But some pastoralists' rights advocates, including Mohammed of Miyetti Allah, argue that the new system is unlikely to work for pastoralists.
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Pastoralists think of their animals as their "banks", Mohamed said.
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Insurance may also help even pastoralists who are not insured.
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Here is an example from my own research with mobile pastoralists.
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A key objective was to clear the reserve of foreign pastoralists.
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The donors subsidize the cover to make it affordable for pastoralists.
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"Settlement activities definitely erode the rich culture of pastoralists," Ambelu said.
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The town is a blessing for once-nomadic pastoralists like Mr Abokor.
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But, on top of this, some pastoralists have begun to settle down.
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The Hamar, numbering 45,000 throughout the valley, are known to be pastoralists.
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Jihadists are also stoking inter-communal conflict, mostly between herders and pastoralists.
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Because of climate change, life has become harder each year for pastoralists.
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And pastoralists have nothing to fall back on when their animals die.
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Fearing murder, pastoralists cannot take their herds to places with water and vegetation.
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S. strikes target farmers and pastoralists many times in many places of Somalia.
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Pastoralists and traditional land owners protest fracking in Australia's Gulf of Carpentaria region.
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Pastoralists get food for their animals and rice farmers dispose of excess husks cleanly.
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But even here they are finding more pastoralists and animals than grass and water.
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"During past droughts many pastoralists were reduced to paupers as their animals died," he said.
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According to the International Livestock Research Institute, pastoralists often lose livestock in periods of drought.
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About 50 million people in the Sahel are pastoralists whose livelihoods depend on rearing livestock.
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The three women baling hay are members of the Enkusero Pastoralists Group, whose membership is predominantly female.
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The killings over the weekend appeared to be revenge for attacks on pastoralists earlier in the week.
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But now a new way to help pastoralists uses data and technology to lower the transaction costs.
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But in other years more regular and severe droughts are depleting water and pasture and decimating pastoralists herds.
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Demand is lower from pastoralists in Kenya whose losses have been underestimated by the index in the past.
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Education rates among young pastoralists are particularly low because they are often on the move, the U.N. says.
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Among the 50 million pastoralists in sub-Saharan Africa, the average income is $2 per day and dropping.
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These are problems felt by many of the roughly 23m pastoralists scattered across the Horn of Africa and Kenya.
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But this monumental cemetery, intentionally built by early pastoralists during the middle Holocene, suggests this isn't always the case.
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Kaburi is part of a project run by the non-profit Strategies for Agro-Pastoralists' Development Kenya (SAPAD Kenya).
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Black Fulani herders have come into conflict with mostly lighter-skinned Tuareg pastoralists over access to scarce water points.
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At the same time, many butchers exploit the pastoralists' desperation, paying far below the market price for their cows.
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Heavily armed pastoralists had invaded her ranch in northern Kenya and were edging closer and closer to her house.
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Thousands of armed pastoralists have swept in from other parts of the country that have been afflicted by drought.
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Trespassing pastoralists in Laikipia, who were brazenly grazing their herds on others' land, said they weren't necessarily targeting whites.
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But the pastoralists are now using bare-bones hydroponics units of metal and plastic to grow barley as animal feed.
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The border, regularly crossed by traders and pastoralists, was closed after the 2011 split and only re-opened in January.
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It then lobbied local authorities to secure the routes and give pastoralists and their herds the right to pass through.
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But droughts have become so long they have forced some pastoralists to abandon their way of life entirely, he said.
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They also pass livestock markets, where pastoralists can sell their cattle and buy food or medication for their remaining animals.
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As climate change brings more weather extremes, including droughts, pastoralists need better information to make good decisions about their herds.
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The mobile phones and radios used are powered by solar cells, enabling pastoralists to get forecasts while on the move.
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They are Fulani—Islamic pastoralists by tradition and, in the case of this exiled community, survivors of savage sectarian violence.
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In Ituri, disputes between Hema pastoralists and Lendu farmers became enmeshed in the web of local, national, and regional conflict.
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But dividing communal land has favoured the monied at the expense of ordinary pastoralists and led to growing inequality, Nkaru said.
