123 Sentences With "parasitizing" | Random Sentence Generator

Sure, their stingers are scary, but it's their parasitizing practices that really send a shiver down the exoskeleton.

Image: Georg OleschinskiFinding examples of parasitic behavior in the fossil record is hard because it requires the parasite to be caught in the act of parasitizing its host.

Either way, next time you think about the horrible day that your mother will die, remember: Some of you will be dying too, the part of you that is still parasitizing your mom's body all these years later.

It is believed to migrate by parasitizing birds, which carry it to new areas.

The wasps increase their chances by usually parasitizing juvenile spiders that are less able to defend themselves against the wasp. Juvenile spiders are also preferred due to the koinobiont lifecycle of the wasp. On average, they will spend around 34 days parasitizing a host. So adult spiders are better able to defend themselves and may die before parasitism is complete.

To maximize resources, many parasitic plants have evolved 'self-incompatibility', to avoid parasitizing themselves. Others such as Triphysaria usually avoid parasitizing other members of their species, but some parasitic plants have no such limits. The albino redwood is a mutant Sequoia sempervirens that produces no chlorophyll; they live on sugars from neighbouring trees, usually the parent tree from which they have grown (via a somatic mutation).

Known larval hosts for Hemipenthes include both Lepidoptera and diprionid sawflies and the tachinid flies and ichneumonoid wasps parasitizing them. Adults fly in June and July.

The larvae are hyperparasites (parasites of parasites), mainly developing in larvae of flies (Diptera, Tachinidae), as well as in wasp larvae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) parasitizing caterpillars moths (Noctuidae).

Nematodes have been found parasitizing Macrostomum rostratum. The structure of the male copulatory device with its curved stylet may indicate that this species exhibits a hypodermic mating system.

Ascidians were among the first animals to be able to immunologically recognize self from non-self as a mechanism to prevent unrelated colonies from fusing to them and parasitizing them.

Austrobasidium is a genus of fungi in the Exobasidiaceae family. The genus is monotypic and contains the single species Austrobasidium pehueldeni, found parasitizing the woody plant Hydrangea serratifolia in Chile.

Brood parasitism by mutillid wasps (Sphinctopsis sp.) have been documented in Augochloropsis iris nests. While guards appear to deter invasion by mutillid wasps, they are not completely effective at preventing parasitism by these wasps. Members of the fly family Phoridae have been documented parasitizing Augochloropsis iris as well. However, members of Phoridae have only been documented parasitizing the nests of solitary females, indicating that the presence of guards at the entrances of multi-female nests are effective at preventing parasitism.

The fungus is unique in parasitizing Blasia by forming clasping appresoria on its host's rhizoids. Its basidiospores also germinate on the host's gemmae and clasp them and therefore can be disseminated together with the gemmae.

The suborder also include the family Halacaridae (marine mites).Halacaridae: Marine mites Some of the Prostigmata parasitizing vertebrates are of medical relevance due to causing skin diseases in humans. These include for example harvest mites ("chiggers") of the Trombiculidae.

Nematodes from the genus Ascaridia parasitizing psittaciform birds: a review and determination key . Vet. Med. – Czech, 49 (6): 217–223. A. galli is the most prevalent and pathogenic species, especially in domestic fowl. They cause the disease ascaridiasis in birds.

In North America, the parasitoid chalcid wasp Ooencyrtus kuvanae was introduced as a biological control agent against the gypsy moth. The egg- parasitizing wasp is, however, not strictly host specific, as it also parasitizes the eggs of other Lepidoptera species.

The majority of water mites found parasitic on mosquitoes belong to two genera: Parathyas (Hydryphantidae) and Arrenurus (Arrenuridae). The biology and ecology of these specific host-mite interactions have been well studied, likely due to the significant relevance of mosquitoes to human health. Parathyas barbigera are among the most common mite species found parasitizing mosquitoes, especially those of the genera Aedes and Ochlerotatus. Their host range is likely much wider, as studies have detected P. barbigera parasitizing other dipteran families, such as Tipulidae (crane flies), Ptychopteridae (phantom crane flies), Chloropidae (grass flies), and Empididae (dagger flies).

In Papua New Guinea, Black butcherbirds have been observed parasitizing the nests of Hooded monarch birds. In 1903, ornithologist E. M. Cornwall observed brown and black varieties of the bird, the black preferring deeper forest and the brown preferring coastal scrub or mangroves.

It is hemiparasitic, obtaining water and nutrients from other plants by tapping their roots. This Castilleja species has been observed parasitizing eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) and oldfield juniper (J. communis var. depressa). It reproduces sexually and vegetatively by resprouting from its root crown.

Pleospora betae is a plant pathogen infecting beet. It contains the chemical substances betaenone A, B and C. Pleospora betae develops on dead beet residues and is a marsupial stage of the Phoma betae anamorph, parasitizing on beets and causing a number of harmful diseases.

Kajerova V, Barus V, Literak I (2004). Nematodes from the genus Ascaridia parasitizing psittaciform birds: a review and determination key . Vet. Med. – Czech, 49 (6): 217–223. Among these, A. galli is the most important and most pathogenic species, responsible for ascaridiasis of poultry.

The nest is found placed against the mossy trunk of a tree or built on rocks or on a ledge in a mud bank. The typical clutch is three or four eggs. Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo has been observed parasitizing the brood of this species in northern Borneo.

Ornamentation of a male R. pulchellus, a tick known to feed on Ethiopian hares. No data regarding its behaviour, ecology, or reproduction has been recorded. The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) is a predator of the Ethiopian hare. The tick Rhipicephalus pulchellus has been observed parasitizing the Ethiopian hare.

The wasps have been observed parasitizing up to 57% of the resident larvae, which would undoubtedly reduce the population of O. arenosella significantly. While G. nephantidis proves to be the dominant parasitizing species over B. brevicornis due to more developed parental care in B. brevicornis and therefore reduced number of parasitization, they both act as effective species in controlling the Coconut black-headed caterpillar. Pheromones can act as a means of monitoring and controlling an insect population, while being non-toxic to animals and plants, yet specific to the target pest. Four different sex hormones have been identified and isolated from the female moth O. arenosella, and could potentially be useful in mass trappings, or mating disruption.

