Wordplay VARIETY PUZZLE — The quote in today's acrostic was unusual for me, not just because I was not familiar with many of the answers (OVIPOSIT?), but also because you don't see the word CHICKENPALOOZA in your puzzle every day.
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E. mella typically oviposit on the cuticle of their host, but have also been documented to oviposit on the head capsule, setae, prolegs, and on the abdomen of hosts. Though they prefer to oviposit on live hosts, females were also observed to oviposit on the surface of dead hosts. Larger females were also observed to oviposit a greater number of eggs than smaller females.
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Females will oviposit in flower heads, particularly in the heads of Asteraceae.
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The egg stage lasts 3 to 6 days. Females oviposit eggs in clusters on low-lying leaves. If such host plants are not available, the females will oviposit on dead plant material. However, they will not lay eggs on bare soil.
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Mated females oviposit frequently, leaving multiple eggs (though fewer than 500 eggs per cycle).
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This would allow females to mate and oviposit in their newly arrived upon territories.
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The rest remain in pupal cells. Adult beetles emerge from pupation and spend a variable time of their life maturing, and eventually oviposit. Sexually mature adults or imagos of Thanasiumus overwinter inside the wood-borer-infested trees and oviposit during the spring.
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Females can be observed walking amidst the vegetation, searching for an appropriate site to oviposit.
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Oviposition refers to a process in which animals lay eggs. Hemileuca lucina females lay eggs in batches three months after the larval developmental period, which is usually around September. Females tend to make one or very few decisions on where to deposit the eggs. This is different from other species that oviposit eggs singularly as it is known that they make hundreds of decisions on where to oviposit the eggs, when to oviposit the eggs, etc.
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Females oviposit onto plants and the eggs hatch in about 2 weeks. Larval development takes 2 years.
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Adult females oviposit eggs on carrion. These eggs hatch into larvae that feed on the decaying tissue.
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This fig can only be pollinated by the symbiotic wasp who has retrieved pollen from another syconium. Female wasps oviposit into the syconium for hatching. When these larvae emerge as adults, they carry pollen that they accumulated in the syconium out of the fig. Wasps usually oviposit into a nearby syconium.
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When they oviposit, they are also pollinating that syconium. There is a major difference between male and female fig trees.
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B. psenes also has a cleptoparasite, Philotrypesis caricae. The cleptoparasite is actually another wasp. By being a cleptoparasite, P. caricae allows B. psenes to do the work and acquire food with little or no cost to itself. B. psenes wasps oviposit in the syconium, while P. caricae oviposit at the outside of the florets.
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Flies oviposit eggs inside natural openings and wounds that may become exaggerated when the eggs hatch and the larvae begin feeding.
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Unlike NPFWs, female PFWs penetrate into the fig cavity through the ostiolar bracts and oviposit in the ovaries of the female flowers.
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Females lay a single egg on or occasionally nearby host plants. They have been reported to oviposit on the least snoutbean (Rynchosia minima).
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Mature P. regina females are known to oviposit their eggs on animal carcasses following copulation. Interestingly, it has been seen that the olfactory senses of female flies play some role in their decision of where and when to oviposit. Research suggests adult female P. regina will increase their ovipositing in the presence of a medium that provides odor stimuli to the fly.
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Female E. mella flies extend their ovipositor onto the surface of their host of choice to lay their hard-shelled eggs. On average, a female E. mella fly can oviposit about 150 eggs during her lifespan. The most an E. mella fly has been recorded to oviposit on a single host for one study was 65 eggs. Typically, the oviposition period lasts for about 24.8 days.
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Thus, there is higher reproductive rate in sedentary females. This explains why females do not travel far from the fruit tree from which they emerged to oviposit.
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However, there are also indications that it is not high chlorophyll concentration but the presence of conspecific egg clusters which attracts females to oviposit on a certain leaf.
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In most cases, workers will begin the process of cell inspection but then back down and allow the queen to finish trimming a cap and then to oviposit.
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After mining the leaves, the larvae migrate to other food plants and return to oviposit (lay eggs) on the fruits. Pupation takes place underneath the leaves in a cocoon.
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U. affinis is multivoltine and overwinters as a larva in knapweed flower heads. In June, adults oviposit on seed heads. Each female can produce about 120 eggs.Zwolfer H. 1970.
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Female spruce bud moths oviposit on the un-burst buds of a white spruce tree. Females test out potential sites to oviposit using sensillae on their ovipositor, a receptor on their feet. Studies have shown that on average, females lay just over 30 eggs total in their lifetime, and that ovipositing occurs approximately 6–7 days after they emerge as adults. The spruce bud moth hatches once a season, making it univoltine.
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A female that is ready to oviposit will investigate the surfaces of plants with her antennae. When she encounters the food plant she uses her antennae to search for traces of the trail pheromones of the host ant. Upon encountering this, she will walk down until she reaches the ground at the base of the plant. There she will oviposit the yellowish ochre eggs by curving her abdomen down to the ground surface.
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Single eggs are laid on leaf surfaces or between flower bracts on host plants, such as Blechum. Females have been observed to oviposit on the leaf surfaces of low-growing Hydrocotyle and Spermacoce assurgens growing near small patches of Blechum. Ovipositions lasted for 5–10 seconds each. Each time a female landed on a host plant, she would quickly oviposit and take off, and then subsequently land again on the next plant she encountered.
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The fly participates in attacking behavior of the Solenopsis invicta fire ant when attempting to oviposit. The adult female flies will hover around 3 to 5mm above their chosen host ant and orient their ovipositor towards the host. They will then quickly dive in and inject the egg into the thorax of the worker host. The fly will avoid attempting to oviposit in the alates of the colony and will instead exclusively attack worker ants.
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Female E. mella flies have been found to preferentially oviposit on larger hosts. They have also been found to prefer host caterpillars that are in their late instar stage of development.
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Females will oviposit on many fruits and in regions of scarce fruit, many females will oviposit on the same fruit. In captivity in Japan, research shows up to 13 generations of D. suzukii may hatch per season. A female may lay as many as 300 eggs during its lifespan. With as many as 13 generations per season, and the ability for the female to lay up to 300 eggs each, the potential population size of D. suzukii is huge.
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Generally, adult female moths will oviposit around 200 eggs at a time. The timing and number of eggs oviposited has been shown to vary based on several factors, including temperature, humidity, access to water, and type of food source. Low temperatures delay oviposition, and low humidity or lack of access to water seems to reduce the number of eggs oviposited by any given female. Preferred food source upon which to oviposit may vary with the strain of almond moth.
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During and after the mauling period, female Vespula infernalis will oviposit. This time period is brief. The females insert eggs in new cell combs. Workers act no differently during period of oviposition.
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Neochlamisus bimaculatus is a small leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) that belongs to the group of casebearers called Camptosomata. They mate, feed, and oviposit on their host plant Rubus spp., which includes blackberry.
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The species are adults from mid-June through late-August. Mating occurs at sunset. Females oviposit eggs in clusters into crevices in the thick bark. One female can lay up to 800 eggs.
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A significant proportion, 12 to 17%, of moths that survive to pupation are killed by endoparasitic wasps. Endoparasitic wasps oviposit on the body of the host, the larvae killing the host upon hatching.
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Similarly to other flies in the family Calliphoridae, P. regina exhibit little or no parental care. Females, however, oviposit their eggs after mating on carrion, leaving the eggs to hatch and develop on their own.
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Opiinae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of cyclorrhaphus Diptera. Females oviposit into host eggs or larvae. The host is allowed to develop until it forms a puparium, at which point it is killed by the wasp larva.
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Syrphids experience parasitism at the larval stage of development. Nearly 60% of parasitism in syrphid larvae are by parasitic wasps such as Diplazon sp. and Pachyneuron sp., which oviposit their eggs into the larval bodies.
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Based on the types of debris on the ground, the black cutworm prefers to oviposit in areas with fencerow (pasture) debris rather than corn field debris, woodland floor debris, and bare soil. Fencerow debris includes dry grass debris, and this may be attractive for females to oviposit early in the spring before rapid vegetation growth occurs. After this growth, though, the moths are drawn more to low, dense plants such as the curled dock and yellow rocket. These plants have multiple stems and many low-lying basal leaves.
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Males use both physical and visual cues to attract mates during the breeding season. Females of the species regularly mate with multiple partners. After mating, females use habitat and food quality to determine where they will oviposit their eggs.
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They often select natural orifices or wet fur, though they do not tend to oviposit in wounds, as is mistakenly thought by many. Gravid L. sericata prefer warm temperatures for their offspring, since this will decrease development time and therefore increase survival, and they will oviposit faster and with more eggs in warmer carrion. Egg load peaks at 30 degrees C. Research also suggests that sulfur compounds and indole are the major factors attracting gravid flies to carrion, raising the possibility that these compounds could be used to attract flies to traps in order to control them in agricultural settings.
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On most plant species, the cutworm prefers to oviposit on the leaves rather than the stem.Busching, M. K. & Turpin, F. T. "Oviposition Preferences of Black Cutworm Moths Among Various Crop Plants, Weeds, and Plant Debris". Journal of Economic Entomology, vol. 69, no.
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Geranium bronze females prefer to lay their eggs on the flower buds of various Geranium species. They typically oviposit on top of and underneath leaves, but infrequently on stems. Geranium bronze butterflies are multivoltine, meaning they lay two or more broods per year.
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The two main parasites that have been known to affect comma butterflies are Glypta erratica, a type of stem borer in Eupatorium, and Pteromalus vanessae. P. vanessae often oviposit in the larvae of butterflies such as P. c-album and Nymphalis antiopa.
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Ichneutines are all solitary, koinobionont parasitoids which oviposit into host eggs, but complete development once the host has become a larva. Members of the tribes Ichneutini and Proteropini attack sawfly larvae, especially in the families Argidae and Tenthredinidae. Members of Muesebeckiini target Lepidopteran leaf-miners.
