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"overwinters" Synonyms
hibernates vegetates stagnates lies dormant holes up hides away lies fallow sleeps winters hides lies torpid keeps cover takes cover goes to sleep immures sleeps snug remains torpid

641 Sentences With "overwinters"

How to use overwinters in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "overwinters" and check conjugation/comparative form for "overwinters". Mastering all the usages of "overwinters" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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For nearly 30 years, volunteers have been counting the Western monarch butterfly population, which overwinters in California.
Part of the population overwinters in the larval form inside leaves that have fallen to the ground and pupate the following spring. The other part overwinters as pupae.
The species overwinters in the soil in the pupal stage.
The species overwinters in the mine and continues mining in spring.
The species overwinters in the larval stage in a rolled leaf.
Larvae can be found in July. It overwinters as a pupa.
The caterpillar overwinters partially grown in its first year, and overwinters in its second year as a fifth instar. The host plant for the great Arctic is unknown, but is believed to be in the family Poaceae.
The larvae feed on Euonymus japonicus. The species overwinters as a pupa.
The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place in spring.
They feed from within spun leaves. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larval host plant is unknown. The species probably overwinters as an egg.
The species overwinters in the pupal stage, within a cocoon in the ground.
Larvae can be found from August to October. It overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae feed on Acer monspessulanum. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The species overwinters in the pupal stage in the soil or amongst debris.
Larvae can be found from June to September. It overwinters as a pupa.
Larvae can be found in June. The species probably overwinters in the pupal stage.
Older larvae are grey-green. The species overwinters as an egg or young larva.
Larvae can be found in June and July. The species overwinters as an adult.
Swedish Moths The larvae feed on mosses. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Larvae can be found from May to June. The species overwinters as an egg.
The species overwinters in the pupal stage within a flimsy cocoon on the ground.
The species overwinters in the pupal stage on the ground inside the portable case.
Larvae can be found from May to June. It overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larvae can be found from June to September. The species overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae are polyphagous. The species overwinters in a loose cocoon. Pupation occurs in spring.
The species overwinters as a young larva within a rolled leaf near an axillary bud.
UKmoths The species overwinters as a final instar larvae within a cocoon made in litter.
Larvae can be found from May to July. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The meadow fritillary overwinters as a larva. It has one or two broods per year.
Larvae can be found from August to May. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Larvae can be found from May to October. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larvae feed on the flowers of Valeriana tripteris. It overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larvae feed on Festuca ovina and possibly other grasses. It overwinters in the larval stage.
They in a folded leaf of their host plant. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larvae feed on Saxifraga and Sedum species. The species probably overwinters in the larval stage.
The larvae feed on Saxifraga species, including Saxifraga oppositifolia. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The larvae feed on the fruit of Eleutherococcus senticosus. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
It overwinters as a pupa. The golden banded-skipper has one to three broods per year.
IRSNB, no.60, 1-167. The flight period is April to October. Overwinters as an adult.
The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place in June of the following year.
The species, due to its complex life cycle, overwinters either as a larva or a pupa.
The larvae feed on Asperula cynanchica, Bellis perennis and Galium. The species overwinters as a pupa.
Paolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa The pupa overwinters.
Mining larvae can be found in autumn. The species overwinters in the larval stage in the rhizome.
Young larvae mine the leaves of their host plant. The species overwinters twice in the larval stage.
Synanthedon at funet The species overwinters in the larval stage. Completing the life cycle takes two years.
The species overwinters as an egg. Pupation takes place in a cocoon on a twig in August.
Pupation takes place in a silken cocoon amongst leaf-litter. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larvae feed on lichen growing on trees, preferably pines. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The white-naped crane (Antigone vipio) overwinters in the ecoregion. Both species now breed in the Demilitarized Zone.
The larvae feed on a wide range of low- growing plants. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Pupation takes place in a cocoon. The species overwinters in the pupal stage. It may overwinter multiple years.
The larvae can be found from August to September. This species overwinters as a pupa in the ground.
The egg overwinters, usually under water with the larva fully developed inside. It has 1 brood per year.
The larvae feed on the leaves of Salvia and Artemisia species. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larvae feed on Galium species, including Galium mollugo and Galium sylvaticum. The species overwinters as a pupa.
The species overwinters in the pupal stage.Life History and Habits of a Spruce Needle-Miner, Eucordylea ducharmei Free.
The worms then burrow into the soil and form an earthen cell, entering the prepupa stage, which overwinters.
WSMV often overwinters on the seeds, and can spread to a field planted after the infected seedlings have sprouted.
They mine the leaves of their host plant. Pupation takes place within the mine. It overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae feed on Galium species. Larvae can be found in July to September. It overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae feed on Silene vulgaris species. Larvae can be found from July to September. It overwinters as a pupa.
Usually, one to two mines are found in a single leaf. The species overwinters as a larva within the mine.
The larvae feed on Betula species. Larvae can be found from April to May. The species overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae feed on Galium species. Larvae can be found from mid June to August. It overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae feed on Galium species. Larvae can be found from August to June. It overwinters in the larval stage.
The larvae feed on Galium palustre. Larvae can be found from June to July. It overwinters in the larval stage.
The larvae feed on Ribes nigrum. Larvae can be found from June to July. The species overwinters as an egg.
The larvae feed on the leaves of Galium species. The species overwinters in the pupal stage. It may overwinter twice.
The species overwinters in the pupal stage."Eupithecia placidata (Taylor)". Trees, Insects and Diseases of Canada's Forests. Natural Resources Canada.
Pupation also takes place in these galls. Larvae can be found from June to August. It overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae feed on Poa and Festuca species. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place in spring.
UKmoths The larvae feed on Tilia species. Larvae can be found from June to August. It overwinters as a pupa.
Caterpillar The larvae feed on Norway spruce (Picea abies) and silver fir (Abies alba). The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The larvae feed on Cerastium and Stellaria species. Larvae can be found from June to September. It overwinters as a pupa.
Information on Hadula trifolii The larvae feed on a wide range of plants (see list below). The species overwinters as pupae.
The species overwinters in the prepupal stage on or near the soil surface. Larvae can be found from May to October.
The larvae feed on Viscaria alpina. Larvae can be found from mid July to mid August. It overwinters as a pupa.
Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation often takes place under flat stones.
The larvae feed on Thymus and Polygonum species. Larvae can be found from August to May. It overwinters in the larval stage.
They live in the flowers and seeds of their host plant. The species overwinters and pupates in the larval habitation during spring.
They are grey to brown or greenish. Larvae can be found from June to October. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larvae feed on Quercus species. They have a dark, almost black, body and head. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The disease overwinters as pseudothecia and mycelium in the stubble. In spring the pseudothecia release their ascospores and the cycle repeats itself.
The species overwinters as a pupa. # The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
The larvae feed on Anthriscus caucalis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Chaerophyllum temulum, Angelica sylvestris, Angelica archangelica and Seseli libanotica. The species overwinters as an adult.
The species overwinters as a pupa. # The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
The species overwinters as an egg. #The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
As the pathogen feeds, it produces lesions that are seen with common scab. This process repeats after the pathogen overwinters the following season.
Pupation takes place in a yellowish cocoon, which is spun on the underside of a leaf. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larvae feed on Linaria vulgaris and cultivated Antirrhinum species. Larvae are found from May to October. It overwinters in the pupal stage.
The species overwinters as an egg. # The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
Larvae can be found in July and August. It overwinters as a pupa. The pupa is found under ground in a fortified cocoon.
This species overwinters as a larva. # The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
The larvae feed on Galium verum. Larvae can be found in June/July and from August to October. It overwinters as a pupa.
The larva overwinters in the mine, resumes mining, and pupates in the spring in a broadened chamber at the end of the mine.
The species overwinters as an egg. # The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
The female matures in the autumn and overwinters as an adult, the male not becoming mature until the spring, when mating takes place.
The larvae feed on Picea abies. Larvae can be found from the end of July to mid August. It overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae feed on Solidago virgaurea. Larvae can be found from mid August to September. It overwinters as a pupa in the ground.
The species overwinters as a pupa. # The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie The larvae feed on Calluna, Erica, Vaccinium, Genista, Taraxacum and Plantago species. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Chaetocnema pulicaria, the primary vector for P. stewartii, overwinters as adults and begins feeding on corn seedlings early in the spring. The bacterium overwinters in the gut of the adult corn flea beetles. Warmer winter temperatures allow for greater beetle survival and in effect, higher populations in the spring. Emerging beetles in the spring transmit the bacteria into corn leaf tissue through feeding.
The larvae feed on Lathyrus palustris and Medicago sativa. They live within a spun or rolled leaf. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Eggs are laid in the spring. New adults of this univoltine species can be found from July onwards. This bug overwinters as an adult.
Adults are recorded on the wing from May to June. The larvae feed on Humulus lupulus. The species overwinters in the larval stage.Lepiforum e.V.
By the sixth instar, the wings have elongated. This species overwinters as an adult rather than in the egg, as many other grasshoppers do.
Older larvae have also been recorded feeding on the leaves of Achillea asplenifolia. Pupation takes place in the soil. It overwinters as an egg.
The species overwinters in the first instar larval stage within a silk cocoon on the bark. Pupation takes place in the terminals and cones.
The species overwinters as a small larva. # The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
The species overwinters as a small larva. #The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
The larvae feed on Filipendula ulmaria. Larvae can be found from mid June to the following spring. It overwinters as a full-grown larva.
The larva, green with yellow rings and black and purple spots, feeds on alder, aspen, beech, birch and willow. The species overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae are also able to hunt underwater. It overwinters as an adult to breed in summer. Adults hibernate on drier land.Glime, J. M. 2017.
The larvae feed on Cerasus, Crataegus, Malus sylvestris and Rubus. They live within a spun or rolled leaf. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie Larvae can be found from the end of July to the beginning of September. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
They damage the branches, cones and shoots of their host plant. The species overwinters in the larval stage within the damaged branch, cone or shoot.
The larvae feed on the leaves of various Quercus (oak) species. They can be found from April to June. The species overwinters as an egg.
Larvae can be found in July and from the end of August to early October. The species overwinters in the larval stage, within the case.
The species overwinters as an immature or mature larva. Pupation usually takes place in the larval galleries.On the biology of Paropta paradoxus (H.-S.) (Lep.
The species overwinters in the larval stage., 2013: A new, prairie-restricted species of Filatima Busck (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from Illinois. Zootaxa, 3734 (4): 469-476. Abstract: .
The larvae feed on Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum and Rhododendron tomentosum. Larvae can be found from August to June. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Biology and description of the larva of Dicymolomia metalliferalis: A casebBearing Glaphyriine (Pyralidae) The species overwinters in the larval stage within the seedpod of host plant.
The mine starts near the base of a branch and is directed towards the tip. The species overwinters in the mine and resumes feeding in spring.
The larvae can be found from July to May. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place at the stem of the host plant.
Adults are on wing from mid-May to the end of June. Larvae have been reared from Nitraria species. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
It is ellipsoidal, with a swollen lower side and a wrinkled upper side. The species is overwinters in larval stage within evergreen leaves of the food plant.
The larvae feed on Clethra barbinervis. They create and oval ellipsoidal case consisting of three pieces. The larva overwinters on the ground. Pupation takes place in spring.
Larvae can be found from the end of June to mid-August. The species overwinters in the pupal stage."Eupithecia undata Freyer, 1840". Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie.
The grey larva feeds on various grasses including Deschampsia, Festuca and Nardus. It is sometimes so common that it damages pastures. The species overwinters as an egg.
The hawthorn-carrot aphid overwinters on its primary host, a hawthorn tree, and migrates during the summer to its secondary host, a plant in the carrot family.
Full-grown larvae are long. Pupation usually takes place at the base of the leaf blade of the host plant. The species overwinters as a young larva.
The species flies at night and is attracted to light. The larvae feed on a variety of plants (see list below). The species overwinters as a pupa.
The sporidia give rise to mycelium, and once winter comes, the fungus is dormant. The disease overwinters as mycelium in the canes, crown and roots of the plants.
The larva feeds on bedstraw. The species overwinters as an egg. # The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
Pupation takes place in a white, spindle- shaped cocoon. Larvae can be found from June to July. The species overwinters as an egg or in the larval stage.
Larvae leave the stem to pupate. Full- grown larvae are light green and reach a length of 7 mm. This species overwinters as an egg on leaf buds.
The larva feeds on various grasses including orchard grasses, tussock grasses, fescues, and canarygrasses. This species overwinters as a larva and feeds in mild weather throughout the season.
The larvae feed on Pimpinella saxifraga, Ferula communis, Laserpitium species, as well as on the flowers and unripe fruits of Seseli arenarium. The species overwinters as an adult.
Feeding is inconspicuous, but larvae can sometimes be seen on the outside of seeds. The species overwinters in the pupal stage within a flimsy cocoon on the ground.
The hindwings are light grey. The larvae feed on Abies grandis. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The larvae overwinters within the mine in the leaf.
Adults are on wing from April to September. There may be two generations per year. The larvae feed on Limonium vulgare. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The moth flies from June to July . The caterpillars feed on honeysuckle and privet. This species overwinters as a larva. Ecology: found in woodland, heaths and occasionally fens.
The larvae feed on Asperula and Galium species (including Galium palustre and Galium uliginosum). Larvae can be found from July to August. It overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larvae feed on Veratrum album. Larvae can be found from July to October. The species overwinters in the pupal stage. It can overwinter up to three times.
Adults of the second generation are on wing from August to September. The larvae feed on Taraxacum, Plantago, Galium and Rumex species. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
U. affinis is multivoltine and overwinters as a larva in knapweed flower heads. In June, adults oviposit on seed heads. Each female can produce about 120 eggs.Zwolfer H. 1970.
They have a cream coloured body, overlain with dark mottling and a brown head. The species overwinters as a mid instar larva. Pupation takes place in May or June.
The larvae feed on the pericarp and mesocarp of Pistacia vera. They bore into the fruits. Pupation takes place in the soil. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
There are probably two generations per year.Vlindernet.nl The larvae feed on Genista and Cytisus species.Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Adults can be found from May to September.Commanster This species is herbivorous and commonly foraging on different willow species. It overwinters in cracks in tree bark of larger trees.
UKmoths The larvae feed on the seeds of Centaurea jacea, Centaurea phrygia and Centaurea scabiosa.Metzneria at funet The species overwinters within the seedhead. Pupation takes place in late spring.
The larvae feed on Abies nephrolepis and Picea asperata.Revision of Tribe Archipini (Tortricidae: Tortricinae) in Northeast China The species overwinters as a young larva. Pupation takes place in mid-June.
The larvae feed on Euphrasia species. The eggs are deposited on or near the flower buds. The larvae can be found from July to September. It overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae feed on the leaves of Clematis species. Larvae can be found from July to August. Pupation takes place on the ground. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
No damage was done to the pier. CSL Tadoussac overwinters at Thunder Bay. The ship departed Thunder Bay on 12 April 2014, marking the latest the port had ever opened.