Microcotyle sebastisci was first described from fish from the Inland Sea and Sagami Bay (Japan). It was also recorded off NagasakiHatai, K. Ogawa, S. and Tsukashima, Y. (1982). Control of Microcotyle sebastisci parasitizing the gills of cultured rockfish, Sebasticus marmoratus. Bulletin of Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Fisheries 8: 41–46.

Like other species of Indian paintbrush, it is a root parasite. Although it can survive without parasitizing other plants, individuals which take a host grow faster and larger. There are five subspecies. They are variable in appearance but distinguishable from other Castilleja species by the wavy margins and stickiness of the leaves.

L. panopaei was first described by the American zoologist Charles F. Gissler in 1884; it was parasitizing the mud crab Panopeus lacustris and was collected at Tampa, Florida. The barnacle infects a number of species of mud crab and it seems likely that it is a species complex. Further taxonomic studies should clarify the position.

Vespula infernalis is an obligate parasitic wasp, parasitizing the nests of other species in the genus Vespula. Its common host species is V. acadica in North America. It is sometimes called the cuckoo yellowjacket wasp due to its inquiline lifestyle. They differ from other parasitic wasps in their intensely aggressive behaviour during invasion and occupation of the host colony.

The parasitic young are likely to experience stronger selection for exaggerated signals than host young, because they are unrelated to the other chicks in the nest and therefore under selection to behave more selfishly.Lichtensten, G. (2001). Low success of shiny cowbird chicks parasitizing rufous-bellied thrushes: chick-chick competition or parental discrimination? Animal Behaviour 61:401–413.

The genus Ancylistes are parasites of desmids, a group of green algae. Macrobiotophthora are parasites of tardigrades and nematodes. The genus Conidiobolus are common saprobes and occasional parasites of vertebrates. The most well known member is Conidiobolus coronatus, which is typically found in soils and parasitizing termites and aphids but has been known to infect mammals.

Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams (2015), who described the species, indicated that the specific name was from Greek (hyphesson = somewhat smaller + metochos = a companion) and refers to the species being a member of the group of similar species of Pseudorhabdosynochus parasitizing groupers assigned to Mycteroperca and having a comparatively small cavity within the chamber of the vaginal sclerite.

While the cabbage looper frequently encounters parasites, its most common parasite is the tachinid fly. In one study, 90% of the parasitized larvae were due to the tachinid fly. It parasitizes most often in the late fall and winter, but it is capable of parasitizing year-round. Cabbage loopers at their third or fourth instar yield the most parasites.

Environmental Entomology 33(5), 1321-26. Control might be even better if the wasp were released along with A. hagenowii, which tends to have a higher rate of parasitism. The wasp can be bred in laboratory conditions for later release as a Biological Control agent. The parasitizing capacity in different densities of host oothecae was evaluated in laboratory.

Another hypothesis is the laying damage hypothesis, which postulates that the eggshells are adapted to damage the eggs of the host when the former is being laid, and prevent the parasite's eggs from being damaged when the host lays its eggs. In support of this hypothesis, eggs of the shiny cowbird parasitizing the house wren and the chalk-browed mockingbird and the brown- headed cowbird parasitizing the house wren and the red-winged blackbird damaged the host's eggs when dropped, and sustained little damage when host eggs were dropped on them. Most avian brood parasites have very short egg incubation periods and rapid nestling growth. In many brood parasites, such as cuckoos and honeyguides, this short egg incubation period is due to internal incubation periods up to 24 hours longer in cuckoos than hosts.

Apanteles galleriae parasitizes G. mellonella larva inside the beehive. 1-2 eggs are laid by the adult Apanteles galleriae on each larva, though only one succeeds in parasitizing the host and surviving. The parasite emerges and ruptures the host body, and pupates into a small cocoon. Parasitism increases gradually, starting in February, reaching its peak in May, then declining until July.

Myrmecolacidae is an insect family of the order Strepsiptera. There are four genera and about 98 species in this family. Like all strepsipterans, they have a parasitic mode of development with males parasitizing ants while the females develop inside Orthoptera. The sexes differ greatly in morphology making it very difficult to match females to the better catalogued museum specimens of males.

Some researchers are also looking at using a parasitic wasp to curb the spread of Cactoblastis cactorum in the United States. These wasps, native to South America, lay their eggs in Cactoblastis larvae and eat the larvae from the inside out. Current concerns are that the wasp itself could become an invasive species, parasitizing native caterpillars and other native insect larvae.

Some plants, known as myco-heterotrophs, parasitize mycorrhizal fungi, and hence act as epiparasites on other plants. Many plants are epiphytes, meaning they grow on other plants, usually trees, without parasitizing them. Epiphytes may indirectly harm their host plant by intercepting mineral nutrients and light that the host would otherwise receive. The weight of large numbers of epiphytes may break tree limbs.

Although they are hermaphrodites, the male reproductive system becomes functional before the female part. The eggs hatch releasing a heavily ciliated larval stage known as an oncomiracidium. The oncomiracidium has numerous posterior hooks and is generally the life stage responsible for transmission from host to host. No known monogeneans infect birds, but one (Oculotrema hippopotami) infects mammals, parasitizing the eye of the hippopotamus.

What makes the piratebush unique is in how it survives. The plant does not survive on photosynthesis only as its pale green leaves indicate less chlorophyll than other plants. In addition to photosynthesis, piratebush receives nutrients through parasitizing other species. The plant is hemiparasitic, attaching itself to the root systems of other plants with structures called haustoria and draw nutrients through them.

The parents usually destroy the nest after the young have left it. They continue to feed their offspring for about seven more weeks, after which the young can forage on their own. They stay with their parents for about five months. The black cuckoo (Cuculus clamosus) is a common brood parasite of this boubou, parasitizing about 2 percent of its nests.

Cuterebra fontinella, the mouse bot fly, is a species of New World skin bot fly in the family Oestridae. C. fontinella is typically around 1 mm long with a black and yellow color pattern. C. fontinella develops by parasitizing nutrients from its host, typically the white-footed mouse. C. fontinella has even been known to parasitize humans in rare cases.

The most efficient way known to avoid the infection of Gasterophilus is by parasitizing the animals with products like trichlorphon and dichlorvos, by using hot water to scrub the areas where the eggs are laid to kill the larvae, and by cleaning the areas where the feces of the infected animal had been in order to avoid the adult formation.