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Rogadinae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Lepidopteran larvae. Females oviposit into host larvae. The host is allowed to develop as the wasp larvae feeds internally on its tissues. Rogadines are unique among braconids in that their host caterpillar is eventually reduced to a mummified husk.
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Alysiinae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of cyclorrhaphus Diptera. Females oviposit into host eggs or larvae. The host is allowed to develop until it forms a puparium, at which point it is killed by the wasp larva. The Alysiinae larva then pupates within the host puparium.
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Micropterix elegans is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae that was described by Stainton in 1867, Retrieved April 21, 2018. and is endemic to Israel. Adults are important pollinators of Cyclamen persicum. They feed on pollen, copulate and oviposit within the flowers.
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In wheel position Males set up territories at choice breeding sites. After males and females mate, the female oviposits, or lays her eggs, either singly or in tandem with the male. They will descend as much as a foot under the water to oviposit in aquatic vegetation.
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They have no wings and die shortly after. The enlarged opening enables the females to leave the syconium in search of a new one where to oviposit. Mating occurs within the syconium and laying eggs occurs in a syconium different than the one where mating occurred.
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As an adult it lives for no more than three weeks, during which time it mates and the female seeks Kincaid's lupines on which to oviposit. The lupine's habitat has been reduced by agriculture and urbanization, and only isolated areas have enough land for populations to persist.
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They can fly fast if alarmed. Females have a slow, fluttering flight. They flutter through the bush looking for suitable plants on which to oviposit, and if they encounter other flowering herbs, they will stop and feed. The females stop often and sit on dead twigs of herbs.
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For example, females are able to oviposit on Trollius asiaticus, but larvae fail to grow on it.Chachin, M., Honda, K., & Ômura, H. (2007). Appraisal of the acceptability of subtropical rutaceous plants for a swallowtail butterfly, Papilio protenor demetrius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 42(1), 121-128.
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By plucking upon the webs of other spiders and making specialised vibratory signals, the host spider is lured over to the Gelotia. Finally, the resident spider is killed and consumed. They do not spin webs, though they do hang up dead leaves on which to rest and oviposit.
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B. tyroni have been found to infect almost all commercial fruit crops as hosts, including abiu, apple, avocado, babaco, capsicum, carambola, casimiroa, cherry, citrus, custard apple, granadilla, grape, guava, kiwifruit, mango, nectarine, papaya, passionfruit, peach, pear, persimmon, plum, pomegranate, prune, quince, loquat, santol, spodilla, tamarillo, tomato, and wax jambu, with the exception of pineapples. B. tyroni strongly prefer to oviposit into rotting fruit, although some evidence suggests that they will oviposit into under-ripe fruit as well. B. tyroni prefer to select fruits that have an outer layer that is able to be punctured or has already been lesioned. The majority of research on B. tyroni host selection has included just a few, economically important crops.
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The process of oviposition in gulf fritillaries begins with the female butterfly flying low and slightly above the vegetation (most likely the typical host plants like Passiflora incarnata or Passiflora lutea) and lasts until the female pauses above an individual plant. Then, the female makes contact with the host plant by landing; the female then deposits an egg to complete the process of oviposition. The driving factor behind what causes the female to oviposit on or near the host plant is most likely due to the certain chemical composition of the specific genus of the host plant. Once the female recognizes the chemical composition (by using the antennae), the female will oviposit.
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Dinocampus coccinellae can itself be parasitised by Gelis agilis, a hyperparasite that is known for its mimicry of ants. The wingless females of G. agilis oviposit into D. coccinellae cocoons; the egg immediately hatches and consumes the developing wasp. Cocoons hosting G. agilis usually take twice as long to emerge.
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Cephetola catuna is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. Adults females oviposit on lichens on the bark of twigs and tree trunks. The larvae are attended by ants.
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Cephetola kamengensis is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Uganda, western Kenya and north-western Tanzania. Its habitat consists of forest edges and gallery forests at altitudes ranging from 900 to 1,200 metres. Adult females oviposit on lichens on the bark of twigs and tree trunks.
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Every species of Dicosmoecus has five stages of larvae, labeled as instars I-V, within a single brood, which occurs only once per mating season. Egg masses have been found on leaves of trees above streams and on stems of Carex sedges found along streams, suggesting females oviposit in autumn.
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Hybrizon is unusual in that it is an endoparasitoid of ants. Female wasps oviposit into larval ants while they are being transported outside of the nest by worker ants. Oviposition is carried out very quickly, in less than one second. Immature Hybrizon pupate within the ant nest without spinning a cocoon.
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After about a week, or longer in some species, they emerge from the mud as adults. Adult diving beetles have been found to oviposit their eggs within frog spawn in highly ephemeral habitats, with their eggs hatching within 24 hours after the frogs and the larvae voraciously predating on the recently hatched tadpoles.
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The moths oviposit almost exclusively on trees in the plant family Rosaceae, particularly cherry (Prunus) and apple (Malus). The caterpillars are hairy with areas of blue, white, black and orange. The blue and white colors are structural colors created by the selective filtering of light by microtubules that arise on the cuticle.
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Great Britain: The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd, 1996. The Stapelia flower, which smells like carrion and emits heat like that of decomposition, also attracts blowflies. The flower causes females to oviposit (deposit eggs from ovipositor) but it does not support past the 1st instars. Some other plants do support larvae through full development.
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In Ripipteryx notata in Uruguay (near the southern limit of the family's geographic distribution), females oviposit eggs singly in bare soil in spring and summer. Nymphs are present in summer and early autumn (whereas adults are present year-round). Unlike in grasshoppers, embryonic molt has not been observed to occur in ripipterygids.
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As they oviposit, they move around the branch aligning the eggs, forming a ring-like structure around the branch. They then cover their eggs with a foamy substance known as spumaline. It has been hypothesized that the spumaline cover protects eggs from predation and parasitism. Offspring pass the winter inside their eggs.
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This suggests that the queen is receiving signals from the workers that it is ok to oviposit into them. Another thing to note is that the first discharge may not be enough to cause continuous discharge of eggs since P. remota is also known to be able disrupt a series of discharge. Worker may also lay eggs during this time, they are mostly likely to be trophic eggs which are either given to the queen as an offering or eaten by the other worker. We also see that during POP worker when constructing the cells will act indifferent to the queen, but when see starts to oviposit, the will actively resist the queen and protect the cell they just built which is a very unusual behavior.
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In its native range, the samurai wasp is able to complete up to 10 generations per year, while its primary host, brown marmorated stink bug, completes up to 2. Female wasps lay on average 42 eggs, preferring to oviposit into host eggs younger than 3 days old. Males hatch first and mate with their sisters.
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The variety of species in North America may account for the discrepancies between European and North American cluster flies life cycles. Female cluster flies preferentially oviposit eggs in humid areas with dense surface vegetation and high soil moisture.Thomson AJ, Davies DM (1973) The biology of Pollenia rudis, the cluster fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae). II. Larval feeding behaviour and host specificity.
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Females oviposit within maturing hazelnuts, laying a single, yolk-rich egg per nut, around the end of July/beginning of August. One female can lay up to 20-30 eggs. One week after egg deposition the larvae hatch, and start to feed inside a nut. They spend around one month there, eating most of the nut content.
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It was found that females only carried eggs between November and February. They also had a very short reception time of less than 24 hours, or almost a week in captivity. They would oviposit their eggs in synchronization with others in the population within a four-week period. There are thousands of eggs in each batch laid.
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Organisms often misinterpret man-made surfaces such as asphalt and solar panels as natural surfaces. Solar panels, for example, reflect horizontally polarized light that is perceived by many insects to be water. Since insects lay their eggs in water, they will try to oviposit on the solar panels. This leads to widespread juvenile insect mortality on solar panels.
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If they find a host and attach, the adult females feed continuously throughout that time, around 5–15 days. Males, though, feed for a shorter period and copulate with several, partially fed females that are still on the host. Females drop off the host when fully engorged and seek an area to oviposit. Both sexes die shortly after reproducing.
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The curled dock is an optimal host plant for certain Lepidoptera species including, Agrotis ipsilon (black cutworm). Adult moths oviposit on these dense, low-lying leaves during the spring/summer season.Busching, M. K., and F. T. Turpin. “Oviposition Preferences of Black Cutworm Moths Among Various Crop Plants, Weeds, and Plant Debris12.” Journal of Economic Entomology, vol.
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Many species of butterfly occupy only a limited range of the host plant. They utilize the plant chemicals to assess potential host plants and decide if or not to oviposit on them. Most species in the genus Papilio exclusively use rutaceous plants (rutaceae) as host plant, and Papilio protenor is a specialist.Chachin, M., Honda, K., & Ômura, H. (2007).
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Oviposition occurs at a location where an optimal climate and humidity for growth is met. It has been shown that 75% humidity is optimal for oviposition, and females are more likely to oviposit in the presence of water, fresh fruits, or even molasses. Female fecundity depends greatly on the climate. If the temperature is too low, oviposition is suspended.
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If the temperature is too high, the female may become sterile. Females do not travel far to oviposit, and generally lay eggs near the tree from which they emerged. On average, the female lays 50–60 eggs, but this number may vary. She can lay as few as ten eggs or as many as over 100 eggs.
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These large, burrowing frogs follow the general theme of microhylids that deposit aquatic eggs. There is explosive breeding activity in ephemeral water sources such as ponds and ditches. The frogs perform multiple amplectic dips to oviposit surface films of pigmented eggs. A portion of a clutch is released with each dip, with a dip lasting for about 6 seconds.
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The adults mainly prey on smaller insects—mostly other Diptera. They can also consume nectar and dung as additional sources of energy. In a laboratory setting, adult S. stercoraria can live solely on Drosophila and water. Females spend most of their time foraging in vegetation and only visit dung pats to mate and oviposit on the dung surface.