The larvae feed on various plants, including Salix, Alnus and Betula species.Pacific Northwest Moths The species first overwinters as a fifth-instar larva and again as an eighth instar larva.
The larvae feed on Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Rubus chamaemorus, Rhododendron tomentosum and Fragaria vesca. Larvae can be found from August to June. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Adults are on wing from May to June. The larvae feed on Galium species, including Galium verum. Larvae can be found from July to August. It overwinters as a pupa.
When fully fed the larva descends to the ground and overwinters in a cocoon. The pupa forms in April or May, is yellowish- brown and can be found in detritus.
The Female is typically gravid (pregnant) between May and June. Omophron americanum moults and becomes teneral between July and September. It overwinters in the adult stage. These beetles are gregarious.
The larvae feed on Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Acer campestre, Fagus, Carpinus and Prunus species. The larvae can be found from April to June. The species overwinters as an egg.
The larvae feed on Campanula species, including Campanula trachelium. Larvae of subspecies jasioneata feed on Jasione montana. Larvae can be found from August to October. It overwinters as a pupa.
The underside is light brown. Adults feed on sap, rotting fruit, carrion and dung. The larvae feed on the leaves of Arundinaria tecta. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Pupation takes place outside of the mine in the spinning or in a leaf fold.bladmineerders.nl Larvae can be found from August to September. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The species has only one generation per year (univoltine). Mating and egg laying take place in spring. The larvae reach the adult stage in August and September. The imago overwinters.
It produces several minute roots. It also produces a pouch containing male and female flowers. The top part dies in the fall and the plant often overwinters as a turion.
Satyrium mera is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to Japan. The larva on feeds on Rhamnus (Rhamnaceae). Satyrium mera is single brooded and overwinters as an egg.
The larva feed on the leaves of birch, alder, poplar, and willow, although larvae that hatch before leaves are available may feed on flower catkins. The species overwinters as a pupa.
These are more or less marked according to the individuals. Adults are on wing from July to August. The larvae feed on Festuca paniculata. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The food plants of the larvae are various species of grasses (Poaceae), cottongrasses (Eriophorum) and sedges (Carex). The larva overwinters twice as a caterpillar and the adult generally flies in July.
Adults are on wing from April to May in one generation per year. The larvae feed on Picea abies. Larvae can be found in July. The species overwinters as a pupa.
They pupate in late June and July, and emerge as moths in July and August. The offspring of this generation spins cocoons in late September and October and overwinters as pupae.
They are pale yellow. The species overwinters in the pupal stage., 2010: Review of the genus Agnippe (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Palaearctic region. European Journal of Entomology 107 (2): 247-265.
The species overwinters as imago and can be observed after hibernation from the end of April until the middle or the end of October. These bugs feed on various Asteraceae species.
There are multiple generations per year with adults on wing from February to October. The larvae feed on Euphorbia spinosa, Euphorbia pinea and Euphorbia dendroides. The species overwinters as a pupa.
Adults are on wing from August to October. The larvae feed on Acer pseudoplatanus and Acer campestre. Larvae can be found in May and June. The species overwinters as an egg.
Adults are on wing from June to August. The larvae feed on united leaves of Quercus species. Larvae can be found from May to June. The species overwinters as an egg.
The adults fly in May and June with a second brood sometimes emerging in August. The species flies at night and is attracted to light. The species overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae feed on Actaea spicata. Larvae can be found from the end of June to August. They live in the fruit of their host plant. It overwinters as a pupa.
Like other dragonflies, both larvae and adults feed on smaller insects and other invertebrates. Adults are active in the day from June to October, and the species overwinters as a larvae.
This species is univoltine. It overwinters at the caterpillar stage in the egg shell. Adults fly from May to late August. The eggs are laid on the vegetation, near the host plants.
They feed on the nectar of various flowers, including milkweed and Indian hemp. The larvae feed on the leaves of Salix species.Sylvan Hairstreak, Butterflies of Canada The species overwinters as an egg.
The larvae feed on Lythrum salicaria. They feed on the shoots, flowers and seeds of their host plant.UKmoths Pupation takes place in debris on the ground. The species overwinters as an adult.
This species is univoltine. It overwinters a first year as an egg, a second year as a caterpillar. The eggs, pearly grey, hatch in the spring. Adults fly from June to September.
The moth flies in one generation from mid-May to August. The larva is green with the lines darker; feeding on Vaccinium. The species overwinters as a pupa, sometimes as a larva.
The second form is brown. Larvae can be found from mid- May to early August and pupation takes place from July to August. The species overwinters as an egg."Eupithecia niphadophilata (Dyar)".
Larvae can be found from May to August and pupation occurs from July to August. The species overwinters in the pupal stage."Larch pug moth". Trees, insects and diseases of Canada's forests.
The larvae have a pale green body and blackish-brown head. They reach a length of 15 mm. The species overwinters as a young larva. Pupation takes place in the leaf shelter.
The mine has the form of a slender corridor. Older larvae live freely on the leaf, causing window feeding. Larvae can be found in mid-July. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Older larvae live freely at the leaf underside, causing window feeding. Larvae can be found in July and from September to October. They are transparent yellowish. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The ground colour is black brownish. There are one to three generations per year.Lepiforum.de The larvae feed on Silene species, including S. vulgaris and S. alba. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Larvae can be found from April to June and pupation occurs from late June to July. The species overwinters in the pupal stage."Eupithecia olivacea (Taylor)". Trees, Insects and Diseases of Canada's Forests.
Second instar larvae enters the tip of another leaf and later enters yet another leaf, this time at the base. The larva overwinters beneath a frass- covered tent and continues feeding in spring.
The aphids mainly feed on the family Poaceae. MDMV overwinters in alternate hosts. These hosts range is sorghum, maize, and Johnson grass. Symptoms appear six weeks after aphids feed and transmit the virus.
It overwinters for 8 months of the year and the tadpoles overwinter beneath the ice and snow. The species is threatened by exotic trout, but the populations are probably not yet in decline.
The moth flies from September to October preferably in dry oakwoods. They are strongly attracted to artificial light and sugar bait. The egg overwinters. The larvae feed on the leaves of various plants.
It overwinters in the form of caterpillar. The larvae feed on meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), dropwort (Filipendula vulgaris), stone bramble (Rubus saxatilis), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), Aruncus species, Spiraea species and salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor).
The feeding causes large external masses of pitch. The species overwinters as an early instar larvae at the base of persistent cones, under bud scales or in fusiform galls on branches and stems.
Larvae are mainly found in May and June and it is thought the species overwinters in the larval stage.Microlepidoptera.nl Pupation takes place in a silken cocoon in the soil near the food plant.
Adults are on wing from February through October in one generation per year.Bug Guide The larvae feed on the leaves of Solidago and Urtica species.Agonopterix at funet The species overwinters as an adult.
The conelet then overwinters again in the free-nuclear female gametophyte stage. Fertilization takes place by early summer of the 4th year and seeds mature in the cones by autumn of the 4th year.
They fly during the afternoon and evening. The larvae feed on Vaccinium vitis-idaea. They spin together the leaves of their host plant, feeding on the upper parenchyma. The species overwinters in this stage.
The species overwinters as a larva. Caterpillar Larva on a strawberry plant. Note the match between the reddish stripe on the larva and on the petioles. # The flight season refers to the British Isles.
Predators of D. speciosa are infrequent in their new habitats. This likely aids in their establishment. D. speciosa is cold-tolerant and overwinters as an adult. This positively impacts their success in colder climates.
The larvae feed on Caryophyllaceae species, Silene nutans, Silene cucubalus, Silene viscaria and Melandrium album. They feed on the capsules. The larvae can be found from June to July. It overwinters as a pupa.
The subspecies T. n. viridinotata has one generation per year. It overwinters in the trunk of pear trees． Nymph and adult eat the leaves of Glochidion puberum. The eggs are laid in pear trees.
Young larvae mine the leaves and later burrow into the stem, petioles, flowers or seed pods. The development to a full-grown larva takes three to five weeks. The species overwinters as an adult.
The hindwings are grey. The species flies from May to July and is attracted to light and sugar. The grey and white larva feeds on poplar and aspen. The species overwinters as a pupa.
Later, leaves are split open from the side and completely mined out. Mined leaves turn yellow and swell up. Pupation takes place in such a swollen leaf.Bladmineerders.nl The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larva feeds on the flowers of a huge range of plants (see list below) and has also been known to feed on the larvae of other Lepidoptera. The species overwinters as a pupa.
The larva is also very variable, being green to reddish brown with alternating darker and lighter stripes. It feeds on various species of St John's wort (Hypericum species). It overwinters as a small larva.
The larvae feed on various plants, including Silene maritima and grasses. The larvae can be found from October to May. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place under moss or underground.
Adults are on wing from spring to fall in two generations per year. The larvae feed on the leaves, leafstems and crowns of sugarbeets. The species overwinters in the pupal stage in the soil.
The larvae feed on various deciduous trees, including Alnus (including Alnus glutinosa and Alnus incana) and Acer (including Acer campestris) species. Larvae can be found from July to September. It overwinters as a pupa.
There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on Amelanchier and Prunus species (including Prunus padus, Prunus virginiana and Prunus spinosa). Larvae can be found from April to May. It overwinters as an egg.
Young larvae mine needles and web adjacent needles together. Older larvae feed on foliage and cones. The larvae are greyish green to cream with a black head. The species overwinters as a first instar larva.
Adults are on wing from October to December. In captivity the larvae have been recorded feeding on Achillea millerfolium, Galatella linosyris, Centaurea scabiosa, Salvia pratensis, Plantago and Inula species. The species overwinters as an egg.
Eupithecia valerianata inhabits wet meadows, ditch edges, forest edges and other locations where Valeriana species grow. The larvae feed on Valeriana species. Larvae can be found from June to September. It overwinters as a pupa.
The moth flies from June to July depending on the location, and the species overwinters as a pupa. The larvae feed on Quercus, Fagus, Carpinus and Rubus species. The larvae prefer withered and fallen leaves.
The larva is reddish brown with black markings and usually feeds on the foliage of mugwort, although it has also been recorded feeding on Angelica, bilberry, tansy and yarrow. The species overwinters as a pupa.
Adults are on wing from the end of May to July. The larvae feed on Eryngium species.Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie The species overwinters in the larval stage. Full-grown larvae can be found in May.
The larvae feed on Iris species. Young larvae mine while older larvae feed within the Rhizome, where pupation also takes place. Larvae can be found from April to August. The species overwinters as an egg.
The larvae have a translucent-whitish body and a brown-ochre head. Larvae can be found in late summer, fall, and spring. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place in the seedhead.
The larvae feed on Jasione montana. They feed within the seedheads of their host plant. The species overwinters in a cocoon. Adults are on wing from May to early August in two generations per year.
It may become a parasite that can damage crops. It overwinters as an adult. The nymph is pale yellow and orange with dark brown or black pronotum and markings on the dorsal side of the abdomen.
Adults are on wing from late July to August in one generation per year. The larvae feed on Carex and Inula species. Larvae can be found from August to June. It overwinters in the larval stage.
The larvae feed on Rhododendron reticulatum. They skeletonise the leaves of their host plant, including the edge of their own case. They create an irregular subrectangular case. The species overwinters as a larva on the ground.
They feed on the pith from within the flower stems.UKmoths The species overwinters as a full-grown larva within a grey, silken cocoon in the lower part of the stem. Pupation takes place in the stem.
In southern Europe, a partial second generation may occur. The larvae fee don Digitalis lutea and Digitalis grandiflora. Larvae can be found from the end of June to August. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Full-grown larvae reach a length of 13–21 mm. They have a green to pale green body and brownish-yellow head. The species overwinters as a mid-instar larva. Pupation takes place in webbed leaves.
There is one generation per year with adults on wing from August to November. The larvae feed on the roots of various grasses. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place in July underground.
They generally feed on the buds of their host plant, but may also feed within a shoot for a short period of time. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place in the soil.
The larvae feed on Cornus sanguinea. Larvae can be found in June and August. Larvae that live on green leaves are green and larvae that live on red leaves are red. It overwinters as a pupa.
They spin silken tubes near the soil surface for protection. On peanuts, they will feed on any portion of the plant that contacts the soil. The species overwinters as a larva or pupa in the soil.
Larvae of the first generation bore into the new growth of their host plant. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Larvae of the following generation hollow out the interior of the nut and pupate within.
It then spins a cocoon, one end of which is anchored to the bottom end of the gall, the other end is spun so as to encircle the window. The species overwinters in the adult stage.
There are two generations per year with adults on wing from the end of May to August. The larvae feed on Actaea spicata. Larvae can be found from June to September. It overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae feed on Abies pinsapo. They bore into the centre of the buds and bore in the twigs. They migrate from twig to twig. The larvae overwinters in the pupal stage inside the tunnelled twigs.
Adults are on wing from June to August. The larvae feed on Apiaceae species, including Laser trilobum, Silaum silaus, Peucedanum officinale and Daucus carota. Full-grown larvae are green. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
There is one generation per year with adults on wing from April to May. The larvae feed on Picea abies, Juniperus communis and Larix decidua. Larvae can be found in June. It overwinters as a pupa.
Very similar to Scotopteryx luridata q.v.Difficult Species Guide Adults are on wing from May to June in one generation per year.UKmoths The larvae feed on Ulex and Cytisus species. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The larvae have been found on Trifolium pratense, Lotus corniculatus, Vicia, Medicago and Lathyrus palustris. They feed from within spun leaves. The larvae can be found from August to September.UKmoths The species overwinters in the cocoon.
The larvae also feed on the seed-pods of various campions (Silene species). Its wingspan is 26–32 mm. Adults of this species are sand colored with white bands. It is scarce and overwinters as a pupa.
It usually feeds on crucifers: both cultivated brassicas and wild species such as flixweed, garlic mustard, perennial wall-rocket, wallflower, and wild radish. It has also been recorded feeding on nasturtium. The species overwinters as a pupa.
The larvae are yellowish with a dark brown head and live within seeds that are spun together. Larvae can be found from July and August. The species overwinters in the pupal stage in an open network cocoon.
The moth flies from the beginning of April to the end of September. It is found in meadows, damp woodland, hedgerows and suburban gardens. The larvae feed on species of Brassicaceae. Xanthorhoe designata overwinters as a pupa.
Larvae eating lily leaf The beetle overwinters in the soil and emerges early in spring. The adult is generally found in moist, cool environments.Lily Leaf Beetle Lilioceris lilii. University of Rhode Island Landscape Horticulture Program Factsheets. 2002.
The species flies at night and is attracted to light. The green larva, usually with three reddish stripes, feeds on the flowers of a wide range of plants (see list below). The species overwinters as a pupa.
The larva usually feeds on broom but has been recorded on yellow bush lupin. The species overwinters as an egg. #The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
Adults are on wing from the end of April to mid July in one generation per year. The larvae feed on Helianthemum species. They can be found in late summer. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Adults are mainly on wing from August to October. The larvae feed on various low-growing plants, such as Taraxacum and Hieracium species. Larvae can be found from April to July. The species overwinters as an egg.