The larvae mine the leaves of buckthorns (Rhamnus species), including common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) as well as alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus).Shaw, M. R., & Sims, I. (2015). Notes on the biology, morphology, nomenclature and classification of Pseudavga flavicoxa Tobias, 1964 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rhysipolinae), a genus and species new to Britain parasitizing Bucculatrix thoracella (Thunberg)(Lepidoptera, Bucculatricidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 42, 21.

This not always the case however. For example, P. hamatus in mint caused losses of 25% - 36% when planted in soil with 8000 nematodes/ quart, which shows it does not play an antagonistic role. Overall, the disease severity of P. hamatus is variable and is specific to the species of plant that it is parasitizing on and the concentration at which it is found.

Strepsipterans are a unique group of insects with major sexual dimorphism. The females spend their entire lives in a grub- like state, parasitizing larger insects. The only time they ever come out of their host insect is to extend their fused heads and thoraces for males to notice. The males are also parasites, but they eventually will leave their host to seek their female counterparts.

The braconid subfamily Euphorinae has several genera, including Syntretus, known to be parasitoids of the adult stage of insects. They are a highly diverse group and tend to be very successful parasitoids worldwide. A new species of Syntretus, S. trigonaphagus, has recently been discovered as parasitizing workers of T. carbonaria. Females of S. trigonaphagus are frequently found at the entrances of T. carbonaria hives near Queensland, Australia.

The CCN is known to be capable of parasitizing and reproducing on 42 different members of the plant family Poaceae. These include the economically important crops of oat, barley, rice, sorghum, and wheat. Corn is the preferred host with reproduction on corn far exceeding the other crops. The CCN is a sedentary endoparasitic nematode, establishing feeding sites in the roots of host plants near the vascular tissue.

There are definite patterns of relationship with host plant groups and the rust fungi that parasitize them. Some genera of rust fungi, especially Puccinia and Uromyces, comprise species that are capable of parasitizing plants of many families. Other rust genera appear to be restricted to certain plant groups. Host restriction may, in heteroecious species, apply to both phases of life cycle or to only one phase.

The success of Bombus vestalis is dependent on the size of the nest which it invades. As soon as a female enters a colony, she is investigated by the workers and often faces attacks from them. Larger colonies will have more workers who are capable of defending the nest. Thus a female Bombus vestalis must weigh its costs parasitizing a nest when the colony is very large.

Levels of parasitoids beyond secondary also occur, especially among facultative parasitoids. In oak gall systems, there can be up to five levels of parasitism. Cases in which two or more species of parasitoids simultaneously attack the same host without parasitizing each other are called multi- or multiple parasitism. In many cases, multiple parasitism still leads to the death of one or more of the parasitoids involved.

A tooo repeated low whistle is usually made in contact calls between members of a pair. Interestingly, many of the rock firefinch vocalizations are mimicked by another Jos Plateau bird, called the Vidua maryae, or Jos Plateau indigobird. The Jos Plateau indigobird is a brood parasite of rock firefinches and most likely mimics their songs in order to optimize the success of parasitizing the rock firefinches.

Spruce bud moths are parasitized by wasps of the genus Trichogramma', a family of parasitic wasp that use smell to identify eggs to parasitize. The wasp begins parasitizing 14 days following the start of the process of hatching of the larvae and continues for around a month afterward. Egg parasitism typically begins 5 weeks after oviposition occurs and does not have any connection with the egg density at oviposition.

Green algae have been shown to play a significant role in ecosystems. A species of Coccomyxa, Coccomyxa parasitica, has been noted as parasitizing the wild mussels from the Vigo estuary in Galicia, Spain. The aggregations of the green algae occur in the mantle, gill filaments, adductor muscle, visceral mass, and haemolymph of the species M. galloprovincialis. It also has a symbiotic relationship with fungi, specifically ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.

B. balios has only been recorded as parasitizing two species of host, Pealius spina in China and Singhiella simplex in Florida, both are ficus whiteflies and in Florida most specimens of B. balios were found on Ficus benjamina which is a popular hedging tree in that region. Since its discovery in Florida B balios has been found to be the dominant and most consistent parasitoid to attack ficus whitefly.

Like other members of Corsiaceae, Corsia species lack chlorophyll and are thus incapable of photosynthesis. Instead, they are myco-heterotrophs, relying exclusively on parasitizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for nutrition. Myco-heterotrophs were once mistakenly thought to be saprotrophic plants. It is now known that they do not obtain nourishment directly from decaying organic matter, instead they digest the hyphae of saprotrophic fungi with enzymes and absorb the resulting nutrients.

Although hybrids are well-known among tilapias, hybrids between Tristramella and other tilapias are unknown. Despite both living in Lake Tiberias and them being close relatives, hybridization between T. simonis and the now-extinct T. sacra also is not known to have occurred. A species of fish louse, Argulus tristramellae, apparently is host specific, only parasitizing T. simonis (even when still common, T. sacra was not attacked by this fish louse).

Eggs of Dytiscus are sometimes parasitized by wasps of the families Eulophidae, Mymaridae and other Chalcidoidea.Jackson D.J. (1958) A further note on a Chrysocharis (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) parasitizing the eggs of Dytiscus marginalis L., and a comparison of its larva with that of Caraphractus cinctus Walk. (Hym., Mymaridae) J.Soc.Brit.Entomol. 6:15-22.Jackson D.J. (1961) Observations on the biology of Caraphractus cinctus Walker (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), a parasitoid of the eggs of Dytiscidae.

Phoradendron strongyloclados showing leathery leaves and an inflorescence resulting from one apical meristem. Phoradendron macrophylla in Arizona sycamoreMultiple Phoradendron individuals parasitizing an oak tree. While lower branches show new leaf growth, the mistletoe appears to be negatively affecting the tree's budding in the upper branches. Phoradendron californicum (Desert Mistletoe), Granite Mountains, Mojave Desert, California Phoradendron is a genus of mistletoe, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Americas.

The factors responsible for host susceptibility are not known. Spotted in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana a Golden silk orb-weaver dead from white muscardine disease with white mold emerging from the cadaver's joints and pores. Beauveria bassiana parasitizing the Colorado potato beetle has been reported to be, in turn, the host of a mycoparasitic fungus Syspastospora parasitica. This organism also attacks related insect-pathogenic species of the Clavicipitaceae.