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Copulation takes place on the same tree segments that the females eventually oviposit on. The bark of these trees is thin (0.5-1.0 cm thick) and still firmly attached to the inner bark. Copulation happens either before or between bouts of oviposition. Once a male happens upon a female, he approaches and mounts her, typically with little resistance.
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Males may benefit from ejaculate feeding by decreasing the number of eggs females have available for other mates, thereby increasing his paternity. The male, however, makes no observed attempt to urge the female to ingest his ejaculate. Overall, mating typically occurs for 4 to 6 minutes in total. Afterwards, females oviposit, the larvae grow on the carcass.
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Oviposit usually follows shortly after the male has transferred his sperm. Females must find a suitable position to lay their eggs, as there are many factors that affect the success of the eggs. One such factor is temperature. A study found that temperature had incontestable effects on both embryogenic rate and hatching success in Plathemis lydia eggs.
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Males start signaling first a week after they reach adulthood. Females become reproductively receptive 1–2 weeks about the males. After reproducing, females stay on one plant and oviposit their eggs continuously until they expire or until the first frost hits. Males live shorter than females and usually die shortly after mating a number of times.
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The life cycle of O. scapulalis begins during oviposition. Oviposition behavior has been found to be influenced by oviposition-deterring pheromones (ODPs), also known as host-marking pheromones (MPs), that emanate from egg masses laid by other conspecific females. A female that is ready to oviposit tends to reject hosts that are marked with MPs to favor unmarked hosts.
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One example of superparasitism is seen in Rhagoletis juglandis, also known as the walnut husk fly. During oviposition, female flies lacerate the tissue of the inner husk of the walnut and creative a cavity for her eggs. The female flies oviposit and reinfest the same walnuts and even the same oviposition sites created by conspecifics.Boyce, A.M. (December 1929).
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Heliothis virescens lays its eggs on the leaves of its host plants; upon hatching, larvae migrate to the terminal area and then to the buds to feed. It has been shown that there is maternal inheritance of preferred host plants. Mothers that have been raised on certain plants generally prefer to oviposit their eggs on the same species of plant.
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These beetles, which can be found from May to June on flowers or wood, are relatively common. The species has one generation (univoltine) and hibernates as a pupa. Adult females usually oviposit to moist, rotting wood ad use their acuminate telson to create the site of oviposition. The larvae live in the soil and feed on dead wood of birch and other trees.
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Females oviposit in late June and eggs hatch from mid-August to late- September. The most common nesting microhabitats used by female blue racers are fallen decaying logs; however, eggs are also laid under large rocks and in mounds of decaying organic matter. Intra- and interspecific (with the eastern fox snake) communal nest sites have been documented and appear to be relatively common.
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Female eucharitids oviposit rows of eggs into plant tissue, such as leaves and stems, away from ant colonies.Varone, L. and Briano, J. Bionomics of Orasema simplex (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae), a parasitoid of Solenopsis fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Argentina. Biological Control 48 (2009): 204-209. The eggs are a translucent white and are about 0.19 mm long and 0.08 mm wide.
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Adults oviposit in groups of 2 to 5 rows on dry leaves and grass, especially between the leaf sheath and blade. Females may deposit up to 80 eggs per cluster, leading to highly dense larvae populations. Total reproductive capacity for females is between 500-1500 eggs. The egg stage lasts on average 3.5 days in warmer weather and 6.5 days in cooler weather.
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Mating lasts around 3 hours. Increased mating times are correlated with increased production of fertile eggs. When mating is interrupted, the C. fumiferana female may oviposit infertile eggs or resume mating with other males. Consecutive matings in male C. fumiferana lead to an overall decline in male reproductive performance: decreased spermatophore mass, increased mating time, and a smaller amount of sperm produced.
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Silk cocoon of Zatypota percontatoria (RMNH.INS.593327), preserved specimen - BDJ.1.e992 The lifecycle begins when a female wasp is able to successfully oviposit an egg within the abdomen of a spider within the family Theridiidae. Z. percontatoria is a unique species in that although the wasps are koinobionts, they are one of the rare cases of being ectoparasitic as well.
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Poecilips fallax is small beetle of the subfamily Scolytinae. The beetle, related to carver beetles, is a pest to mangrove trees especially Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata. The adults oviposit or insert their eggs into the hypocotyls before the seed matures or drops to the mud below. When the eggs hatch, the larvae bore tunnels leading away from oviposition site.
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The earliest recorded viable eggs in a study were from females 48 to 72 hours old, which had immediately mated after emerging. Even without having mated, newly emerged females have also been documented to be able to oviposit infertile and consequently unviable eggs. The gestation period lasts for an average of at least 2 days upon emergence from the host.
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Research is currently being performed to develop a synthetic odor bait to replace the use of wounded animals as bait for the females of C. hominivorax. This previously used method has fallen out of favor. The synthetic bait is formulated to mimic natural wound fluid from animals. The female flies are attracted to animal wounds to obtain a protein meal and to oviposit.
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Beetles from different populations can be distinct in their biology, like coloration or behaviour. The larvae and adults from northern Europe (e.g. Finland, Sweden, Norway, Russia, and the Baltic states) feed and oviposit only on some willow species. The Central European populations, which are patchily distributed in Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, northern Italy and France, are mostly monophagous on birch.
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H. erato subspecies have innate, localized host plant preferences for oviposition. These predilections do not vary based on one's own larval host plant or with experimental conditioning. Adult females have been observed to oviposit on the meristem of their host species. Individual plant choice is based on internode length, terminal bud presence, shoot size, and leaf area, in order to confer greater larval survival advantage.
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Both male and female adults seek out a host on which to attach, which may be the same body that served as host during their early development. Once attached, they feed and mate. Females ready to lay eggs drop from the host to oviposit in the environment. Ticks that complete their life cycle in this manner are called two-host ticks, like Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum.
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Copulation. The female N. fusca will oviposit her eggs on a tree near aphid colonies, typically in small bunches.Hojo, M. K., Yamaguchi, S., Akino, T. and Yamaoka, R. (2014), Adoption of lycaenid Niphanda fusca (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) caterpillars by the host ant Camponotus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological Science, 17: 59–65. doi:10.1111/ens.12041G. W. Elmes, J. A. Thomas, M. L. Minguira and K. Fiedler (2001).
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The great spreadwing prefers slow small streams, often with alder or willows, wetlands, ponds and temporary pools. It breeds readily in heavily vegetated water gardens with unpolluted water, as well as in natural water. Females will oviposit in vegetation such as water iris while clasped by males. The male great spreadwings hanging from vegetation either over or near water, usually fairly low, like under 2 feet.
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During oviposition, females must locate a potential host plant and evaluate its suitability as the host plant for oviposition. P. icarus uses visual cues to conduct this task. Females use several plants in the family Fabaceae as larval host plants, many which could also potentially function as nectar sources. P. icarus prefers plants with flowers over plants without, and prefers to oviposit near the flowers.
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Egg Females lay their eggs singly on the host plant leaves, preferring to oviposit on host plants near nectar sources. The egg is round and green, later turning yellowish green with reddish dots. The size of the egg is large for a butterfly, being 0.8 millimeters (0.03 in) in height and 1.2 millimeters (0.05 in) in width. It takes between 4 and 10 days to hatch.
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Orphan colonies are colonies that are maintained by workers after the queen is gone from the nest. Orphaned workers have the ability to mate and produce female offspring, but they only begin to oviposit after the queen has disappeared. This is unique to P. snelleni. Orphaned workers can act essentially as replacement queens, because they can inhibit mating in other workers and founding queens.
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One of the females was observed to oviposit at about 7:30 pm PDT. She laid a total of 40 eggs in the sand. The eggs were about 1.5 x 3 millimeters (less than 0.1 square inch), almost kidney-shaped, and pure white with a slight pink iridescence. Female flower-loving flies possess specialized egg-laying organs on the last segment on their abdomens (acanthophontes).
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A gravid female adult will first locate suitable habitats, and then identify patches of vegetation that contain potential host plants. The cabbage butterflies seem to limit their search to open areas and avoid cool, shaded woodlands even when host plants are available in these areas. Furthermore, gravid females will not oviposit during overcast or rainy weather. In laboratory conditions, high light intensity is required to promote oviposition.
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Metopiines oviposit into the larval stage of their host and emerge fully developed from the host pupae. Many metopiines attack leaf rolling caterpillars. The wasp's stout legs and smooth face may be used to help females push their way into the leaf roll so they may reach the host with their short ovipositor. Adult females may bite hosts in order to feed on their hemolymph.
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Tomato hornworms are known to eat various plants from the family Solanaceae, commonly feeding on tomato, eggplant, pepper, tobacco, moonflowers and potato. Females prefer to oviposit on young leaves near the stem of host plants, and early instar caterpillars can often be found here during the day. In the evening or early morning when sunlight is less direct, the caterpillars will feed on more distal leaves.
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Females oviposit on plants with nectar immediately available for the adults even if it leads to high mortality of the larvae. This lack of discrimination indicates they do not take into account volatile chemicals released from potential host plants when searching for oviposition choices.O'Neill, Bridget F., Arthur R. Zangerl, Evan H. Delucia, and May R. Berenbaum. "Olfactory Preferences Of, AndforGrown Under Elevated CO." Environmental Entomology 39.4 (2010): 1291-1301. Print.
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Arbutus xalapensis, a host plant The females oviposit within 3 hours post-eclosion. They lay their eggs exclusively on the host plant madrone (Arbutus spp.). Though there is much variation in the tree quality of the madrone, the females do not show any preferential oviposition with regard to host plant quality. The eggs are laid in a clump on the undersurface of a single leaf of the madrone.