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In 2015, Maasai pastoralists poisoned six lions that had strayed from Tarangire national park into their village, killing cattle and goats.
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An African Union study in 2010 estimated that 268m Africans (about a quarter of the population at the time) were pastoralists.
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"It is like a win-win situation," he said, but warned that pastoralists face the threat of losing their ancestral lands.
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It appears that many of those killed this year have been farmers, but the pastoralists have also been attacked in reprisals.
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But the measures also affect pastoralists who cross back and forth along the country's borders, such as the Maasai and Samburu.
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There is probably no bigger challenge in the insurance business than finding large numbers of customers among impoverished, uneducated, nomadic pastoralists.
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The Northern Territory's Department of Mines and Energy said pastoralists and residents should have no concerns about water supply or contamination.
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Nomadic pastoralists, who typically live only with their extended families, have come together, hoping that humanitarian aid will reach them in camps.
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"Some pastoralists think that if you want to send a political message, to threaten another clan, you rape a girl," he said.
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"To own livestock is not only a cultural thing, but (also) a status symbol among pastoralists," she told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
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They rustle livestock from other pastoralists, smuggle alluvial gold and diamonds, poach and trade in ivory and bush meat, says Mr Agger.
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Farmers often accuse pastoralists, who are generally more affluent, of bribing local leaders to let them graze in areas reserved for farming.
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"We had to stop the uncontrolled sale of land in Kajiado county, because it left pastoralists with no grazing land," he said.
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Nearly 70 people have since elected to become "agro-pastoralists", working on adjacent parcels, usually while holding onto their animals as well.
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"These development projects ... are interfering with the free-range grazing lifestyle most pastoralists prefer and have been practicing for years," said Lumumba.
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"Instead of invading private property, pastoralists should be willing to be taught how to manage the land they currently occupy," he said.
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The findings suggest that the pastoralists, who led a mobile lifestyle, had a community in which everyone was equal -- an egalitarian society.
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Farmers and livestock pastoralists will find less grass in high meadows in summer to fatten up cows to produce milk for cheese.
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Ethiopia is home to millions of pastoralists who are particularly vulnerable to climate change as they depend on their livestock to survive.
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But more important than solving conflict is preventing it, said Hamadi - and that requires pastoralists having a safer and easier route to travel.
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Now pastoralists "not only now know where to go, they do so at no cost and without crossing into farmers' fields", Hamadi said.
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Two-thirds of the world's burned area is in Africa, a dry, hot continent where pastoralists have often used fire to clear land.
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Rapid population growth, the spread of fences and cities, and the annexation of herders' land have shrunk the space where pastoralists can roam.
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But those most at risk from severe weather are Somalia's nomadic pastoralists, who make up about 60% of the population, according to UNDP.
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Merchants in Tabelot once served the needs of nomads, pastoralists, and farming communities that live atop the Bagzane plateau that overlooks the city.
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But those most at risk from severe weather are Somalia's nomadic pastoralists, who make up about 60% of the population, according to UNDP.
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In contrast, smaller animals such as goats are better able to tolerate high temperatures and so are an attractive alternative for pastoralists, he added.
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Because we know the pastoralists and the region in which they move, we can detect the errors and explain the patterns in the data.
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Guleya hopes that timely weather information will "reduce the need for pastoralists to migrate or raid neighboring communities in search of food and pastures".
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But farmed areas also are expanding, leaving far less open grazing land available for pastoralists, and leading to herds more frequently straying into crops.
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Cattle seller Johnson Peters said the law has stopped pastoralists from other parts of the state bringing their livestock to the once-popular market.
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Beyond that, conflicts between farmers and pastoralists looking for places for their cattle to graze have escalated, with recent bouts of violence killing dozens.
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One of them, Mohammed Bello, a former adviser to a local cattle breeders association, said pastoralists are routinely, and often wrongly, characterized as perpetrators.
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When some pastoralists lose their animals due to harsh conditions, they raid and steal animals from other communities to replenish their stock, said Ole Maapia.
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Erratic rainfall threatens the pastoralists' traditional months-long seasonal migration to Mali and Senegal – known as transhumance – and their main source of income, experts say.
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Conservationists are concerned about the impact of farming and livestock rearing on protected sites, while pastoralists fear wildlife encroaching on their land and attacking livestock.
