. Mirrors are also used in optical and scientific apparatus such as telescopes, lasers, cameras, periscopes, and industrial machinery. The terms "mirror" and "reflector" can be used for objects that reflect any other types of waves. An acoustic mirror reflects sound waves.
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The Type IIA was a single hull, all welded boat with internal ballast tanks. Compared to the other variants, it had a smaller bridge and could carry the German G7a, G7e torpedoes as well as TM-type torpedo mines. There were two periscopes in the conning tower; an aerial (navigation) periscope at the front of the tower, and an attack periscope in the middle of the tower. There were serrated net cutters in the bow.
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The driver is seated on the left at the front and the engine is to the right. The driver is provided with a single piece hatch cover as well as three-day periscopes, one of which can be replaced by a passive periscope for night missions. The vehicle is fitted with a two-stage synchronized distribution gear box for both road and cross country use. Improved suspension will be fitted for optimum cross country mobility.
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The rangefinders were originally going to be fitted in the conning tower, but this was changed during construction to mounting them in the forward and aft main gun turrets using periscopes in armored hoods on the turret roofs. These would provide data for the central artillery post to calculate and then transmit to the guns for the gun crew to follow. A new, domestically designed, Erikson mechanical computer was intended to be used.
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DAF reduced the price by 1500 guilders per unit to partly compensate for the deficiencies. The cars were moved to an Ordnance Department facility in Delft to be completed. In late January the first vehicle could be fitted with the first 37 mm gun produced for the series and at the same time equipped with a full set of episcopes and periscopes provided by the Nederlandsche Instrumenten Compagnie (Nedisco); it was immediately tested at the gunnery range at Oldebroek.
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Although severely wounded he remained at the gun shouting > encouragement to his comrades. During the action the tank received over 50 > direct hits; the periscopes and antenna were shot away and 3 rounds hit the > machine gun mount. Despite this fire he remained at his post until a burst > of enemy fire cost him his life. This intrepid and heroic performance > enabled the platoon to withdraw and later launch an attack which routed the > enemy. Sfc.
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328 note The tank, War Baby was powered by a 105-horsepower engine. It had a revolver, loop holes, periscopes, dynamos and differentiator, and was armed with four Hotchkiss machine guns and two auxiliary guns. This tank was manned by one officer sitting beside the driver, four gunners on bike seats and two greasers. The tanks were to be deployed along the front and advance across open country where they could give shelter to the infantry following behind them.
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The bottom of the hull structure is welded to a shallow vee to partly deflect the explosive force of a land mine. The driver is seated at the front of the vehicle and provided with a single hatch cover in the glacis plate opening to the right. The hatch cover is fitted with three integral periscopes for driving when it is closed. The engine and transmission are housed in a compartment directly to the driver's rear.
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In 1960, because of the experiences encountered during rebuilding of the C vans, a new set of 15 C vans was built, numbered one to fifteen. These vans were intended for freight service. The remaining old C vans in that number range were renumbered to make room, but stayed as C vans. The new C vans differed in that they were fitted with periscopes rather than cupolas, and that they were constructed from steel instead of wood.
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Both the loader and gunner are also provided with periscopes. In some models, there is an additional stowage basket welded to the rear of the turret, and a dome-shaped ventilator on the turret roof. The M41 has a very distinctive, well sloped glacis plate with a horizontal top, and may also be readily identified by its large exhaust pipes on each side of the upper hull rear. Both turret sides are vertical and slightly sloped.
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During the latter attack Bryant failed to observe a tug (UJ 123) which was escorting the convoy which then rammed the Sealion, causing heavy damage to her periscopes. She crept back to Rosyth and was then sent down to the Swan & Hunter yard in Newcastle for a refit. Upon arrival at Swan & Hunter on 13 August, Crawford was relieved and sent to Dundee to join HMS L23 as first lieutenant, which sailed to Scapa Flow for anti-submarine exercises.
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The hull of the MOWAG Shark is of all- welded steel construction which provides complete protection up to and including the Soviet 14.5 mm KPV armor-piercing round. According to the manufacturer, a 155 mm HE projectile landing ten meters away from the vehicle will cause no damage. The driver sits at the front of the hull on the left side and has a single-piece hatch cover that opens to the left. Forward of this are three periscopes.
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The M10 and M10A1 had a crew of five; commander, gunner, loader, driver, and assistant driver. The driver and assistant driver (who also operated the vehicle's radio) were seated in the front hull and provided with periscopes. The unique design of the hull hatches to clear the gun mantlet meant that the driver's view directly to the left side was obstructed. He was provided with a second periscope at the edge of the hull for this purpose.
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Located in front of the said hatch is the gunner's sight which is the same one as the one used in BMP-2. Another gunner's sight is located on the left hand side of the main gun and moves in vertical planes along with it. It is a high angle of fire sight used when the gunner is aiming at air targets. The vehicle also has additional periscopes that provide it with vision on the sides.
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The Eagle Street factory was destroyed during the London Blitz and the Company relocated to 13 Northgate End, Bishop Stortford. Herts. The building occupied was a garage and work commenced producing optical gun sights, tank periscopes, and range finders for the Ministry of Defence. No microscopes were produced during the war. The first post war abridged catalogue includes a wood block illustration of a student “C” limb microscope with the limb engraved with the Eagle Street address.
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The first prototype made its maiden flight from Boeing Field, Seattle on 21 September 1942. The combined effects of the aircraft's highly advanced design, challenging requirements, immense pressure for production, and hurried development caused setbacks. The second prototype, which, unlike the unarmed first, was fitted with a Sperry defensive armament system using remote-controlled gun turrets sighted by periscopes,Brown 1977, p. 80. first flew on 30 December 1942, this flight being terminated due to a serious engine fire.
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Thomas H. Doughty of the US Navy later invented a prismatic version for use in the American Civil War of 1861–65. Submarines adopted periscopes early. Captain Arthur Krebs adapted two on the experimental French submarine Gymnote in 1888 and 1889. The Spanish inventor Isaac Peral equipped his submarine Peral (developed in 1886 but launched on September 8, 1888) with a fixed, non-retractable periscope that used a combination of prisms to relay the image to the submariner.
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The AIP modification enables the submarines to have longer submerged endurance and lower noise signature, enhancing its stealth capability. The advanced sonar system is capable of detecting contacts at a further distance, while the torpedo system has a better target acquisition capability, which allows the submarines to engage contacts at a further range. An upgrade program was conducted between 2016 and early 2019, which involved the installation of CM010 optronic periscopes and new combat management, sonar and countermeasure systems.
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By 1942 the wartime economy has tripled Polaroid's size. A $7 million navy contract to work on the Dove heat-seeking missile project is the largest contract Polaroid has ever had, though the bomb is not used during World War II. Polaroid produced a number of other products for the Armed Forces, including a device that determined an aircraft's elevation above the horizon, an infrared night viewing device, goggles, lenses, color filters for periscopes, and range finders.
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He has a total of three integral periscopes, which may be replaced by passive infrared or night vision equipment for driving in darkness. The turret is in the centre of the hull, where two other crew members are alternatively seated by variant. The rear power plant is completely enclosed in the hull with air intake and exhaust openings safeguarded through a ballistic grille conceding unrestricted air passage. An Eland's gearbox has one reverse and six forward gears.
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Kimmel took Robalo to the South China Sea to operate against tanker traffic trying to supply the Japanese fleet at Tawi Tawi. During one attack against a target, Robalo was attacked by a Japanese plane. Bombs from the plane severely damaged the submarine's periscopes and conning tower, and wrecked her radar. When diving to escape the aircraft, the main induction flooded and the boat plunged towards the bottom until Kimmel stopped her descent at 350 feet.
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The new hull's only protrusions were the sail and diving planes. The 23-foot sail, resembling a shark's dorsal fin, rose at a point midway in the hull to keep the ship stable. The diving planes, similar in function to the wings of an airplane, were moved from the hull to this new sail, with the periscopes and antenna masts. Thus, they could be useful only when the submarine is in its natural environment—like the control surfaces on an airplane.
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In May 1951, Thule was sent to Canada to train with the Royal Canadian Navy. On 18 November 1960, Thule, a member of the 5th Submarine Squadron, was taking part in an anti-submarine exercise off Portland Bill, when she was accidentally rammed by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary tanker when at periscope depth. Thules snort was broken, one of her periscopes was bent and her casing was damaged.The submarine was scrapped at Thos W Ward, Inverkeithing on 14 September 1962.
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The left compartment is for the driver and an engineer crewman, the right compartment for the commander. The driver has a single-piece rear opening hatch with three integral day periscopes. A camera system with up to six cameras (on the main boom, dozer blade and the front and rear of the vehicle) provide the two- or three-person crew with a panoramic view provides individual situational awareness for the crew. If required, the vehicle can be line-of-sight remotely controlled.
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There are three periscopes forward of his hatch cover and in wet weather, a small windscreen with a wiper can be fitted. The driver's centre day driving periscope can be replaced by a passive night vision periscope if required. Ammunition and the vehicle's batteries are stowed to the right of the driver. The engine and transmission are at the rear part of the vehicle and the engine compartment is fitted with a fire extinguisher which can be operated by hand or automatically.
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The commander's infrared night sight has a magnification of x6. The gunner has two observation periscopes, a telescopic sight and a one-piece lifting and swivelling hatch cover. Due to the design of the oscillating turret, all sights are always linked to the main and secondary armament. For engaging targets at night, an infrared periscopic sight is provided for the commander. A CILAS TCV 29 laser range-finder (range of 400 to 9,995 m) is mounted on the roof of the turret.
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The troop compartment extends to the rear of the hull with the roof hatch arrangement depending on the mission. In a typical AIV role the commander would be seated to the rear of the driver and also be provided with a single-piece hatch cover. Both the driver's and commander's hatch covers open to the rear and to the immediate front are three periscopes for forward observation. The middle one can be replaced by a passive periscope for driving at night.
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231 As with many elements of the submarine, there were disagreements as to who was responsible for the problem. It was solved by modifying the masts to redirect the water flow around them (for example, a spiral wrap was fixed around the head of each periscope).Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 232 The periscopes also had problems with their optics: periscope users reported difficulty in refocusing after changing magnification, duplication of images, and bands across the field of vision.