Bug Guide The larvae feed on Juniperus virginiana, Thuja occidentalisDigrammia at funet and Hesperocyparis guadalupensis. Full-grown larvae reach a length of about 29 mm. The species overwinters in the pupal stage in soil or amongst debris.
"Annual Migration of Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Observed on a Small Isolated Island in Northern China". PLOS One. The species is nocturnal and is attracted to light and nectar-rich flowers. The species overwinters as a caterpillar.
Adults are on wing from May to August.Microlepidoptera.nl The larvae feed on Centaurea scabiosa and Centaurea solstitialis. They feed on the seeds from within the seedhead.UKMoths The species overwinters in the larval stage within a silken chamber.
The disease cycle starts when the pathogen overwinters as mycelium or fruiting structures in leaf debris and spores are spread by rain splash infecting new leaves as they emerge in the spring when conditions are favorable. Disease development is most successful in cool daytime temperatures and cold nighttime temperatures, high relative humidity, and wet conditions. Common spot on strawberry is a polycyclic disease, and under favorable conditions it will continue to reinfect the host and surrounding plants. The fungus overwinters as mycelium, sclerotia, and perithecia in infected leaf tissues.
The pupa stage overwinters in the bark and leaf litter at the base of the trees. It is dark brown and about 10 mm long. The thin brown cocoon is made of silk with bits of detritus interwoven.
Caterpillars in the Field and Garden. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. The cream pupa has brownish colored markings. It overwinters as a larva in the third or fourth instar. It has two to four broods per year.
Older larvae reach a length of . They have a yellow-tan body and a red-brown head. The species overwinters in the prepupal stage in the soil around the roots of their host. Pupation takes place in spring.
The green peach aphid is found worldwide, but is less tolerant of colder climates. It overwinters as an eggs, laid in trees of the genus Prunus. The aphid can benefit from the presence of greenhouses in these areas.
It usually feeds on oak but has also been recorded on alder, beech and birch. The species overwinters as a pupa. #The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
The larva is reddish brown, dotted with darker; dorsal line pale, passing through a series of V-shaped dark markings; a pale spiracular line with dark markings in a row above it. This species overwinters as an egg.
The spores can also be transported by the wind, rain, insects, and even by people. At the end of the growing season, the pathogen overwinters by oospores that can be found in the soil or on plant debris.
The larvae feed on the leaves of Betula, Populus and Salix species. Larvae can be found from spring to fall in the south and from July to August in the north. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Version: 29 December 2011 Two broods are produced each year with the moths flying in May and June and again in August. The larva feeds on the flowers of goldenrod and ragwort. The species overwinters as a pupa.
In the temperate climate of Europe, females lay eggs in late August - early November. This species overwinters in the egg stage. Nymphs appear in the spring. The transformation of nymphs into adults occurs in June or in July.
Catepillar There are two generations per year, as this species is bivoltine. Adults emerge from May to June and again in August. The second generation pupate in the ground approximately at the end of September. The pupa overwinters.
Adults are on wing from July to mid August on one generation per year.They feed on flowers. The larvae feed on Coronilla coronata and sometimes Securigera varia and possibly Lotus corniculatus. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Hypena opulenta overwinters as pupa. Moths emerge in late spring. The eggs are deposited on the under and upper sides of host plants along main veins. Larvae go through five instars and take four to six weeks to develop.
The species nests and overwinters in snail shells, such as Xerolenta obvia, that they suspend from trees. The shells, which may weigh five or more times as much as the spider, are used to shelter from attacks by ants.
The young larva will feed on most plants but later it feeds on trees and shrubs. The species overwinters as a larva. # The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
It has a dark mid- dorsal stripe and has a pale lateral line. The head and collar are both black. The pupa is either greenish with brown markings or a dull brown color. It overwinters as a mature larva.
The mine has the form of a blotch mine. The larva feeds on the palisade parenchyma of the leaves. The larvae have two morphologically distinct forms and seven instars. It overwinters in the sixth instar, inside the mined leaf.
The mine has the form of a fleck mine. The opening is a slit at the side of the mine. The species overwinters in the larval stage. After hibernation, the larvae feed on the leaves of their host plant.
Adults are on wing in July and again in September and October. The second generation overwinters and reappears in spring.UKmoths The larvae feed on Quercus species. They feed from within a spinning between the leaves of their host plant.
There is one generation per year with adults on wing from mid June to July. The larvae have been recorded feeding on Vaccinium myrtillus. Larvae can be found from July to May. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Paeonia obovata is a polyploid complex, and shows much morphological variability. It is a perennial herbaceous plant of 30–70 cm high, which dies down in the autumn, and overwinters with buds just under the surface of the soil.
The larvae feed on the flowers and seeds of hemp agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum), gypsywort (Lycopus europaeus), and of Chrysocoma linosyris during August to October. After this feeding period, the larva builds a cocoon near the food plant in which it overwinters.
The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place in a cocoon, which is spun on a leaf at the base of the rosette.Fiance, S. B. & R. E. Moeller 1977. Immature stages and ecological observations of Eoparargyractis plevie (Pyralidae: Nymphulinae).
Full-grown larvae feed on the leaves under a silken cover. Pupation takes place between dry leaves in leaf litter. The species overwinters in the pupal stage., 2005: A review of the genus Athrips (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Palaearctic region .
The species flies at night from June to August and is attracted to light. The larva is green with white lines and feeds exclusively on currants. The species overwinters as an egg. #The flight season refers to the British Isles.
UKmoths The larvae feed on Origanum (including Origanum vulgare), Mentha, Calamintha and Thymus species. They live in a spun terminal shoot of their host plant. They constructs a silken web intermixed with dead leaves. It overwinters in the larval stage.
Adults are on wing from the mid-June to the beginning of August in one generation per year. The larvae feed on the leaves of Lotus uliginosus and Lotus corniculatus. The species overwinters in the larval stage and may overwinter twice.
It is attracted to light, sugar and many nectar-rich flowers. The larva feeds at the roots of various grasses including tussock grasses, orchard grass, ryegrass, reed grasses, and fescues such as sheep's fescue. This species overwinters as a larva.
There are two generations per year with adults on wing from May to September. The larvae feed on Galium species, including Galium verum and Galium boreale. Larvae can be found from June/July to September/October. Larva overwinters as a pupa.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea overwinters in crop residue and in seeds. Infection usually begins when the infected plant material is carried by a rainstorm with high winds to healthy soybean plants. Bacteria can enter through natural openings (stomata) or through wounds.
They are pale yellow to greenish yellow with several white spots along the side. Each of these spots is bordered by a black spot before and after. Larvae are found from June to August. The species overwinters as an egg.
There is one generation per year with adults on wing from April to August. The larvae feed on moss, algae and lichen.Butterflies & Moths of Palaearctic Regions Larvae can be found in late summer. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The host plants of a northern population include sedges (Carex species).Larval host plants of Enodia anthedon ... , The Taxonomic Report, Vol 7 No 6, 2014. The species overwinters in the larval stage. For more references, go to Lethe anthedon at Wikipedia.
The larva are brownish yellow with a white dorsal line; lateral lines broad, whiter, containing the black spiracles. It feeds on various grasses including Deschampsia. The species overwinters as a small larva. # The flight season refers to the British Isles.
The larvae feed on various spruce tree species. They only feed on dead needles. They are green with a dark brown head.Bug Wood The species overwinters in the larval stage in constructed nests made up of live and dead spruce needles.
Adults are on wing from February to April in one generation per year. The larvae feed on the leaves of Populus species, especially Populus tremula. The larvae can be found from May to June. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larvae feed on grasses. They hide in the grass or upper layer of the soil within a silken tunnel during the day and feed mainly at night. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place in the grass.
Zygaena rhadamanthus is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France, Spain, Portugal and Italy.Fauna Europaea The larvae feed on Onobrychis, Dorycnium pentaphyllum and Lotus species.Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Most frass is deposited in coarse grains. The larvae are brownish red with a black head and can be found in early spring. Pupation takes place inside the mine or in the ground. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The larvae feed on Brachythecium albicans and Ammophila species. They live in a vertical silken tube extending about 100 mm into the sand. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place in the silken tube, just below the surface.
Adults are on wing from mid May to the end of July. The larvae feed on the leaves of Solidago virgaurea. Larvae can be found from July yo September. The species overwinters in the pupal stage, sometimes they overwinter twice.
The larvae feed in the seedheads of Cirsium acaule and Centaurea nigra.UKmoths The species overwinters in the larval stage within a silken chamber inside the seed-head. Larvae can be found from late August onwards and pupation takes place in June.
Adults are on wing from May to June and again from August to September. The larvae feed on various low-growing plants, including tobacco.UKMoths The species overwinters as full-grown larvae in the soil. They are gregarious in the first instar.
This species has one brood each year. It overwinters as a young larva. Adults fly from May to August. Caterpillars mainly feed on Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) and other species of Trifolium (Trifolium medium, Trifolium spadiceum), on Vicia cracca, Anthyllis, Genista and Melilotus.
The forewings are densely overlaid with ocherous, ocherous brown-tipped and dark brown scales, completely obscuring the whitish ground color. The hindwings are reddish grey-brown. Adults are on wing from late summer to October. The species probably overwinters as an adult.
It overwinters partially as an egg and partially as imago. Mainly females overwinter as imago. Larva yellowish brown; the lines pale, but obscure; spiracular line pinkish ochreous, dark edged above; spiracles black. The larvae feed on Salix, Quercus, Prunus spinosa and Crataegus.
The larva is grey with a purplish- brown back. It has been recorded feeding on bedstraw, Corydalis, globeflower, hemlock and primrose and probably feeds on other low-growing plants. The species overwinters as a larva. #The flight season refers to the British Isles.
The Manol River is a river in Alt Empordà, Catalonia, Spain. It is a seasonal river, and a tributary of the Muga. An emblematic bird of the river is the European bee-eater (Merops apiaster), a migratory bird that overwinters in tropical Africa.
The adult overwinters and reappears the following spring. The larvae feed on Inula conyza. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form a long and narrow corridor that starts at the midrib or at the leaf base.
Adults emerge in early July. The larvae feed on the fruit of Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus phoeniceus and Juniperus macrocarpus. Young larvae bore into the fleshy part of the berry in mid-August. It overwinters there and feeds and grows again in early spring.
Later, they make an irregular, sometimes branching, greenish-white blotch. Full-grown larvae live freely in a silken tunnel amongst the leaves.bladmineerders.nl Full-grown larvae can be found from mid-August to the end of September. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Adoxophyes beijingensis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong) and Japan. There are three generations per year in Liaoning. The species overwinters in the larval stage under the bark of the host plant.
The larvae feed on the leaves of Arundinaria tecta. They only feed at night and hide at the base of the host plant during the day. The species overwinters in the larval stage. The MONA or Hodges number for Lethe creola is 4568.2.
On Aster amellus, they mine the leaves. The mine has the form of a full depth broad corridor or elongate blotch. Most frass is concentrated in the first part of the mine and along the sides. The species overwinters in the mine.
The brown, twig-like larva feeds on a variety of trees and shrubs including elder, hawthorn, honeysuckle and ivy. The species overwinters as a larva. #The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
Japanese Moths Adults are on wing from July to August. The larvae feed on the fruit of various plants, including Betula dahurica, Malus pumila, Malus sibirica, Salix rorida and Prunus pseudocerasus. They live within rolled leaves. The species overwinters as a young larva.
It overwinters in the egg, which hatch in the spring and reach adulthood in August. Walter Sutton's description of reduction division was based on studying the spermatocytes of Brachystola magna. This work was critical in the development of the chromosome theory of inheritance.
The fungus overwinters in infected leaves and malformed inflorescences in the form of dormant mycelium, conidiophores or conidia. This fungus is ectophytic, existing primarily on the surface of plant tissues. It draws nutrients from the plant via haustoria that penetrate the epidermal layer.
Several hundred eggs are laid on the outside of the female's empty cocoon, usually attached to a host plant or something close by (e.g. fence, wall). The species overwinters in the egg stage. Each brownish egg is rounded, somewhat flattened top and bottom.
Two broods are produced each year with the adults flying in May and June and again in August. Moths of the spring brood are usually darker in colour than the later specimens. The caterpillars feed on ash. The species overwinters as a pupa.
They mine the leaves of their host plant. The larvae form a typical leaf cone. The species is atypical for the genus Caloptilia in that the larva pupates within the leaf cone, in a suspended silken cocoon. The species overwinters as an adult.
They resemble young hornworm larvae of the family Sphingidae. The colour is variable and can be yellow, lavender, pink, green, brown or nearly black. Full-grown larvae can reach a length of about 45 mm. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Later, they eat whole leaves. Full-grown larvae are 35–44 mm long. They are lavender gray to light brown to nearly black with a shiny black head. The species overwinters as a pupa in a thin, silken cocoon on the ground.
The species overwinters in the larval stage within cavities in corn taproots. Summer pupation occurs in the portion of the stalk which is above the ground. Pupation of the hibernating generation occurs in the base of the stalk or in large roots.
Adults have been recorded on wing from February to October. The larvae feed on the buds and cones of various Pinus species. The species overwinters in the larval stage in a tunnel within a bud or cone. Pupation takes place in spring.
The larvae feed on Rhododendron tomentosum but possibly also other plants, because the species has been found in areas of Norway and Sweden where R. tomentosum is not present. Larvae can be found from mid July to August. It overwinters as a pupa.
UKMoths The larvae feed on Cirsium vulgare, Carduus, Aster, Tanacetum vulgare and Artemisia vulgaris. They feed inside the flowerheads of their host plant. The species overwinters as a fully grown larva. Pupation takes place in spring in a cocoon on the soil surface.
The gall is a slight swelling on a twig just below a bud on white willow (Salix alba). Inside the gall is a reddish- orange larvae which later makes an emergence hole in the twig or bud and overwinters in the gall.
The larvae of subspecies serratilineella are a pest of stored raisins, prunes, dried apple and other dried fruit product. Larvae of ssp. edmandsii invade beehives but are not known to be a true pest of stored-products. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The larva of the wasp lives and feeds inside the gall, overwinters there, and emerges as an adult the following spring.Tooker, J. F., et al. (2005). Plant volatiles are behavioral cues for adult females of the gall wasp Antistrophus rufus. Chemoecology 15(2), 85-88.
They tie the leaves of their host plant with silk, feeding from inside the shelter or mining the terminal leaves. The larvae are light green. The species overwinters in the pupal stage., 2005: A review of the genus Athrips (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Palaearctic region .
The causal agent of Ring Rot of Potato overwinters many different ways. The bacteria survives in infected tubers in both storage and in the field. Diseased tubers then infect newly planted tubers. The bacterium also may be foundas dried slime on machinery or containers.
The larva feeds on the leaves of alder, spinning two leaves together so it can feed undisturbed. The species overwinters as a pupa under loose alder bark. #The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
Adults are on wing in June and again in August in two generations per year.UKmoths The larvae feed on Cerastium fontanum. They live within the roots and lower stems of their host plant in a silken tube or tent. The species overwinters in a cocoon.