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"Farmers and pastoralists need to know that there are people who benefit from their conflicts and do not wish to see them resolved," Massay said.
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Access to reliable weather information and early warning systems could help pastoralists like Ngalo prepare for more erratic weather and make better decisions, he said.
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Pastoralists often do not have bank accounts and have high illiteracy rates as they roam over vast terrains with their cattle from a young age.
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"A lot of destitute pastoralists have dropped out and moved to the small trading centers and depend on relief and petty trade," said Wamwere-Njoroge.
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Pastoralists are an integral part of India's history, receiving royal patronage and welcomed by farmers because their herds of sheep and cattle would fertilize their land.
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Cattle in tow, the East African pastoralists have circled the land looking for fresh grass, co-existing with nature for as long as anyone can remember.
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FEDETO/ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia (Reuters) - On a treeless plain in eastern Ethiopia, thousands of destitute pastoralists have set up camp outside the tiny village of Fedeto.
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Traditional pastoralists are typically highly sustainable producers, but many are facing challenges as climate change drives more extreme weather such as droughts and floods, activists say.
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This is because, by best evidence, the American South was settled by herders and pastoralists from northern England and Scotland, who had a culture of honor.
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"If a pastoralist does not move, he dies," said El Hacen Ould Taleb, head of Groupement National des Associations Pastorales (GNAP), a Mauritanian charity working with pastoralists.
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For Vatma Vall Mint Soueina, Mauritania's Minister of Livestock, securing safe passage for pastoralists is just the first step to make herding thrive in tougher climatic conditions.
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For Naivasha Maasai pastoralists, however, the push by big farming companies has not sparked opportunity but panic that their traditional semi-nomadic lifestyle could be at risk.
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The Chinese government boasts that relinquishing the nomadic lifestyle represents "enormous strides towards modernity" and refers to the annual migration of pastoralists' herds as a dangerous "ordeal".
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Tensions between farmers and pastoralists can best be resolved by drawing up a land-use plan that clearly identifies areas controlled by the two groups, he said.
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"All concerned parties must be involved in the negotiation process, and there must be a forum where farmers and pastoralists openly talk about their problems," he added.
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"We have never replaced farmers, we have never replaced pastoralists in favor of mechanized farming," said Fitsum Arega, director of the Ethiopian Investment Commission, a government body.
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It can be owned under the customary land tenure system, where pastoralists sharing an identity - like belonging to the same clan - can own it collectively, said Ntiang'au.
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The pastoralists say they need more land to graze their animals, and in recent years they have frequently harassed farmers and ranchers, hoping to push them out.
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But supplying the orders is a logistical challenge because he must travel as far as 400 km (248.5 miles) to source the manure from pastoralists like Sankare.
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A scorching drought in many parts of East Africa has forced nomad pastoralists searching for water and fresh pastures for their cattle into protected wildlife areas, officials said.
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Conservationists tend to be hostile towards pastoralists, sometimes disparaging them as "parasites" who damage the environment, spread disease, cause desertification and poach Africa's wildlife, including elephants and rhinos.
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Villagers have identified community leaders who were receiving bribes from pastoralists while at the same time plotting with farmers and police to arrest those who trespassed on farmland.
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Government officials said the situation has also sparked deadly conflict in some parts of the country as local farmers and pastoralists clash over dwindling pasture and water supplies.
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At least a quarter of Africa's population - about 268 million - are pastoralists living on about 43 percent of the continent's land mass, the African Union estimated in 2013.
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The result is a flood of pastoralists from miles away who say they have no place to graze their animals but inside Nairobi's city limits, which is illegal.
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To limit livestock losses, pastoralists like Ole Maapia are opting to sell drought-threatened cattle to buy goats, sheep and camels, which they say can better withstand erratic weather.
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Like hundreds of thousands of ethnic Mongolian pastoralists forced to settle by the government, his family has gone from rural yurt to urban block of flats within a generation.
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Saruni and Sutek believe the dam has improved not just pastoralists' fortunes but also those of women and girls, who no longer have to trek long distances for water.