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Both the driver and the commander have forward views through bulletproof windshields, onto which steel covers can be lowered. In the BTR-60P and BTR-60PA, the covers had vision slots, and additional slots on both sides of the crew compartment. These were removed in the BTR-60PB in favor of two periscopes on each side. In early models of the BTR-60P and BTR-60PA, only the driver had a periscope, while the commander had a removable OU-3 infrared searchlight.
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The ships are able to monitor to range air, missile and UAV targets, and to range surface targetsSeaMaster 400. Thalesgroup. Hengeio. Netherlands using a Thales Integrated Sensor and Communication Systems (ISCS), comprising a SeaMaster 400 air warning radar, a Watcher 100 active phased- array surface detection and tracking radar (claimed to be able to detect small objects such as mines and periscopes on the sea surface at rangeSeaWatcher 100. Thalesgroup. Hengeio. Netherlands). It has link 11 & 16 data links .C. Waters.
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Remote weapon system screen Extensive computer support helps soldiers fight the enemy while reducing friendly fire incidents. Each vehicle can track friendly vehicles in the field as well as detected enemies. The driver and the vehicle commander (who also serves as the gunner) have periscopes that allow them to see outside the vehicle without exposing themselves to outside dangers. The vehicle commander also has access to a day-night thermal imaging camera which allows the vehicle commander to see what the driver sees.
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Fulton was built in the Arsenal de Cherbourg. She was laid down in November 1913, launched on 1 April 1919, and was completed in July 1920. Fulton was named after Robert Fulton, the American inventor of the first commercially successful steamboatBuckman and first practical submarine, Nautilus, and received the pennant number Q 110. She was refitted during the 1920s when she received a new conning tower, bridge and two periscopes of 7.5 m (at the conning tower) and 9.5 m (at Headquarters).
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Notice the shutters over the bulletproof windows and opened air inlets. The triangular cover for the water jet on the rear of this East German BRDM-2 has been opened to prepare for water jet propulsion. Polish BRDM-2. Notice the opened shutters, an IR spotlight, left hand side firing port, side TNP-A periscopes and a trim board in the front of the vehicle in its traveling position, as well as the small auxiliary wheels in their lowered position.
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In combat, the hatch is closed and the driver can use a vision block. There is an emergency hatch under the driver's seat. The commander, who sits on the left side of the vehicle at the front, has three vision blocks and periscopes in a projecting bay. On top of this bay is a cupola that opens forward and can be locked vertically; it has a vision block facing forward. The vehicle can operate in temperatures from −40 °C to +40 °C.
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Periscope became a surprise success for Sega. It performed well in larger locations such as malls and department stores, which normally did not host coin-operated arcade games, but became a preferred location due to the machine's size and impracticality at a streetside location. As a result of Periscopes success, Sega created between eight and ten games a year for the next two years, and exported all of them. The game was successful in Japan, and then in the US and Europe.
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The commander and gunner have nine day periscopes for all- round observation. The Ratel's standard armament is a 20mm F2 M693 automatic cannon manufactured under licence as the Denel GI-2. The autocannon may be elevated to a maximum of +38° for use against low-flying, fixed wing aircraft and helicopters. It has a selector switch used to alternate between three rates of fire--semi-automatic, limited burst, or fully automatic--and is belt fed from two ammunition chutes in the turret.
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She submerged to avoid attack, but a bomb a United States Army Air Forces Eleventh Air Force B-24 Liberator dropped nonetheless damaged one of her periscopes while she was underwater. Submarine Division 33 was attached directly to the 51st Base Unit at Kiska on 15 September 1942, and Ro-63 carried out another Aleutians patrol from 22 to 24 September 1942. While Ro-63 was at Kiska on 25 September 1942, Submarine Division 33 was reassigned to the Kure Naval District.
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Periscopes allow a submarine, when submerged at a relatively shallow depth, to search visually for nearby targets and threats on the surface of the water and in the air. When not in use, a submarine's periscope retracts into the hull. A submarine commander in tactical conditions must exercise discretion when using his periscope, since it creates a visible wake (and may also become detectable by radar), giving away the submarine's position. Marie-Davey built a simple, fixed naval periscope using mirrors in 1854.
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In each side of the hull there are three firing ports with periscopes. On either side of the forward hull, a cluster of four 76 mm smoke grenade dischargers is mounted. The vehicle is fully amphibious, a folding trim board stowed at the front of the hull needs to be raised, and the vehicle can then propel itself in the water using its tracks. Standard equipment includes an NBC system, a Type 889 radio, and a Type 803 intercom system.
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The Type 85 is a tracked armoured fighting vehicle produced by Chinese company Norinco (industrial index: Type YW531H). It is an improved version of the Type 63 armoured personnel carrier. The vehicle is bigger, has additional firing ports and periscopes, a longer chassis with an additional road wheel on each side, and is equipped with an NBC protection system. The Type 85 series was developed in 1985, exclusively for the export market; for the PLA, the very similar Type 89 AFV was designed.
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The driver is located to the left front side of the hull and is furnished with three periscopes, one of which can be replaced with a night vision alternative. The rear crew compartment is designed as a mission neutral space with the incorporation of C-rails and a pattern of universal fixing points on the walls and floor. This provides a flexible configuration for all mission specific equipment. A large power-operated rear ramp allows for rapid ingress/egress of dismounts.
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The following month she took part in tactical exercises, during which time one of her periscopes was damaged when she surfaced below a cutter. The result of this was that she was forced to put into Danzig for repairs before carrying out "silent-running tests" near Bornholm. These tests delivered bad news for U-175s crew as the boat proved to be "exceptionally noisy". Throughout June and July, U-175 conducted a six-week "shake-down" at Stettin along with and .
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The commander's cupola is located on the left of the top of the turret. The loader has a single piece hatch located on the right side of the turret and further back than the commander's cupola. The loader's hatch has a periscope vision block that can be used to view ahead and behind the vehicle. The commander's cupola has four periscopes, two of which are located in the hatch cover while the other two are located in the forward part of the cupola.
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The further development of the firm was affected by political events. Because of the World Wars and the consequent need for optical instruments such as field glasses, range finders, camera lenses, binocular telescopes, searchlight mirrors, torpedo tube sights, and periscopes, the product range could be considerably broadened. Until World War I, optical glass and the instruments made from it (including many military instruments) were often imported into most European and North American countries from Germany. The same was also true of chemical products and laboratory equipment.
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During the course of the war, as well as new production, older vehicles were reworked to bring them up to later standard. For example, 2-pdr turrets were replaced with the 6-pdr turret, and the improved commander's cupola (with eight periscopes) introduced after the first Mark VII was applied to some earlier marks as well. Nearly 3,100 Churchills of all marks were rebuilt.AFV Profile Early tanks were produced before the Churchill name was attached and were retroactively known as Churchill Mark I etc.
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M41s on the assembly line at the Cleveland Tank Plant, the Cadillac factory where they were manufactured from 1951 to 1954. The hull of the M41 is of welded steel construction, with the driving compartment located at the front of the tank and to the left. This may be accessed through the hull by a single piece hatch cover opening to the right. When the hatch is closed, the tank is navigated by three driving periscopes mounted forward of the driver's position and one to the left.
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Relay lenses are found in refracting telescopes, endoscopes and periscopes for the purpose of extending the length of the system, and before eyepieces for the purpose of inverting an image. They may be made of one or more conventional lenses or achromatic doublets, or a long cylindrical gradient-index of refraction lens (a GRIN lens). Relay lenses operate by producing intermediate planes of focus. For example, an objective lens such as a SLR lens produces an image plane where the image sensor would usually go.
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In mid-1941, a British ASV (Air-to-Surface Vessel) Mk II radar was salvaged by Germany from a down RAF bomber. This set was different from any that Germany had, so the Luftwaffe tasked Lorenz to develop a similar system. Before the end of the year, Müller’ team that could detect was highly successful in detecting large ships, surfaced submarines, submarine periscopes, flying aircraft, and land features. Called FuG 200 Hohentwiel, it was put into production in 1942, and used on large reconnaissance aircraft.
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There is also a backup night-vision capable sight, with 2,000/1,000 m respective detection distances. In addition to traditional vision periscopes, the driver has a forward looking infrared camera and a number of zooming closed-circuit television cameras. Video cameras are installed for all-round vision for the crew, since it lacks the normal vantage point of turret roof hatches. This 360-degree camera coverage is perhaps one of the T-14's most unusual features, made necessary because of extremely limited visibility without them.
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The commander's cupola is located on the left of the top of the turret. The loader has a single piece hatch located on the right side of the turret and further back than the commander's cupola. The loader's hatch has a periscope vision block that can be used to view the areas in front of and behind the vehicle. The commander's cupola has four periscopes, two are located in the hatch cover while the other two are located in the forward part of the cupola.
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Despite these criticisms and shortcomings, the experimental nature of the submarine provided valuable information for the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and Lake's designs did address what the Navy was asking for when ordering the submarine class. John Poluhowich writes in his book Argonaut: The Submarine Legacy of Simon Lake that U-1 was "completed to the satisfaction of Austrian officials". Lake himself praised both ships, particularly their periscopes. alt=An early 20th century photo of a middle-aged man with glasses, a mustache, and a suit.
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Sir Howard Grubb perfected the device in World War I. The History of the Periscope – Inventors – About.com Morgan Robertson (1861–1915) claimedMorgan Robertson, The Schenectady Gazette, Friday morning, March 26, 1913, p.19 to have tried to patent the periscope: he described a submarine using a periscope in his fictional works. Periscopes, in some cases fixed to rifles, served in World War I (1914-1918) to enable soldiers to see over the tops of trenches, thus avoiding exposure to enemy fire (especially from snipers).
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The interior layout has space for three crewmen on the right (the layer, the crew chief, and the magazine operator) and the charge loader on the left. The total detachment is five men, the driver being located forward in the hull. There are two turret hatches equipped with periscopes which allow the crew chief and charge loader all-around vision both day and night. The elevating mass consists of the gun and cradle extension for both the loading system and cradle and the recoil mechanism.
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The maximum armour thickness is quoted as 64 millimeters. The driver sits at the front right of the hull, with a hatch immediately above him, and three vision periscopes covering the forward arc. To the driver's left is the transmission, which can be accessed for servicing by removing a large panel on the front of the hull. The commander and gunner sit in the turret on the right side, with the commander provided with a large domed cupola with a hatch on the rear of it.