The Corallorhiza maculata side petals are reddish, and the lip petal is bright clean white with deep red spots. Corallorhiza maculata is a myco-heterotroph; it lacks chlorophyll and obtains energy by parasitizing the mycelium of fungi in the family Russulaceae. The rhizome and lower stem are often knotted into branched coral shapes. The stem is usually red or brown in color, but occasionally comes in a light yellow or cream color.

Trissolcus japonicus or the samurai wasp is a parasitoid wasp species in the family Scelionidae, native to east Asia but now found in Europe, North America, and Chile. It is chiefly known for parasitizing Halyomorpha halys (brown marmorated stink bug). It deposits eggs into the eggs of the stink bug, and as the wasp larvae develop, they kill the stink bug eggs. A single adult wasp emerges from each stink bug egg.

Rhizophydium keratinophilum zoosporangium with characteristic spines growing on human hair. Rhizophydiales are parasites of a range of organisms, including invertebrates, other chytrids and algae, and they may have a role in natural control of aquatic populations, especially phytoplankton. One member, Rhizophydium graminis, is a parasite of wheat roots, but causes no extensive damage to the plant. The only documented cases of a chytrid parasitizing vertebrates are Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, members of this order.

Bees of the genus Nomada most often parasitize bees of the genus Andrena. Species of Nomada have also been observed parasitizing ground-nesting bees in the families Andrenidae, Melittidae, Halictidae, and Apidae. As is the case for other nomadines, this behavior violates “Emery’s rule” which states that social parasites tend to be either closely related to or sister species of their host. Nomada are guided by visual cues to locate host nest entrances.

By parasitizing the honest warning signal of the model, the Batesian mimic gains an advantage, without having to go to the expense of arming itself. The model, on the other hand, is disadvantaged, along with the dupe. If impostors appear in high numbers, positive experiences with the mimic may result in the model being treated as harmless. At higher frequency there is also a stronger selective advantage for the predator to distinguish mimic from model.

Several researchers argue that P. rebeli has not evolved into a separate species from Phengaris alcon and that any variation between the two groups is due to intraspecific variation. Both species share a similar adult morphology, DNA and allozymes. Furthermore, they both have similar methods of parasitizing the host ant: they act as parasitic "cuckoos" within the ant nest and feed upon the ants' regurgitation. This is compared to the alternative method of predation used by Maculinea arion.

Pleuricospora is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae containing the single species Pleuricospora fimbriolata, which is known by the common name fringed pinesap. It is native to the forests of the west coast of North America from British Columbia to the San Francisco Bay Area. This perennial herb is a mycoheterotroph, parasitizing fungi for nutrients. It is yellowish, cream or white in color, lacking chlorophyll, with the tips of the bracts darkening with age.

Schistonchus caprifici is a plant parasitic nematode in the genus Schistonchus parasitizing the caprifig (Ficus carica sylvestris). It is found in Spain and Italy.Molecular variability and phylogeny of Schistonchus caprifici (Gasperrini, 1864) Cobb, 1927 (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from Italy and Spain. Luca, F. de Castillo, Pablo Troccoli, Alberto Vovlas, Nicola Palomares Rius, Juan E. Juan, Nematology, 2010, volume 12, issue 4, pages 641-648, (abstract) Blastophaga psenes is the vector of the nematode bringing it to the fig tree.

Plant pesticides, fly ash and lime have also shown promise as a natural pesticide. Another method utilized to suppress the population of O. arenosella is the augmentative release of pupal parasitoids. T. embryophagum, Trichogramma, Goniozus nephantidis and Bracon brevicornis are all known parasitoids of the species, and work by parasitizing the larvae at various instars. G. nephantidis and B. brevicornis both parasitoid wasps, parasitize third to seventh instar larvae, leading to the eventual shrivelling and death of the organism.

At this high acidity soil fungus is suppressed, and C. acaule can thrive. There is even evidence that it is partially myco-heterotrophic, parasitizing fungus that attempts to invade its roots. However, in soils above pH 5, soil microbes become more than C. acaule can manage, and the plants rot. Seedlings germinated in a sterile environment can grow and thrive in a much higher pH than 5, but must be grown below 5 if removed from the sterility.

A citizen science project, "Zombee Watch", uses a social media framework for people to report sightings of potentially parasitized bees. The stated goals of the project are to determine where in North America the zombie fly is parasitizing honey bees and how often honey bees leave their hives at night (even if they are not parasitized) and to engage citizen scientists in making a significant contribution to knowledge about honey bees and in becoming better observers of nature.

Through infestation mapping, quarantine, and control activities such as contaminated seed destruction, the acreage parasitized by witchweed has been reduced 99% since its discovery in the United States. APHIS has even offered cash rewards those who identify and report the weed, and encourages landowners to check their own acreage. Parasitizing important economic plants, witchweed is one of the most destructive pathogens in Africa. In fact, witchweed affects 40% of Africa's arable savanna region, resulting in up to $13 billion lost every year.

Mullen hypothesized that this life history strategy increased chances of mite survival two-fold because those parasitizing males would likely die before returning to a suitable adult habitat. No literature was found discussing the impact of P. barbigera on mosquito physiology and survival. Cq. perturbans parasitized by A. danbyensis larvae Larval mites of the genus Arrenurus are also common ectoparasites of many mosquito species. In contrast to P. barbigera, Arrenurus mites are fully aquatic and prefer permanent habitats, such as swamps and marshes.

Once the caterpillars hatch, they feed on the honeydew produced by the aphids until they are second- or third-instar larva. These aphids are tended to by the host ant, C. japonicus, thus allowing the caterpillars to be near the ants they will soon parasitize. As the caterpillars become third-instar larva, they will develop the exocrine glands that are essential in producing the chemicals that aid in parasitizing C. japonicus. These organs include tentacle organs and a dorsal nectary organ (DNO).

Several species in the genus Ibalia have been introduced to South America, Australia, and New Zealand, sometimes to control previous accidentally introduced Siricidae species parasitizing economically important pine forests. Species used are, for example, Ibalia leucospoides and I. ensiger Norton. Results from introductions vary, and studies of long-term effects are lacking, but in some areas, the effects on pests have been successful; Siricidae populations have been strongly limited. They are most effective in combination with other parasitoid organisms, such as nematodes.