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But the coalition, launched in June 2015, gives pastoralists and farmers the chance to meet in a neutral space and vent their frustrations "without fear or favor", said Massay.
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"If communities in India improve sustainable agriculture practices (reducing irrigation and groundwater depletion), then pastoralists and farmers in Africa could suffer," it warned, calling the situation "a delicate dilemma".
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AGC was due to meet on Friday with the state's Pastoralists and Graziers Association, a prominent industry body, to drum up support for its plan, several growers told Reuters.
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"Residents in Mali and Niger already know that the increasing scarcity of resources exacerbates the violence between pastoralists and agriculturalists," said ICRC president Peter Maurer after visiting the region.
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Many of the recent attacks attributed to pastoralists have been carried out by men armed with AK-47s, the police say, although herders have not traditionally carried such weapons.
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Each cow needs at least 10 acres of land to be healthy, Evans said, but the large herds of cattle kept by pastoralists was leading to depletion of grazing land.
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His organization mapped strategic routes along Mauritania's southern border with Senegal, based on the location of water points, grazing areas and markets where pastoralists can sell their animals and produce.
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"We run commercial ventures and the money we generate is able to meet our needs and buy supplementary feeds for our livestock," said Tonua, who heads the Enkusero Pastoralists Group.
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They have also made a deal allowing pastoralists to feed their herds on rice husks that would normally be discarded after harvesting, for a small fee to the village government.
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Good information can not only help pastoralists find water sources but also help them know when to sell their animals, especially if drought is on the way, according to Adamou.
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"This is really putting pressure on normal pastoralists in terms of where they are going to access pasture and water," said Nyangori Ohenjo, program manager at Center for Minority Rights Development.
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Today more than 3,000 Maasai pastoralists with about 5003,000 acres of communal land use the zoning system in Kajiado County, he said, with land sales down 5 percent as a result.
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Military officials have attributed the surge in killings, in part, to a migration of pastoralists from neighboring Chad, Niger and Cameroon that is being propelled by changing climate conditions and insecurity.
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Today, he leads the Jigija Indigenous Fire Training Program, which educates pastoralists, volunteer firefighters, Indigenous rangers and the mining industry on how to fight fire with fire — as our ancestors did.
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"This work is challenging but all in all I love what I do: everything is done with the aim of seeing ways to help the pastoralists and the community," he said.
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Pastoralists told them they had no hope for the future, Ferrandez said, adding that the impact of the drought had become overshadowed by recent fighting and calling it a "forgotten crisis".
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That is particularly true in the impoverished desert nation of Mauritania, according to El Hacen Ould Taleb, head of the Groupement National des Associations Pastorales (GNAP), a charity working with pastoralists.
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Recently, Mr. Buhari has been attacked for failing to address bloody clashes between pastoralists looking for grazing land and a growing population of farmers running out of room for their crops.
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But the violence has surged this year as advancing desertification, overgrazing and lower rainfall drive the mainly Muslim pastoralists toward more fertile land in Nigeria's predominantly Christian south, farmers and activists say.
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"Many (pastoralists) had to abandon or sell their animals this year and move to slums near Nouakchott, taking up day jobs like road(side) sellers," said the head of the pastoralist association.
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That is because farmers typically see pastoralists as thieves who steal food and destroy pastures, said Catherine Simonet, a research fellow at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), a London-based think tank.
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Following successful experiences in Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso, the BRACED project identified and negotiated with authorities several corridors in Mauritania's Trarza region for pastoralists to travel on their way to Senegal.
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The violence has surged in recent years as advancing desertification, overgrazing and lower rainfall drive the mainly Muslim pastoralists toward more fertile land in Nigeria's predominantly Christian south, analysts and activists say.
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Ayub Shaka, senior assistant director of public weather and outreach services at the Kenya Meteorological Department, said he believes programs like WISER can help pastoralists make smarter choices in times of drought.
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Fulani pastoralists, which include not only herders but older women who sell milk from the livestock, are often referred to disparagingly in local media reports from the nation's mostly Christian urban centers.
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First there were Native Americans and white frontiersmen disrupted by traders, who make room for pastoralists, who are followed by farmers and eventually farm towns, which yield to manufacturers, and, finally, cities.