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Following U-175s arrival at Lorient, the crew received three weeks leave. In order to maintain a skeleton crew remaining behind, this was taken in shifts. During this time the boat was in the dry dock within the Scorff Shelter submarine pen. She stayed there for two days while her equipment was tested, then transferred to the Keroman shelter where the more extensive work was undertaken.. This involved the removal and replacement of one of the periscopes, rebuilding the compressors, and overhauling the electric motors.
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The M75 has a welded steel hull, which varies in thickness from to with a line of sight thickness on the front hull of between and . Fully loaded, the vehicle weighed approximately . The M75 has an almost identical layout to later U.S. armored personnel carriers: the driver sits in the front left of the hull, with the air-cooled six-cylinder horizontally opposed Continental AO-895-4 gasoline engine to his right. The driver is provided with an M19 infra-red night vision periscope in later models and four M17 periscopes.
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The hull is made of welded steel, and provides protection against small arms fire. The vehicle carries a maximum of 15 including crew, which depending on the particular configuration may be two or four, the rest of the passengers are infantry who sit in a compartment at the rear of the vehicle. The driver sits in the front left of the hull, and has a single piece hatch, which opens to the left. The driver is provided with two day periscopes which cover the front and right of the vehicle.
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Stingray spent her eleventh war patrol on lifeguard station for air strikes on Guam. On 11 June the submarine rescued a downed Navy aviator and the following day pulled two more airmen from the water. On 13 June, Stingray received word that a Navy airman was down approximately offshore. With shells exploding on either side of the submarine, she made four submerged approaches until the pilot was finally able to grab one of the submarine's periscopes and was towed safely clear of the island and taken on board.
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The earliest forms of stealth coating were the materials called Sumpf and Schornsteinfeger, a coating used by the German navy during World War II for the snorkels (or periscopes) of submarines, to lower their reflectivity in the 20 cm radar band the Allies used. The material had a layered structure and was based on graphite particles and other semiconductive materials embedded in a rubber matrix. The material's efficiency was partially reduced by the action of sea water. A related use was planned for the Horten Ho 229 aircraft.
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In the United States, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (now DuPont Company) subsequently introduced its own product under the trademark Lucite. In 1936 ICI Acrylics (now Lucite International) began the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass. During World War II both Allied and Axis forces used acrylic glass for submarine periscopes and aircraft windshields, canopies, and gun turrets. Airplane pilots whose eyes were damaged by flying shards of PMMA fared much better than those injured by standard glass, demonstrating better compatibility between human tissue and PMMA than glass.
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The driver sits in the center of the front of the hull and has three vision blocks and periscopes located at the top of the sloping glacis plate. During night operations the center periscope is switched for the TVN-28 night vision device, which gives the driver a clear vision up to 60 meters. The driver also has a small hatch that opens upwards and, while it can't be used for the driver to leave the vehicle, it can be opened in relatively safe areas for extra vision.
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The EIFV has three crewman, and can carry six soldiers, who enter the vehicle via a rear drop ramp. The driver is seated at the left front of the hull with the engine compartment to his right. The driver has a single-piece pop-up hatch cover which rotates over the engine cooling air intake grill when open, and is provided with four, day periscopes for observation. The commander and the gunner are both positioned in the turret itself, and a hatch is provided for the commander on the turret roof.
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On 3 December 1943, Ro-110 departed Penang to begin her first war patrol, tasked with raiding Allied shipping in the Indian Ocean. She attacked an Allied convoy in the Bay of Bengal southeast of Madras, India, on 14 December 1943 with a spread of torpedoes, damaging one ship. Another ship rammed her, wrecking one of her periscopes and the roof of her conning tower. The damage forced her to head back to Penang, where she arrived on 19 December 1943 and her commanding officer claimed to have sunk one ship.
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The fuselage extended forwards beyond the engines, with the gunners situated behind the cockpit, ahead of the bomb bay and wing spars. The MG 151 cannon in the tail of the central fuselage would have been controlled with remote aiming through periscopes. There were also two remote-controlled Fernbedienbare Drehlafette FDL 131 13mm gun turrets to be placed above and below the fuselage. The E.340 was one of the steadily growing number of later-war military airframe designs designed to use the troublesome Junkers Jumo 222 engine.
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Lost Children , The Morning Bulletin, 16 March 1954. Retrieved 24 November 2016. The more quirky sightings along the route included two men who had made periscopes to ensure they wouldn't miss seeing the royal couple as they motored past, and a woman who insisted on ringing a cow bell to welcome the Queen and Duke. The Queen expressed regret that they were unable to see a rodeo and asked Pilbeam to keep it in mind should the couple return to Rockhampton as she recalled an enjoyable time she had at a rodeo in Canada.
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208 Among those that can still be found (though many have been replaced by plastic versions) include rachets, whistles, and cardboard periscopes for Holy Week . Horns for Independence Day were once made of cartoneria, decorated in the national colors with a wood mouthpiece, but these are now mostly plastic. Two that remain are the Judas figure for Holy Saturday and piñatas, originally used to celebrate Las Posadas but now also used for birthdays and other special occasions. Both are filled with candy for children to grab when they are broken.
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Ro-101′s commanding officer had to move their bodies out of the way so that he could gain access to the conning tower hatch, and after he entered the conning tower and the hatch was closed, Ro-101 belatedly crash- dived. She went out of control during the dive, reaching , and had to blow her main ballast tanks to arrest her descent. At 17:10 Taylor dropped two depth charges, which damaged one of Ro-101′s periscopes. Some historians have credited Taylor with sinking either or , but her actual target, Ro-101, survived.
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On 16 July 1915, Speedwell and the gunboats and were on the way from Scapa Flow to carry out an anti- submarine patrol off Muckle Flugga when Speedwell spotted the German submarine U-41 off her port bow. Speedwell rammed the submarine, which turned over onto her side before disappearing. U-41 had both periscopes damaged and was forced to abort her patrol and return to home. Speedwell was a member of the Second Fleet Sweeping Flotilla, based at Scapa Flow as part of the Grand Fleet, in July 1917.
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There were no means to detect submerged U-boats, and attacks on them were limited at first to efforts to damage their periscopes with hammers. The Royal Navy torpedo establishment, HMS Vernon, studied explosive grapnel sweeps; these sank four or five U-boats in the First World War. A similar approach featured a string of charges on a floating cable, fired electrically; an unimpressed Baron Mountevans considered any U-boat sunk by it deserved to be. Another primitive technique of attacking submarines was the dropping of hand-thrown guncotton bombs.
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The driver looked through three M27 day periscopes, one of which could be replaced by a night vision periscope. Initially, the M60 had essentially the same turret shape as the M48, but this was subsequently replaced with a distinctive "needlenose" design that minimized frontal cross-section to enemy fire. Destroyed Israeli Pattons during Yom Kippur War The M60 was the last U.S. main battle tank to utilize homogeneous steel armor for protection. It was also the last to feature either the M60 machine gun or an escape hatch under the hull.
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The driver is seated on the left side of the hull with the engine to his right and is provided with an adjustable seat and a single- piece hatch cover that slides to the front of the vehicle when he is driving with his head out. Driver vision is provided by three periscopes mounted forward of the hatch area. The fuel tank is at the front of the hull between the wheels. The engine is coupled to an Allison Transmission four-speed automatic transmission via a Cadillac Gage power transfer unit.
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A major drawback of both these cupolas was their inability to mount either daylight or infrared vision devices. The receiver of the M2HB took up a great deal of space in the already cramped cupola's interior. Also due to restraints in the cupola, smaller 50 round ammunition boxes were used. Development of its eventual replacement, the T9/M19 cupola of the XM60 tank was continued into and some M19 cupolas were retro-fitted to M48A5s to allow for the use of IR and daylight periscopes by the commander.
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This reduces his effectiveness as an observer. The commander and loader stations are located inside the turret, the commander sits on the left side of the main gun and the loader sits on the right. They have a large oval shaped double hatch, which opens forwards on top of the turret. The driver sits in the center of the front of the hull and has a one piece hatch that opens to the right, with three vision blocks and periscopes located beneath the main gun at the top of the sloping glacis plate.
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Stridsvagn m/31 (Landsverk L-10) was a Swedish World War II era tank built by AB Landsverk. It was armed with a 37 mm Bofors gun and a coaxial 6.5mm Ksp m/14-29 machine gun, and was equipped with 8–24 mm armor. The tank had advanced design features such as an all-welded construction and used periscopes for visibility rather than view slits. Only three were built and, despite being highly advanced for the time when World War II broke out, they were dug in as static bunkers.
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On 16 July 1915, Gossamer and the gunboats and were on the way from Scapa Flow to carry out an anti-submarine patrol off Muckle Flugga when Speedwell spotted the German submarine U-41 off her port bow. Speedwell rammed the submarine, which turned over onto her side before disappearing. U-41 had both periscopes damaged and was forced to abort her patrol and return to home. Gossamer was a member of the Second Fleet Sweeping Flotilla, based at Scapa Flow as part of the Grand Fleet, in July 1917.
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HMAS Platypus is a former Royal Australian Navy (RAN) submarine base, located at 118 High Street, with moorings in , a suburb of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It was located upon the site of the Royal Australian Navy Torpedo Maintenance Establishment (RANTME). The Fleet Intermediate Maintenance Activity (FIMA) Workshops building on the site was originally used for torpedo assembly and storage during World War 2. It was later modified for submarine maintenance and repair, with a steel tower added to the northern end of the building for testing, cleaning and maintenance of periscopes.
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It has at its disposal three periscopes for observation during day time and central one can be replaced by a night vision block during night-time. Behind the driver's hatch is located the commander. Both can use the hatch from the ceiling, in the front left side. Commander has at its disposal an IR night vision system and has a hatch with two wide-angle vision blocks to his sides and a periscope/vision block which can be raised and rotated to allow the commander to view the area around the vehicle from under armor.
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Whilst many hand-held infantry anti-tank weapons will not penetrate the front armor of a tank, they may penetrate the less heavily armored top, rear, and sides. Anti-tank weapons can damage the tracks or running gear to inflict a mobility kill. Early WWII tanks had open vision slits that could be fired through to kill the crew. Later tanks' slits had thick glass, as well as sights and periscopes which could still be damaged with powerful small arms such as anti-tank rifles and heavy machine guns, hampering the crew.