C. septentrionalis is a perennial herb with small narrow leaves, growing typically in small dense colonies. Like many other Castilleja species, it gets some of its nutrients from parasitizing the roots of other plants. Shoots are typically unbranched, becoming hairy only on their upper portions, with alternate simple leaves that are sessile (have no pedicel) The crowded flower clusters appear at the end of stems Each flower cluster consists of tubular greenish-white flowers surrounded by cream-colored or purple-tinged bracts.

A growth of fruiting bodies near the base of the trunk confirms the suspicion of Armillaria root rot. In 1893, the American mycologist Charles Horton Peck reported finding Armillaria fruiting bodies that were "aborted", in a similar way to specimens of Entoloma abortivum. It was not until 1974 that Roy Watling showed that the aborted specimens included cells of both Armillaria mellea and Entoloma abortivum. He thought that the Armillaria was parasitizing the Entoloma, a plausible hypothesis given its pathogenic behaviour.

Species in the genus Annulohypoxylon, especially Annulohypoxylon archeri, are commonly used in the cultivation of Tremella fuciformis, one of the foremost medicinal and culinary fungi of China and Taiwan. Tremella fuciformis is a parasitic yeast that does not form an edible fruit body without parasitizing another fungus. The species Annulohypoxylon archeri is its preferred host, so cultivators usually pair cultures of Tremella fuciformis with this species, or others in the former genus Hypoxylon (now split into two genera – Hypoxylon and Annulohypoxylon).

Mycoplasma pneumoniae grows exclusively by parasitizing mammals. Reproduction, therefore, is dependent upon attachment to a host cell. According to Waite and Talkington, specialized reproduction occurs by “binary fission, temporally linked with duplication of its attachment organelle, which migrates to the opposite pole of the cell during replication and before nucleoid separation”. Mutations that affect the formation of the attachment organelle not only hinder motility and cell division, but also reduce the ability of M. pneumoniae cells to adhere to the host cell.

It is white, yellowish, or reddish-pink in color. Little is known about the life cycle of the plant due to its rarity, but it probably obtains its nutrients by parasitizing fungi, so it lacks the green of chlorophyll.Botanical Society of America: Parasitic Plants It grows from a rhizome with fragile roots and its form is covered in sparse scales which are the rudimentary leaves. An inflorescence emerges on a thick stalk from the soil bearing solitary to densely bunched flowers.

S. agrili, and two other species of parasitoid wasps (Tetrastichus planipennisi, and Oobius agrili), were introduced and released into the United States as biological control agents of the EAB. However, of the three, Tetrastichus planipennisi has been the most effective at parasitizing EAB and establishing self- sustaining populations. Detailed research was conducted on the wasps before they were approved for release as biocontrol agents. Laboratory methods have been developed for continuous rearing of this and other species of EAB parasitoid wasps.

Ricinus vaderi is a species of chewing lice which parasitises the calandra lark (Melanocorypha calandra) in Azerbaijan. It is a member of Ricinus, the largest genus of chewing lice found parasitizing Passeriformes.Bernard C. Nelson (1972): A Revision of the New World Species of Ricinus (Mallophaga). Occurring on Passeriformes (Aves), University of California Publications in Entomology Volume 68, University of California Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles, PDF The species name is derived from Darth Vader, a fictional character in the Star Wars series.

This wasp shows a considerable degree of synchronization with its host species. When parasitizing the sunflower stem weevil, the female wasp lays a single egg into a first instar larva, which feeds just under the epidermis of the stem where it is within reach of the wasp's ovipositor. By the winter, the host larva is fully developed and enters diapause in a chamber near the base of the plant. The wasp larva, still contained within its living host, also enters diapause.

The screaming cowbird is a specialist brood parasite, predominantly parasitizing the nests of baywings (Agelaidoides). In 1874, W H Hudson was first to observe this parasitic relationship when he witnessed what he believed to be baywing chicks morph into screaming cowbird plumage. The screaming cowbird also parasitizes the nests of the chopi blackbird (Gnorimopsar chopi) and the brown-and-yellow marshbird (Pseudoleistes virescens). Parasitism of these other two species generally occurs in areas where baywings are absent but can also occur in its presence.

Ricinus is a genus of chewing lice which parasitise birds. It is the largest genus of chewing lice found parasitizing Passeriformes. Bernard C. Nelson (1972): A Revision of the New World Species of Ricinus (Mallophaga). Occurring on Passeriformes (Aves), University of California Publications in Entomology Volume 68, University of California Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles, PDF The genus Ricinus, including Ricinus communis, the castorbean plant, also exists in botany - this is possible, since the names of animals and plants are ruled by different nomenclature codes.

The genus is known only from the single holotype, number "AB-368", hyphae parasitizing a single partial fruiting body specimen. When described the mushroom is part of in the private collection of Ron Buckley of Florence, Kentucky, USA. The collection has been sold and is now owned by Deniz Erin of Istanbul, Turkey.Fossil page of Ron Buckley accessed on 7 December 2010 AB-368 was collected from one of the amber mines in the Hukawng Valley area southwest of Maingkhwan, Kachin Region, Northern Myanmar.

All 6000 species of Cestoda are parasites, mainly intestinal; their definitive hosts are vertebrates, both terrestrial and marine, while their intermediate hosts include insects, crustaceans, molluscs, and annelids as well as other vertebrates. T. saginata, the beef tapeworm, can grow up to 20 m (65 ft); the largest species, the whale tapeworm Tetragonoporus calyptocephalus, can grow to over 30 m (100 ft). Species with small hosts tend to be small. For example, vole and lemming tapeworms are only in length, and those parasitizing shrews only .

It often is found along water sources and lowlands, although it lives in a broad range of habitats. Another notable characteristic is that it rarely is spotted visiting a flower, which is considered unusual for a butterfly. Species in the genus Asterocampa are regarded as being "cheater" organisms, since these butterflies do not pollinate flowers when they feed from them. This species can more accurately be described as parasitizing their hosts and plant food sources since they extract nutrients without providing any benefits to the host.

Haemaphysalis hispanica is a tick species found in Europe. It is a relict parasite of the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. It may have no role in transmitting pathogens to humans, but it is of importance in the epidemiology of certain diseases by maintaining the etiologic agent in a tick–vertebrate–tick cycle that can be intruded into by immature or adult stages of species that sometimes parasitize humans. H. hispanica is related to species parasitizing carnivores in Asia and Madagascar, and hyraxes in the Ethiopian Faunal Region.