The larvae feed on Malus (including Malus pumila), Pyrus, Alnus and Morus species, as well as Glycine max. They roll the leaves of their host plant.Diagnostic molecular markers of six lepidopteran insect pests infesting apples in Korea The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The pale-brown eggs are a flattened sphere, with relatively few ribs which are more prominent above the equator. They are laid in small rows and inserted behind the buds of sallows (Salix species) or poplar (Populus species). The moth overwinters as an egg.
It flies at night from June to September and is attracted to light. The larva feeds on the roots of various plants including bracken, dandelion, dock, hop and viper's bugloss. This species overwinters twice as a larva. # The flight season refers to the British Isles.
A single generation is produced each year. It overwinters in the caterpillar stage. The larvae feed on Alcea, Malva sylvestris, Potentilla pedata, Potentilla neumanniana, Potentilla argentea, Althaea officinalis, Althea hirsuta and Centaurea species. It pupates in rolled leaves of host plants or on the ground.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. Aesculi is a bacterium that causes bleeding canker of horse chestnut. The pathogen overwinters in the soil and can survive in the soil for about a year. It is spread by water, rain, and tools that were used on the infected tree.
Downy mildew on hops has a polycyclic disease cycle. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium in hop crowns. The pathogen infects crown buds, resulting in the emergence of infected shoots and primary basal spikes in the spring under correct conditions. This initiates the disease cycle.
The adults fly from May to June depending on the location. The larvae feed nocturnally on the tender shoots of oak (Quercus species) in July and August. It overwinters as a pupa in a tough cocoon of coarsely spun silk, dead leaves and soil.
The larvae feed on Carya species, including Carya tomentosa, Carya glabra, Carya ovata and Carya cordiformis. They feed on the newly expanding leaflets of their host plant from within a tube. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place within the tube.
The species overwinters in the larval stage. Young larvae probably bore into unfolding buds. Older larvae draw several leaves together with silk and consume the margins of the leaves. Pupation takes place in a pupal chamber which is made at the end of the tube.
A study has found C. crinicornis to be univoltine in the same region, and that it overwinters in soil as larvae. It has also been found that diets of corn or soybean leaves do not affect the consumption, longevity or fecundity of adult C. crinicornis.
The colour of the hindwings varies from yellow to scarlet, with one or more median dark blotches in addition to the discal spot. The larvae feed on various low-growing plants, including Thermopsis rhombifolia and Plantago species. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The broad bean beetle, B. rufimanus is univoltine. It reproduces in spring in faba bean crops, lays eggs on the young pods, develops in the growing seeds and overwinters as adults in shelters, or in diapause as larva or pupa diapause in the stored seeds.
There are two to three generations per year with adults on wing from the end of April to mid-November. The larvae feed on Hypericum perforatum. Larvae can be found from June to August and from September to May. It overwinters in the larval stage.
Adults are mainly on wing in June and July, but a second generation with adults on wing from August to September might occur. The larvae are polyphagous and have been recorded feeding on Rumex, Onobrychis, Securigera varia and Vicia dumetorum. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
When fully developed, the larva pupates, either in the stem or in the soil, and overwinters as an adult or as a pre-emergent adult inside the pupal case. Adult females may lay between 40 and 200 eggs over the course of one to three months.
Adults are on wing from July to September. The larvae feed on Salix and Populus species, spinning together the shoots and living between united leaves where it also pupates in a slight shelter. They can be found from May to June. The species overwinters as an egg.
This species overwinters as imago or in the larval stage. The overwintering bugs can be found and mate in early spring and the females lay their eggs on plant stems. The larvae can be found in early June. The new adult generation will appear in July.
The mine has the form of a full- depth and elongate blotch. The species overwinters in the pupal stage., 2005: A revision of the Elachista praelineata group (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) in Japan, with comments on morphology of the pupa in Elachista. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 148: 1-19.
The larvae feed on Cryptomeria fortunei and Cryptomeria japonica. The species overwinters as a young larva within the leaves of dying branches. The larvae begin to be active early April of the following year. Newly hatched larvae usually feed on leaf flesh and only the epidermis remains.
The wingspan is about 22 mm.Lepiforum.de Adults are on wing from May to June and again from July to August in two generations per year. The larvae feed on Silene species which are related to Silene nutans, especially Silene paradoxa. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
This moth flies at night in June and July in the British Isles. It is attracted to light. The larva feeds on the leaves and soft bark of a wide range of trees and other plants (see list below). The species overwinters as a small larva.
Larvae of the first generation bore in the buds of their host plant. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Larvae of the second generation initially feed in groups of five to ten. Later, each forms a silk-lined tube, which are enlarged during larval development.
Adults can be found from June to October. This species has one generation a year (univoltine) and overwinters as an egg. It is monophagous on most Betulaceae (Alnus glutinosa, Alnus hirsuta, Alnus incana, Alnus japonica, Alnus viridis). Larvae feed on young shoots in the leaf axils.
The species overwinters in the larval stage. After overwintering, young larvae feed on the undersurface of the base of a leaf. A tube is constructed and several nearby leaves are pulled together around the tube. The larvae usually leave this tube to construct a second one.
One or two broods are produced each year and adults can be seen between May and September. Flight is from June to July.Information on Lychnis at Funet The larva feeds on various Caryophyllaceae such as Dianthus, Lychnis, Saponaria and Silene. The species overwinters as a pupa.
Spores are sticky in nature when present inside the membrane due to oily coating. At harvest, spore masses are broken up, scattering spores on grain. Frequently, masses of spores remain intact and appear in harvested grain. The fungus overwinters as teliospores on seed or in soil.
Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart. It flies at night in June and July and is attracted to light. The stout larva is green with a reddish stripe and feeds on the flowers of various Rosaceae including apple, blackthorn, cherry, hawthorn, pear and quince. The species overwinters as an egg.
The underside is concolorous with the upperside. Adults are on wing from early May to September throughout its range. It possibly overwinters as a last instar larva or as a pupa that emerges in late spring. Larvae have been reared on the leaves of Solidago species.
The larvae feed on Abies alba, Abies nephrolepis and in North America also Cedrus Juniperus Picea, Pinus and Pseudotsuga species. Young larvae feed on new shoot of their host plant. Pupation takes place on the ground near the host. The species overwinters as a young larva.
The larvae feed on the leaves of bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), butternut (Juglans cinerea), red oak (Quercus rubra), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and hawthorn (Crataegus species).Hickory Hairstreak, Butterflies of Canada The species overwinters as an egg. The MONA or Hodges number for Satyrium caryaevorus is 4283.
Adults are on wing from April to June in one generation per year.butterflies.de The larvae feed on Dipsacus, Scabiosa, Cephalaria and Knautia species (including Knautia arvensis).Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes place in spring.
Adults are on wing from April to mid June and again from July to September in two generations per year.De Vlinderstichting The larvae feed on Quercus, Betula, Ulmus, Fagus and Prunus species.Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The larva feeds on a variety of plants such as bedstraw, oak and willow, as well as various grasses. The species overwinters as a larva, remaining active and feeding throughout. #The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
The wingspan is 17–22 mm. Two broods are produced each year with adults on the wing in May and June and again in August. The larva, as the name suggests, feeds on currant, but will also feed on hop. The species overwinters as a pupa.
There is one generation per year with adults on wing from the June to August. The larvae feed on Gentiana lutea, Gentiana punctata, Gentiana pannonica, Gentiana purpurea and Gentiana asclepiadea. The larvae can be found in August and September. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The juniper hairstreak overwinters as a chrysalis. The gryneus race has two broods per year; sweadneri, two broods per year; siva, two or three broods per year; nelsoni, one brood; muiri, one brood; loki, one or two broods; and the thornei race has one brood per year.
These bugs are present on various plants, mainly on Clematis, Echium, Spartium, Juniperus and Quercus species. The species overwinters as eggs.Manuela Pinzari: Deraeocoris schach, a new predator of Euphydryas aurinia and other heteropteran feeding habits on caterpillar web (Heteroptera: Miridae; Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Fragmenta entomologica, 48 (1): 77-81 (2016).
Adults are mainly day-active and are on wing from the end of June to August in one generation per year. Adults are found on flowers of Scabiosa, Adenostyles and Cirsium spinosissimum. The larvae feed on various plants, including Verbascum and Tussilago farfara. This species overwinters as a caterpillar.
Older larvae live freely among spun leaves, but may still they make occasional fleck mines by feeding on the leaf tissue from a small opening. Larvae can be found from April to May and again from July to August, but it is not known how the species overwinters.
Adults are on wing from late May to early July in one generation per year.Vlindernet.nl The larvae feed on Prunus spinosa, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Clematis, Polygonum, Vicia and Solidago species.Butterflies & Moths of Palaearctic Regions Larvae can be found from the fall to May. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The adults fly from May to July and are attracted to light. The species overwinters as a larva. The larvae feed underground on the roots of a wide variety of plants (see list below) and can be an agricultural pest. # The flight season refers to the British Isles.
There are three generations per year with adults on wing from the end of March to April, in June and July and in August and September. The larvae feed on Galium species, primarily G. saxatile. Larvae can be found from April to October. It overwinters as a pupa.
There is one generation per year with adults on wing from the end of May to August. The larvae feed on various Apiaceae species, including Aegopodium podagraria, Heracleum sphondylium, Peucedanum oreoselinum, Peucedanum palustre and Angelica sylvestris. Larvae can be found from June to September. It overwinters as a pupa.
Adults are on wing from June to August. The larvae feed on fungi, including Hypoxylon fuscum and Fomes fomentarius, growing under the bark of dead twigs of elm, oak, beech and hawthorn.Nemapogon at funet The species overwinters in the larval stage. Pupation takes places in the fungus or wood.
Adults are on wing from mid-July to April in western Europe, but can be on wing nearly year round depending on the location. The species overwinters as an adult. The larvae feed on the upperside of the leaves of Quercus species. They live under a slight web.
Adults are on wing from August to October in one generation per year. Larva Pupa The larvae feed on the leaves of various plants, including Prunus spinosa, Clematis vitalba, Crataegus, Frangula alnus and Berberis vulgaris. Larvae can be found from May to June. The species overwinters as an egg.
1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren) Adults are on wing from April or May to July or from June to July in the mountains. The larvae feed on Stipa species. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Mites tend to become particularly numerous and destructive during hot dry seasons. Heavy infestations can lead to the death of seedlings and transplants. They are readily dispersed by wind and by the distribution of infected nursery stock. The pest overwinters in the egg stage, mostly on the twigs.
The larva is brown or greyish ochreous, sometimes tannish peach; the lines pale with darker edges. It feeds on various grasses including Alopecurus, Dactylis, Deschampsia, Leymus and Phragmites and has also been recorded on the sedge, Carex and the rush, Luzula. This species overwinters as a small larva.
It sometimes flies short distances by day but mainly at night when it is attracted to light. The adults are on the wing from June to August. The larva feeds on a variety of plants including asparagus, dandelion, knotgrass, oak, plantain and Rubus. The species overwinters as a larva.
As the larva feeds and grows within this gall, it probably undergoes five larval instar stages (the growth stages between moults). The final instar stage is reached by late October. The larva ceases feeding. It now passes into the prepupal stage, in which form it overwinters inside the gall.
Later, the larva lives freely, creating feeding holes in the leaf near the margin, causing fleck mines. Pupation takes place in a white or yellowish-white, spindle- shaped cocoon. Larvae can be found from April to May and in July. The species probably overwinters as an egg or young larva.
They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a long contorted and sometimes spiral mine. The species overwinters within the mine in a flat circular yellow cocoon. After hibernation, the larva bores into a growing shoot just below the tip, hollowing out the stem.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Microsorum pustulatum and Dicksonia fibrosa. They have also been observed feeding on the leaves and sori of Pyrrosia eleagnifolia. Full-grown larvae are reddish brown with an interrupted black dorsal line containing five oblong yellowish-brown spots. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
The females lay their eggs individually or in small groups on grasses. Caterpillars feed on Gramineae, Digitaria, Milium effusum, Panicum, Setaria, Brachypodium, Festuca and Bromus species. Adults fly from May to August. This species overwinters as a caterpillar for one or two years depending on the altitude of its habitat.
Adults are dull yellow-brown with darker grey-brown markings. Adults are on wing in spring, from mid April to mid June in Alberta. The larvae feed on Rhamnus purshiana, Betula papyrifera, Salix, Prunus, Alnus, Cornus, Philadelphus, Ceanothus, Populus, Amelanchier and Acer species. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
This species presents two overlapping generations a year, the second generation is generally missing in cool years. The moth flies from May to August depending on the location and then again from August to early September. The pupa overwinters. The larvae feed on field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and Polygonum species.
The larvae feed on various trees and shrubs, including Acer, Betula, Crataegus pinnatifida, Fagus, Larix leptolepis, Populus, Prunus padus, Pyrus, Quercus, Salix koreensis, Sorbus, Tilia and Ulmus species. The species overwinters in the larval stage within a shelter made of a spun web in crevices of barks of their host plant.
This moth flies at night and is attracted to light, sugar and nectar-rich flowers. In the British Isles the moth is active in June and July. The larva feeds on various grasses, including reedgrasses, tussock grasses, fescues, canarygrasses, and ryes. This species overwinters as a larva, feeding during mild weather.
This moth flies at night from May to August and is attracted to light and sugar. The hairy larva is grey with black and red markings and a white patch towards the rear. It feeds on poplars and willows and sometimes on grey alder. The species overwinters as a pupa.
European Butterflies and Moths There are contrasting cream and brown markings on the forewings.UKmoths Adults have been recorded on wing from late April to the beginning of July. The larvae feed on Lotus, Anthyllis, Genista and Cytisus species from within a tubular silken gallery. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Sinea diadema is a species of assassin bug family (Reduviidae), in the subfamily Harpactorinae. It is native to North America and found in the Midwest in fields, often associated with goldenrod Solidago missouriensis Nuttall. Sinea diadema is bivoltine, preys on small bugs and beetles, and overwinters in the egg stage.
As they develop, the asparagus miner feeds on cortical tissue. After pupation, the second generation of adult asparagus miners peaks around mid-July to mid-August in the United States. The end of adult flight happens in October and the asparagus miner overwinters as a pupa inside senesced asparagus stems.
Young larvae spin silk and tie five to twenty needles together to form a tube. The larvae live within this tube. When the tube walls have been mostly eaten down, the larvae will abandon their tubes and begin constructing new ones. The species overwinters in the pupal stage within the tube.
Adults are on wing from April to June and again from August to September in two generations per year. The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, including Daucus carota and Plantago coronopus.Yellow belle at UKMoths The larvae can be found from April to June. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
The white-throated robin (Irania gutturalis), or irania, is a small, sexually dimorphic, migratory passerine bird.ITIS.gov The vernacular and genus name Irania alludes to Iran, its type locality, while the specific name gutturalis is Medieval Latin for "of the throat". It breeds in western Asia and overwinters in East Africa.
The melodious warbler is a migratory species. It breeds in Western Europe and North Africa, and overwinters in West Africa south of the Sahara Desert. The breeding range extends from the Iberian Peninsula eastwards to Germany and Italy. In northern Africa it breeds in Western Sahara, Mauritania, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.