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Periscopes were used to survey the surrounding area, although they were prone to being damaged by rifle fire, and periscope rifles eventually allowed accurate fire to be directed towards the Turkish trenches. Wire nets were erected in front of the trenches to stop grenades. In his official history, the Australian historian, Charles Bean described the holding of the post as amongst the finest achievements of the Australian force. It was named after Major Hugh Quinn, the 27-year-old commander of C Company, 15th Battalion, Australian Imperial Force.
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At 0527, the yacht's maintop lookout sighted UB-52 away, standing well off the convoy's track and on a course between west and southwest. Venetia, at general quarters, headed for UB-52 at full speed, keeping the submarine bearing one point to starboard, at intervals, as the submarine continued standing off to westward. Soon, the yacht gained perceptibility, and the U-boat came into better view. Her periscopes were down, and lookouts in the yacht noted that the enemy submersible mounted a single gun (a weapon) forward of the small conning tower.
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He was responsible for the development of the hydraulic crane and many military armaments. His house at Cragside, Northumberland was the first in the world to be lit by hydro- electricity, using incandescent lamps provided by the inventor Joseph Swan. In 1936 the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass, Perspex, began by ICI Acrylics and the material is still manufactured in the region by Lucite International now part of Mitsubishi Corporation. During the Second World War acrylic glass was used for submarine periscopes, windshields, canopies, and gun turrets for airplanes.
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This turns out to be Thak, a primitive ape-like creature who Nabonidus had captured as a cub and trained as his personal bodyguard. The three observe Thak, via a series of hidden periscopes, and see that the creature has learned to imitate Nabonidus well enough to activate a toxic pollen trap, which eliminates yet another party of assassins (nationalistic agitators) penetrating the villa. Finally, Conan and the other two men manage to escape from the basement and regain entry into Nabonidus' mansion. Later, Conan defeats Thak in hand-to-hand combat.
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German interrogators gleaned information suggesting that the offensive would begin on either side of the Somme and Ancre rivers, at on 29 June. All of the German infantry stood to along with reinforcements but the bombardment resumed in the afternoon, rising in intensity to drumfire several times. Artillery-fire concentrated on small parts of the front, then lines of shells moved forward into the depth of the German defences. Periodic gas discharges and infantry probes continued but German sentries watching through periscopes, were often able to warn the garrisons in time.
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The generator and accumulator batteries fed all other electrical equipment — the ST-700 electric starter motor, a radio set, an intercom, external and internal lights, and illumination of gunsight scales. For observation from the interior, all roof hatches had periscopes and there were two gun sights: the telescopic ST-10 (СТ-10) and a panoramic sight. For crew communication a TPU-4-BisF intercom was fitted, and for inter-vehicle communication there was a single radio. The first-series SU-152 was equipped with the 9R, then 10R and finally the 10RK-26 radio set.
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The gunner has a M581 monocular telescopic sight with a magnification of x10, it is fitted with a CILAS laser rangefinder and linked to the COSTAC integrated automatic fire control system. The commander has the latest iteration of the TOP 7 cupola with eight non-reflecting periscopes. A SFIM M527 gyrostabilized panoramic sight with three channels ; two daylight (x2 and x8) and one with light intensification. The M527 sight makes it possible to observe and open fire almost instantly whilst on the move because the gun is slaved to the sight.
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Pre-war Zeiss optical workshop The First World War was the first major conflict where the majority of gun laying was made by optical equipment such as binoculars and rangefinders than by unaided eye. These tools were essential for the accurate fire control of artillery pieces which were now shooting at ranges of up to . With the advent of widescale trench warfare binoculars became vital tools for infantry officers looking to discern the position of enemy snipers and machine guns. Optical lenses were also required for aerial cameras, periscopes and telescopic rifle sights.
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From February 1940 armour sets were ordered with Ougrée-Marhaye and Zeiss-periscopes with Nedisco. Landsverk was approached about the delivery of thirteen turrets. The Swedish company indicated that at a unit price of 9,800 guilders it could deliver four turrets late October 1940 followed by three turrets per month until January 1941. Fearing future Swedish export limitations, the Ordnance Department requested a production licence for the turrets. Landsverk refused to grant it to its rival DAF but agreed to a licence production by the Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij, that accordingly inspected a M39 in March 1940.
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On the other hand, it was reliable, easy to drive on roads and the engine as such was rather silent; all desirable qualities for a reconnaissance vehicle. During the production run several modifications would be made, such as the fitting of lifting hooks. The first thirty vehicles had two more primitive periscopes on the turret roof, a Chrétien diascope on its front and simple vision slits with armoured shutters on its sides; their drivers too had to use vision slits instead of an episcope. They also lacked a silencer and had semi-circular cut- outs at the wheel plate edges.
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Skilful use of trench mortars and hand and rifle grenades (first used against British troops on 27 September), enabled the Germans to inflict great losses upon Allied troops, who had neither been trained nor equipped with these weapons. Searchlights, flares and periscopes were also part of the German equipment intended for other purposes, but put to use in the trenches. A shortage of heavy weapons handicapped the British. Only their 60-pounders (four guns to a division) were powerful enough to shell enemy gun emplacements from the Aisne's south shore, and these guns were inferior to German artillery in calibre, range and numbers.
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It was placed less than from the 9.1 kt blast with its turret facing the epicentre, left with the engine running and a full ammunition load. Examination after detonation found that it had been pushed away from the blast point by about , pushed slightly left and that its engine had stopped working, but only because it had run out of fuel. Antennae were missing, lights and periscopes were heavily sandblasted, the cloth mantlet cover was incinerated, and the armoured side plates had been blown off and carried up to from the tank. It could still be driven from the site.
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A major mid-life modernisation was conducted on twelve of these submarines, the boats concerned now being officially designated Type 206A. The work started in mid-1987 and completed in February 1992, being carried out by Nordseewerke, Emden; this upgrade includes: The STN Atlas DBQS-21D sonar has been fitted, together with new periscopes, and a new weapon control system (LEWA). The ESM system has been replaced and GPS navigation installed. The rebuilt submarines are armed with new torpedoes (Seeaal), and the propulsion system has been comprehensively refurbished, and improvements have been made to the accommodation.
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Five further T-class submarines were given much less extensive streamlining improvements. The work on Totem was done between 1951 and May 1953 at Chatham Dockyard (which carried out all eight super T-conversions), and involved inserting an additional hull section long to accommodate extra switchgear and an extra pair of electric motors and replacing the batteries. The hull was streamlined, which included the removal of the deck gun and the replacement of the bridge fin with one which was taller, enclosing the periscopes and masts. The radar and sonar were updated at the same time.
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In November 1941, Crawford left Upholder to return to the UK to undertake his submarine commander's course (known as "the Perisher"). Upon successful completion of that course, and while waiting for an H-boat to command, the commander of HMS Graph, captured German U-570, Lt. Edward Dudley Norman, became sick and Lt. Crawford took command of that vessel for about a week. Crawford found the U-boat's periscopes to be "superb", but noted that a great quantity of water would break over the bridge in even the slightest sea. He found the standard of comfort aboard to be inferior to British submarines.
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Following commissioning, Saury conducted tests in the New London, Connecticut, area and as far south as Annapolis, Maryland, before visiting New York City in late April for the 1939 New York World's Fair. In mid-May, she conducted tests with experimental periscopes, then prepared for her shakedown cruise which, between 26 June and 26 August, took her from Newfoundland to Venezuela and the Panama Canal Zone and back to southern New England. In September, she entered the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, for post-shakedown overhaul. After overhaul and final trials, Saury got underway on 4 December for the West Coast.
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In 1973, the naval museum curator Robert F. Sumrall (following Kerr) suggested a mechanism by which dazzle camouflage may have sown the kind of confusion that Wilkinson had intended for it. Coincidence rangefinders used for naval artillery had an optical mechanism, operated by a human to compute the range. The operator adjusted the mechanism until the two half-images of the target lined up in a complete picture. Dazzle, Sumrall argued, was intended to make that hard, as clashing patterns looked abnormal even when the two halves were aligned, something that became more important when submarine periscopes included such rangefinders.
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Following British tank doctrine of the time, the vehicle was designed to fire on the move. The turret offered hydraulically powered turret traverse motors with proportional speed control. Later vehicles fitted an all-round view cupola for the commander to identify and track targets. Both gunner and commander had Vickers rotating and pivoting periscopes, while episcopes were fitted in the cupola. There was a 7.92 mm Besa machine gun mounted co-axially to the main armament, operated by the gunner. A second was gimbal mounted in the front of the hull, with 45 degrees horizontal and 25 degrees vertical movement.
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During seven months of operations, she experimented with magnetic detectors and dragging devices and tried out new periscopes and other submarine equipment. The boat carried out these tests with section patrol boats and , as well as numerous subchasers. Learning of the possible proximity of German U-boats, she conducted four-day patrols off Block Island in late June 1918 and again in mid-July. G-2 continued schoolship duty out of New London through the end of World War I, testing listening and flare signaling devices (including the Very System Signal) among other pieces of equipment.
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That night Rock surfaced and found that her periscopes were excessively damaged and that her bridge had been riddled with shrapnel. The damage necessitated a return to Pearl Harbor for repairs. Later that night, the busy Asashimo sank the submarine . Japanese records indicate that one of their convoys, Matsu No. 1, was attacked by a submarine on 29 February 1944 in the patrol area assigned to Trout. Carrying the 29th Infantry Division of the Kwantung Army from Manchuria to Guam, Matsu No. 1 consisted of four large transports escorted by three Yūgumo-class destroyers of Destroyer Division 31: Asashimo, , and .
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The driver's station was moved to the front center of the hull. The steering controls were redesigned. A large aircraft-styled steering wheel (replacing the wobble stick control of the M46 and M47) and placing the transmission range selector on the floor to the driver's right. Mod A hulls had a small oval overhead hatch for the driver. T48 Pilots #1 & 2 incorporated a mechanism that dropped the three periscope heads to provide clearance for the hatch door as it swung to the right, and the driver then had to reposition the periscopes by hand once the hatch was closed again.
