Two days after transfection had been initiated, cells were passaged onto coverslips.
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The cells were fed every 2-3 days and passaged when confluent.
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There Banjo sidled, yawed, and passaged, fretting to be after the brown.
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In addition, influenza viruses are usually passaged in embryonated chicken eggs before isolation.
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If negative, cultures are blind passaged onto new cultures and re-examined for 48 hours.
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The forebrain and spinal cord cultures expanded the fastest and could be passaged every 7-14 days.
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These cells had been passaged through 14 passages and were grown to confluence in 35 mm culture dishes.
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The MA lines and the marker strain were passaged together for 69 passages and then checked for contamination.
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To test this we cloned 12 colonies from cells that had been passaged on agar plates for 8 days.
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Deletions of gene 1.3 were introduced into the preadapted virus, and the recombinant virus was then passaged to allow fitness recovery.
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Milo obediently piaffed and passaged, and I was very proud of him and keen to show his talent for the difficult work.
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There was no evidence of terminal keratinization in the cell cultures, and cells could be serially passaged indefinitely using standard cell culture methods.
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Such vaccines were made in the skin of calves and sheep, and seeds and stocks were passaged in tissues of calves, sheep, and rabbits.
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Strains will be grown on conventional media and also passaged through in vitro cell culture and embryonated eggs, and then hybridised against the Campychip microarray for comparison.
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While the others swung the rope for her as gently as it could be done... and playfully taunted her timidity, she passaged backwards and forwards in a pretty flutter of indecision, putting up her shoulders and laughing.
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FHV was originally isolated from New Zealand grass grubs (Costelytra zealandica) in the former Flock House agricultural facility in Bulls, Ragnitikei, New Zealand. Isolates were passaged in Drosophila cells in culture, which were subsequently shown to exhibit cell-death (cytopathic effect). FHV can also infect live flies. FHV has been shown to infect medically important genera of insects: mosquitos, e.g.
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National Renewable Energy Laboratory scientists isolated around 3,000 algae species. Fifty-one varieties were characterized as potential high- value strains, but fewer than half of those remain. A few hundred strains were in storage at the University of Hawaii, which for years, every two months, transferred, “passaged”, them to new nutrient-rich test tubes. When a National Science Foundation grant ran out in 2004, maintaining the collection became impractical.
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Endemic stability is a state where animals are affected at a low levels or not as susceptible to the disease, and this may be encouraged in endemic areas. Vaccination is available and should be performed in breeds that are susceptible to infection. Live attenuated vaccine are being used in many countries like India, Iran, Turkey etc. Which is a basically a Lymphocyte infected with Theileria annulata schizont stage and passaged for attenuation.
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In 1952, Kuroya and his colleagues attempted to identify an infectious agent in human tissue samples at Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan. The samples were taken from the lung of a newborn child that was affected by fatal pneumonia. The primary isolate from the samples was passaged in mice and subsequently in embryonated eggs. The isolated infectious agent was later called Sendai virus, which was used interchangeably with the name “Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan”.
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Many cell lines exhibit differences in growth rate or gene expression depending on the degree of confluence. Cells are typically passaged before becoming fully confluent in order to maintain their proliferation phenotype. Some cell types are not limited by contact inhibition, such as immortalized cells, and may continue to divide and form layers on top of the parent cells. To achieve optimal and consistent results, experiments are usually performed using cells at a particular confluence, depending on the cell type.
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The Geyer Act of 1839 was an act of the Missouri State Legislature which established the public school system of Missouri as well as the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. The act was introduced by congressman James S. Rollins from Boone County and named after its author, Henry Geyer. Rollins became known as the "Father of the University of Missouri" in part because of his support in the bills passaged. The act was designed after Thomas Jefferson's plan for public education in Virginia.
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Passaging (also known as subculture or splitting cells) involves transferring a small number of cells into a new vessel. Cells can be cultured for a longer time if they are split regularly, as it avoids the senescence associated with prolonged high cell density. Suspension cultures are easily passaged with a small amount of culture containing a few cells diluted in a larger volume of fresh media. For adherent cultures, cells first need to be detached; this is commonly done with a mixture of trypsin- EDTA; however, other enzyme mixes are now available for this purpose.
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Vaccinia virus is closely related to the virus that causes cowpox; historically the two were often considered to be one and the same. The precise origin of vaccinia virus is unknown due to the lack of record-keeping, as the virus was repeatedly cultivated and passaged in research laboratories for many decades. The most common notion is that vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, and variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) were all derived from a common ancestral virus. There is also speculation that vaccinia virus was originally isolated from horses, and analysis of DNA from an early (1902) sample of smallpox vaccine showed that it was 99.7% similar to horsepox virus.