Adults are on wing from April to June in one generation per year. The larvae feed on Pseudotsuga, Pinus, Populus and Salix species. They are dark with an intricate pattern of black and brown, resembling tree bark or a twig. The species overwinters in the pupal stage within a cocoon in leaf litter.
In general, although melanism occurs regularly in this species it is less prevalent than in the November moth. The pale November moth flies at night from September to November and is attracted to light. The larva feeds on a variety of trees and shrubs (see list below). The species overwinters as an egg.
It overwinters in Africa south of the Sahara. It is an occasional visitor to the British Isles. In its breeding range, the thrush nightingale is found in damp deciduous woodland typically with alder and birch. It favours thick undergrowth with brambles, dense shrubs and tangled vegetation in swampy places and near water.
The larvae feed on the leaves of Triadica sebifera. There are six larval instars. The larvae reach a length of 28–33.5 mm and have a pale green to yellow-green ground colour and a yellow head. The species overwinters as an egg on the leaves and branches of the host plant.
The caterpillar overwinters in the soil as a pupa. Caterpillars that are newly hatched or are in the middle of growing feed in groups while those that are mature or nearly so feed separately. The caterpillar is about an eighth of an inch long. The head is large in proportion to the body.
The final instar larva is either off white all over or off white below the spiracles and darker greyish or olive green dorsally. There is a row of black spots and finely black-edged white dots. The insect overwinters as a pupa in a cocoon, amongst leaf litter. The larvae feed on birch.
The larval food plant is oak. The insect overwinters as a larva. The body of the caterpillar larva is red brown, but it camouflages itself by attaching a screen of oak leaf fragments to its specially hooked bristles. After overwintering, the attached camouflage changes and consists of bud scales from the oak tree.
Tinagma gaedikei is a moth in the Douglasiidae family. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from central Illinoismothphotographersgroup and northern Kentucky. Adults are on wing from late April to mid-May The larvae feed on the fruit of Phacelia purshii. The species probably overwinters in the larval stage.
There is one generation per year, with adults on wing from August to October depending on the location. The larvae feed on poplar feeding in the catkins at first, afterwards on the ground on fallen leaves and low plants Larvae can be found from April to June. It overwinters as an egg.
The hindwing ground colour is paler, greyish white with pale blackish transverse lines in the basal, medial and subterminal areas.A New Record of Eupithecia praepupillata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from Korea There is one generation per year with adults on wing from early September to late October. The species possibly overwinters as an egg.
It feeds on a wide range of plants and is occasionally a pest of cultivated tomatoes. The species overwinters as a pupa. It is on wing from the latter half of June to July. Occasionally, there will be a second generation from the end of August to the first half of September.
The adults fly at night from June to August, occasionally later, and are attracted to light. The larva is brown, tapering towards the front, and feeds on a variety of plants including bedstraw, chickweed, dandelion and knotgrass. The species overwinters as a small larva. #The flight season refers to the British Isles.
The larvae feed on the fronds of the palm species Serenoa repens, the saw palmetto, and live in silken tubes at the frond base. The species overwinters in the larval stage. Adults feed on flower nectar from various plants, including the pickerelweeds (genus Pontederia). Adult males perch in sedge marshes to await females.
The larvae feed on the leaves of various plants, including Plantago, Rumex, Fragaria, Stellaria, Lamium, Centaurea, Pulsatilla and Taraxacum species. Young larvae mine while older larvae feed within the Rhizome, where pupation also takes place. Larvae can be found from May to June. The species overwinters as a pupa in the soil.
Adults have been recorded on wing from May to June, in one generation per year. The larvae feed on Ulmus minor, Prunus padus and Populus species. They initially feed among spun leaves of their host plant, but later feed in young shoots or leaf stalks. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Larva ochreous grey, paler, more greenish, at sides; lines greenish edged with black: the subspiracular line whitish and double; head with black speckling. The larva is green or brown with two white stripes down each side. It feeds on a range of plants (see list below). The species overwinters as an egg.
This herbaceous perennial overwinters as a tuber deep in the soil. It sends out long rhizomes from which shoots develop which trail over the ground. These are densely covered with silvery green, deeply lobed leaves. The flower buds have inflated pale green calyces and the sepals are extended backwards into a short spur.
There is one flight which occurs between June and July. The caterpillar of this species feeds on the flat-topped white aster (Aster umbellatus) while adults feed on flower nectar. The female lays eggs in a cluster formation under the leaves of its host plants. The caterpillar overwinters during its third instar.
Females are wingless. Adults are on wing from mid July to August in Europe and from late June to late July in North America. The larvae feed on Salix and Betula species as well as Populus tremuloides in North America. Larvae can be found from May to July It overwinters as an egg.
Proliferation of larvae and egg production varies with vegetation. It overwinters under lichens on trees and under tree bark. Predators of blue willow beetle eggs are the common flowerbug (Anthocoris nemorum) and Orthotylus marginalis, and the adult is a vessel for larval development for the parasitoid wasp Perilitus brevicollis and the Vespoid wasp "Symmorphus bifasciatus".
Wheat leaf rust is a fungal disease that affects wheat, barley and rye stems, leaves and grains. In temperate zones it is destructive on winter wheat because the pathogen overwinters. Infections can lead up to 20% yield loss, which is exacerbated by dying leaves, which fertilize the fungus. The pathogen is Puccinia rust fungus.
It flies at night from May to July and is attracted to light and sugar. The larva is purplish brown with yellow stripes and feeds internally in various grasses including Agropyron, Dactylis, Elytrigia and Poa. This species overwinters as a larva. Habitats include, forests, meadows, moors, rocky areas, park-like landscapes, steppe and settlements.
Colaspis brunnea, the grape colaspis, is a species of leaf beetle from North America. It mainly occurs in the eastern United States. It is a pest of crop such as corn and soybeans, but damage by it has not been documented as economically significant. It is univoltine, and overwinters in the soil as larvae.
They mine the leaves of their host plant. Larvae of the first generation mine only in the lowest pair of leaves. Larvae of the second generation can be found in August and the third generation feeds in October and overwinters in the pupal stage. The mine is winding, with a fine central line of frass.
When a leaf or berry becomes infected, pycnidia form and produce conidia, contributing to repeated cycles of infections in summer rains. At the end of the season, the fungus overwinters as pycnidia or pseudothecia within cane lesions or mummifed fruit. In the spring, the pycnidia will produce conidia once again and the pseudothecia produce ascospores.
The apple maggot larvae are often difficult to detect in infested fruit due to their pale, cream color and small body size. The adult fly lays its eggs inside the fruit. Larvae consume the fruit and cause it to bruise, decay, and finally drop before ripening. The insect overwinters as a pupa in the soil.
Sclerotia production in S. Cepivora Stromatinia cepivora is a soil borne fungus. This is a monocyclic disease meaning it only has one reproductive cycle a season. This is a unique fungus as it does not produce any spores of importance to a normal life cycle. It exists and overwinters as sclerotia (the survival stage).
The fungus then overwinters within the shoots and tissue of the host. It then produces ascospores in the spring to begin the cycle anew, but only after it has grown on its host for two winters. It will not produce ascospores the first season after initial infection, but will continue to produce asexual conidia.
The larvae are polyphagous, feeding on various herbaceous plants, mainly on mallow (Malva species), common marshmallow (Althaea officinalis), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), goosefoots (Chenopodium) and dandelion (Taraxacum). Adults are on the wing on sunny days in May and August in two generations. They are attracted to light. This species overwinters as pupa below ground.
Alternaria alternata has no known resting sexual stage. Instead, it overwinters in infected plant debris through asexual spores called conidia. Their production can begin in as few as ten days after the first symptoms appear, and can continue for to up to fifty days. Because of this, the life cycle is known as poly-cyclic.
As an ascomycete, Ceratocystis coerulescens produces ascospores encased as groups of eight in asci. The asci are protected by a perithecium, a flask-shaped ascocarp, in which the pathogen overwinters. Ascospores are the sexual spores and are far less common than the asexual spores known as conidia. The conidia form on conidiophores without a sporocarp.
The outer wing fringes are checkered with white to yellowish gray and black. There are at least four generations per year in Louisiana with adults on wing from February to October. The larvae feed on the needles of Taxodium distichum (bald cypress). Pupation takes place in a shallow burrow where the second generation overwinters.
The wingspan is 36–42 mm. The adults are active from February to April, the male sometimes coming to light but not strongly attracted. The larva is greenish brown with dark cross-shaped markings along the back and feeds on a range of trees and shrubs (see list below). The species overwinters as a pupa.
It is a univoltine species. The adults fly at night from July to September and are attracted to light, sometimes in large numbers. The larva, grey and twig like, feeds on various trees and shrubs (see list below) and is omnivorous and cannibalistic feeding also on smaller larvae. The species overwinters as an egg.
Saunders's gull breeds in eastern China and the west coast of Korea. It breeds in saltmarshes dominated by the seepweed (Suaeda glauca). It overwinters in southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, South Korea, southwestern Japan and Vietnam. Its winter habitats are estuaries and aquaculture ponds and some populations move inland to lakes and marshes.
Psychoides filicivora is a moth of the family Tineidae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1937. First found in Ireland in 1909, it is possible that the moth was introduced from imported ferns from Asia. The moth can be found from spring though autumn in a series of generations. The species overwinters as a larva.
V. inaequalis overwinters mostly as immature Perithecia, where sexual reproduction takes place, producing a new generation of ascospores that are released the following spring. Scab lesions located on the woody tissues may also overwinter in place, but will not undergo a sexual reproduction cycle; these lesions can still produce ineffective conidial spores in the spring.
Blanding's turtle overwinters under or near water, in mud, or under vegetation or debris. This is known as brumation. During the nesting season, a female Blanding's turtle may be found more than a kilometer from where it hibernated. It is omnivorous, eating crustaceans and other invertebrates, fish, frogs, crayfish, carrion, berries, and vegetable debris.
It makes a cocoon at the base of a grass stalk where, if it is early in the year, it pupates, emerging as an adult insect some three to six weeks later. If it is late in the year, it remains as a larva and overwinters in the cocoon, pupating during the following spring.
There is one generation per year with adults on wing in July and August. The larvae probably feed on various moss species in the wild, but have been reared on various plants, such as Taraxacum officinale, Stellaria media and Polygonum aviculare. The larvae can be found from August to June. The species overwinters in the larval stage.
Females burrow into ground in search of grubs, particularly those of the green June beetle, Cotinis nitida, and some research suggests, possibly the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica. The wasp stings the grub and frequently burrows farther down to construct a cell and lay an egg on the host. The larva pupates and overwinters inside the body of the host.
The Morris squill is a perennial herb with 3-6 thick, straight leaves measuring up to 70 cm long and 1–3 cm wide. The flowers are star-shaped, small and usually coloured purple, blue or white. The flowering period is between March and April. As a perennial, it overwinters as a bulb which stores nutrients.
Recent discoveries on stands of juniper in northern England and Scotland suggest that the range of the species may be extending. The juniper shield bug is active for most of the year apart from the coldest months. It overwinters as an adult, emerging to mate in the early spring. New adults may be found from late August onwards.
The larvae feed on Calluna vulgaris, Betula and Salix species (including Salix repens). Other recorded food plants include Empetrum nigrum, Myrica gale, Vaccinium uliginosum, Quercus, Potentilla, Galium, Hieracium, Artemisia, Ononis, Clematis, Prunus, Crataegus, Corylus, Rubus, Erica, Ulex, Genista, Lotus corniculatus, Crataegus and Ledum palustre. Larvae can be found from July to August. The species overwinters as a pupa.
The species overwinters as a larva. The term ghost moth is sometimes used as a general term for all hepialids. The ghost moth gets its name from the hovering display flight of the male, sometimes slowly rising and falling, over open ground to attract females. In a suitable location several males may display together in a lek.
There are several generations of Acherontia atropos per year, with continuous broods in Africa. In the northern parts of its range the species overwinters in the pupal stage. Eggs are laid singly under old leaves of Solanaceae: potato especially, but also Physalis and other nightshades. However it also has been recorded on members of the Verbenaceae, e.g.
The hindwings are crossed by a number of narrow, parallel partial lines. There is one generation per year with adults on wing from July to August. The larvae bore the cones of various coniferous trees, including Picea glauca, Picea engelmannii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies balsamea, Pinus resinosa and Pinus banksiana. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
It prefers moist areas. These include, for example, meadows, moors, wet heath and fen, woodland areas, sometimes sandy soils, but not strongly xerothermic habitats. The larva feeds internally on the stems of various grasses (including Carex species, Luzula luzoloides, Bracilypodium sylvaticum and Poa pratensis), pupating in a cocoon among the roots. This species overwinters as a larva.
Butterfly Corner Adults are on wing from May to August in two generations. The larvae feed on Aristolochia species including A. mandshhuriensis, A. debilis and A. manchuriensis. Subspecies has been recorded on A. shimadai, A. liukiuensis, A. kankauensis, A. elegans, A. debilis, A. kaempferii, A. onoei, A. tagala, Cocculus trilobus and Metaplexis chinensis. The species overwinters as a pupa.
Phoma black stem infections can occur throughout the growing season, although the lesions are more noticeable during late summer. Phoma macdonaldii penetrates into the plants either directly via enzymatic degradation of the plant cell wall or by mechanical pressure. The fungus overwinters in infected crop debris. Primary inoculum originates from overwintering fungal structures (perithecia, pycnidia, and mycelia).
The ecoregion's extensive wetlands and coastal lakes are important habitat for migratory and resident water birds. The ecoregion has few endemic or near-endemic species. The endangered orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster) overwinters in the vegetated coastal dunes and saltmarshes. The endangered swift parrot (Lathamus discolor) and regent honeyeater (Anthochaera phyrigia) have been mostly extirpated from habitat loss.
Figure 2: P. Omnivera disease cycle The disease overwinters as sclerotia or as mycelium on dead plant tissue. Once spring to early summer arrives, germination phase with hyphae growth continues. Following this, root colonization occurs. In Mid and late summer you begin to see the disease at its infectious stage, which is when you start to observe associated symptoms.
Amongst the animal species occurring in the nature reserve are fish such as the trout, bleak, burbot and stickleback. It is also home to the blue-tailed damselfly and the emerald dragonfly. Native bird species include the kingfisher, grey wagtail and white-throated dipper. The first two breed in the nature reserve, whilst the dipper only rests and overwinters.
Before making its first case, the young larvae live in a frass- filled contorted corridor. The larval stage lasts two seasons. In the first autumn, they live in a mine, where hibernation occurs. After hibernation, a case is made in which it feeds until spring, then aestivates, feeds in autumn and overwinters for the second time.
Septoria glycines is a fungal plant pathogen that causes leaf spot on soybean, a disease that is also known as brown spot. The disease leads to early defoliation of the plant, but does not normally cause severe reductions in yield. The fungus overwinters on infected soybean straw and is spread by wind dispersal or rain splash.