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"Transhumance allows pastoralists to hit three birds with one stone: find pastures and water, sell their animals at the market and buy produce they need like cereal crops and wood," Ould Taleb said.
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"We had to speak their language (and say) giving pastoralists access to your markets ensures a thriving local economy, not just for meat but animal-derived produce like milk and leather," he said.
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"This year's drought has been particularly bad, causing pastoralists from Wajir to move to the north of the county – where there is more rain – and fueling conflict for land and water," he said.
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SHANE STEVENSON Yemen country directorOxfam Oxford I was dismayed to see The Economist buying into an all-too-common narrative among conservationists in Africa that vilifies pastoralists ("Cows, cash and conflict", November 11th).
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As pastoralists move in search of water and grazing for their livestock, tracking and caring for mothers in the field seemed the best solution, said Abdi Fataha Bashiri, Moyale's head of reproductive health.
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"The most important problem that they (pastoralists) are facing is that the droughts in the last years are more intense and more frequent," the report's author Pablo Ferrandez told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
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"Women pastoralists are the first up in the morning and the last to go to bed at night," said Aminetou Mint Maouloud, who started the country's first association of women herders in 2014.
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There are an estimated 35 million pastoralists in India and most belong to indigenous communities in western states, the Himalayan mountain range, and the Deccan Plateau in the south, according to land rights experts.
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The relocations may have "life-threatening consequences", with shifting cultivators - who move from one location to another - made to plant crops in a single location, and pastoralists abandoning their cattle-based livelihoods, it said.
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With climate change now exacerbating pressures, experts say there is a growing and urgent need for better climate information, to ensure farmers and pastoralists are equipped to cope with unpredictable rainfall and climate shocks.
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But Mohammed of Miyetti Allah said many Fulani pastoralists choose to ignore the law, saying they have the right to move with their herds and graze without restrictions as they have done for generations.
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Desertification and conflict across the Sahel have pushed foreign pastoralists deeper into CAR and the Congo as they seek out verdant terrain, especially grasslands away from armed groups who levy taxes on migrating cattle.
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DAR ES SALAAM (Reuters) - Police arrested a Tanzanian opposition politician on Wednesday after he said scores of people were killed in clashes between security forces and pastoralists in the country's west, his party said.
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Niger's health ministry said people in the Tahoua region, especially pastoralists, should avoid handling meat from infected animals, boil raw milk before consumption, and ensure that the corpses of dead animals are buried carefully.
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Lion Guardians in East Africa is near exemplary in employing Maasai warriors and other pastoralists in mitigating human and wildlife conflict, and especially lion conflict in over a million acres in Kenya and Tanzania.
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"Transhumance – the seasonal migration of pastoralists and their herds to neighboring Senegal or Mali – normally starts in October but the rains were so bad last year that people started leaving in August," he said.
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Last year, the government ordered pastoralists from neighboring Kenya and Uganda to remove thousands of cows, goats and sheep after they crossed into Tanzania's national parks in a desperate search for water and fresh pastures.
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This year it reported that pastoralists were involved in the majority of ongoing African conflicts, including those in the CAR, Chad, Mali, north-eastern Kenya, Somalia and Sudan and were implicated in international crime networks.
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"We have seen evidence of pastoralists accessing smartphones when they recognize the value it delivers," said Mude who helped pioneer the use of satellite imagery to trigger insurance payouts for herders when forage is scarce.
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TURIN, Italy, Sept 22 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Nomadic herders across Africa can work in tandem with farmers and produce sustainable food without damaging the land or harming the planet, experts and pastoralists said on Saturday.
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Aid money from Britain and other Western countries was being used to fund major agribusinesses that in some cases were forcing pastoralists off the land, said Giacomo Manca Di Villahermosa, an expert on agricultural development.
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Waves of young pastoralists from neighboring counties, moving in groups armed with AK-47 assault rifles, have invaded dozens of farms and ranches, bringing tens of thousands of skinny, ragged cows from drought-stricken areas.
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When he's talking to pastoralists in his country's north — people who roam the earth with a dozen head of cattle and very little else — he talks about the stars that don't act like other stars.