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Henning also worked for civil rights during his term as Regent of the University of California from 1989 to 1997, responding to apartheid in South Africa by attempting to divest the University's holdings there. He was a close friend and ally of labor leader César Chávez, and helped the United Farm Workers win passaged of the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act. He also successfully pushed for the restoration of the California Occupational Safety and Health Administration (CalOSHA) after it was abolished in 1988 by Governor George Deukmejian. Henning was also a former regent or member of the board of trustees of Lone Mountain College and St. Mary's College of California.
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Conventional cell culture technology is unable to efficiently allow combinatorial testing of drug candidates, growth factors, neuropeptides, genes, and retroviruses in cell culture medium. Due to the need for cells to be fed periodically with fresh medium and passaged, even testing a few conditions requires a large number of cells and supplies, expensive and bulky incubators, large fluid volumes (~0.1 – 2 mL per sample), and tedious human labour. The requirement of human labour also limits the number and length between time points for experiments. Microfluidic cell cultures are potentially a vast improvement because they can be automated, as well as yield lower overall cost, higher throughput, and more quantitative descriptions of single-cell behaviour variability.
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In 2009, she demonstrated that swapping out just the Vif gene allowed HIV-1 to infect pigtail macaque monkeys, whose TRIM5 they (and others) had found didn't bind to the HIV-1 capsid. This modified virus still contained 96% of the HIV-1 genome, making it a major advance over SIV models, however it did not cause illness in the monkeys . In order to develop a model recapitulating human AIDS, they temporarily depleted the immune systems of pigtail macaques and then serially passaged the virus through these monkeys, allowing it to adapt to better grow in pigtail macaques. After multiple passages (using virus grown in one monkey to infect another), the virus gained strength to the point that the monkeys showed classical signs of AIDS including depleted CD4+ T-cells (the type of immune cell lost in AIDS).
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During the early twenty-first century, the Austrian Federal Railways began to reengineer elements of the Arlberg line with contemporary safety features. As such, the Arlberg Railway Tunnel was subject to a package of works costing 210 million euros during a temporary closure, this included the addition of eight new evacuation and rescue passaged between it and the adjacent Arlberg Road Tunnel; other safety-related changes included a water supply (for fire-fighting purposes), new orientation lighting, emergency telephone and radio facilities, and overhead line disconnection functionality. These alterations were tempered by a desire to keep the existing tunnel structure relatively intact, avoiding lengthy interruptions to operations; however, the safety measures introduced maintained compliance with existing guidelines and knowhow. Furthermore, the loading gauge throughout the tunnel was expanded by lowering the track bed, while a permanent road surface was also added so that emergency vehicles could more readily move inside as well; the renovated tunnel was put back into service during late 2010.
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By analyzing the differential expression of two existing, viable alleles for the X-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene, Beutler observed that the inactivation of the gene was heritable across passaged generations of the cells. This pattern of dosage compensation, caused by random X-inactivation, is regulated across development in female mammals, following concerted patterns throughout development; for example, at the beginning of most female mammal development, both X chromosomes are initially expressed, but gradually undergo epigenetic processes to eventually achieve random inactivation of one X. In germ cells, inactivated X chromosomes are then once again activated to ensure their expression in gametes produced by female mammals. Thus, dosage compensation in mammals is largely achieved through the silencing of one of two female X chromosomes via X-inactivation. This process involves histone tail modifications, DNA methylation patterns, and reorganization of large-scale chromatin structure encoded by the X-ist gene.
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Researchers are beginning to attribute the reason that only 5% of anti-cancer agents are approved by the Food and Drug Administration after pre-clinical testing to the lack of tumor heterogeneity and the absence of the human stromal microenvironment. Specifically, cell line-xenografts often are not predictive of the drug response in the primary tumors because cell lines do not follow pathways of drug resistance or the effects of the microenvironment on drug response found in human primary tumors. Many PDX models have been successfully established for breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, and many other cancers because there are distinctive advantages when using PDX over cell lines for drug safety and efficacy studies as well as predicting patient tumor response to certain anti-cancer agents. Since PDX can be passaged without in vitro processing steps, PDX models allow the propagation and expansion of patient tumors without significant genetic transformation of tumor cells over multiple murine generations. Within PDX models, patient tumor samples grow in physiologically-relevant tumor microenvironments that mimic the oxygen, nutrient, and hormone levels that are found in the patient’s primary tumor site.
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