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E. kuehniella females typically oviposit on the second night after emergence. This is because they require a few hours for the sperm to move from the bursa copulatrix to the vestibulum, where fertilization occurs. Females will then lay anywhere between 116 and 678 eggs in a food source, such as flour, to which the eggs often become attached. When the eggs hatch, larvae spin silken tubes around themselves.
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By number alone, females oviposit most frequently on petals. However, when accounting for variation in surface area, oviposition occurs more frequently on the anthers and corolla tube. These eggs have a 40% greater survival rate than eggs laid on petals, perhaps due to the shortened distance to the fruit from anthers and the corolla tube or due to the added difficulty of entering the fruit from sticky, wilting petals.
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The desired locations of oviposition for D. montana coincide with their breeding sites. Observed substrates for oviposition include phloem and sap flux yeast growths on birch trees, as well as decomposing stalks of the plant Nuphar lutea, the yellow water lily. The virilis group of Drosophila, to which D. montana belongs, is generally known to oviposit in sap. The species has overlapping preferences for oviposition with D. littoralis.
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While giant water bugs in the subfamily Belostomatinae brood eggs on their back, species in the subfamily Lethocerinae oviposit eggs on objects above the water surface. Male L. medius provide parental care by moistening the eggs, shading them, and protecting them from predators by resting on top of them. This postzygotic parental care is a rare phenomenon which sets them apart from other Lethocerus in the Lethocerinae subfamily.
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Metasomal carapace of a Chelonine Phanerotoma sp. They are solitary koinobionts which parasitize Lepidoptera, especially Pyraloidea and Tortricoidea, but also other taxa whose larvae bore in stems, buds or fruits. Chelonines are egg-larval parasitoids, meaning they oviposit into a host egg, but the wasp larvae do not complete development until the caterpillar has hatched and matured. Chelonines carry polydnaviruses which aid in overcoming their hosts' immune system.
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Females begin ovipositing the day after copulation and do so in one batch during a single oviposition event. Shorter and longer oviposition durations are associated with smaller and larger egg masses, which are directly related to female size. Just before beginning to oviposit, females exhibit dispersal behavior. They position themselves on a branch, spread their wings, and extend their abdominal tip around the branch to prepare for oviposition.
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The process of oviposition in C. xami begins with the male butterfly perching or slightly hovering above the host plant, most likely a plant of genus Echeveria. When perched on Echeveria, the male waits and watches for a female butterfly to pass or fly by. Females oviposit after they have found an acceptable plant. Oviposition takes place after copulation and can lasts for a duration of up to two days.
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Adults enter through the fig ostiole, a narrow, bract-lined passage, then pollinate and attempt to oviposit on the flowers. Flower ovules that receive an egg become galled and the larvae consume the gall tissue. Pollinated flowers missed by the wasps produce one seed each. The adult offspring emerge from the gall and mate in the fig, before the winged female wasps disperse, carrying the flower pollen with them.
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Stempfferia cercene, the cercene epitola, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria (south and the Cross River loop), Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and north- western Tanzania.Afrotropical Butterflies: Lycaenidae - Subtribe Epitolina The habitat consists of forests. Adult females oviposit on lichens on the bark of twigs and tree trunks.
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In the Mediterranean basin Closterotomus trivialis has been reported as a serious pest of olive and citrus crops. This species has a single annual generation (univoltine) on citrus and overwinters in the egg stage in bark cracks. Females oviposit their eggs at the end of spring. Eggs hatch in late winter to early spring and larvae feed on understorey weeds, mainly on Urtica species and Parietaria officinalis , Urticaceae being the main hosts.
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Males and females mate in the normal dragonfly manner and after mating, the pair stay in tandem and egg-laying usually occurs whilst still in tandem. This behaviour not seen in other European hawkers with the exception of Aeshna affinis, although two migrants to Europe, A. ephippiger and A. junius also oviposit in tandem. Eggs are inserted into plants or in mud and hatch out in two months. Larval development takes two years.
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On discarded antlers, the males form complex, highly structured aggregations in which a great deal of territorial competition occurs. Some individuals defend stable territories, while others simply wander in search of females that arrive on antlers to feed, mate, and oviposit. In prime areas of the antler, near oviposition sites (cracks in the antler surface), males spend much of their time battling rival males. They even attack insects much larger than themselves.
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Adult females oviposit on emergent vegetation at night, but will also lay their eggs on rocks and manmade surfaces like boats. Once laid, the eggs take approximately two weeks to hatch, during which time the bright pink or orange coloration of the eggs fades. First direct evidence (of all animals), that proteinase inhibitor from eggs of Pomacea canaliculata interacts as trypsin inhibitor with protease of potential predators, has been reported in 2010.
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Yucca moths mate in the spring when the yucca flowers are in bloom. They then mate on the yucca flower, usually in the evening when the flower will be open. Then, the female moth will lay eggs in the wall of the fruit of the yucca, typically around 6-20 day old fruits. T. intermedia is unique in that it will superficially oviposit eggs one at a time so as to deceive the yucca plant.
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However, Tegeticula intermedia is a cheater species of yucca moth that parasitizes the yucca plant. It has evolved to superficially oviposit to avoid detection by the yucca that would allow it to lay many eggs without inducing flower abortion. The key trait of this species is that it lays eggs without pollinating the yucca. It enjoys the benefits of reproducing without the costs of aiding yucca reproduction at the expense of the host.
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Six species of ticks of the genus Amblyomma have been recorded from both two- and three-toed sloths in Central and South America. Of these, two species, Amblyomma geayi and Amblyomma varium are host- specific to sloths and the others are considered as accidental infestations. Adult males of Amblyomma geayi may remain on their hosts for more than three weeks, but the females depart after engorging to oviposit. Infestation with ticks can be extremely high.
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Bees of the genus Ptilothrix are solitary. Unlike honeybees or other eusocial bee species, the members of Ptilothrix do not form a hive or have division of labor of individuals. Females nest individually in hard-packed soil and oviposit eggs into brood cells provisioned with masses of pollen and nectar, which provide nutrients for their offspring. The adults emerge from the nest, which is sometimes covered with a layer of soil to prevent predation.
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Adult moths feed little if at all. Though feeding may prolong life a little longer, abstaining from feeding does not significantly reduce their reproductive success. Their ability to copulate and oviposit are unaffected, and embryonic development in eggs is not affected by lack of feeding behavior of the parent moths. If they choose to feed, the moths feed on sweet fluids, such as juice from the fruit, diluted honey, and diluted molasses.
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Second generation adult moths first emerge in the spring, around the end of April to beginning of May. Flight time and emergence are dependent on temperature and other climatic factors. As soon as the moths emerge, they copulate, oviposit first generation eggs, and caterpillars that arise from the eggs bore into the fruits. Therefore, it is critical to predict the time of emergence of the moths in the spring to minimize damages to the crops.
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Trissolcus basalis is a solitary endoparasitoid, completing development within the eggs of pentatomid bugs. Females use their clubbed-shape antennae to palpate eggs laid by their primary host, Nezara viridula. When ready to oviposit, the female faces away from the egg and backs into it, inserting her ovipositor through the wall of the egg. Once finished ovipositing, the female withdraws her ovipositor and wipes the tip across the egg surface to mark the egg.
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Female J. evagoras typically oviposit in holes in the bark of Acacia trees. The trunk of the tree is the most common location, but some also lay eggs on leaves. Female butterflies were observed changing their oviposition sites over the course of the egg laying season from the outside of plants to the inside of trunk crevices. The decision of where to lay eggs is influenced by a set of hierarchical cues.
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A major factor in host plant selection is the presence of attendant ants. Female butterflies are more likely to oviposit on plants with ants. They can also tell the difference between different species of ants and identify the ones that are better suited to protect their young. The presence of other larvae can also influence oviposition, but this is a secondary effect of the larvae attracting more ants to the host plant.
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A negative factor in its use as a biocontrol agent is that it is known to oviposit in grapefruit in the state of Florida. This has resulted in quarantines on grapefruit shipped internationally as well as domestically. Research is ongoing to determine whether D. longicaudata is actually a single species, or if it contains multiple species. It is likely multiple biological species separated by both reproductive isolation and morphological characteristics such as wing geometry.
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To allow the adults to survive through the cold winter and oviposit during the spring, the adults go through the diapausing morph which feature darker wings for greater protective colouration during hibernation. When the photoperiods are longer during summertime, the adults go through the directly developing phase with a lighter appearance. The lighter appearance is attributed to fewer resources allocated to producing a protective appearance and more resources used to assist reproduction.
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The four stages of the C. capitata life cycle are the egg, larvae, pupae and adult stages. Female medflies oviposit in groups of roughly 10-14 eggs and deposit them just under the skin surface of their host fruit. Once the eggs are deposited below the skin they hatch in only a few days, emerging as maggots, or larvae. C. capitata flies are known to disperse up to distances of 12 miles in search of host fruit.
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These larvae burrow into a villus and develop into adults (over 2–3 days). They then migrate into the cecum and ascending colon where they thread their anterior portion (whip-like end) into the tissue mucosa and reside permanently for their year-long lifespan. About 60 to 70 days after infection, female adults begin to release unembryonated eggs (oviposit) into the cecum at a rate of 3,000 to 20,000 eggs per day, linking the life cycle to the start.
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In northern Florida, the predominant parasite of H. virescens on tobacco plants was Cardiochiles nigriceps, a parasitoid wasp. Adults of this parasitoid were found on the vast majority of tobacco plants, before any tobacco budworm eggs or larvae were found on it. Once tobacco was removed from the plots, parasitism by C. nigriceps declined. C. nigriceps generally oviposit its eggs onto small Heliothis virescens larvae; eggs hatch either at later instars or at the prepupae stage.
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Unlike other Hemideina species, H. maori is a species of tree wētā, which spends most of its time in tors on the ground. Just like other tree wētā species however, H. maori leave their refuges at night to forage and oviposit in soil. To defend against predators, mountain stone wētā will often "play dead". They lie still for a short time on their back, with legs splayed, claws exposed and jaws wide open ready to scratch and bite.