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19th Century: Shows the agitation that occurred in nineteenth century Cartagena, dealing with political issues, military campaigns to Cuba, and remains of the bombing suffered in Cartagena in 1873. Submarine room: Exhibits models of almost all the submarines that participated in the navy, objects such as: batteries, submarine planes, recovery bells, rescue, torpedoes of the Spanish submarine Narciso Monturiol (S-35) . History of the submarine weapon: Exhibits objects that show the development of the Spanish submarine fleet: torpedoes, propellers, pictures, crockery, cutlery, periscopes, rudders. Armament room: This room displays the armament of the Navy, including weapons, ammunition and ammunition.
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Transiting the Panama Canal in May, she arrived at San Pedro, California, her new homeport on 30 June, and for the next two years conducted exercises — individual, divisional and fleet — off the coasts of California and Mexico. On 16 July 1923, R-8 sailed west for Pearl Harbor, her base for almost eight years — during which she engaged in training and operations with fleet units. In late October 1925, she collided with the minesweeper , suffering the loss of her periscopes, the destruction of her bridge, and damage to her radio antenna supports. In August 1927, she searched for missing Dole Air Race aviators.
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Also in July U-36 was sunk by the Q-ship Prince Charles, and in August and September and were sunk by , the former in the notorious Baralong Incident. There were, however, no means to detect submerged U-boats, and attacks on them were limited to efforts to damage their periscopes with hammers and dropping guncotton bombs.McKee, Fraser M. "An Explosive Story: The Rise and Fall of the Depth Charge", in The Northern Mariner (III, #1, January 1993), pp. 46–47. Use of nets to ensnare U-boats was also examined, as was a destroyer, , fitted with a spar torpedo.
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From 1967, the machine gun was replaced with PKT of the same caliber. The main gun, considered light for a modern tank, can fire BM-354P HVAP, API-T, AP-T, BR-350 API-T and OF-350 Frag- HE rounds (as can the 76.2 mm M1942 (ZiS-3) divisional gun) and is capable of penetrating the armour of APCs and other lightly armored vehicles. The commander/gunner has a cupola on the left side of the double hatch. The cupola has the TPKU-2B observation device and two TNP day periscopes and can be rotated 360 degrees by hand.
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In partnership with Continental Camera Systems, in the early 1970s Lacy revolutionized air-to-air cinematography with Astrovision, a unique relay lens system with periscopes mounted on the top and bottom of the airplane’s fuselage. With full video monitoring to film above or below a Learjet, the system is able to rotate 360 degrees in any direction and tilt up and down with no speed or altitude restrictions. At its introduction, never before had any camera system provided such continuous and unrestricted use. Filming flying scenes and stunt work for major motion pictures has been part of Lacy’s lifelong work.
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For the new Series 3 batteries a new fire control system called ArtE 719 was developed by Philips Elektronikindustrier AB (PEAB). This eliminated the periscopes, replacing them with a remote controlled low-light TV system with an integrated laser rangefinder thus enabling the command post to be located away from the ranging station. Also, the radar was completely replaced with a more modern unit. It featured an analog electronic calculation unit which could track 2 targets simultaneously, as well as digital transmission of normalized target parameters to a computer at each gun emplacement where its individual firing parameters would be calculated.
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The basic layout of all Urutu variants is the same: the driving compartment is located to the front left of the hull, with the engine compartment to the front right and the troop compartment to the immediate rear. The driver is provided with a hatch and three driving periscopes in the sharply angled vehicle glacis. Passengers may debark from doors on either side of the hull or from the rear; they are also afforded four emergency hatches in the hull roof. The troop compartment is fitted with vision blocks and firing ports as standard to allow passengers situational awareness while embarked.
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The gunner is in the turret during combat, but when traveling he is seated inside the hull. The crew mounts and dismounts the vehicle via two hatches over driver's and commander's stations. On either side of the hull adjacent to the crew position, there is a firing port. Immediately behind the firing port there are three TNP-A periscopes, which protrude from the outside of the hull, giving the crew some vision to the front and rear of the vehicle. The engine is larger than the BRDM's (it is a 140 hp V-8 instead of a 90 hp 6-cylinder).
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They mount and dismount the APC by climbing over the sides of the hull. The driver sits in the center of the front of the hull and has three vision blocks and periscopes located at the top of the sloping glacis plate. During night operations, the center periscope can be swapped for the TVN-28 night vision device, which gives the driver clear vision up to 60 meters. The driver also has a small hatch that opens upwards—while it cannot be used to leave the vehicle, it can be opened in relatively safe areas for extra vision.
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On 11 June 1943, the U.S. Navy patrol craft detected I-24 first on sonar, then on radar, and finally visually in heavy fog in the Bering Sea north-northeast of Shemya Island, noting that I-24 had both her periscopes up, apparently because of the very poor visibility. PC-487 depth-charged I-24 and forced her to the surface, then rammed her at , riding up and over I-24′s hull. PC-487 then backed off and rammed I-24 again, striking her conning tower. I-24 rolled over and sank at with the loss of all 104 men on board.
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At the outbreak of World War I, U-1 and U-2 were both in drydock in Pola awaiting the installation of their new diesel engines, batteries, and periscopes. To accommodate the new engines, the boats were lengthened by about . These changes lowered the surface displacement to but increased the submerged displacement to . After these modernization efforts were completed, U-1 returned to training duties until 4 October 1915. Meanwhile, U-2 underwent a further refit in Pola starting on 24 January 1915. During this refit, she had a new conning tower installed, which was completed on 4 June 1915.
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The graphs of the data are colour coded to divide the battle into three epochs before the breaking of the Enigma code, after it was broken, and after the introduction of centimetric radar, which could reveal submarine conning towers above the surface of the water and even detect periscopes. Obviously this subdivision of the data ignores many other defensive measures the Allies developed during the war, so interpretation must be constrained. Codebreaking by itself did not decrease the losses, which continued to rise ominously. More U-boats were sunk, but the number operational had more than tripled.
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War Department Armored Command Field Manual 17-69 Crew Drill, Service of the Piece, and Gunnery (75-MM Assault Howitzer on Motor Carriage M8), dated 30 November 1943, pp. 3-5 Due to the usage of a new turret, the crew hatches in the hull roof for the driver and assistant driver/loader were removed and replaced by a pair of vision flaps in the glacis. Since the glacis hatches were too small to disembark through, these two crew members had to leave the vehicle through the open-topped turret. The driver and assistant driver/loader were provided with periscopes for visibility.
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Once introduced, nonreflective lenses were used for projectors and cameras by the post-war movie industry. Blodgett's glass was also used for submarine periscopes and airplane spy cameras during World War II. Blodgett also invented the color gauge, a method to measure the molecular coatings on the glass to one millionth of an inch. The gauge employs the concept that different thicknesses of coatings are different colors. While examining the layering of stearic acid on a glass plate, she realized that the addition of each layer, about 2/10,000,000 inch thick, reliably changed the color of the plate.
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One of the drivers periscopes can be replaced by a night vision device. The commander sits on the front right of the hull, and has a single piece hatch which opens to the right. The commander hatch has a periscope on the top surface that may be rotated through 360 degrees. Export variants of the vehicle with BF8L engine did away with the commander's position in the front right of the hull. Behind the driver, on the left side of the hull is a third crew position, which is provided with a hatch that opens to the left, and like the commander's position has a 360-degree rotating periscope.
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Firing ports with periscopes are arranged on the sides and the back of the crew compartment. The Diesel engine is coupled with an automatic transmission, having five forward gears and one reverse, and with a single speed transfer case to provide power to all wheels. The Dragoon is amphibious, and is propelled in water by its wheels at a speed of 4.8 km/h, while three drain pumps remove water entering through the doors. Utilized like an armoured personnel carrier, the Dragoon is usually equipped with a turret identical to that of the M-113A2 armed with a machine-gun of 12.7 mm or 7.62 mm assembled on pivot.
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Macbeth, following behind, was hit by two torpedoes and Offa came alongside to take off the crew before the ship sank. Sukhona and Afrikander were also sunk and the crews rescued by the close escort, leaving Mary Luckenbach as the only survivor of the two columns. At the head of one of the left flank columns, Empire Beaumont was hit, set on fire and the crew rescued; John Penn was torpedoed in the engine room, three men were killed and the ship was sunk by gunfire from the escorts. Some observers reported periscopes inside the convoy and several ships were near-missed by bombs from the above.
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Perry, James Arrogant Armies, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 page 250. Whatever the excellence of its troops, Force D possessed no heavy guns and was deficient in supplies, including clean drinking water, wire-cutters, telephones, lights, tents, signal rockets, mosquito nets, telescopic sights, flares, helmets, hand grenades, periscopes and blankets Most seriously, in light of events to follow, they lacked medical supplies and personnel. Townshend was well aware of these problems, but apparently never discussed them with Nixon. Townshend first viewed the Ottoman lines by walking up an observation tower, which he called "a rickety structure of wooden scaffolding, like a lighthouse on the sands".
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When in combat the hatch is closed and the driver can use a vision block for a limited vision. Under the driver's seat is an emergency hatch which can be used by all crew members. The commander who sits on the left side of the front of the vehicle has three vision blocks, periscopes in a projecting bay, and a cupola with vision block on its basis facing forward. It is located on top of projecting bay, opens forward, and can be locked vertically. It also has two projecting bays like the BTR-50PU command vehicle instead of the one in BTR-50 APCs.
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Germany, which was provided 27 months to finish delivery of its goods, procrastinated as long as possible on deliveries. On August 11, the Soviet Union had shipped 190 million Reichsmarks of raw materials against just 90 million Reichsmarks of German deliveries. Germany did initially deliver some floating cranes, five aircraft, an electrode shop, several gun turrets (with fire control apparatuses and spare parts), two submarine periscopes and additional ship construction tools. A few months later it delivered a sample of its harvest technology. Soviet and German invasions, annexations and alliances in central and eastern Europe 1939-1940 In the summer of 1940, Germany grew even more dependent on Soviet imports.
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Unlike the previous externally mounted launchers, it was not exposed to enemy fire, being reloaded from within the vehicle through a hinged breech. The Nahverteidigungswaffe was designed to mate with the standard KampfpistoleZaloga (2016), p. 33 - 34 and could be sealed by an armored plug when not in use.Jentz (1999), p. 82 Aiming was by periscopes located on the turret and cupola.Ichimura (1993), p. 47 The device could fire the Schnellnebelkerze 39 smoke grenade for the purpose of concealment, the Rauchsichtzeichen Orange 350 smoke signal for identification to friendly aircraft, the Leuchtgeschoss R flare and the Sprenggranatpatrone 326 Lp anti- personnel explosive to defend the vehicle against infantry attack.