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A new study by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), which compiles global data, found pastoralists in the Somali region of southeast Ethiopia lost up to 80% of their cattle in a 2015-2017 drought.
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Three years ago, in Loliondo, in Tanzania's northern Ngorongoro District, more than 40,000 Maasai pastoralists were evicted from a 150 sq km (60 sq miles) tract of land ostensibly to make way for a wildlife corridor.
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"The rich herders are now in Nairobi," says Jarso Mokku of the Drylands Learning and Capacity Building Initiative, an NGO based in Nairobi, Kenya's capital, that promotes the cause of pastoralists in the Horn of Africa.
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"Another unfortunate thing is, when these people come - including governments - they look for the wettest parts of the dry lands which the pastoralists have traditionally reserved for dry season grazing," he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
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Lothagam's rich past The Lothagam site is close to Lake Turkana, a vast body of water that sustained groups of hunter-gatherers and fishers living around the lake, and eventually the mobile pastoralists, according to Hildebrand.
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The charity is helping Kenyan pastoralists in four counties find ways to control the plant, he said - for example, by providing the tools the Makurian ranchers are using to cut away the plant from their land.
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The charity is helping Kenyan pastoralists in four counties find ways to control the plant, he said - for example, by providing the tools the Makurian ranchers are using to cut away the plant from their land.
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But worsening drought is depleting traditional grazing areas, forcing pastoralists from Mauritania - a country already nearly three-quarters desert or semi-desert - to travel ever longer distances into neighboring Mali and Senegal to find fodder and water.
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PAWAGA, Tanzania (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Daudi Nangole sits under a huge baobab tree, watching his herd of cattle drink from a dam in Ikolongo village - a place that until recently was a no-go area for pastoralists.
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"We're now planning to replicate this novel insurance scheme across all of northern Kenya, where some four million pastoralists depend primarily on livestock," Kenya's cabinet secretary for agriculture, livestock and fisheries, Willy Bett, said in the statement.
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Flood waters have swept away almost 9,000 cattle in northern and coastal Kenya, areas dominated by pastoralists who were hard hit by drought last year and in 2017, according to Kenya Red Cross Society spokesman Venant Ndigila.
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His organization is helping pastoralists find smarter migration routes – with water sources and markets along the way, for example – as part of the British government-funded Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters (BRACED) program.
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The human inhabitants of the area around the Samburu reserve (some of whom have given their tribal name to the place) have traditionally made their livings as pastoralists, driving herds of cattle from grazing place to grazing place.
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The report from the mission provides the most comprehensive portrait to date of the human cost of months of violence between Lendu pastoralists and Hema herders since December that has caused one of Africa's most serious refugee crises.
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The government says farmers' water-intensive methods and herders' cattle have brought the once mighty river close to death, but farmers and pastoralists say they have lived in harmony with nature for decades, and are victims of drought.
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A task force set up this year by the Tanzanian government to examine the river's continuing degradation highlighted the impact of intense agriculture on the river's health and recommended the eviction of farmers and pastoralists from some areas.
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Mohammed, whose organization represents pastoralists from the Fulani tribe, one of the country's largest ethnic groups, said herders moving their animals south to Benue, known as the nation's food basket, often find the only available fodder is crops.
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"Receiving and sharing the information in this way not only helps pastoralists know when and where to move, it also builds relationships and trust between people," said Amadou Adamou of the Association for the Revitalization of Livestock Breeding.
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Unusually high prices of staples posed an extra challenge for nomadic herders as shortages of water and pastureland had a harmful impact on animals, leading to lower livestock prices and leaving pastoralists with even less income, FAO said.
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Bashir Mohamed, CEO of the development arm of Takaful Insurance of Africa (TIA), a provider working with KLIP, said his company had seen a dramatic rise in the number of pastoralists taking up insurance over the past few years.
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The "alliance farming" model allows pastoralists and farmers in 20 communities in Cameroon's northwest region to share the same piece of land, said Ndamba, the vice-president of MBOSCUDA - a group working to protect the rights of Mbororo herders.
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But a project launched in 2015, funded by the U.K. Department for International Development (DFID) and led by CARE International, is trying to improve the quality of and access to climate data for farmers and pastoralists in western Niger.