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O. agrili ignored eggs of all other species except of three of the Agrilus species of egg size in the same range as that of EAB. O. agrili strongly preferred to oviposit in EAB eggs laid on ash than in eggs of other Agrilus species on their respective host plants. The selectivity shown by O. agrili has led to its being included in the biological control program for controlled releases in selected sites for further research.
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In contrast, other biotic defenses such as predators or parasites of the herbivores consuming a plant are normally attracted by volatile organic compounds (known as semiochemicals) released following damage or by food rewards and shelter produced by the plant. These defenders vary in the time spent with the plant: from long enough to oviposit to remaining there for numerous generations, as in the ant-acacia mutualism. Endophytic fungi tend to live with the plant over its entire life.
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For example, adult females of many lycaenid butterflies, such as J. evagoras, preferentially oviposit on plants where ant partners are present, possibly by using ants' own chemical cues in order to locate sites where juvenile butterflies will likely be tended by ants. While ant attendance has been widely documented in Lycaenid butterflies and to some extent in riodinid butterflies such as E. elvina, many other lepidopteran species are known to associate with ants, including many moths.
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These easily-visible leks are found above their plant substrate, where females feed and oviposit on fermenting wood. To defend against damage from winds, these leks are often chosen to be underneath the canopy of large trees. The number of males per plant varies, as males are often alone in their territories but can also cluster in groups. Up to ten males can occupy a single shrub by establishing separate territories on their own fern or branch.
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P. tecta in Bangladesh may oviposit in two separate periods, from the beginning of December to mid-January and from mid-February to the end of March. A nest cavity 14–20 cm deep is usually dug. Clutches contain 3-14 elongated (35-45 x 21–29 mm) eggs. There are reports of clutches with a maximum of 15 ovoid (50-51 x 20–21 mm), white eggs, that tend to become bluish at hatching time.
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Females are often found on adult nectar plants, as intake of sufficient nectar crucially determines their reproductive success and fecundity. During mating, females receive a sodium transfusion from males, which is used for egg production. If females do have the opportunity to mate multiply, they can derive the bulk of their nutrients from nuptial gifts, and thereby reduce their need to forage for nectar. Following mating, females oviposit near their host plant, violets, but rarely on them.
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Oviposition, or the laying of eggs occurs around the host plant Sedum lanceolatum, but not on the host plant itself. Females tend to search for good-quality meadows that have S. lanceolatum, though high host plant density is not required. They will retain their eggs and travel greater distances to find suitable meadows before oviposition. It is likely that there is some chemical or physical cue from the larval host plant that stimulates the females to oviposit near them.
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The mature female wasp seeks out adult female ladybirds, although they will sometimes oviposit into a male adult or larval instar. One egg is planted in the host's soft underbelly. The wasp larva hatches after 5–7 days into a first instar larva with large mandibles and proceeds to remove any other eggs or larvae before beginning to feed on the ladybird's fat bodies and gonads. The wasp larva inside the ladybird goes through four larval instars in 18–27 days.
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Blow flies generally are about the size of a house fly or a little larger, and many are metallic blue or green in color. Key characteristics of this species include black gena, mostly white calypters, and anterior thoracic spiracles that appear to be orange yellow due to being surrounded by bright orange setae. P. regina is especially important to forensic entomology. Female P. regina, like other blow flies in the family Calliphoridae, oviposit their eggs on carrion, where they hatch.
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After several minutes of copulation, the female ejects a large part of the semen and swallows it. Such behaviour seems to correlate with the success of fertile egg production. Given such elaborate behavioural and morphological adaptations, waltzing flies are of interest as a model system for studying of the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Females oviposit on carrion, and larvae develop largely in sheltered parts of the carcass; depending on the degree of decomposition, they often develop inside the bone marrow.
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Unlike most butterflies, N. fusca does not feed nor depend on host plants, but rather feeds on the excretions of aphids and, later, on the regurgitation of C. japonicus. As a result, there are no specific plants that the female butterfly will choose to oviposit on, but rather she will seek out plants and trees near C. japonicus nests and aphid colonies to ensure a food source for her offspring. One plant that has been used in laboratory experiments is Japanese pampas grass.
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This species is found all year round as it overwinter as an adult. It usually blends in with the dried grass stalks in which it overwinters. It is one of only two species of European dragonflies that overwinter as adult insects, the other being the related Sympecma paedisca. Although related to the Lestes 'spreadwing' damselflies, Sympecma rest with their wings alongside their bodies In spring these damselflies mate and with the pairs still in tandem, the females oviposit in floating vegetation.
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Anteon caledonianum Anteon is the largest genus in the subfamily Anteoninae of the family Dryinidae, it occurs globally and there is a current total of 423 species described. The species in the genus Anteon are parasitoids of leafhoppers from the family Cicadellidae. The female wasps of the family Dryinidae almost always possess a chelate protarsus, as do females of species within Anteon. The chelae are used to capture and immobilise the host leafhopper to allow the wasp to oviposit and feed on it.
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This is to ensure that the female's young belong to the mounting male and thus guarantee the spread of his genes. Females oviposit, or lay their eggs, by submerging and attaching the eggs to stable surfaces such as plants or stones. Some water strider species will lay the eggs at the water edge if the body of water is calm enough. The amount of eggs laid depends on the amount of food available to the mother during the reproductive season.
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The winged female wasps can fly over long distances before finding another fig to oviposit in it, while the male dies after chewing a hole. As the fig is closed by a tight ostiole, the female wasps have developed adaptations to enter. First, the mandibles of the female wasps have developed specialized mandibular appendages to help them crawl into the figs. These appendages are adapted to the host fig species, with for instance spiraled ostioles matched by spiral mandibular appendages.
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They approach workers that land nearby and oviposit on the host by curling their abdomens. The workers repeatedly brush their abdomens afterwards, suggesting that they were aware that an attack occurred. The overall effect of this parasitism is usually fatal. Older workers are more likely to be parasitized. Because of this, as long as the number of parasites is minimal, the overall cost to the colony is not large, since these workers have already contributed substantially to the colony’s welfare.
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Adult female moths prefer to oviposit on host plants from the family Solanaceae. The ovipositor contains both mechano and chemo-sensory receptors that look for certain chemical factors from plants in order to help the female moth determine which plants are preferred. A study by P. G. Fenemore from Massey University shows that potato tuber moths are drawn to an amino acid in potatoes called L-glutamic acid and that this plays a key role in helping determine plant selection for oviposition.
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Apocephalus paraponerae is a species of fly in the family Phoridae discovered by Borgmeier in 1958. This species is a parasitoid of the giant tropical ant Paraponera clavata (commonly known as the bullet ant) and uses both visual and chemical cues to locate its host. A. paraponerae can locate fighting or injured ants through host-produced alarm pheromones. Female flies are attracted to the ant to feed and oviposit, while males are attracted to feed and locate females for mating.
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Females of M. histrionica oviposit on specific plants that are able to provide better nutrition and habitat for their offspring. One study done by Hemley-Hartman and Miller (2014) studied the effects of host plants on female oviposition site choice. The researchers used broccoli and mustard as two different host plants and found that individuals reared on broccoli were more likely to mate in general and all individuals reared on mustard mated. Individuals reared on mustard were larger than individuals reared on broccoli.
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Sycophaga is a mainly Afrotropical gall wasp genus of the family Chalcidoidea that live on the section Sycomorus of the monoecious fig subgenus, Sycomorus, and one of several fig wasp genera to exploit its mutualism with Ceratosolen wasps. They enter the fig during the receptive phase of development, and oviposit inside the short-style flowers. This induces the growth of endosperm tissue and the enlargement and ripening of the syconium which holds the wasp- bearing drupelets, without pollination taking place.
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The species typically has a sex ratio that is biased towards males (usually in a 2:1 ratio). This is attributed to the relative size of the host ants, which happen to have more large individuals than smaller individuals. There is a lower number of hosts that can support the development of female flies, making the female gender rarer. This creates intraspecific competition between the P. tricuspis females who compete with each other in trying to oviposit within the same host.
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The galls are internal in this species, and generally not visible. The adult female A. rufus locates an appropriate site to oviposit by detecting plant volatiles emitted by the fresh growing stem of its host plant, a mix of monoterpenes. The male A. rufus also uses the volatiles in his search for mates. Females mate immediately upon emergence from the gall, and the male uses volatiles to find a gall containing a female, as evidenced by the movements of his antennae upon the plant's surface.
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The life cycle and development of Phormia regina is similar to that of most other Dipteran species, in which females oviposit their eggs onto a nutrient substrate. Then, after hatching, the larvae feed throughout three instar stages until they have stored up enough calories to commence pupation and finally emerge as adult blow flies. Each transition from first, second, and third instar is marked by a molt, and eventually the third-instar larvae develop sclerotized (hardened) casings which envelop and protect them throughout metamorphosis.
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Female butterflies disperse when they are about to oviposit. They decide on the number of eggs they deposit in different subhabitats by certain criteria such as the quality of the subhabitat, the existing adult population in the area, the quantity of young leaves in the vicinity, the degree of sun exposure (females prefer sunnier areas),Suzuki, Y., K. Yamaguchi, M. Iga, Y. Hirose andH. Kimoto (1976) Spatial distribution of the eggs ofPapilio xuthus Linné (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in a citrus grove.Jap. J. appl. Ent. Zool.
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A submerged corpse can vary in temperature and is colonized by very few terrestrial insects. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic insects and bacteria would be the likely fauna in this case. Bodies that have been buried are harder to get to than freely available bodies which limits the availability of certain insects to colonize. The Coffin fly Megaselia scalaris is one of the few fly species seen on buried bodies because it has the ability to dig up to six feet underground to reach a body and oviposit.