The main flowering season in the northern hemisphere is from May until the end of August and from August to January in the southern hemisphere. The species has efficient seed dispersal and is largely inbreeding so that populations preferentially parasitizing a particular species which has its own clear ecological preferences may become effectively isolated and eventually may produce distinct taxa.Watsonia Retrieved: 2011-08-07 The plants are attached to their host by means of haustoria, which transfer nutrients from the host to the parasite. Only the hemiparasitic species possess an additional extensive root system.

Phoradendron libocedri is a species of flowering plant in the sandalwood family known by the common name incense-cedar mistletoe. It is native to western North America from Oregon to Baja California, where it grows in forests on its host tree, the California incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens). This mistletoe is a shrub producing greenish erect, hanging, or drooping branches from a woody base where it grows attached to the tree, parasitizing it for water and nutrients. As a hemiparasite it contains some chlorophyll and can photosynthesize some energy for itself as well.

Of these 24, the two main families that are infected by Phytomonas are Euphorbiaceae and Asclepiadiacae. These protists have been found in hosts between 50° latitude North and South, and thus they can be found on all continents save for Antarctica. Phytomonas is believed to have arose from a single monoxenous lineage of insect parasitizing trypanosomatids some 400 million years ago. After this divergence, a heteroxenous lifestyle was developed, and most Phytomonas species are transferred between plant hosts by insect vectors in the Heteroptera suborder as a form of dixenous parasitism.

Leopold Fulmek (9 November 1883 in Kattau in Meiseldorf – 17 June 1969 in Vienna) was an Austrian entomologist who specialised in Hymenoptera especially species parasitizing crop pests and therefore useful in biological control After passing his Matura in Vienna (1902), Fulmek studied Zoology and Botany at the University of Vienna, graduating in 1907. He was Direktor der BA f. Pflanzenschutz in Wien (Director of the Federal Institution for Plant Protection in Vienna) until 1945. After that he worked on the Hymenoptera collections at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna.

The evolutionary plasticity of phoretic relationships allow them to potentially add to the complexity and diversity of ecosystems. Cases in which the phoront parasitizes or preys upon the host organism after travel are still considered phoresis, as long as the travel behaviour and feeding or parasitizing behaviour are separate. Similarly, some pseudoscorpions prey upon the same species that act as their phoretic host. The behaviours are completely separate however, since the pseudoscorpion uses anatomical features used specifically for predation when treating the host as prey, but employs anatomical features used for phoresis when travelling.

The most common examples are insects that lay their eggs inside or near parasitoid larvae, which are themselves parasitizing the tissues of a host, again usually an insect larva. A well-studied case is that of the small white butterfly (Pieris rapae), a serious horticultural pest of Brassica such as cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Its larvae are parasitized by the larvae of the wasps Cotesia glomerata and C. rubecula, both of which are in turn parasitized by the wasp Lysibia nana. Plant volatiles are emitted from plants as a defense against herbivory.

Argas walkerae Kaiser & Hoogstraal, 1969, as its common name "fowl tampan" reflects, is a soft-bodied argasid tick primarily parasitizing chickens and other domestic fowl. In South Africa its natural range spans the eastern region of Eastern Cape Province from the warmer coastal regions on the Indian Ocean in the south to the cooler mountainous Drakensberg range in the northeast of the Province, with local distribution more strongly associated with the presence of fowls and wooden fowl houses, than climate alone. The specific epithet honors the scientific contributions of Dr. Jane Brotherton Walker.

Meripilus giganteus is a polypore fungus in the family Meripilaceae. It causes a white rot in various types of broadleaved trees, particularly beech (Fagus), but also Abies, Picea, Pinus, Quercus and Ulmus species. This bracket fungus, commonly known as the giant polypore or black-staining polypore, is often found in large clumps at the base of trees, although fruiting bodies are sometimes found some distance away from the trunk, parasitizing the roots. M. giganteus has a circumboreal distribution in the northern Hemisphere, and is widely distributed in Europe.

The hatching larvae nourish themselves with the nutritive tissue of the galls, in which they are otherwise well-protected from external environmental effects. The host plants, and the size and shape of the galls are specific to the majority of gall wasps, with about 70% of the known species parasitizing various types of oak trees. Galls can be found on nearly all parts of such trees, including the leaves, buds, branches, and roots. Other species of gall wasps live in eucalyptus trees, rose bushes or maple trees, as well as many herbs.

The single lineage of parasitizing A. mellifera capensis may have gained evolutionary advantage because, compared to other related species, it is not susceptible to the host queen’s pheromonal reproductive suppression of workers. The non-invasive varieties of A. mellifera capensis produce less mandibular secretions than the invasive strain. In addition, they produce secretions that are not as similar to that of A. mellifera scutellata queens as that of the invasive strain. The single lineage was selected for its greater resistance to and greater ability to mimic and overwhelm the pheromonal regulation by host queens.

In addition, the proximal two chambers of the male copulatory organ of P. contubernalis have comparatively thin walls which frequently have collapsed or are absent. Pseudorhabdosynochus contubernalis is a member of the group of species of Pseudorhabdosynochus parasitizing groupers assigned to Mycteroperca and characterized by having a distally reflexed tube and a single chamber in the vaginal sclerite. The group includes P. kritskyi, P. capurroi, P. vascellum, P. contubernalis, P. hyphessometochus, and P. mycteropercae. P. contubernalis differs from all of these species by having a scaled tegument on the peduncle.

Shepherd (2018) Like its relatives, this secretive forest bird hunts birds, mammals and reptiles in woodland, relying on surprise as it flies from a perch to catch its prey unaware. It builds a stick nest in a tree and lays two or three eggs. The ischnoceran louse Degeeriella storeri is a parasite of this bird; it is not yet known from any other host species. On the other hand, Kurodaia fulvofasciata, an amblyceran louse parasitizing the crested goshawk, is widely found on birds of prey throughout the Holarctic.

These plants harness an array of fungal symbionts across several families, often simultaneously. Analysis of these plants have identified Inocybe species as exclusive symbionts for 75% of the plants in habitat, as well as others (Hebeloma, Xerocomus, Lactarius and Thelephora). The plants also host ascomycete endophytes, which appear to assist the plant in parasitizing some of the plant's basidiomycete symbionts. The plants defy cultivation outside of laboratory conditions, as they require not only specific fungal symbionts, but also specific host trees with which these mushroom species form mycorrhizal relationships.

