But it meant using an ozone-protecting rule to phase down ozone-friendly but planet-warming gases.
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The replacement chemicals, including a more ozone-friendly cousin called hydrofluorocarbons (known as HFCs), turned out to be powerful global warming gases.
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As it happened, the ozone-friendly replacements for the CFCs, known as hydrofluorocarbons, turned out to be distinctly unfriendly to the climate.
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HFCs became popular after that treaty as an ozone-friendly alternative to hydrochlorofluorocarbons, but HFCs were later found to be potent greenhouse gases.
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Getting a new A/C with the ozone-friendly refrigerant would cost about $8,000 because my unit does heating and cooling, according to the company, United Air Temp.
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That has led some contractors, squeezed by high prices of the outgoing refrigerant, to encourage consumers to prematurely buy new air conditioners with the ozone-friendly refrigerant, which itself is set to be nearly phased out in the U.S. within 20 years.
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UNEP banned the use of Halon gases in the Montreal Protocol treaty in 1987 due to the Ozone depletion and the Ozone depleting effect of Halon gases. The development countries were granted with extension in their permit to still be using Halon until 2010. It is after 2010 considered important by UNEP that also the development countries replace their Halon with Ozone friendly alternatives according to the signed treaty.
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Rapid growth in the atmospheric concentration of SF6, NF3, and several widely used HFCs and PFCs between years 1978 and 2015 (right graph). Note the logarithmic scale. F-gases are ozone-friendly, enable energy efficiency, and are relatively safe for use by the public due to their low levels of toxicity and flammability. However, most F-gases have a high global warming potential (GWP), and some are nearly inert to removal by chemical processes.
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Many systems still use HCFC refrigerants, which contribute to depletion of the Earth's ozone layer. In countries adhering to the Montreal Protocol, HCFCs are due to be phased out and are largely being replaced by ozone-friendly HFCs. However, systems using HFC refrigerants tend to be slightly less efficient than systems using HCFCs. HFCs also have an extremely large global warming potential, because they remain in the atmosphere for many years and trap heat more effectively than carbon dioxide.
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Young began using biodiesel on the 2004 Greendale tour, powering his trucks and tour buses with the fuel. "Our Greendale tour is now ozone friendly", he said. "I plan to continue to use this government approved and regulated fuel exclusively from now on to prove that it is possible to deliver the goods anywhere in North America without using foreign oil, while being environmentally responsible." Young spent the latter portion of 2004 giving a series of intimate acoustic concerts in various cities with his wife, who is a trained vocalist and guitar player.
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The cost of replacing the equipment of these items is sometimes cheaper than outfitting them with a more ozone-friendly appliance. Additionally, CFC smuggling is not considered a significant issue, so the perceived penalties for smuggling are low. In 2018 public attention was drawn to the issue, that at an unknown place in east Asia an estimated amount of 13,000 metric tons annually of CFCs have been produced since about 2012 in violation of the protocol. While the eventual phaseout of CFCs is likely, efforts are being taken to stem these current non-compliance problems.
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Kagenna #1 (silk-screened cover) 101 Green things to do; Beyond Environmental Conflict; Women as practical Utopists; Hyperdelic Exploration; Artvark Interview; Garbage Ecology; Ten Key Values of the Green Movement; Jim Jute and the Night People; Tristam and Them comic.(24pp) out of print Kagenna #2 (silk-screened cover): "Reclaiming Celebration; Busking;Towards a Green South Africa" by Jacklyn Cock; "Dioxin Factsheet"; "Siyabona Theatre"; "The Word Becomes Cassette" by William Levy; "Tristam and Them" comic.(28pp) out of print. Kagenna #3: "Plastic Propaganda"; "Art and Change"; "Ozone-Friendly Might Just Kill You"; "Global Warming Factsheet"; "Camphill Bus"; "African Hip Hop interview"; "Fax for Freedom"; "Recycling and Toxics guide"; "The Kitchen Revolution"; Beezy Bailey poster.
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The collapse of the Soviet Union disrupted Atlas's ties with suppliers, markets, and constituent plants, and almost led to the demise of the company, but it survived and eventually thrived. With the independence of Belarus and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990, Atlas was reduced to just the Minsk Refrigerator Plant, but in that same year the Baranovichi Machine-Tool Plant for the production of compressors for refrigerators and freezers was founded as part of Atlas. In 1993 Atlas was reformed as a corporation consisting of the Minsk Refrigerator Factory and Baranovichi Machine-Tool Plant, and the first batch of compressors was shipped by the Baranovichi Plant. In 1994 Atlas produced its one millionth compressor. In 1995, preparation for production of refrigerators and freezers with the ozone-friendly refrigerant R134a commenced, and in 1997 production of these types began.
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