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The wood white was added to the UK BAP Priority Species list in 2005 due to a substantial decline in the population, especially in England. This decline has been attributed to changes in woodland regions, including increased shade due to tree planting, and the failure to maintain woodland rides in a satisfactory way for wood whites to oviposit. Conservation efforts are currently striving to understand how to best maintain woodland regions and are examining the effect of climate change (particularly during the winter months) on egg survival.
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Females mate only once in nature, while males can mate several times. This can be explained by the competing pressures that each sex faces. wood white males would need to mate with as many conspecific females as possible to maximize the number of viable offspring, while females benefit from only mating once, since the egg-laying process of choosing the best food-plant on which to oviposit is so time and energy intensive—mating multiple times would not be a good use of resources.
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Pre- reproductive females are membranous and reddish-brown, once females begin to lay eggs they are globular or kidney-shaped become light to dark brown, and eventually heavily sclerotized. The adult females resemble the bud of their coniferous hosts, hence the name bud scale. Physokermes are difficult to identify to species, as only pre-reproductive females can be used. Once females begin to oviposit, their bodies become distorted and it is not possible to detect the morphological features necessary to identify them to species.
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After pupation, the pupae are placed in a breeding or colony chamber to eclose. Providing a cup of sugar water and a tobacco (or related) plant will allow mated females to oviposit fertile eggs, which can then be reared. When fed an artificial diet, Manduca larvae do not consume the xanthophyll -which is a yellow pigment- needed to produce their green coloration; instead they appear blue. On some diets, they have very little pigment and pigment precursors, so are a very pale blue-white.
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The tribe Sphecodini contains four cleptoparasitic genera of bees that oviposit their eggs onto or near the pollen stores of their hosts’ nests. These cleptoparasitic bees are host generalists and belong to an ancient lineage of parasites that uniquely shares no specificity with any nonparasitic halictine taxa. Species belonging to the largest genus, Sphecodes, exhibit especially aggressive parasitism, attacking and sometimes killing solitary or social nest host female(s) before ovipositing eggs into pollen-provisioned host cells. Such parasites inhabit every continent with the exception of Australia.
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Like other members of the genus Erysimum, E. cheiranthoides produces two major classes of chemical defenses against herbivory: glucosinolates, which are characteristic of the plant family Brassicaceae, and cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), a class of chemicals produced by at least twelve different plant families. Glucosinolates found in E. cheiranthoides include glucoiberin, glucoerucin, glucocheirolin, and glucoiberverin. Cardenolides reported in E. cheiranthoides seeds include strophanthidin, digitoxigenin, cannogenol, erychroside, erysimoside, erycordin, cheiranthoside, glucoerysimoside, and glucodigifucoside. Some crucifer-specialist insect herbivores do not feed and/or oviposit readily on E. cheiranthoides.
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After they emerge from their cocoons, adult salvinia stem-borer moths spend the rest of their three- or four-week life span around their host plants, mating and laying eggs. Female moths lay an average of 150 eggs over the course of several days on the surfaces of host plant leaves or among hairs or leaflet structures. Moths prefer the host plant P. stratiotes for laying eggs due to its structure which provides abundant oviposition surfaces. Moths are not known to oviposit on E. crassipes.
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These results showed that the environment plays big role in determining wing morph in G. rubens. However, a later study identified that in female G. rubens, genotype plays a bigger role in determining wing morph and in males the environment plays a bigger role in determining wing morph. Thus it was concluded that genes for wing morph is strongly influenced by the environment. A few years later, a study found that short winged female G. rubens oviposit earlier and with more eggs than their long winged counterparts.
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The flight time of Hemileuca lucina is about two weeks during September and they lay eggs once a year (univoltine). Hemileuca lucina females expand their wings, which is often seen as a signal for hormone production. The hormone is used to attract males and once males are with females, they copulate for about one to two hours. The host plant in which females oviposit eggs is called Spiraea latifolia and they usually lay one or two batches of eggs on the stem of the host plant.
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Female E. mella flies are selective when deciding on what host to parasitize. Once a host is selected a female may oviposit her eggs on the surface of the host. Larvae then burrow into the host for the remainder of their development usually killing the host once they emerge during either prepupae or pupae stage of development. Experiments in these flies have suggested that they can learn from experience that influence certain behaviors as suggest them as candidates for biocontrol agents to control certain pests.
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One experiment observed more experienced flies learning and behaving in a different way than inexperienced flies. Where more experienced flies typically oviposited more eggs onto a host, experienced females were also documented to be able to recognize suitable hosts faster than inexperienced hosts and tended to oviposit on live hosts more often. Another experiment looked into the potential of E. mella flies as biocontrol agents in agriculture for certain pests. Where parasitism of the host rarely lets the pest that is chosen as a host live.
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A male and a female forming a copulatory "wheel" Bladetail breeds in larger lakes and larger, slowly flowing rivers. Adults tend to wander far from where they hatched, and may colonize new bodies of water, such as abandoned gravel pits, as a pioneer species. They are however more commonly found above lakes with wide reed beds or floating patches of aquatic plants in which the females oviposit. The species has a broad distribution range in most parts of Central and Southwest Asia, and eastern Mediterranean.
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Females lay eggs singly on the surface of host plant leaves in late spring. Larvae hatch after approximately one week. The female decides where to lay eggs based on an assessment of the risk of predation her offspring will face. On the tobacco plant Nicotiana attenuata, young leaves close to a plant's stem are more protected from predators and larvae that grow there gain more mass than larvae grown elsewhere on the plant; females prefer to oviposit, or lay their eggs, on these leaves.
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The diet of the adult butterfly has a large impact on the choice of D. aurantiacus as the oviposition site and larval host of the variable checkerspot. Adult butterflies prefer to oviposit on host sites that are close to nectar sources. In the Jasper Ridge site, D. aurantiacus is the host plant closest to the E. californicum nectar source. This proximity advantage overcomes its nutritional deficiencies compared to other host plants and leads to it being the principle host plant of variable checkerspot butterflies.
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A. japonicus are multivoltine and oviposit 2 – 3 times per gonotrophic cycle, producing a mean of 114 ± 51 eggs per female. The eggs are resistant to desiccation and if temperatures are low then the eggs will enter the prediapause stage where its responsive to environmental based cues that cause it to enter diapause at the pharate first instar. Their larvae are active as soon as early spring in snowy spring waters, notably the only mosquito to do so and is likely key to their invasive success.
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However, the eggshells are not consumed upon hatching, despite its high nutrient content. The eggs are generally laid on the underside of flower heads, leaves, sticks, stones, moss, clumps of dirt, and sometimes on the larval foodplant. The female may or may not oviposit on the foodplant itself, and may often lay her eggs over a meter away from the plant. The embryo develops into first instar larva within a month of oviposition but the egg does not hatch until the snow melts the next spring.
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The few able to pupate at these high temperatures do not emerge as adults. The lowest temperature threshold for this species was found to be 12.5 °C below which females will not oviposit. The highest rate of development (with survival into adulthood) was seen at a constant temperature of 35 °C, where the average time of adult emergence was 265 hours (about 11 days). Flies at constant temperatures between 15 and 30 °C (at 5-degree increments) developed slower, with flies at the coolest temperatures taking the longest.
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Currently, research is being done to determine when a body was placed outside, either day or night. For example, by comparing developmental stages of Lucilia and Calliphora, the time of day should be able to be distinguished. Calliphora is thought to not oviposit at night while Lucilia does, so when evaluating the late stages of Lucilia and the beginning stages of Calliphora, time can be theorized. Another area of research, entomotoxicology Entomotoxicology, is understanding what drugs, either street or prescribed, does to insects when consuming a corpse that has ingested the drug.
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During eggs stage (Ovoid, about 0.74 × 0.36 mm, clear white to pale yellow), D. speciosa becomes active in mid-spring and quickly starts locating host plants for feeding and egg deposition. Females oviposit throughout the field and eggs typically hatch within 6–9 days and can take up to 30 days with under low temperature conditions. Eggs are yellow, oval shaped laid in clusters of 25-50 below leaf surface, and measure about 0.7 mm long and 0.5 mm wide. Adult females deposit eggs in soil crevices at or near the base of cucurbit plants.
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The beetle larvae grow inside the bean until they emerge as an adult. The time it takes the larvae to develop varies across hosts, with longer development times on less suitable hosts. It has been found that beetles that choose to oviposit their eggs on the black eyed pea have a shorter development time, suggesting that the black eyed pea is a more suitable host. The temperature and relative humidity have an effect on the developmental time as well; higher temperatures and a relative humidity range of 40%-60% shorten developmental time.
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Adult female moths leave the fur of the sloth to lay eggs in the sloth droppings when the sloth descends, once a week, to the forest floor to defecate. The larvae of Cryptoses choloepi live in the dung and newly emerged moths later fly from the dung pile into the forest canopy to find a host sloth. Chrysaugine moths, such as Cryptoses spp., spend their lives as adults in the fur of sloths, particularly the three-toed species, except when the sloths descend to defecate and females fly to the sloth dung to oviposit.
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The adult females of D. fuscipennis mate soon after emergence and oviposit their white, oval eggs in groups of 10-50, the mean clutch being 30, through the cocoon and onto the cuticle of the prepupal stage of their host insects. The female first partially parasitizes the host using its sting. An adult female lives for around a week and she may lay up to 100 eggs during her adult life. They normally choose hosts where the prepupae are of the newer generation but will lay on diapausing prepupae of the previous host generation.
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L. thatuna is of forensic importance because it belongs to the family Calliphoridae which are more commonly known as blowflies. The genus Lucilia is overwhelmingly the first to appear on carrion if left exposed to the elements such as in an outside environment or where the carrion is accessible to insects. Upon reaching the carrion, females will oviposit their eggs in moist openings such as the eyes, nose, mouth, and anus. The reason for this is because the maggots do not regularly burrow through skin and need a soft place to begin feeding.