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Churchills made use of the Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV. In the Mark VII, the driver had two periscopes as well as a vision port in the hull front that could be opened. The hull gunner had a single periscope as well as the sighting telescope on the BESA machine gun mounting. In the turret, the gunner and loader each had single periscope and the commander had two fitted in his hatch cupola. The armour on the Churchill, often considered its most important feature, was originally specified to a minimum of and a maximum of ; this was increased with the Mk VII to a range from to .
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Poynting Physics Building, Birmingham University An original six-cavity magnetron. When the war began in 1939, Oliphant was approached by the Admiralty about the possibility of building a radio source that operated at microwave frequencies. Such a system would allow a radar using it to see small objects like the periscopes of submerged U-boats. The Air Ministry radar researchers at Bawdsey Manor had also expressed an interest in a 10 cm system, as this would greatly reduce the size of the transmission antennas, making them much easier to fit in the nose of aircraft, as opposed to being mounted on the wings and fuselage as in their current systems.
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At 06:00 on 22 September, the weather had calmed and the ships were patrolling at , in line abreast, apart. Lookouts were posted for submarine periscopes or ships and one gun on each side of each ship was manned. U-9 had been ordered to attack British transports at Ostend but had been forced to dive and shelter from the storm. On surfacing, Weddinen spotted the British ships and moved to attack. At 06:20, U-9 fired a torpedo at the middle ship from a range of and struck Aboukir on the starboard side, flooding the engine room and causing the ship to stop immediately.
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Although retaining many of the technical characteristics of the anti-tank rifles, the Cold War era weapons are only conceptual descendants of anti-tank weapons wielded by the Second World War infantry, and both large-calibre sniper rifles and anti-materiel rifles owe only some part of their design heritage to them. Although no longer capable of penetrating even the side armour of modern main battle tanks, they are capable of causing serious damage to their external fittings such as periscopes, optics, sensors, tank treads, and machine guns. They are also useful in disabling or even destroying lesser armoured rear units and support vehicles, helicopters, low-flying UAVs and personnel.
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A Marder 1A3 from the rear, with the ramp lowered The hull of the Marder 1 is all welded steel, giving protection from small-arms fire and shell fragments with the front of the hull providing protection from up to 20 millimeters APDS rounds. Later variants had increased protection up to 30mm APDS, in response to the 30 mm autocannon armed BMP-2 and the development of top attack cluster bomblets. The Marder is a relatively conventional design, with the driver sitting at the front left side of the hull with the engine to his right. The driver has three day periscopes mounted in a hatch that opens to the right.
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In the BTR-60PB, both the driver and the commander have three periscopes in the front (the commander's center periscope can be hard to see as it's just below the OU-3 infrared light). The vehicle was usually equipped with an R-113 radio; however, some models used the R-123. The initial BTR-60P production model lacked night-vision and had only four headlights (two infrared, two white, one of each kind per side, these remained in all BTR-60 models). Late BTR-60P models were fitted with night-vision; the TKN-1 connected with the OU-3 infrared searchlight for the commander and the TWN-2 for the driver.
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It uses AESA active electronically scanned arrayAirborne Stand-Off Reconnaissance (ASTOR) technology. Raytheon claim it could be modified to match the maritime surveillance capability of the cancelled Nimrod MRA4, and the ground stations could be adapted to receive data from Watchkeeper, MQ-9 Reaper and the future Scavenger programme. A contract for the development of a maritime capable software upgrade will be placed in the spring of 2015; Jane's speculates that this would allow the Sentinel to detect surface vessels and potentially submarine periscopes and that other sensors could be fitted as a 'low-end' capability for maritime surveillance to complement a 'high-end' platform such as the P-8A Poseidon.
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Within fifteen minutes most of the survivors were taken off by Fugas, leaving a party of seven officers and ten sailors to attach a tow. Buran unsuccessfully attempted to tow her for more than an hour and a half, but was thwarted when the bow collapsed and grounded on the seabed. The attempts to save the ship were abandoned when periscopes and a German reconnaissance aircraft were sighted, and the chief of staff of the Light Forces Detachment, aboard Buran, ordered the ship to be abandoned. The destroyer was struck by a torpedo launched by the motor torpedo boat TKA-73, and sank within twenty minutes.
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They were particularly interested in moving to much shorter wavelengths as a way to detect smaller objects, especially the conning towers and periscopes of U-boats. The Air Ministry's Airborne Group, led by Edward George Bowen, had the opposite problem of desiring antennas small enough to mount in the nose of a twin- engine aircraft. They had managed to adapt an experimental television receiver to 1.5 m, but this still required large antennas that had to be mounted on the wings. At a meeting between Bowen and the Admiralty Experimental Department's Charles Wright, they found many reasons to agree on the need for a 10 cm wavelength system.
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Conrady himself records in the preface to his magnum opus, Applied Optics and Optical Design, that his optical work during these years led to "a large number of new types of telescopic, microscopic, and photographic lens systems...followed during the great war by the design of most of the new forms of submarine periscopes and of some other Service instruments."Conrady, p. vii The success of this work led to his appointment in 1917 to the principal teaching post of the newly founded Technical Optics Department at the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London, a position he occupied until 1931.Conrady & Kingslake, p.
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Its depth of about ( on upper/starboard side), in relatively clear, still waters, makes it accessible to moderately experienced scuba divers. It is the largest wreck in the lagoon (the somewhat larger Tonan Maru No.3 was refloated post-war), and its name is still clearly visible on the bow, in both English and Japanese. Lying on its port side, some of the Heian Maru's cargo holds are accessible, revealing stockpiles of torpedoes, artillery shells, submarine periscopes, and numerous other items. In recent years there has been growing concern by Chuukese and environmental groups over potential damage to the lagoon as the slowly corroding wrecks begin leaking heavy fuel oil.
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Four all-bearing Laser warning receivers (LWR) for the new fire-control system enables the Arjun is capable of shooting down helicopters. Battle Management System has a panoramic sight with the commander's station equipped with eight periscopes for 360° vision. Commander's independent thermal viewer, weapon station, position navigation equipment, and a full set of controls and displays have been linked by a digital data bus for improved fire control system. The tank is fitted with digital maps, improved cooling system to compensate for heat generated by the additional computer systems, FBCB2 capabilities, New radars, EW Systems, C4ISR Systems, Gun Control System (GCS) Integrated Battlefield management system (IBMS) and Active protection system.
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The new higher-frequency radar could spot conning towers, and periscopes could even be detected from airplanes. Some idea of the relative effect of cipher-breaking and radar improvement can be obtained from graphs showing the tonnage of merchantmen sunk and the number of U-boats sunk in each month of the Battle of the Atlantic. Of course, the graphs cannot be interpreted unambiguously, because it is impossible to factor in many variables such as improvements in cipher-breaking and the numerous other advances in equipment and techniques used to combat U-boats. Nonetheless, the data seem to favor the German view—that radar was crucial.
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The Type VIIC/42 was designed in 1942 and 1943 to replace the aging Type VIIC. It would have had a much stronger pressure hull, with skin thickness up to 28 mm, and would have dived twice as deep as the previous VIICs. These boats would have been very similar in external appearance to the VIIC/41 but with two periscopes in the tower and would have carried two more torpedoes. Contracts were signed for 164 boats and a few boats were laid down, but all were cancelled on 30 September 1943 in favor of the new Type XXI, and none was advanced enough in construction to be launched.
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In March 2002, The Beautiful Girls issued their debut eight-track extended play, Morning Sun, on a self-funded independent label, which was distributed by MGM Distribution. The track "Periscopes" received airplay on national radio station Triple J. McHugh explained why they chose not to sign with any major label, saying "It's the way we've always been as a band and the way I've always wanted to do things. I like artists and musicians who I get the vibe of where they’re coming from and an understanding of what kinda person they are. For me it's just a way of conversing back and forth with people".
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A Type 96 on display at JGSDF Camp Matsudo The driver sits on the right side of the vehicle with the engine to his left. His position is fitted with three periscopes, the center of which can be replaced by a passive night vision periscope. For service in Iraq it appears that his position was fitted with an assembly of three windows to enable him to drive with his head out of the vehicle for greater situational awareness while still protected from small-arms fire. Behind him is the commander/gunner in a cupola that traverses 360° that can carry either a 40 mm grenade launcher (Type A) or a .
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Alongside its renowned cameras, Rollei – like its neighbour Voigtländer – was now engaged in the manufacture of equipment deemed important to the German war effort: precision optics for binoculars, periscopes, telescopic sights (for sniper rifles, for example), and theodolites for directing artillery. Although these products consumed the bulk of the companies resources, some regular product development was still possible, and work on tempered glass lenses as well as flash synchronization continued, albeit on a small scale. The cameras were used inter alia in military reconnaissance. As Braunschweig was one of the centres of the German armaments industry, it was subjected to frequent, sometimes heavy aerial bombardment, which seriously damaged the city.
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The hull of the Saurer 4K 4FA series armoured personnel carrier is made of all- welded steel armour and is immune to penetration from 20 mm armour-piercing projectiles over its frontal arc. The driver sits at the front of the hull on the left side with the power pack to his right and has a two-piece hatch cover that opens to the left and right, in front of which are three day periscopes. The centre periscope can be replaced by a passive periscope for driving at night. The gunner sits behind the driver and on the basic model has a cupola with a two-piece hatch cover opening left and right and a single day observation periscope.
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There he performed calculations for submarine periscopes. From 1929 till 1933 Rusinov worked at the USSR Optical and Mechanical Society. Beginning in 1931 he also worked in the Central Office of Geodesy and Cartography. From 1932 until 1942 he held positions of Senior Engineer, Head of the Laboratory and Senior Researcher in Geodesy at the Aerial Photography and Cartography Central Institute. From 1930–1935 he taught at the Civil Air Engineering Institute of LITMO. In 1938 he received his PhD degree and in 1939 he was promoted to Senior Researcher. In 1941 Rusinov received a Doctor degree. During World War II, from 1942 till 1943 he was a Senior Designer Assistant at the Factory № 393 in the Moscow region.