Some species in the genus Hypoxylon may be used in the cultivation of Tremella fuciformis, one of the foremost medicinal and culinary fungi of China and Taiwan. Tremella fuciformis is a parasitic yeast that does not form an edible fruitbody without parasitizing another fungus. Its preferred host, formerly known as Hypoxylon archeri, was moved to the closely related genus Annulohypoxylon and is now known as Annulohypoxylon archeri. Cultivators usually pair cultures of Tremella fuciformis with this species, but mushroom cultivation books written before the new genus was created suggest other Hypoxylon species may be used.

Like other eimerians, the species in this genus undergo intracellular merogony and gametogony.Molnar K, Baska F (1986) Light and electron microscopic studies on Epieimeria anguillae (Léger & Hollande, 1922), a coccidium parasitizing the European eel, Anguilla anguilla L. J Fish Dis 9 (2) 99–110 Trophozoites and both the merogonic and gametogonic stages develop in a parasitophorous vacuole which lies half embedded in the epithelial cell and protrudes into the intestinal lumen. The parasitophorous vacuole itself is surrounded by a single membrane but towards the intestinal lumen it is also covered by the cell membrane. Sporogony takes place outside the fish or intercellularly.

As well as parasitizing the nymphs the wasps can also cause high level of mortality among them when they are probed by or fed on by the adults, 76% of the first instar nymphs which were probed or fed on by adult balios wasps subsequently died. A parasitized nymph has a tiny pinhole on its right side in the middle and turns dark yellow and as it grows the asp larva can be visible. When the adult wasp emerges it creates a neat round hole in the nymph's exoskeleton. Encarsia variegate has been recorded as a hyperparasitoid of B. balios.

Within the R. solanacearum species complex, the four major monophyletic clusters of strains are termed phylotypes, that are geographically distinct: phylotypes I-IV are found in Asia, the Americas, Africa, and Oceania, respectively. Ralstonia solanacearum was once considered as a possible biological control agent for Kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum), a highly invasive species. However, R. solanacearum is no longer used as a biological control for Kahili ginger in Hawaiian forests because of its wide host range. The ginger-parasitizing strain will infect numerous ginger species, including edible ginger (Zingiber officinale), shampoo ginger (Zingiber zerumbet, pink ginger (Alpinia purpurata), and red ginger (Alpinia purpurata).

The parasitoid wasp Aleiodes indiscretus parasitizing a gypsy moth caterpillar, a serious pest of forestry For rodent pests, cats are effective biological control when used in conjunction with reduction of "harborage"/hiding locations. While cats are effective at preventing rodent "population explosions", they are not effective for eliminating pre-existing severe infestations. Barn owls are also sometimes used as biological rodent control. Although there are no quantitative studies of the effectiveness of barn owls for this purpose, they are known rodent predators that can be used in addition to or instead of cats; they can be encouraged into an area with nest boxes.

Zatypota percontatoria is a species of parasitoid wasps that is part of the order Hymenoptera and the family Ichneumonidae responsible for parasitizing arachnids, specifically those of the family Theridiidae. The parasitoid that has been recently studied for its mechanism of parasitism. It reproduces by laying eggs within the abdomen of a spider by oviposition, slowly developing as an ectoparasitic koinobiont that will eventually kill its host. The wasp larva protects itself during the parasitism process through neuroparasitism affecting and controlling the behavior of the spider to the extent that they are unable to attack the larva.

Digenetic trematodes are the most common of these parasites, with the more common of these species including Ototrema schildti and Plagiorchis vespertilionis. The little brown bat is also affected by ectoparasites (external parasites), including bat fleas such as Myodopsylla insignis, chiggers like Leptotrombidium myotis, and the bat mites Spinturnix americanus. When parasitizing a female bat, bat mites synchronize their reproductive cycle with that of their host, with their own reproduction tied to the host's pregnancy hormones. Lactating females have a higher intensity of parasitization by mites, which may promote vertical transmission--the transfer of mites to the bat's offspring.

The multifaceted aspect of communication in social insects makes social insect colonies easy to hijack. Especially in the case of closely related species and subspecies, the biology and organization of potential host species are similar to that of potential parasitizing species, making them easier to infiltrate. On the other hand, potential parasites face the challenge of being discovered by the host queen, usually the sole reproductive individual in the colony. The existence of A. mellifera capensis worker parasites is an example of an alternative evolutionary strategy that allows them to increase their “direct fitness in foreign colonies rather than inclusive fitness in their natal nests.

Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams (2015) wrote that Pseudorhabdosynochus vascellum belongs to the group of species of Pseudorhabdosynochus parasitizing groupers assigned to Mycteroperca and characterized by having a distally reflexed tube and a single chamber in the vaginal sclerite. The group includes P. kritskyi, P. capurroi, P. vascellum, P. contubernalis, P. hyphessometochus, and P. mycteropercae. Except for P. hyphessometochus, P. vascellum is easily distinguished from these species by its small thick-walled chamber of the vaginal sclerite having a meager cavity. Pseudorhabdosynochus hyphessometochus also possesses a vaginal sclerite with a thick wall of the chamber, but the cavity of the chamber in this species is comparatively large.

As well as parasitizing the nymphs of its host adult female T. radiata are known to obtain protein for egg laying by feeding on the haemolymph of D. citri nymphs which they obtain by puncturing the nymph's skin with their ovipositor. It is thought that one female T. radiata may kill up to 500 nymphs of D. citri in her lifetime by a combination of parasitism and predation. Both the male and the female wasps have also been recorded feeding on the honeydew excreted by D. citri. Although adults of T. radiata are attracted to fluorescent lights it is thought that the females detect host through olfactory cues.

El Yunque National Park Lepanthes eltoroensis grows at six sites of sierra palm, palo colorado, and dwarf forest areas within the Luquillo Mountains. Because the orchid is an epiphyte (living on other plants without parasitizing), L. eltoroensis finds its home on the trunks of several species of trees, known also to house mosses and liverworts. The orchid has only been found on approximately 40-60 trees within the forest, all at an altitude of 2,789 ft or above. More recent studies have noted larger populations of L. eltoroensis on the Tradewinds Trail as opposed to the El Toro Trail, for which it was named, possibly due to greater numbers of Sierra palm, offering a more closed canopy.