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A study conducted in a stream located in the Vereda Agua Blanca, Río Frio River basin in Santander, Colombia, analyzed patterns of reproduction sites in Espadarana andina. The study concluded that preferences for sites used by males to call for females, and for females to oviposit (lay eggs) was not impacted by environmental factors such as transitions to and from rainy and dry seasons, time of day, or month of the year. The study showed that oviposition occurred the most on H.coronarium plants. The plant is commonly named white ginger butterfly lily.
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S. agrili has been recorded to attack and kill up to 90 percent of EAB larvae. This wasp is a gregarious ectoparasitoid, meaning it lays multiple eggs on the surface of its host, and the larva feed externally. The life cycle of S. agrili was found to be synchronized with that of its preferred host stages - the emergence of adult wasps took place when third and fourth-instar larvae of EAB were available. The female wasps oviposit through the tree bark, paralyze the host larva and lay a clutch of eggs on the integument.
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The female C. viridula can open the host cocoons to oviposit within them. When the larval C. viridula hatches its eats the host larva. On the mainland of Europe other known hosts include Odynerus reniformis, Ancistrocerus parietum and Odynerus alpinus and in Italy its distribution extends to an altitude of . This species has a thick exoskeleton which protects it from the defensive stinging attacks of the host females, to enhance this defence the female C. viridula has a concave underside and it can curl itself into a defensive ball.
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The female H. maculifrons has a long ovipositor which it uses to insert eggs into her tunnel (gallery) walls. H. maculifrons are not known to exhibit maternal care of eggs or young. Observations of related ground weta species found that females remain in their galleries with the eggs without emerging for several months after oviposition, tending to the nymphs _;_ however, parental care is unusually for ground weta species with long ovipositors. It may take several days for the females to oviposit a batch of eggs, and the egg incubation period is around 12–18 months.
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It is important for M. histrionica to migrate from plant to plant depending on seasonal and insect density changes. In a study conducted by Englishloeb and Collier (1987), insects released from the original bush had different migration preferences depending on their sex. Males tended to migrate to short distances from the original plant and females mostly remained on the original plant. The results of this study were appropriate because males are more inclined to find mates and reduce competition by migrating away from a dense area while females need to oviposit.
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Humans exploit the insect olfactory system to control agricultural and disease carrying pests. For some agricultural pests manufactured sex pheromones are placed in traps to capture adults before they can oviposit (lay their eggs) leading to the hatching of their destructive larvae. While there are thousands of chemicals insects can detect there is a limited range that insects use as cues to move towards or away from the source of the odorant. The art of finding an attractant or repellent for a particular insect of interest is complicated and a long, intensive process.
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Not only is the density of host plant crucial for a favorable habitat, but also the height of the sward, the expanse of grass covering the area where E. aurinia lives. Sward height that is too short can lead to increased exposure of the larvae to predators and can cause limited food availability, leading to starvation. However, if the sward height is too tall and densely packed, then it becomes difficult for adult butterflies to locate the host plant to oviposit on. Thus, the level of sward height is most optimal when it is medium height.
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Female painted lady butterflies may suspend their flight temporarily when they are "ready to oviposit";Tilden, J. W. (1962). "General Characteristics of the Movements of Vanessa cardui (L.)" Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 43-49 this allows them the opportunity to continually reproduce throughout their migrations. Because these butterflies are constantly migrating, male butterflies are thought to lack consistent territory. Instead of requiring territory to mate with females and developing evolutionary behaviour to defend this territory, the mating butterflies appear to establish a particular "time and place" in certain locations that they find to be suitable for reproduction.
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Aleochara bilineata is a rove beetle within the Staphylinidae family. The adult specimens are a dominant predator of the eggs and larvae of D. radicum, D. platura, D. floralis, and D. planipalis. Additionally, the first instar larvae of A. bilineata are ectoparasites of the Delia pupae. Female A. bilineata will oviposit near the roots of the cruciferous crops, where Delia larvae are most likely to be found, and once the eggs hatch, the parasitic instars will chew an entrance hole on the vulnerable puparial wall wherein it will feed on the pupae within and undergoes two more instar stages before pupating.
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Examples may be found in the arthropods associated with sloths. The coprophagous sloth moths such as Bradipodicola hahneli and Cryptoses choloepi, are unusual in that they are exclusively found inhabiting the fur of the sloths, mammals found in central and South America. The sloth provides transport to the moths whose females oviposit in the droppings of sloths, larvae feed on it and newly hatched moths move into the forest canopy in search of a new sloth host. Larvae of the blister beetle (Meloe franciscanus) need to find the nests of their host, the solitary bee (Habropoda pallida) to continue their life cycle.
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The bean beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, oviposit their eggs on the cowpea bean. The species that are most common for the beetle to lay their eggs on are black eyed peas, mung beans, and adzuki beans. If more than one host is available, the beetle will choose its host depending on the variety and size of the bean as well as the texture of the seed coat.Boeke, S.J., Dicke, M., van Huis, A., and van Loon, J.J.A. (2004) Host preference of Callosobruchus maculatus: a comparison of life history characteristic for three strains of beetle on two varieties of cowpea.
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They typically fly high in the rainforest canopy, descending only to feed or oviposit on host plants. Males routinely establish territories along creeks and in rainforest clearings and periodically patrol them during the day, again being most active at dawn and dusk. Courtship is elaborate, with the male initially chasing after the female before hovering above to douse her in pheremones from his androconial brush, a large row of hairs along the anal fold of the hindwing. Females not receptive to such overtures will avoid mating by remaining immobile and preventing the male from settling and pairing with her.
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The traditional ecological knowledge of the life cycles and harvesting practices have been taught through oral education and shared experiences over centuries, developed in interaction with their local environment. The Bisa identify caterpillar species in various ways, among them the sound that the caterpillars make while eating and on which plants they feed. They have an understanding of the life cycles of the harvested caterpillars, recognizing the stages: egg, larva, pupa, and then adult. Through early September to late October the caterpillars oviposit, and then harvesting is done during the rainy season between November and April.
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An additional factor adding to the level of difficulty in ovipositing is that the spider is usually the same size if not larger than the wasp. The wasp has to be big enough to be able to handle itself in a battle with the spider and precise enough to oviposit an egg in the abdomen of the spider. If the wasp is not careful, it will get injured and/or be unsuccessful in an attempt to parasitize the spider. Z. percontatoria prefers female spiders because they forage more than males leading to increased nutrients that the host can provide.
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Moths unfamiliar with a host plant will avoid ovipositing on that plant and instead preferentially oviposit on a familiar host, even if the familiar host produces unappetizing chemicals. This demonstrates that larvae and moths develop host preferences and that the species is slow to determine whether a plant chemical is toxic, given that the larva is not immediately turned off by the unappetizing chemicals. This choice is also influenced by insect waste, also known as larval frass, as its presence serves as a chemical deterrent for potential mothers. Larval frass indicates that the site is already occupied, therefore avoiding overcrowding.
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Glyptapanteles phytometrae and host left Female Glyptapanteles oviposit into caterpillar hosts. The caterpillar continues to grow and feed normally until the 4th or 5th instar, whereupon up to 80 fully grown larvae emerge from its body to pupate. Some species parasitized by Glyptapanteles include Lymantria dispar, Chrysodeixis chalcites, Thyrinteina leucocerae (both pictured), and Acronicta rumicis. According to a study done in South Korea on the species G. liparidis, the parasitoid tends to prefer to feed on the second-instar A. rumicis larva, indicating that the stage of caterpillar life may have significant role in maximizing nutrient intake.
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As many as 13 females may oviposit in a single large tree hole, laying up to 250 eggs each, but the numbers of naiads are reduced by cannibalism. Even when there is a high concentration of other prey, Megaloprepus naiads still kill each other until a density of one naiad per 1-2 liters of water is reached.Fincke, "Population Regulation", 118, 124. They are not territorial, but larger individuals displace smaller ones; their aggressive behavior includes raising and swinging the caudal lamellae and striking with the labium, the hinged, extensible lower "lip" that odonate naiads use to catch prey.
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The wood wasps infect trees by splashing a phytotoxic secretion below the bark and at the same time injecting fungal spores into the hole. The secretion weakens the tree and temporarily diminishes its immune system, whereby the fungus can spread along the xylem. The infection with Amylostereaceae fulfill two functions for the wasps: it provides the larvae food, because the white rot softens the wood; at the same time, the mycelia of the fungi serves as food for the larvae. After the larvae pupate, it absorbs the mycelia of the Amylostereaceae into its body to oviposit together with its eggs.
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Although some Dipteran species oviposit on dung, P. regina females exclusively deposit their eggs on carrion. The neuroendocrine system in adult males, which controls their mating behavior, must be stimulated before they will mate with a female. Protein in the male diet is not necessarily needed for this stimulation, but Stoffolano also saw that higher percentages of females were successfully inseminated by male specimens which had been fed either dung or beef liver versus specimens with a diet of only sugar. Protein is not generally necessary for spermatogenesis in male flies, but it is paramount for accessory reproductive gland development, higher rates of copulation, and the capability of impregnating females.
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Saga pedo about to oviposit an egg in soil Members of the Saginae are gracile and elongated in build compared to say, most locusts or crickets, but their four anterior walking legs, as opposed to their two posterior leaping legs, are powerful and lined with spines, mainly along their inner edges. They apply those inner spines in clasping their prey. Some species have spines on the outer surfaces and on the leaping legs as well; those external spines probably are defensive in function. The jaws of Saginae are not spectacular, but are large, powerful, sharp, and businesslike, as befits predators, and the insects do not hesitate to bite when handled.
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In this system the males search for a desirable spot for the females to deposit their eggs, and then they guard that spot and await interested females. They will fight off other males who want that spot even while mating with or guarding a female. When a female approaches the male will extend its wings out and keep the female from reaching the oviposit site. The male will then mount the female and latch on behind the wings of the female. This is called a “wing-lock.” The male will hold onto the female in this way during copulation and while the female is ovipositing.