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Julianne Swartz (born April 29, 1967) is a New York-based artist who works with sound, kinetics, and other materials to make sculpture, installations and photographs. Swartz uses optics, magnetism, and the concepts of space and time in her body of work. Swartz uses lights, mirrors, magnets, periscopes, and the concepts of space and time in her body of work, which has been exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, MoMA PS1, New Museum, Indianapolis Museum of Art, and the 2004 Biennial exhibition at the Whitney Museum. Her awards include the Joan Mitchell Foundation Painters and Sculptors Award (2008) and the American Academy of Arts and Letters Academy Award in Art (2010).
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Virtually every > French weapon from 25mm upward penetrated the 7-13mm of the Panzer I. > Although the Panzer II fared somewhat better, especially those that had been > up-armoured since the Polish Campaign, their losses were high. Such was the > sheer frustration of the crews of these light Panzers in [the] face of > heavier armoured French machines that some resorted to desperate expedients. > One account speaks of a German Panzer commander attempting to climb on a > Hotchkiss H-35 with a hammer, presumably to smash the machine's periscopes, > but falling off and being crushed by the tank's tracks. Certainly by day's > end, Prioux had reason to claim that his tanks had come off best.
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The targeting or "attack" periscope, by comparison, had a narrower field of view and higher magnification. In World War II and earlier submarines it was the only means of gathering target data to accurately fire a torpedo, since sonar was not yet sufficiently advanced for this purpose (ranging with sonar required emission of an electronic "ping" that gave away the location of the submarine) and most torpedoes were unguided. 21st-century submarines do not necessarily have periscopes. The United States Navy's Virginia-class submarines and the Royal Navy's Astute class submarines instead use photonics masts, pioneered by the Royal Navy's HMS Trenchant, which lift an electronic imaging sensor-set above the water.
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Virtual periscope is a system that allows submerged submarines to observe the surface above them without having to come to a shallower depth, as is required by traditional periscopes. The system that was tested in 2005, actually described in a patent as "Virtual Periscope", aboard USS Chicago (SSN-721) employed a small camera mounted on the sail of the submarine uses the surface of the ocean as a lens, collecting light from above the surface and refracting it below. High-speed signal processing software assembles an image of what is on the surface. The system's resolution did not allow at the time ship identification, only indicating that something is on the surface.
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Periodic gas discharges and infantry probes continued; German sentries watching through periscopes were often able to warn the garrisons in time. On 30 June, the bombardment repeated the earlier pattern, by when much of the German surface defences had been swept away, look-out shelters and observation posts were ruined and communication trenches had disappeared, particularly on the front of XIII Corps and XV Corps. The headquarters of Reserve Infantry Regiment 23 was destroyed by a shell on 23 June and by 1 July, the systematic bombardment had cut the wire around Montauban, destroyed the German trenches and hit the German artillery in Caterpillar Valley. The infantry took cover in the deeper dug-outs or shallow support trenches.
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With the beginning of the Second World War, 189 students and 85 staff members went to the front lines, while over 450 joined the People's Militia. Classes continued and only at the end of 1942 the students and instructors were evacuated to the town of Cherapanovo by Novosibirsk. During the Siege of Leningrad, LIFMO continued to operate a military repair facility for the Leningrad front. It was established in the first days of war and it fabricated test and measurement instruments for army and navy units. During the Siege, the facility developed improved optical sights, fixed artillery binoculars, gun panoramas, anti-aircraft sighting telescopes, periscopes, machined “cups” for anti-aircraft shells and parts for land and sea mines.
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Modern tank guns are also commonly fitted with insulating thermal jackets to reduce gun-barrel warping caused by uneven thermal expansion, bore evacuators to minimise gun firing fumes entering the crew compartment and sometimes muzzle brakes to minimise the effect of recoil on accuracy and rate of fire. German Leopard 2A6 from a Panzerbattalion fires its main gun during the shoot-off of Strong Europe Tank Challenge. A Merkava Mk IIID Baz firing Traditionally, target detection relied on visual identification. This was accomplished from within the tank through telescopic periscopes; often, however, tank commanders would open up the hatch to view the outside surroundings, which improved situational awareness but incurred the penalty of vulnerability to sniper fire.
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Each man was authorised to carry 200 rounds of ammunition, as well as a small amount of personal rations. Assault equipment included wire cutters, empty sandbags, ladders, and periscopes; only the fourth and final assault line would carry entrenching tools. The light horsemen had not participated in a large-scale attack before; they had not been trained to fight like infantrymen, having been recruited to fight in a mounted role, but they were all keen and eager for the attack to commence. Encouraged by earlier efforts by compatriots at Lone Pine, the troops were spurred on by the Brigade Major, Lieutenant Colonel John Antill, a Boer War veteran who encouraged them with stories from that war.
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It was not long before the submarines were involved in operations, and in 1975, just before Operation Savannah (Angola), SAS Johanna van der Merwe was deployed into Angolan waters under Operation Yskas to prepare for the evacuation of SA military personnel. During the South African Border War, she took part in some ten clandestine special operations. During her career, she underwent four refits, which included installing additional fuel tanks, and the fitting of a locally developed RAKA combat suite in the 1980s, which replaced a cumbersome plotting table. In the late 1990s she received the South African developed NICKLES fully integrated software based combat suite and two state of the art rebuilt periscopes.
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In 1916, the Berthier rifle, officially titled the Fusil d'Infanterie Modele 1907, Transforme 1915, was issued as an improvement; it was clip-loaded. The original, produced in 1907, only held three rounds. Later versions in 1915 introduced the use of spitzer bullets and 1916 increased the clip size to five rounds, and a carbine version of the Berthier, dubbed the Berthier carbine but titled Mousqueton modele 1916, was released in 1916. The carbine was preferred over a 'normal' rifle because of the advantages in handling in a confined space, such as a trench, and was one of the few significant advances in rifle technology, although periscopes and tripods were produced for trench warfare.
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Early in 1996, an RQ-1 Predator aerial reconnaissance drone was successfully controlled from Chicago. The drone reached altitudes up to 6,000 meters (20,000 ft) and ranged up to 185 kilometers (100 nmi.) from the submarine, which was operating at periscope depth. In the summer of 2005, Chicago tested the virtual periscope, a system that would allow submerged submarines to observe the surface above them without having to come to a shallower depth, as is required by traditional periscopes. After completing a two-year maintenance and upgrade period at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard in October 2011, Chicago arrived in April 2012 at her new homeport, assigned to Submarine Squadron 15, based at Joint Region Marianas on the island of Guam.
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Spicer-Simson was a man described by Giles Foden as "a man court- martialled for wrecking his own ships, an inveterate liar and a wearer of skirts." He had reached the rank of lieutenant-commander but had not progressed further owing to a number of mistakes and disasters, which left him in a small office in the Admiralty assigned to helping with the process of transferring merchant seamen into the navy. In 1905, he had come up with the idea of stringing a cable between two destroyers to sweep for periscopes and nearly sank a submarine. He ran another ship aground while testing the defences of Portsmouth Harbour, and later collided with and sank a small boat, killing a man.
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The periscope gives away the location of a submarine, and a hull- penetrating periscope greatly weakens a submarine's pressure hull and limits the depths to which it can dive. U-boats also had to come to very shallow depths to use their periscopes, generally about 15 m, leaving them greatly exposed to bombing, depth charging, and even gunfire. With the introduction of Falke, U-boats could remain more deeply submerged and fire at convoys with nothing to give away their position but the noise of their screws. Rather than aiming with a periscope, the torpedo could be roughly aimed at a sound contact as detected by a U-boat's hydrophones, and the homing mechanism could be trusted to find the target without the need for precise aiming.
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To cope with the heavy front, and the necessity to traverse the vehicle to aim, the gear ratio was lowered from 1:7.33 to 1:8 to reduce the stress on final gears from January 1945. A buttoned-down Jagdpanzer 38 was blind to its right side. Since 20mm side armor (same as late model Panzer II's side armor) was adequate to protect the crew only from fairly small caliber guns, it was important to face the threat frontally. Hence, the commander's field of view was planned to be improved by installing a rotating periscope in the Jagdpanzer 38 Starr, just as the Sturmgeschutz III and Elefant had evolved from a single pair of periscopes to all around vision blocks.
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In early 1942, Lieutenant O'Kane joined the pre-commissioning crew of the new submarine and served as its executive officer on five war patrols during World War II, first under Lieutenant Commander Marvin G. "Pinky" Kennedy and later under the legendary Lieutenant Commander Dudley "Mush" Morton. Morton established a record as an excellent tactician, as he preferred to run the demanding analysis and plots while his executive officer manned the periscopes, a reversal of standard practices. Under Morton's tutelage, O'Kane developed the skills which enabled him to become the single most accomplished American submarine commander in history. In July 1943, following his fifth patrol in Wahoo, O'Kane was detached, promoted to lieutenant commander, and shortly made prospective commanding officer of , which was then under construction.
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He took particular pride in the pioneering work done by his directorate in the development of optical glass for use in gun sights and related weaponry.Joe Rich Hartnett: Portrait of a Technocratic Brigand Chapter 14 Some of the prisms produced for use in instruments such as range finders, submarine periscopes and aerial photography were exported to the US.D.P. Mellor The Role of Science and Industry Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1958 p.277 At first, there was a considerable amount of conflict between the Directorate and the Army, partly because the latter, which knew little about manufacturing, repeatedly changed its orders thus creating serious problems on the factory floor. In addition, the Army’s initial insistence on specifying the precise design of the items it wanted also gave rise to manufacturing difficulties.
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The driver's hatch incorporated a mechanism that dropped his three periscope heads to provide clearance for the hatch door as it swung to the right, and the driver then had to reposition the periscopes by hand once the hatch was closed again. It had 5 return rollers, 6 roadwheel pairs per side with the drive sprocket at the rear and a torsion bar suspension system.Hunnicutt, R.P. Patton: A History of the American Main Battle Tank, volume 1. Navato, CA: Presidio Press, 1984 Pilot #2 was built in February 1952 and also used the early Mod A design with small hatches. It was fitted with the T139/M41 90mm gun replacing the muzzle brake with a cylindrical blast deflector. A T-shaped deflector was used for production M48 tanks.