Edited by W.W. Bockus, R.L. Bowden, R.M. Hunger, W.L. Morrill, T.D. Murray, and R.W. Smiley. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul. p. 18-19 Because the fungus overwinters in plant debris on or in the soil and conidia are dispersed by rainsplash, initial infections occur on leaves in close proximity to the soil. High humidity and temperature promote sporulation.
The species overwinters in the larval stage. In spring, the larvae leave their winter shelter and resume feeding on the leaves of their host plant. They construct a silken tube on the underside of a recently expanded leaf. Last instar larvae leave the tube and resume feeding on the terminal leaf or shoot, again forming a tube.
These species overwinters as an adult, emerging in late spring. There is one generation in the northern part of their range and two in the south. The adults and nymphs are consumers of a wide range of cruciferous plants (Brassicaceae), feeding mainly on the flowering parts. Among cultivated crops the bugs damage cabbage, radish, turnip, rutabaga, horseradish and rape.
The isabelline shrike or Daurian shrike (Lanius isabellinus) is a member of the shrike family (Laniidae). It was previously considered conspecific with the red-backed shrike and red-tailed shrike. It is found in an extensive area between the Caspian Sea and north and central China southeast to the Qaidam Basin. Overwinters in Africa and Arabia.
After mating, the gravid female creates a burrow where they bring pollen. On top of the pollen, one egg is laid. This is consumed by the larva over 10 days, after which the larva overwinters and pupates in the next year. Many melittids (such as Macropis) possess specialized morphology that allow them to collect floral oil.
The larvae feed on various plants, including the leaves and fruit of apple and other fruit trees, as well as spruce and various vegetables. They are green with a pale dorsal stripe and a yellowish head and reach a length of about 16 mm. The species overwinters in the pupal stage in folded leaves on the ground.
There are several generations of the wasp each year and it overwinters in the larval stage. The female can lay between thirty and sixty eggs during her lifetime. Males are unknown in this species and the adults are all females. During reproduction, the eggs remain unfertilised and thus have half the number of chromosomes of a normal cell.
There are three whitish bands on the body, and traces of a whitish line along the middle of the back. Adults can be found on the flowers of the host plant, as well as on thyme (Thymus vulgaris). It overwinters as a larva. The larvae feed on in the roots and crown of thrift (Armeria maritima).
Zygaena nevadensis is a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is found in France, Spain, Portugal, Romania, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Greece,Fauna Europaea Russia and North Africa, including Morocco.Zygaena at funet The larvae feed on Vicia species (including Vicia cracca and Vicia villosa) and Lathyrus pratensis.Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie The larvae overwinters twice.
Anoplius viaticus is unusual in that it overwinters as an adult, hibernating in a deep burrow. This enables it to emerge and become active earlier in the year than other related species. In southern England, it is on the wing from March onwards. The female A. viaticus searches for a suitable spider with which to provision its nest.
The woody gall is a spindle-shaped swelling tapering into the stem. It is about 2 cm long and at its widest 0.5 cm, but can be indistinct, with the stem barely swollen. Several galls may form around the stem. During the summer there is one white larva in a spherical chamber, which pupates and overwinters in the gall.
The lateral bands are distinct and black, and are more conspicuous than they are in mature slugs of this species. In juveniles the shield shows lyre-shaped markings, as is the case in slugs of the genus Arion. These lyre-shaped markings become indistinct as the slugs grow larger. The Kerry slug probably overwinters in the sexually immature stage.
The nesting sites require full exposure to the sun. The eggs are laid in these small cells, which the female then seals with a reserve of food. The larva develops to a pupa and an adult while sealed in the cocoon, where it overwinters. The adults emerge in the spring to mate and to set up their own nests.
This moth flies at night and is attracted to light and sugar. Its flight season in the British Isles is June through August. Larva pinkish ochreous with a pale lateral line; the tubercles black; head yellow brown; thoracic and anal plates black brown. The larva feeds and overwinters on reed canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea), Glyceria spectabilis and reed sweet-grass (Glyceria maxima).
When the plant eventually dies, the cycle repeats and the fungi once again overwinters as an ascocarp inside the host plant and plant debris. This pathogen may be considered polycyclic because initial inoculum is by mycelial growth by the resting spores, ascomata. Alloinfection may be relatively less frequent within a season, yet secondary inoculum can also occur during the same season.
At soil temperatures of 22C or higher, very little infection occurs. In spring cropping systems, the fungus overwinters on the crop debris and stubble of previous diseased barley crops. The fungus produces abundant conidia on wet lesions during cool, damp weather after the leaf tissue has become necrotic. Conidia, spread by wind and splashing rain, infect young leaves of spring- planted grain.
The adult survives for two or three weeks during which time the females lay about eighty eggs. Most of the eggs are unfertilised and produced by parthenogenesis. In Hawaii, only about one in a thousand individuals is male, and in this location, it breeds throughout the year. In cooler climates it overwinters in plant debris and becomes active again in spring.
Adults are on wing from May to July.UKmoths There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on the flowers and leaves of Solidago virgaurea, Solidago canadensis, Artemisia absinthium and Artemisia vulgaris hiding by day under the leaves close to the ground. The species overwinters in the pupal stage, in a tough earthen cocoon usually among surface debris or sometimes underground.
Vlindernet The larvae feed on various low- growing plants, including Lamium album, Viburnum lantana, Laburnum anagyroides, Prunus spinosa, Lonicera and Ligustrum species. Young larvae live in the top parts of the host plant. The species overwinters in the larval stage. After overwintering, the larvae hide during the day and feed on the terminal part of the twigs during the night.
It produces winter buds from the stem tips that overwinter on the lake bottom. It also often overwinters as an evergreen plant in mild climates. In the Autumn, leafy stalks will detach from the parent plant, float away, root, and start new plants. This is the American water weed's most important method of spreading, while seed production plays a relatively minor role.
If no such shelter is found, the larvae will feed on cover plants on the ground. The species overwinters as a mid-instar larva. Pupation takes place under the bark of their host plant or in amongst fallen leaves at the base of a tree.TortAI The larvae have a yellowish-green or greyish-green body and a yellowish-brown head.
Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, is a heterothallic oomycete that overwinters as oospores in leaf litter and soil. In the spring, oospores germinate to produce macrosporangia, which under wet condition release zoospores. Zoospores are splashed by rain into the canopy, where they swim to and infect through stomata. After 7–10 days, yellow lesions appear on foliage.
It attacks white, black, Norway, and Colorado blue spruces. The larvae at first prefer new foliage, but after becoming about half-grown, old needles are included in their diet too. Young plantations become susceptible a few growing seasons after establishment. The insect overwinters underground as a larva in a dark-brown papery cocoon encrusted with soil (Rose and Lindquist 1985).
The young develop synchronously, which increases the amount of intraspecific competition between them. The blue corporal overwinters as a final instar nymph, and the entire population of an area emerges over a one-month period in early spring. The flight period varies with latitude. For example, it flies from November to May in Florida, while in Louisiana it flies from February to May.
This disease is caused by a common bacterium that persists in soil and water and is spread by wind-driven rains. The bacteria overwinters on crop residue, seed, fall- sown cereals, and perennial grasses. Spring infection may result from any of these sources. Subsequent infections are spread by splashing of bacterial ooze by rain drops, plant to plant contact and insects.
The fungus overwinters in barley straw and stubble, in the soil, or on the seed. Spores are produced on barley debris in the spring and are dispersed by wind and rain. Barley seedlings may become infected from inoculum on the seed or in the soil. Temperatures above 20°C and moist humid conditions within the crop canopy favour spot blotch development.
Aspergillus flavus overwinters in the soil and appears as propagules on decaying matter, either as mycelia or sclerotia. Sclerotia germinate to produce additional hyphae and asexual spores call conidia. These conidia are said to be the primary inoculum for A. flavus. The propagules in the soil, which are now conidia, are dispersed by wind and insects (such as stink bugs or lygus bugs).
The breeding range of the woodchat shrike is in southern Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East. The range extends from Portugal to Greece, Turkey, Iraq and Iran, and from Mauritania and Western Sahara in northern Africa to Libya. This bird overwinters in tropical central Africa, its winter range extending from Senegal to Sudan and Ethiopia in the east and southwards to Gabon.
Botryotinia polyblastis is an ascomycete and overwinters as sclerotia on infected plant tissue in the soil. Like many ascomycetes, the sclerotia of Botryotinia polyblastis germinate in the spring, once weather conditions are favorable to form an ascocarp. Botryotinia polyblastis forms an apothecium, a wide, open, saucer shaped fruiting body as its ascocarp. The apothecium contains ascospores, which are the primary inoculum.
The female lays up to 240 cylindrical eggs beneath the bracts on the flower heads of yellow starthistle. The larva emerges and tunnels into the flower head, where it feeds on developing seeds. A larva might destroy up to 90% of the developing seeds inside a given flower head. It overwinters inside the head and pupates into an adult fly.
The pupae are brown and about six millimetres in length. The insect overwinters as a pupa in the ground at a depth of five centimetres or more.HYPP Zoology The pupae can endure frosts of -33 °C and in the following year the adults emerge at varying dates, doing so when the soil temperature reaches 18 °C at the depth of the pupae.
This moth flies at night in March and April (sometimes later) and is attracted to light and various flowers. Caterpillar The larva are green dotted all over with yellow; dorsal and subdorsal lines yellowish white; spiracular line broad, white, with dark upper edge; head pale green. It feeds on a wide variety of plants (see list below). This species overwinters as a pupa.
Adults of Elasmucha grisea can be found all year around. In fact this species overwinters as an adult. Mating occurs in the spring and new adults can be found in August. These shield bugs feed on various woody plants, preferably on birch (Betula species), but also on alder (Alnus species), beech (Fagus species), holly (Ilex species), spruce (Picea species), etc.
Either one or two broods are produced each year and the species can be seen on the wing any time from June to September, flying at night and sometimes coming to light. The larva feeds on ivy and the species overwinters in this form. #The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
Cercospora melongenae exists wholly in its asexual stage; even when grown in culture in the lab, no sexual stage is seen. This means that this disease has an imperfect life cycle, making it of the deuteromycota. Cercospora melongenae overwinters in conidiophores which asexually produce conidia. It survives the winter on lesions of previously infected fruit, plant debris, or simply in the soil.
The corolla of the flower persists on the plant after those of uninfested flowers have fallen. Somewhat surprisingly, given this very specialized feeding ecology, it has also been recorded feeding on Brassica oleracea in Malta.Natural History Museum HOSTS database The species overwinters as a pupa. The preferred habitat is the edge of woods, glades and park landscapes, gardens and warm mountain slopes.
After about two weeks, an adult fly emerges from the pupa. After mating, a female fly may lay several hundred eggs in total. There are up to three generations of the fly each year and the parasitoid overwinters as a second instar larva within the body of the overwintering host.Hoffmann, M.P. and Frodsham, A.C. Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests.
S. maydis overwinters on diseased plant debris (husks, stalks). During wet conditions, flask-shaped pycnidia embedded on debris produces two-celled conidia. Diplodia ear rot takes place when conidia are spread via rain and wind into the plant during early silking until two to three weeks after silks start to senesce. Alternatively, conidia can penetrate husks, typically at the base of the ear.
It is found in boreal forest, especially bogs, and is both diurnal and nocturnal. Early instar larvae prefer to feed on the epidermis of leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, but is polyphagous when reared. In Scandinavia the larva overwinters twice. In Minnesota this species occurs in raised bogs with Vaccinium vitis-idaea suggesting that this is the foodplant in North America.
Calybites phasianipennella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from all of Europe and most of Asia. a sprig of Polygonum hydropiper with a leaf cut and rolled up into two cones by the larva Larva The wingspan is 10–11 mm. Adults are on wing in September and overwinters as an adult, after which it can be found to April or May.
They mostly feed on legumes (Coronilla species, Lathyrus species) and other leguminous plants, such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), milkvetch (Astragalus), vetch (Vicia), Sainfoin (Onobrychis), broom (Genista) or restharrows (Ononis). The species overwinters as larvae (in third or fourth instar) and develops in May or June into the adult insect. The adults can be observed from Summer until September. The oviposition occurs in midsummer.
Retrieved February 27, 2018. The larvae feed on Acacia, Lonicera, Baptisia (including Baptista leucantha), Genista (including Genista monspessulana) and Lupinus species (including Lupinus arboreus and Lupinus diffusus), Sophora secundiflora, Lagerstroemia indica, Cytius scoparius and Cytius striatus. The larvae have a brownish-green body and a black head with white dots. The species usually overwinters in the pupal stage, but may also overwinter as an adult.
Praunus flexuosus has two generations per year. A population overwinters, and produces a spring generation that appears in May or June, before dying off in the summer. Some of the spring generation reach sexual maturity and reproduce in the autumn, producing the generation which will reproduce the following spring. Females release eggs into a brood pouch or marsupium, where they are held until they hatch.
Monobia quadridens is bivoltine, having two generations in a year. One emerges in summer, while the other overwinters as a pupa before emerging the following spring. Copulation lasts for 30 minutes in M. quadridens, while in most wasp species, it only lasts a minute or two. It nests in a variety of cavities including tunnels abandoned by carpenter bees, old mud dauber nests and hollow plant stems.
D. speciosa is then finally ready to enter the adult stage (Adults are 5.5–7.3 mm long; General colour grass-green, with yellow spots). The head and legs are black, and the beaded black antennae are about 1.6 mm long. Adults are most active in the morning and late afternoon. The beetle overwinters during the adult stage near buildings, wood lots or in fence rows.
B. burgdorferi circulates between Ixodes ticks and a vertebrate host in an enzootic cycle. B. burgdorferi living in a tick can be passed to its offspring (Buhner, 2015). The spirochetes survive as the larvae molts into a nymph and persist in the nutrient-poor midgut as the nymph overwinters. Infected nymphs then transmit B. burgdorferi by feeding on another vertebrate to complete the cycle.
Inside, the 3 cm tunnel-like chamber contains a larva or pupa. The larva overwinters fully fed in a cocoon, preparing an exit hole before it pupates in April or May. The exit hole is just above a bud and is covered by silk mixed with reddish frass. When the moth emerges the pupal exuviae is left in the exit hole making the gall easier to find.
Pseudometapterus umbrosus is a species of assassin bug found in North America. It is univoltine in Illinois and overwinters as an adult. It has been reported from spider webs and plants (Heuchera parviflora) on sandstone and limestone bluffs. The vast majority of observed individuals are mictropterus, but in 2000, a macropterus (full-size winged) female was observed in Little Grand Canyon, Jackson County, Southern Illinois.
Pupation, or the process of transforming from an immature stage to an adult, occurs in the soil. Pupae start off a shiny reddish-brown that progresses to a dark brown color. The size of a pupa averages 18.2 mm to 4.7 mm in width. The budworm overwinters in the pupal stage, and diapause or dormancy can be initiated by either short days or low temperatures.
Pennycress is planted and germinates in the fall and overwinters as a small rosette. The central stem and upper side stems terminate in erect racemes of small white flowers. Flowers are self-pollinated and produce a penny sized, heart-shaped, flat seed pod with up to 14 seeds. Each dark brown seed is oval-shaped and slightly larger than a camelina seed (Camelina sativa).