Several posts that Tibo InShape published between 2009 and 2012 on Facebook under his real name Thibaud Delapart have been accused of racism, homophobia, Islamophobia and xenophobia and resurfaced on Jeuxvideo.com in 2015: "What is the point of spawning a massive population when we perfectly well know that we won't be able to treat or educate it, and that it will only be able to grow by parasitizing all other species?" (April 2009), "Toulouse and its cultural diversity ..." (November 2009), "I'm having fun throwing pork chops at Muslims, that’s cool, they burn" (January 2012), "A black reelected, the homosexual marriage adopted. This is not going to be an easy day" (November 2012).

Schellackia was first described by Anton Reichenow in 1919, with the type species Schellackia bolivari having been discovered parasitizing the spiny-footed lizard Acanthodactylus erythrurus and the Spanish Psammodromus hispanicus within the Iberian Peninsula. At first, many difficulties in describing new species were present – very few characteristics could be described from blood sporozoites within the primary host, with most defining characteristics being restricted to the parasite’s endogenous stages within the gut epithelium of the host. This led to relatively few described species for a parasite genus that was supposedly very geographically widespread. In more recent years, however, molecular characterisation methods have allowed more precise determination of species identity and their phylogenetic relationship.

An industrialist in Rio gifted Borgmeier with a binocular microscope and helped with reprints on ants from Ihering's library. Borgmeier was ordained priest in 1918, and while at Petropolis, he saw phorid flies parasitizing ants and discussing this with Jesuit priest and entomologist Hermann Schmitz led him to publish the first paper on the biology of Odontomachus affinis in 1920 and describe a new species of phorid Dohrniphora brasiliensis. In 1922 Dr Arthur Neiva helped Borgmeier find more time to pursue entomology allowing him to join the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro as an adjunct research scientist in 1923. Borgmeier became a Brazilian citizen in 1927 and moved to Sao Paulo in 1928 to work under Neiva at the Instituto Biologico.

He also performed research in Cairo elucidating the epidemiology and public health impact of ticks parasitizing birds migrating to and from Europe, Asia and Africa through Egypt. After completing his doctorate, Kaiser returned to NAMRU-3 and worked on a number of public health projects during the following decade. In 1975, he retired from NAMRU-3 and took a position as Expert Consultant with the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, accepting a 4-year tour in Uganda investigating the ecology of cattle ticks and quantifying tick burdens on Zebu cattle. A follow-on assignment took him to Burundi for a 7-year tour continuing his studies of the ecology, population dynamics and control of ticks on Zebu cattle.

Together, their combined nitrogen additions to the soil of their habitats may account for 10-60% of annual nitrogen input in those ecosystems. It is also one of only two plants (along with Ceanothus diversifolius) known to be a host for the parasitic plant Cuscuta jepsonii, a dodder which until recently was thought to be extinct but could still be surviving and parasitizing C. prostratus in northern California. Ceanothus prostratus is one of many plants in the region that colonize logged areas, forming brushfields in the wake of timber harvests when more light reaches the ground. Ceanothus prostratus is present in plant communities alongside species such as Abies magnifica, Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Pinus albicaulis, Pinus contorta, Pinus Jeffreyi, Pinus ponderosa, Quercus vaccinifolia, and Tsuga mertensiana.

Biologically and ecologically, our knowledge of the order is limited, although the life cycle differs from that of all other copepods: Members of the Monstilloida are protelean parasites, meaning that their larval stages are parasitoids that kill their host to emerge as free-living subadults. Apparently, some hosts recover after the final subadult monstrilloid exits their body. It is hypothesized, that the host's relative body size and the number and location of copepods parasitizing the same host determine whether it survives an infection. The detailed life cycle may vary between different species, but generally follows a certain sequence: after a free-swimming, infective nauplius stage, the larvae develop inside benthic polychaetes, gastropods, sponges and bivalve mussels (They may be a pest in commercially important bivalve aquaculure), from where the planktonic adults emerge.

Antonidae von Linden D. & Prof. Med. Pract. Ord. (ca 10 B.C.), GalenGalen, C. (130–200) 1552. De simplicum medicamentorum faculatibus libre xi. Lugdoni. (ca. 180 A.D.) and RediRedi, F. (1684) p. 253 in Osservazioni...intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi. 26 pls. Firenze. (1684) all described nematodes parasitizing humans or other large animals and birds. BorellusBorellus, P. (1653) p. 240 in Historiarum, et observationum medicophysicarum, centuria prima, etc. Castris. (1653) was the first to observe and describe a free-living nematode, which he dubbed the "vinegar eel;" and Tyson (1683) used a crude microscope to describe the rough anatomy of the human intestinal roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides. Other well-known microscopists spent time observing and describing free-living and animal- parasitic nematodes: HookeHooke, R. (1667). Micrographia: etc. London.

Close-up of Gymnosporangium clavariiforme telia emerging from Juniperus communis bark Micrograph of two teliospores from telia of Gymnosporangium clavariiforme Telium, plural telia, are structures produced by rust fungi as part of the reproductive cycle.Brand g, Brand R & Shattock R,.Sorting out Gymnosporangium species - the aecial stage, October 2006, Field Mycology Volume 7(4) They are typically yellow or orange drying to brown or black and are exclusively a mechanism for the release of teliospores which are released by wind or water to infect the alternate host in the rust life-cycle. The telial stage is one of the stages in the life cycle of a parasitic heteroecious fungus; it is spent on the secondary host plant. A primary aecial stage is spent parasitizing a separate host plant which is a precursor in the life cycle of heteroecious fungi.

In Australia, about 30 insects have been introduced in an attempt to control the spread of lantanas, and this has caused problems of its own. The lantana bug (Aconophora compressa) for example is a polyphagous species introduced in 1995 that feeds on dozens of plants, and not only has it failed to have a noticeable impact on the lantana population, it has even become a pest in horticulture, parasitizing the related fiddlewoods (Citharexylum). The small Lantana-feeding moths Epinotia lantana and Lantanophaga pusillidactyla, while not becoming pests, have nonetheless failed to stem the spread of the invasive weed, as has the lantana scrub-hairstreak butterfly (Strymon bazochii) which was introduced to control lantanas on the Hawaiian Islands. Other Lepidoptera whose caterpillars feed on Lantana species include the common splendid ghost moth (Aenetus ligniveren), Aenetus scotti, Endoclita malabaricus, Hypercompe orsa and the setaceous Hebrew character (Xestia c-nigrum).