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The control room also had switchboards, a row of four periscopes, manometers, frequency gauges, voltmeters and ammeters, green/red/white signal lamps, and switches at the propulsion console and guidance panel to dynamically display approximately 15 measurement points within the rocket. Additionally, the control room had a big "X-time" countdown clock that display the time until launch, which was announced via loudspeakers as "X minus four minutes", etc. In addition to the control room, the blockhouse also contained offices, a conference room, a small dormitory with double bunks and an adjoining shower, a wash room, and a workshop. A long underground corridor led from the measurement blockhouse to a room in the concrete foundation by the flame pit, and multiple rows of measurement cables covered the walls of the tunnel.
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Beam splitters with single mode fiber for PON networks use the single mode behavior to split the beam. The splitter is done by physically splicing two fibers "together" as an X. Arrangements of mirrors or prisms used as camera attachments to photograph stereoscopic image pairs with one lens and one exposure are sometimes called "beam splitters", but that is a misnomer, as they are effectively a pair of periscopes redirecting rays of light which are already non-coincident. In some very uncommon attachments for stereoscopic photography, mirrors or prism blocks similar to beam splitters perform the opposite function, superimposing views of the subject from two different perspectives through color filters to allow the direct production of an anaglyph 3D image, or through rapidly alternating shutters to record sequential field 3D video.
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From the M113A2, the Dragoon borrows its starter, periscopes, drain pumps, control knobs and its electric and hydraulic components. The hull of the Dragoon is of entirely welded steel construction, ensuring crew protection against individual weapons of 5.56 and 7.62mm and against shell shrapnel. The driver sits on the left front with room for another man on his right, the crew compartment being in the center; the engine is located at the back on the right (which on the Cadillac Gage V-150 is in the left rear corner), and a passage connects the crew compartment to a door opening on the rear of the vehicle. The soldiers enter and leave by two doors located on each side the vehicle, the lower part of these doors folding down to form a step-up, while the upper part swings clear to the side.
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Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1992 All of these early M60s eventually had the M19 cupola and M85 machine gun installed. Compared to a conventional pintle mount, the remote-controlled M85 machine gun was relatively ineffective in the anti-aircraft role for which it was designed. Removing the cupola lowered the vehicle's relatively high silhouette. The cupola's hatch also opened toward the rear of the vehicle and was dangerous to close if under small-arms fire owing to a lock-open mechanism that required the user to apply leverage to unlock it prior to closing. The commander was able to observe the battlefield using the x4 binocular M34D daylight vision block or the M19E1 IR or M36 Passive Periscopes while remaining under armor protection with a 360 degree traverse independent of the turret, was stabilized in azimuth and elevation and carried 600 rounds of ammunition.
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During this time it was decided to convert her as a training boat for anti-submarine warfare operations. The Admiralty had received intelligence in early 1944 about new U-boats which were reported to be able to achieve a top speed of around underwater, compared to the of the fastest existing U-boats. As these new XXI-class U-boats were considered to pose a major threat, Seraph was modified at Devonport as a matter of urgency to have a high underwater speed so that trials and exercises could be carried out against a submarine having a similar underwater speed; for example in developing new tactics. The submarine was streamlined by careful attention to the attachments on the outside of the hull, the size of the bridge reduced, the gun was removed along with one of the periscopes and the radar mast, and torpedo tubes blanked over.
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Periodic gas discharges and infantry probes continued but German sentries watching through periscopes were often able to warn the garrisons in time to react. The bombardment on 30 June repeated the pattern of the earlier days, by when much of the German surface defences had been swept away, look-out shelters and observation posts were in ruins and many communication trenches had disappeared. On the night of the bombardment fell on rear defences and communication trenches, then at dawn British aircraft "filled the sky", captive balloons rose into the air at and an unprecedented barrage began all along the German front, until when the bombardment abruptly stopped. The remaining German trench garrisons began to leave their shelters and set up machine-guns in the remains of trenches and shell-holes, which proved difficult to spot and allowed the occupants to change direction, easily to face threats from all directions.
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The AMX 30 ACRA prototype. The AMX-30 has a number of different variations, including a number of other armoured vehicles based on the same chassis. A simplified version of the tank, without the infra-red searchlight and periscopes and a less complex commander's cupola was developed for export, known as the "basic AMX-30". This version also came devoid of the pressurized air filtering system, and moved the smaller machine gun into the coaxial position and the larger M2 to the turret roof. Another version was considered for the French Army, adopting a tank gun able to fire the supersonic (Anti-Char Rapide Autopropulsé)Foss (1976), p. 16 anti-tank guided missile, as well as high explosive rounds. A prototype was finished in 1967 with a new cast turret, wide enough to hold the much larger armament.Jeudy, p. 260 However, the high costs of the missiles forced the French Army to abandon the program in 1972.
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The design combined the chassis of an OF-40, with a new turret mounting the Otobreda 76 mm gun along with associated search and targeting radars and their fire control systems: an S search radar SMA VPS-A05, with around 15 km range against aircraft and 8 km against helicopters in hovering; and a fire control unit SMA VPG-A06 (Ka band). It also included an optical fire-control system with periscopes for search and aiming, with a laser range-finder. The whole turret was built of steel (roughly with the same thickness of the one used in early Leopard 1s) and weighed 15 tonnes. OTO Melara offered it as a long-range SPAAG that could outperform systems like the Gepard and similar versions with the British Marksman turret that mounted much smaller, but rapid-fire, 35 mm guns.Po, Enrico: L'OTOMATIC si presenta, RiD magazine, Chiavari, july 1987 p.36 The gun could also be useful against lighter armored vehicles or older generation tanks.
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New periscopes and a new gyrocompass were installed on U-4 later in the month. On 3 January 1916, operating again near the Gulf of Drin, Singule and U-4 seized another Albanian sailing vessel, Halil, and sank two smaller boats. In early February, U-4 sank the French patrol vessel Jean Bart southwest of Cape Laghi, off Durazzo.This Jean Bart is not the French dreadnought which was damaged by the Austro-Hungarian submarine on 21 December 1914. See: Gibson and Prendergast, p. 69. Just five days later, U-4 made an unsuccessful attack on a British . Over 26 and 27 March, U-4 participated in a search for the lost Austro-Hungarian submarine .The Austro-Hungarian submarine , was, in fact, the German Imperial Navy submarine operating under the Austro-Hungarian flag (see Gardiner, p. 341). UC-12, a coastal minelaying submarine, was destroyed on 12 March 1916 when the crew deployed the boat's tenth mine, which malfunctioned and exploded, sinking the U-boat with all hands.
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On the night of 13–14 July 1918, Vehement and the destroyers , , and laid a field of 224 mines in the North Sea. On the night of 17–18 July 1918, her flotilla laid another North Sea minefield of 424 mines with cover for the operation provided by the 7th Cruiser Squadron, but German forces did not interfere.Smith, p. 70. Vehement′s next minelaying operation on 24 July 1918 involved the entire flotilla laying 496 mines in the North Sea in 22 rows; during the operation, Vehement detected two periscopes. The flotilla sortied from the Humber again at 13:00 hours on 28 July 1918 and during the night of 28–29 July laid a North Sea field of 416 mines in 18 rows.Smith, pp. 73–74. On 1 August 1918, the 20th Destroyer Flotilla departed the Humber to lay a minefield in the North Sea at the seaward end of one of the German-swept channels through the German minefield in the Heligoland Bight. At 23:47 hours the force was within 20 nautical miles (37 km) of the area it was to mine when Vehement struck a mine at .
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Noting enemy's destroyers in the distance, Axum submerged and went north. She surfaced again at 1:30 on August 14. The damage sustained by the submarine prevented her from diving below 40 meters; nevertheless, Axum stayed in the area patrolling for the next 2 days, and returned to Trapani on August 15, 1942, at 19:30. In October and November 1942 she patrolled off Balearic Islands. On November 7, 1942, she sighted enemy ships, but got detected and had to dive and withstand a barrage of depth charges which caused some damage. On November 9 Axum left the patrol area and headed back to the base due to sustained damage. In February 1943 she patrolled in the Gulf of Sirte but did not encounter any traffic. On April 11, 1943, while sailing in a violent storm off the coast of Sardinia, sustained flooding and lost the use of both of her periscopes forcing her to abandon her mission and return to the base. On July 21, 1943 Axum while proceeding from La Spezia to La Maddalena, was spotted in the position , five miles northwest of Calvi, by the British Submarine .
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Twelve and 24-volt electrical power supplies came from a 1 kW generator feeding four accumulator batteries. For observation from the interior, all roof hatches had periscopes and there were two gun sights: telescopic ST-10 (СТ-10) and panoramic. For crew communication a TPU-4-BisF intercom was fitted, and for inter-vehicle communication there was a single 10R or 10RK radio. These were better than Soviet equipment at the start of the war but still inferior to German equipment. The crew were given two PPSh submachine guns with 1491 rounds and 20 F-1 grenades for short-range self-defence. The ISU-152 was armed with the same gun as the SU-152, but it used the hull of the IS-1 tank instead of the KV-1S. Later in the war the ISU-152 was further improved. It used the hull of the IS-2 or IS-2 model 1944 tank, the armour of the mantlet was increased, the gun was replaced by newer variants, a 12.7×108 mm DShK anti-aircraft machine gun was installed by the right forward hatch and later its ammunition capacity increased, the 10R radio set was upgraded to a 10RK and the fuel capacity was increased.
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Upon commissioning, I-46 formally was attached to the Yokosuka Naval District and assigned to Submarine Squadron 11 for shakdeown and work-ups. During a training sortie in the Iyo-nada on 2 April 1944, she collided underwater with the submarine off Minase Bight southwest of Kominasa Light at 21:45, suffering damage to her conning tower and periscopes. After repairs and testing, she arrived at Sasebo Navy Yard on 7 May 1944 for additional repairs. I-46 was reassigned to Submarine Division 15 in the 6th Fleet on 30 May 1944. On 12 August 1944, her commanding officer submitted a memorandum to the headquarters of the 6th Fleet and the commander of Submarine Squadron 11 suggesting improvements to the Type 13 air search radar installation and application of the anti-radar coating aboard I-46. On 13 October 1944, the Combined Fleet ordered the activation of Operation Shō-Gō 1, the defense of the Philippine Islands, in anticipation of an American invasion of the islands. I-46 departed Kure, Japan, to begin her first war patrol and take part in Shō-Gō 1, assigned a patrol area east of Leyte in the Philippines as part of the "B" Group. Her patrol area was the westernmost of those assigned to the submarines of her group, and was adjacent to the area assigned to the submarine .
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