The adults fly at night from June to August and are attracted to light and sugar. The extraordinary larva is very distinctive, thickly covered with very long yellow and orange hairs with white spots outlined in black along the back. It feeds on various maples and also on common horse-chestnut, large-leaved lime, mulberry and pedunculate oak. The species overwinters as a pupa.
Didymella pisi is the teliomorph stage of Ascochyta pisi All above ground parts of the pea plant and all growth stages are susceptible to Ascochyta pisi. The fungus overwinters in seed, soil, or infected crop residues. Infected crop residue is the primary source of infection in the main pea producing areas. The fungus survives on seeds and in the soil as resting spores, called chlamydospores.
There are usually two generations per year with adults on wing from May to September. In the northern part of the range, there is only one generation, with adults on wing from June to July. The larvae mainly feed on the flowers of Potentilla, Erica and Calluna species, but have also been recorded feeding on Genista and Rubus species. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Secondary infection occurs when pycnidia produce more conidia during the growing season that are again dispersed by rainsplash and spread to new leaves for infection. The fungus overwinters as mycelium and pycnidia in host debris. Perithecia have also been observed in lesions and have been demonstrated to produce ascospores in later summer. Air-borne ascospores disperse in the fall and may cause primary infections the following season.
Adult J. evagoras are in flight from late October or November until April. Near Sydney, immature butterflies are most commonly seen in October and early February. The egg stage overwinters, so eggs laid near the end of the season will remain dormant until they hatch in the spring. If eggs are laid in the spring, they hatch quickly and reproduce in the next two months.
The slender-billed gull breeds in lagoons and lakes around the Mediterranean Sea and in similar locations in countries bordering the northwestern part of the Indian Ocean. In 2010 a successful colony was found breeding on an island in a mountain lake in Algeria. The lack of predators and disturbance allowed over 98% of the eggs to hatch. It overwinters on the coast in estuaries and bays.
The larvae are white, legless, with a darker colored head and are often C-shaped. The weevil overwinters as a larva deep in the soil, or as an adult under stones or other sheltered places. Larvae feed on roots and can weaken or kill smaller plants. They are whitish, C-shaped, and about 8 mm long when full grown, much smaller than white grubs.
Tar spot is a localized disease that causes mostly cosmetic symptoms and is therefore not a highly controlled disease. One of the best ways to manage the pathogen is through proper sanitation techniques. Because the fungus overwinters in diseased leaf debris, removing the debris in fall can help reduce the occurrence of the disease. In certain severe cases, fungicides can be implemented to help with control.
In this species is quite evident the row of spines on the tibia 3 characterizing Cicadellidae. Adult leafhoppers can mostly be encountered from April through July feeding on sap of deciduous trees, especially poplars (Populus species) and oaks (Quercus species). Although fit to fly, they sometimes prefer to jump away when disturbed. They may have just one generation per year and the larva overwinters.
In the Old World the larva feeds on Juniperus (juniper) and also on some other conifers in the cypress family such as Chamaecyparis and Thuja. In the New World there is a greater range of recorded food plants including apple, clover, raspberry, redcurrant, strawberry, sunflower and willow as well as juniper. The species overwinters as an egg. #The flight season refers to the British Isles.
Virtually the entire Svalbard population of barnacle goose (roughly 38,000 as of 2015) overwinters here. More than 140,000 wading birds, including pink-footed geese, teals, goldeneyes, dunlins, grey plovers and golden plovers have been recorded in winter. In addition, many thousands of birds stop while passing through. During the summer around 45-50 species of birds breed at Caerlaverock, including shelducks, common redshanks, curlews and oystercatchers.
Females will arrive four to six weeks later, when the snow starts to melt. They tend to migrate in small flocks and have an undulate flight at a moderate height. This passerine bird overwinters in northern temperate zones in open fields forming moving flocks. They will leave the Arctic at the middle and end of September, although some will start the migration at the beginning of November.
Overwinters as an egg laid on the foodplant, the larvae feed at night partly subterraneous on the roots of Poaceae and a wide range of herbaceous plants such as corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis). This moth flies from June to October depending on the location and there is one generation per year. It can be found on heaths, sand dunes, cliffs and open heaty woodland.
Sick's swift (Chaetura meridionalis) is a species of swift in the family Apodidae. It was previously considered conspecific with the smaller ashy- tailed swift, but Marín (1997) found that Sick's swift was closer to the chimney swift. It is a migratory species that breeds in central South America and overwinters in northern South America. The IUCN has listed it as being of "Least Concern".
Among other discoveries, the Urquharts learned that the butterflies only travel in daylight and can fly up to in a day. The trip north spans several generations of monarchs, while a much- longer-lived "super generation" flies from the northern reaches of the butterfly's range all the way to Mexico, overwinters there, and breeds in the spring to start the next generation flying north.
The common grasshopper warbler breeds in north west Europe and the western Palearctic. The range includes Spain, France, central Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia, the British Isles, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, southern Sweden, southern Finland, the Baltic States and western parts of Russia. Further east it is replaced by related species. In late summer, it migrates to north west Africa, India and Sri Lanka where it overwinters.
Dreshslera poae fungus overwinters on the lower portion of the grass plant in the crowns and roots. Survival in winter is by conidia and dormant mycelia in infected live plant tissue and saprophytically in dead tissue, such as thatch and mat. The pathogen has also been known to overwinter in the dead thatch layer under the turfgrass. Once spring arrives with cool, wet weather, the fungus begins to thrive.
Under these conditions, spores germinate and penetrate the plant in 6 hours. The fungus overwinters in the corn debris as mycelium and spores, waiting once again for these favorable spring conditions. The generation time for new inoculum is only 51 hours. University of Missouri "Learning from Past and Current Epidemics" As previously mentioned, Bipolaris maydis also has a sexual stage with ascospores, but this has only been observed in laboratory culture.
Compsilura concinnata has a negative impact on many species of Lepidoptera native to North America. # The fly is multivoltine while the main target for its introduction, the gypsy moth is univoltine. # Since the host gypsy moth overwinters as eggs, the parasitoid fly found non-target species in which to overwinter. # Due to its flexible life cycle, this parasitoid can parasitize more than 150 species of butterfly and moth in North America.
The Arctic ringlet or Disa alpine (Erebia disa) is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of family Nymphalidae. It is associated with wet muskeg and bogs in subarctic and Arctic climates, and is often found near the tree-line. The larva overwinters twice before undergoing metamorphosis into an adult. It is found in Arctic Europe, Arctic European Russia (Kanin Peninsula), Sajan, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, Yablonoi and Arctic North America.
Leucostoma Canker of Stone Fruits Disease Cycle Although the Leucostoma pathogen can undergo sexual stages, the asexual cycle is far more important for disease development. The fungus that causes disease overwinters in cankers or previously invaded dead wood. Environmental cues, such as cool, moist weather in the early spring, cause conidia to be released from pycnidia in sticky masses. The conidia are then spread via wind or water splashes.
Mountain leafhopper (Colladonus montanus) overwinters on winter annual weeds, particularly near streams and canals. Adults can be plentiful on sugarbeet during late winter/spring and migrate to favored weed hosts such as curly dock or burclovers in orchards. The Mountain leafhopper is most abundant vector found on cherry but does not reproduce on cherry. The mountain leafhopper (Colladonus montanus) spreads the disease from wild herbaceous hosts to woody hosts.
For small or backyard growers, collecting and destroying all leaf debris on the ground is an absolute necessity due to the potency of this disease because the fungus overwinters in this leftover leaf litter. This is its main form of survival. By removing and destroying these leaves, a grower can significantly decrease the amount of primary inoculum available in the spring. It will greatly decrease the apparent infection rate.
Palaemon adspersus being peeled Palaemon adspersus is uncommon over most of north- western Europe, but forms the basis of a significant fishery in the Danish straits. In the Baltic Sea, it can tolerate salinities as low as 5‰, but it overwinters in deeper, more saline waters offshore. In Denmark, P. adspersus is closely associated with Zostera (eelgrass) beds, and is replaced by Palaemon elegans where the eelgrass is lacking.
Pre-existing wounds on the plant from annual pruning or insects allow the pathogen to gain entry into the next plant. However, if wounds are not present, the conidia can germinate to produce an appressorium to directly penetrate the plant. Once new plants are infected, conidia are produced throughout the season as the secondary cycle of this polycyclic disease. Phomopsis viticola overwinters as pycnidia until favorable conditions arise again.
It tolerates drought once well installed, but watering is preferable in case of long dry periods. It overwinters as a stump and therefore completely disappears during the cold months. Contrary to popular belief, this species can withstand wind, frost and cold up to −15 °C provided that the strains are protected for the first two years with mulching. Young shoots need to be protected from slugs and snails.
There are two or three generations per year with adults on the wing from April/May to September.. In the warmest parts of the European importation area, with cold conditions coming late in the year, there might be sometimes four generations per year. The species overwinters as a juvenile cocooned larva (about 5–10 mm long), protected in an hibernarium made of two leaving Buxus leaves solidly joined by silk.
The variegated cutworm overwinters both as larvae and as adults. However, studies show the moth cannot survive at any stage of life for more than eight weeks at 0 °C, and more than 4 weeks at −2 °C. These data suggest the moth does not overwinter in the cold northern Canadian extent of their geographic range. The moth flies in several generations from May to November depending on the location.
Another method of controlling the pest in cotton crops is to intercrop with corn, growing some corn plants in the cotton field. The moth overwinters in corn plants instead of the cotton plants in order to relieve the cotton plants of their moth loads. Bt-based pesticides are available, and conventional chemical pesticides are used. Corn breeding is continuing in the search for varieties resistant to the moth.
This species in southern Europe overwinters as a caterpillar. Pupation occurs on the ground near the host plants, usually on fallen leaves and dead vegetation, or pieces of bark and old wood. During mild winters in temperate and typically Mediterranean climates this species hibernates as pupae. Adults of this multivoltine species usually are present from March to early November in three generations a year, but in the tropics, they develop continuously.
This species overwinters, often two or three times, as caterpillars, that are active on mild winter days. Setina aurita, like other species belonging to the genus Setina, is known to emit ultrasounds (a crackling noise) during flight,A. D. Blest, T. S. Collett and J. D. Pye The Generation of Ultrasonic Signals by a New World Arctiid Moth Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences - Vol.
269 The footnote in this volume to this item says that the 1999 Russian edition gave a mistaken "scientific etymology" of the expression derived from the folk name Kuzka the bug of the pest insect Anisoplia austriaca, which overwinters deep under the soil, so it is hard to uncover it. According to the editors, this was guesswork on the part of an annotator who was suffering from an illness.
When conditions become unfavorable, the fungus overwinters in sclerotia inside the dead host plant tissue, or within the soil. The sclerotia can be dispersed through soil by rain and water irrigation. Moist, humid conditions, and high nitrogen fertilization are favorable conditions for the sclerotia, which germinate in wet areas of the leaf or sheath. Once the sclerotia germinate, the mycelium infects the plant through wounds or natural openings in the plant.
Pediobius foveolatus was discovered in India, and is native to most of southern Asia and Japan. In its native range, Pediobius foveolatus either overwinters in host larvae, or not at all due to the lack of a cold season. In the United States, however, Pediobius foveolatus cannot survive cold winter months because all North American hosts (Mexican bean beetle and Squash beetle, Epilachna borealis) overwinter as adults, not larvae.
The collected beetle larvae are consumed by the wasp's larva in a matter of weeks; the wasp then probably overwinters as a prepupa. The adults' flight period in Great Britain is between May and August but they are most common in June, the adults nectar at flowers with short coronas and accessible nectaries and they will also feed on the honeydew secretions of aphids and from extra floral nectaries.
The species inhabits a range of habitats but is most often associated with heathland and moorland. The caterpillar is black and orange at first, later becoming green with black rings and yellow and red spots. The commonest food plant is heather but the species has also been recorded feeding on a huge range of other plants (see list below). The species overwinters as a pupa within a fibrous cocoon.
Phytophthora sojae overwinters in plant debris and soil as oospores. Oospores are made after the male gamete, antheridium, and female gamete, oogonium, undergo fertilization and then sexual recombination (meiosis). They possess thick cell walls with cellulose that enables them to survive harsh conditions in the soil without germinating for several years. They begin to germinate once the environmental condition is favorable during spring (see § Environment) and produce sporangia.
This moth flies at night from March to May and is attracted to light and sallow blossom. Larva bright green with the lines broadly white edged with deep green; spiracular line edged below with yellow. It feeds on the needles of Pinus sylvestris and other pines, but sometimes on other trees (see list below), and can be a serious pest in forests. The species overwinters as a pupa.
It overwinters inside the seed head and pupates the following spring. This moth is native to Europe. It was first introduced as a biocontrol agent for knapweeds in the United States in 1980, and it is now established in much of the western United States. The larvae of this moth compete with other head-dwelling biocontrol agents; if they find the larvae of another species they attack and consume them.
This species flies at night in June and July and is attracted to light and sugar. Larvae are reddish brown, with scattered black clots: dorsal and subdorsal lines black and fine; venter paler; thoracic plate black with three white lines; head brown. The larvae feed on various grasses including Deschampsia and Festuca. The species overwinters as a full-grown larva in a cell beneath the surface of the soil.
This moth flies at night in March and April and is attracted to light and sugar. Larva green thickly dotted with yellowish white; all the lines yellowish white; anal segment with a yellowish- white cross bar; head green with black spots. It feeds on various trees and shrubs including apple, buckthorn, elm, oak, pear, poplar and willow as well as various Prunus species. The species overwinters as a pupa.
The cabbage looper can be found across North America and Eurasia, as far south as Florida and as far north as British Columbia. Cabbage looper populations in North America migrate from Mexico to Canada, depending on the seasons. It generally overwinters in Mexico or southern California, where temperatures are above even during winter. It used to be frequently found in Florida, but this has lessened due to fewer cabbage crops.
For example, it is important to manage crop debris between growing seasons, as B. maydis overwinters in the leaf and sheath debris. Purdue University department of Botany and Plant Pathology Extension, Crop diseases in corn. Tillage can be used to help encourage breakdown of any remaining debris. It has been observed that burying residues by plowing has reduced the occurrence of SCLB as opposed to minimal tillage, which can leave residue on soil surface.
Adult wasps run on wet stones exposed in gravel stream beds, flying between them and the stream banks, and can also be found at the margins of pools formed in sand and gravel pits. The flight period is from June to September in Britain. In the northern German lowlands there may be two generations per year. A. concinnus overwinters in the last larval stage and the males appear from the end of May.
In the Mediterranean basin Closterotomus trivialis has been reported as a serious pest of olive and citrus crops. This species has a single annual generation (univoltine) on citrus and overwinters in the egg stage in bark cracks. Females oviposit their eggs at the end of spring. Eggs hatch in late winter to early spring and larvae feed on understorey weeds, mainly on Urtica species and Parietaria officinalis , Urticaceae being the main hosts.
The last generation of the summer enters into a non-reproductive phase known as diapause and may live seven months or more. During diapause, butterflies fly to one of many overwintering sites. The generation that overwinters generally does not reproduce until it leaves the overwintering site sometime in February and March. It is the second, third and fourth generations that return to their northern locations in the United States and Canada in the spring.