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We were back on the move the next morning, fishtailing through the sand on our way to Lake Assal, when we stopped at a camp of Afar tribespeople, the nomadic pastoralists who live in the African Horn's eastern badlands.
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Several neighborhoods near Jammu were rejected on the grounds of being either Hindu- or Muslim-majority areas, or being spaces where the Hindu right had organized protests against the victim's family – a tribe of Muslim nomadic pastoralists known as Bakarwals.
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Pastoralists manage their land in a way that keeps carbon in the soil instead of releasing it into the atmosphere as climate-changing emissions - contrary to the belief of many governments around the world - according to a top United Nations official.
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Using motion-sensitive cameras set up near water holes, researchers from San Diego Zoo Global and the Loisaba Conservancy captured video of the largely nocturnal cat after receiving reports of sightings from local pastoralists in Laikipia County in northern Kenya.
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NAIROBI (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - A new collection of photographs showcasing the changing attire of Kenya's pastoralists aims to spotlight how the recent discovery of oil in the country's remote northwest is slowly altering their traditional way of life and culture.
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With extreme droughts as much as five times more likely than 22016 years ago in parts of the country, the estimated 215 million pastoralists in Ethiopia living off flocks of cows, goats and sheep have been hit hard in recent years.
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In one part of northern Senegal, cumulative rain from June to August was 50 mm (2 inches), compared to nearly 300 mm in the same period last year, said Aliou Samba Ba, head of the Reseau Billital Maroobe, a pastoralists' association.
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Once an area gets dry enough to meet the threshold for a payout - usually based on how little pasture there is compared with seasonal records - pastoralists are compensated with cash they can use to buy food, water or medicine for their herds.
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Remote but not isolated While I am extremely fortunate to have seen even one of these magnificent beasts in their natural surroundings, the many humans, mostly pastoralists, who share Asia's high peaks with snow leopards are somewhat less enamored with the stealthy predator.
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In 2014, more than 70 percent of pastoralists interviewed said they had sold land; less than a third of those had used the proceeds to buy more land, according to a study by Youth Empowerment Support Services (YESS), a local non-profit.
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But as much as the worst aspirational food bloggers, Gwyneth Paltrow, and other ahistorical pastoralists would like us to think that making, say, homemade pasta with blistered tomatoes and shrimp on a random weeknight is easy and fast, it's not for all of us.
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Melkachew Temsgen, head of the micro-insurance department at Oromia Insurance Company (OIC), based in Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa, said his company has a steadily increasing number of customers among the pastoralists and farmer who make up more than 80 percent of Ethiopia's estimated 105 million population.
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In a report released late last week, the group argued that recognizing the region as a World Heritage site would bolster China's efforts to resettle tens of thousands of pastoralists from the plateaus into villages, while threatening the habitat of the antelope and the environment in general.
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Powered by gravity, the water — pure and cold — makes the entire voyage underground, traveling through scores of subterranean channels, some of them 15 miles long and 100 feet deep, that were built 2,000 years ago by the pastoralists who settled this inhospitable corner of China's far western Xinjiang region.
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But Africa's most populous country is in political and economic turmoil, racked by violence from Islamist terrorists in its north, bloody feuds between farmers and pastoralists across the nation, and periodic threats of violence from both militants in its oil-lined delta creeks and separatists calling for secession.
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Across the Horn of Africa, close to 17 million people need humanitarian aid due to drought, including 2.6 million in Kenya and 3.2 million in Somalia, according to the U.N. In the treeless plains littered with makeshift plastic homes in Ethiopia's Warder, bordering Somalia, displaced and destitute pastoralists said their entire herds had been decimated.
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Pastoralists are also feeling the effects of less green pasture in the drier, hotter summer months, but millions of people, dependent on the Po, Rhone, Rhine and Danuve rivers that are either born or fed by rivers sourced in the Alps, will be affected, hundreds of kilometers away, by an Alps with fewer glaciers.
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Last week in Nigeria, I heard about the important efforts that some of the states are taking to establish better mechanisms for resolving conflicts and I saw many heartening examples of resilient communities who banded together to fight off Boko Haram, solve clashes between pastoralists and farmers and bridge divides, as with the youth and the police.
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