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Illustration of Evania appendigaster (lower right) and its pupa (upper right) as parasites of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) The female wasp lays an egg inside the roach ootheca (egg case), and the wasp larva hatches quickly and consumes the roach eggs. Technically, they are thus predators, rather than parasites or parasitoids as other parasitic wasps. A single egg is laid per ootheca, into a host egg in some Evaniidae, and between the eggs in others. Some are able to oviposit even when the female cockroach still carries the fresh ootheca around, while other ensign wasps will only attack oothecae that are completed and have been dropped by the mother roach.
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Female (left, with long ovipositor) and male Blastophaga psenes Among the Agaonidae, the female is a normal insect, while the males are mostly wingless. The males' only tasks are to mate with the females while still within the fig syconium (inverted flower) and to chew a hole for the females to escape from the fig interior. This is the reverse of Strepsiptera and the bagworm, where the male is a normal insect and the female never leaves the host. The non-pollinating wasps have developed impressive morphological adaptations in order to oviposit eggs inside the fig but from the outside: an extremely long ovipositor.
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The females take a relatively long time to reach sexual maturity and it may take nine weeks from when the adults emerge to when ovipostion commences. The female selects compacted bare ground which is exposed to the sun in which to oviposit, often the edge of a gravel or dirt road. She works her ovipositor to a depth of 35mm and deposits a large clutch of eggs which are enclosed in a sharply curved pod. After approximately 80 minutes, she extracts her ovipositor and then for up to three minutes she uses her hind tarsi to brush dust and debris over the oviposition site.
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The rank of subordinates is positively correlated with the degree of ovarian development and the highest ranking individual usually becomes queen if the established queen disappears. Workers do not oviposit when queens are present because of a variety of reasons: colonies tend to be small enough that queens can effectively dominate workers, queens practice selective oophagy or egg eating, or the flow of nutrients favors queen over workers and queens rapidly lay eggs in new or vacated cells. However, it is also possible that morphological differences favor the worker. In certain species of wasps, such as Apoica flavissima queens are smaller than their worker counterparts.
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Cataglyphis ants are wary of these minute parasitoid wasps and, when detected, fend them off using mandibles or with the middle and rear pairs of legs as the wasps appear from the rear. On their part, Kollasmosoma wasps fly rapidly and approach from behind. Cataglyphis ants typically hold their metasoma at an angle which ranges from the horizontal to vertically upward, the latter position being characteristic for the genus. The wasps oviposit on the dorsal or ventral surface of the metasoma, and rarely on the abdominal apex, manoeuvring their body so that the ovipositor thrusts along the posterior-anterior axis of the ant body, a behaviour which suggests that the wasp aims to pierce through the intersegmental membranes.
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These mites are typically abundant along the margins of temporary ponds, springs, streams, and seepage areas in North America and Europe. Nymphs and adults can be seen crawling and mating along substrate beginning in early Spring, soon after the recession of surface ice. Eggs are laid soon after the thaw, and larvae typically emerge and begin host seeking within 30–40 days. According to Mullen (1977), P. barbigera attach exclusively to female mosquitoes as they land near the water's edge to oviposit, which was supported by an extensive field study in which he observed zero mite larvae on 15,000 Aedes pupae, and dissection of parasitized females revealed them all to be parous.
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Feeding trials show that besides water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), nymphs can complete their development on Eichhornia azurea and Pontederia cordata (pickerel weed), both also in the family Pontederiaceae, and on Canna indica. In laboratory starvation trials, nymphs can also feed on some other plants but the females do not oviposit on these species and the nymphs do not develop beyond the third instar on any of them. The adults also consume large amounts of foliage of their plant host. Damage caused to the plant is high compared to damage caused by other grasshoppers, but nevertheless, it is only able to limit the plant, as the growth exceeds the consumption by the insect.
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Many parasitoid wasps use larval Lepidoptera as hosts, but some groups parasitize different host life stages (egg, larva or nymph, pupa, adult) of nearly all other orders of insects, especially Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and other Hymenoptera. Some attack arthropods other than insects: for instance, the Pompilidae specialise in catching spiders: these are quick and dangerous prey, often as large as the wasp itself, but the spider wasp is quicker, swiftly stinging her prey to immobilise it. Adult female wasps of most species oviposit into their hosts' bodies or eggs. Some also inject a mix of secretory products that paralyse the host or protect the egg from the host's immune system; these include polydnaviruses, ovarian proteins, and venom.
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Although P. rebeli is found across the Palearctic (see subspecies), it is difficult to determine the species' precise range due to confusion with P. alcon. Behavioral ecologists have found its role as a brood parasite to be of particular interest as, unlike many brood parasites, it does not directly oviposit in the hosts' nests. P. rebeli parasitizes the colony ant species Myrmica schencki as a larva by using chemical mimicry to trick the ants into believing that they are ant larvae; thus, the ants bring P. rebeli caterpillars back to their nests and feed them. P. rebeli is dependent on the plant Gentiana cruciata early in its life cycle and is vulnerable to parasitism by Ichneumon eumerus while inside the nest of M. schencki.
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The distinctive chemical mixture in male pheromones strongly attracts virgin females; mated females (and females merely exposed to the male pheromones) experimentally have shown little to no attraction. After mating, females then turn their attention to searching for a host larva in which to oviposit – a behaviour which reroutes wasted time that would be spent over-mating to searching for a suitable host. This behavioural ‘switch’ is thought to be caused by pheromones alone, rather than by sperm transfer, as seems to be the case in other insects. Egg-laying in N. vitripennis occurs in the same fashion in all known species of Nasonia, where a mated female drills into and deposits her eggs under the puparum of fly larvae.
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The Epeolus larva then consumes the egg of the host bee and then feeds on the pollen the Colletes bee provisioned the cell with for her offspring. Epeolus bees may be rather obvious and easily observed in the vicinity of the nesting aggregations of their hosts and often use the same flowers to feed on. Colletes bees line their nesting cells with a cellophane like covering which they exude from the Dufour's gland to protect the cell from moisture and fungal infection, female Epeolus bees have spines on the end of their abdomens which they use to pierce u-shaped holes in this covering so that she can oviposit between its layers, she also secretes a small amount of glue so that the egg adheres to the cell.
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Passiflora vines and D. iulia (among other Heliconian butterflies) have shown strong evidence of coevolution, as the butterflies attempt to gain better survival for their laid eggs and the plants attempt to stop their destruction from larval feeding. Many members of the genus Passiflora have evolved to produce very tough, thick leaves that are hard to break down by the caterpillars. Some Passiflora vines have gone further by producing small leaves that look like a perfect place for the butterflies to lay eggs, but break off at the stem within a few days, carrying the D. iulia eggs with them. Other Passiflora vines actually mimic eggs of the butterfly species that use it as a hostplant, so that a passing butterfly thinks the plant already has eggs on it and consequently does not oviposit.
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All known host plants contain natural chemicals called glucosinolates, that are cues for egg laying. Host plants are: herb Cruciferae – Arabis glabra, Armoracia lapthifolia, Armoracia aquatica, Barbarea vulgaris, Barbarea orthoceras, Barbarea verna, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Brassica caulorapa, Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Brassica hirta, Brassica nigra, Brassica tula, Cardaria draba, Capsella bursa-pastoris (females oviposit but larvae refuse it), Dentaria diphylla, Descurainia Sophia, Eruca sativa, Erysimum perenne, Ipomoea alba, Lobularia maritima, Lunaria annua (retards larval growth), Matthiola incana, Nasturtium officinale, Raphanus sativus, Raphanus raphanistrum, Rorippa curvisiliqua, Rorippa islandica, Sisymbrium irio, Sisymbrium altissimum, Sisymbrium officinale (and var. leicocarpum), Streptanthus tortuosus, Thlaspi arvense (larvae grow slowly or refuse it); Capparidaceae: Cleome serrulata, Capparis sandwichiana; Tropaeolaceae: Tropaeolum majus; Resedaceae: Reseda odorata. There are three phases to host selection by the P. rapae adult female butterfly: searching, landing, and contact evaluation.
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Extensive research into sex pheromones or sex attractants has been done to explore the possibility of using them in concordance with insect traps to prevent moths that are attempting to mate from reaching the spruce tree either to mate or to oviposit. Attempts to use Trichogramma wasps to parasitize and kill eggs before they hatch have been largely unsuccessful, so at present, suggestions for spruce bud moth control include spraying with pesticides at strategic intervals, including during late July when ovipositioning occurs and the following year in early May when the eggs hatch into larvae. Finally, there are nutritionally depleted white spruces that are resistant to harm by the spruce bud moth. A suggestion by researchers for controlling spruce damage by the moth is to plant resistant trees alongside non-resistant trees in order to potentially lower the overall effect of the moth on the spruce plantation.
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Any anautogenous adult mosquito would need a host to supply a blood meal before it could lay viable eggs; it would need time to mate, mature the eggs and oviposit in suitable wetlands. These requirements would not be realistic in Iceland and in fact the absence of mosquitoes from such subpolar islands is in line with the islands' low biodiversity; Iceland has fewer than 1,500 described species of insects, many of them probably accidentally introduced by human agency. In Iceland most ectoparasitic insects live in sheltered conditions or actually on mammals; examples include lice, fleas and bedbugs, in whose living conditions freezing is no concern, and most of which were introduced inadvertently by humans. Some other aquatic Diptera, such as Simuliidae, do survive in Iceland, but their habits and adaptations differ from those of mosquitoes; Simuliidae for example, though they, like mosquitoes, are bloodsuckers, generally inhabit stones under running water that does not readily freeze and which is totally unsuited to mosquitoes; mosquitoes are generally not adapted to running water.
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