Cold and wet climates favor this disease, which is why it is often found in the coastal vineyards of California and New York. In the eastern vineyards this disease is estimated to infect 30% of grapes while in California it can infect up to half. This can reduce yields by 40–60%. Much like black rot, bunch rot overwinters in the berries and infects the next season's crop through spore ejections in the summer.
The pathogen overwinters in these mummies. 80–90% control can be achieved by applying fungicides to protect the crop before rains begin. The California Department of Pesticide Regulation has estimated that without the fungicides to control anthracnose the state's almond production would drop 15–30%.Specific Exemption for Use of Propiconazole (Break EC) for Control of Anthracnose on Almonds in California, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Section 18 Emergency Exemption Request, November, 1997.
The insect overwinters as a pupa in the soil, and adults emerge in mid to late summer. R. juglandis engages in superparasitism, during which conspecifics infest the same host, even when there are still uninfested hosts available. Although courtship behavior is rare in the Rhagoletis genus, male flies demonstrate low-frequency wing vibration, accompanied by airborne infrasound; they also turn their wing edges upward. R. juglandis participate in a resource-defense mating system.
All carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa are solitary and therefore generally do not form colonies. Both males and females of X. micans overwinters in old nests as adults until the following spring; each generation lives for roughly one year. In early April the adults emerge from their nests for the mating season. Nests are preferably recycled by bees, who prefer to avoid the energy-intensive activity of excavating a new nest.
In continental Europe, Bucculatrix thoracella occurs in two generations per year, whereas it is generally univoltine in most of Britain. It overwinters as pupa, either on the host plant's trunk or in leaf litter. Adults are on wing in June and sometimes August in Britain, while in continental Europe they are on wing from April to May and from July to August. Eggs are left on the underside of leaves, often at a vein angle.
Larva velvety green with darker green oblique subdorsal stripes; tubercles pale; spiracular line yellowish white; 11th segment slightly swollen, with a pair of white dots; head green. The larvae often feed on ferns and the species is usually associated with them. Other recorded food plants include birch, false bindweed, dogwood, larkspur, willowherb, ash, ivy, lettuce, privet, loosestrife, oak, buttercup, currant, raspberry, willow, tomato, coltsfoot, nettle, and guelder rose. The species overwinters as pupae.
The disease cycle is impacted by which form of the pathogen (teleomorph or anamorph) you find on the host. This distinction affects how the pathogen overwinters or survives periods without a susceptible host. If the sexual stage (teleomorph) is present, the pathogen sexually reproduces to form ascospores inside of asci, and subsequently packed into perithecia. This method provides genetic variation and the convenience of perithecia which can act as a survival structure.
The cockchafer overwinters in the earth at depths between 20 and 100 cm. They work their way to the surface only in spring. Because of their long development time as larvae, cockchafers appear in a cycle of every three or four years; the years vary from region to region. There is a larger cycle of around 30 years superimposed, in which they occur (or rather, used to occur) in unusually high numbers (10,000s).
These worms can only live near water, because parts of their life cycle take place in it. The adult overwinters in soil and debris and the female enters a water body such as a swamp or a stream to lay eggs. A gelatinous string of eggs each about 50 micrometers long is released into the water. The female can produce a great many eggs, perhaps up to 27 million in its lifetime.
It overwinters in its larval stage, and eggs hatch in the late summer to early autumn. Members of this species are prey for multiple types of birds and other insects. Due to modern agriculture, most of the grassland habitats that sustain Boloria selene are fragmented or lost all together in favor of farmland. Because of this, the small pearl-bordered fritillary has seen a serious drop in population across Europe, in some places as much as 80%.
The MTB overwinters as adults on the ground. Adults become active and begin feeding and mating in the early spring when tamarisk leaves are budding. Eggs are laid on tamarisk leaves and hatch in about a week in warm weather. Three larval stages feed on tamarisk leaves for about two and a half weeks when they crawl to the ground and spend about 5 days as a “C”-shaped inactive prepupa before pupating about one week.
Megapenthes lugens, whilst in larval form, is associated with hollow, decaying trunks of beech and elm trees. It is believed that they feed on the larvae of other beetles. The beetle is understood to be omnivorous; its larvae preying on the larvae of weevils of the subfamily Cossoninae, whilst imagines consume nectar from a wide range of flowers. Pupation occurs in the autumn, and the resulting imago overwinters within the pupal case, emerging in the spring.
The STB overwinters as adults on the ground. Adults become active and begin feeding and mating in the early spring when tamarisk leaves are budding. Eggs are laid on tamarisk leaves and bark and hatch in about a week in warm weather. Three larval stages feed on tamarisk leaves for about two and a half weeks when they crawl to the ground and spend about 5 days as a "C"-shaped inactive prepupa before pupating about one week.
Sap on rhubarb stalk caused by L. concavus The adult rhubarb curculio overwinters in leaf litter or other similar sites and appears in mid-May. The adult makes feeding and egg punctures in the crowns, roots, and stalks; a jelly-like sap exudes from the wounds as glistening drops of gum, often with extraneous material trapped within. The eggs laid in rhubarb do not hatch, but are killed by the sap or crushed by the developing tissues.Insect Diagnostic Laboratory.
In Great Britain the flight period is April to August, and the species overwinters as an adult. Due to confusion with P. perturbator, prey records of the two species (formerly considered a single species P. fuscus) are not reliable. However, it is probable that P. susterai preys on larger spiders of the families Lycosidae and Gnaphosidae. Although little is known about the nesting biology of P. susterai, like other Priocnemis wasps it probably excavates cells in pre-existing cavities.
It breeds in the Arctic and winters mainly at sea along the coasts of the northern Pacific Ocean and northwestern Norway; it also sometimes overwinters on large inland lakes. It occasionally strays well south of its normal wintering range, and has been recorded as a vagrant in more than 22 countries. This species, like all divers, is a specialist fish-eater, catching its prey underwater. Its call is an eerie wailing, lower pitched than the common loon.
Gibberella fujikuroi is a polycyclic ascomycete. Thus, it is possible to, at the right stage of the lifecycle of the pathogen, see perithecia or conidia under the microscope.BAKANAE OF RICE - AN EMERGING DISEASE IN ASIA A. K. Gupta, I. S. Solanki, B. M. Bashyal, Y. Singh and K. Srivastava The pathogen overwinters in perithecia and will infect through soil in seeds that are not pre-infected. Infected seed is also a source of inoculum; conidia will germinate when planted.
Disease cycle of northern corn leaf blight In nature, E. turcicum lives and reproduces in an asexual phase with a relatively simple life cycle. In temperate regions, the fungus overwinters mycelia, conidia, and chlamydospores in the infected corn debris. When conditions become favorable the following season, conidia are produced from the debris and dispersed by rain or wind to infect new, healthy corn plants. Once on a leaf, conidia will germinate and directly infect the plant.
Alternaria dauci lesion Sexual reproduction of Alternaria dauci is not known to occur, and the disease is most active during spring, summer, and autumn cropping cycles. The disease cycle begins when fungus overwinters on or in host seed and in soil-borne debris from carrot. A. dauci may also be spread into fields via contaminated carrot seeds during cultivation. Once introduced, the pathogen can persist in carrot debris or contaminated seeds in the soil for up to two years.
Diplocarpon earlianum is a species of fungus that causes disease in strawberry plants called strawberry leaf scorch. The disease overwinters in plant debris and infects strawberry plants during the spring season when it is wet. The five main methods to reduce strawberry leaf scorch include: irrigation techniques, crop rotation, planting resistant and disease-free seeds, fungicide use, and sanitation measures. Control of strawberry leaf scorch is important because it is responsible for the majority of disease in strawberries.
A Botrytis cinerea conidiophore Botrytis cinerea growing on a plate with a ring of visible sclerotia (dark brown balls) Botrytis cinerea is characterized by abundant hyaline conida (asexual spores) borne on grey, branching tree-like conidiophores. The fungus also produces highly resistant sclerotia as survival structures in older cultures. It overwinters as sclerotia or intact mycelia, both of which germinate in spring to produce conidiophores. The conidia, dispersed by wind and by rain-water, cause new infections.
The fungus overwinters as spores in leaf litter. In the spring, wind and rain carry the spores upward. When they land on leaves, they begin to grow, creating asexual pycnidia (also called conidiophores) which hold conidia. The conidia disperse and this cycle continues for the duration of the season, producing and spreading more and more conidia, until leaves carrying the spores fall and lack of resources or stress causes the spores to settle in for the winter.
Adults can be seen on the wing from spring until autumn, in two generations (April/June and July/September or October). They mainly feed on pollen and nectar of Compositae, Rosaceae (Alchemilla xanthochlora), Apiaceae (Angelica sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium) and Hedera species. As with most other members of the subfamily Syrphinae the larvae are predatory though there seems to be a preference for a variety of different ground-layer aphids.Nature Spot This species overwinters as a larva.
A basic control measure that could be implemented is residue management. By tilling the field and rotating crops, this helps reduce the primary inoculum that overwinters on stalks and other residue. A biological control method that has shown potential is the infection with Coniothyrium phyllochorae by reducing lesion size due to hyperparasitism. Chemical control with one or two treatments of Fenpropimorph or Mancozeb applied every ten days were the most effective fungicides used in field trials.
F. virguliforme overwinters as asexual macroconidium and chlamydospores and currently no research has found a successful sexual stage with this pathogen. When conditions are favorable, these spores germinate on seedling roots and infect the plant. From the V1 to R1 stages (seedling to first flower) of soybean growth, the fungus colonizes within the plant cortex and only goes up the stem a few inches above the soil surface. Toxins are produced when the pathogen colonizes the lower parts of the soybean cortex.
The larger tamarisk beetle overwinters as adults on the ground. Adults become active and begin feeding and mating in the early spring when tamarisk leaves are budding. Eggs are laid on tamarisk leaves and bark and hatch in about a week in warm weather. Three larval stages feed on tamarisk leaves for about two and a half weeks when they crawl to the ground and spend about 5 days as a C-shaped inactive prepupa before pupating about one week.
Hibernating adult maleThe adult common brimstone overwinters for seven months, remaining hidden and motionless throughout its hibernation. While both sexes have similar egg to adult development times, they differ in the times that they reach sexual maturity. The reproductive development of males begins just after pupal emergence, and continues during hibernation, which indicates that males may not be able to reproduce until after overwintering. For females, eggs remain undeveloped as the butterflies overwinter, and no reproductive development occurs until after emergence from hibernation.
The primary plant tissues targeted by C. parasitica are the inner bark, an area containing the conductive tissue, and the cambium, a layer of actively dividing cells that give rise to secondary vascular tissues. In these tissues, the pathogen forms diffuse cankers in which the mycelium overwinters. In the following spring, two types of fruiting bodies will form: pycnidia, usually first, and perithecia. Following rainfall, the pycnidia ooze orange tendrils of conidia, the asexual spores, while perithecia forcibly eject ascospores, the sexual spores.
The life cycle of Streptomyces scabies or common scab in potato starts out as the pathogen overwinters in tubers left behind in the soil. As spring comes around, some of the hyphal like growths from mycelium develop cross walls that break into asexual spores and disperse through wind, rain, or movement of soil. The spores infect developing roots/tubers through natural openings or wounds. Mycelia grow through the external cell layers and allow the pathogen to feed on plant tissue.
The fungus overwinters as mycelium and chlamydospores in twig or leaf lesions and continues to produce asexual structures. The fungus primarily infect young plants, therefore inoculum availability declines as fruits mature and the significance of infection during the maturation period is unknown. It takes an incubation period about 45 days and up to 77 days until primary symptoms appear on peach trees. Due to long the long incubation period, secondary cycle of fungus does not have significant effect on further infection.
The disease cycle begins with the overwintering structures. The grape black rot pathogen overwinters in many parts of the grape vine, especially mummies and lesions, and is able to overwinter on the vineyard floor. In fact, "Viable lesions capable of producing conidia can persist in wood for at least 2 years." Spring rains release the ascospores and conidia contained in the overwintering structures and these spores are “spread by wind and rain‐splash to infect leaves, blossoms and young fruit”.
In Fujian, six generations per year have been recorded.Revision of Tribe Archipini (Tortricidae: Tortricinae) in Northeast China The larvae feed on the fruit and new leaves of Akebia quinata, Chloranthus serratus, Houttuynia cordata, Ipomoea aquatica, Malus baccata, Malus pumila, Prunus salicina, Prunus sargentii, Prunus tomentosa, Pyrus ussuriensis, Sinomenium acutum and Sorbus commixta. They have a dark green body and black head.Some morphological and bio-ecological characteristics of groundnut leafroller Archips asiaticus (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) The species overwinters in the larval stage.
This species is found all year round as it overwinter as an adult. It usually blends in with the dried grass stalks in which it overwinters. It is one of only two species of European dragonflies that overwinter as adult insects, the other being the related Sympecma paedisca. Although related to the Lestes 'spreadwing' damselflies, Sympecma rest with their wings alongside their bodies In spring these damselflies mate and with the pairs still in tandem, the females oviposit in floating vegetation.
Larva greenish grey, darker dorsally, with subdorsal black patches and a row of indistinct pale oblique streaks along the sides; spiracular line pale, pinkish ochreous, broadly black edged above; ventral surface yellowish. It is gregarious when young. It is polyphagous, feeding on a wide range of plants, such as burdock, Artemisia, mustards, Buddleja, marigold, chrysanthemum, hawthorn, Cyclamen, silverberry, fireweed, forsythia, hop, lettuce, Lepisanthes, apple, Parthenocissus, plantain, Prunus, pear, rhododendron, willow, spinach, dandelion, coltsfoot, and nettle. This species overwinters as a larva.
The northern tamarisk beetle overwinters as adults on the ground in leaf litter beneath tamarisk trees. Adults become active and begin feeding and mating in the early spring when tamarisk leaves are budding. Eggs are laid on leaves, and hatch in about a week in warm weather. Three larval stages feed on tamarisk leaves for about two and a half weeks, when they crawl to the ground and spend about five days as a “C”-shaped inactive prepupa before pupating about one week.
The larva feeds on various grasses, including oats, fescues, barleys, canarygrasses, timothy, ryes, wheats, and wild rice. This species overwinters as a larva, feeding in mild weather throughout the season. it is grey brown with black tubercles; dorsal line broad, whitish; subdorsal finer; spiracular line broadly whitish, edged above with dark; feeding when quite young in autumn in the grains of corn and after hibernation in the fresh lower leaves and on grasses. Habitat in Siberia Its habitat includes fields, grasslands, and steppe.
After mating, the queen overwinters in a hole or other sheltered location, sometimes in buildings. Wasp nests are not reused from one year to the next, but in rare instances wasps have been seen to re-nest in the footprint of a removed nest or even begin building a new nest within an old nest. In the mild climate of New Zealand and Australia, a few of the colonies may survive the winter, although this is much more common with the German wasp.
The bacterium overwinters in diseased plants and thatch and is disseminated by water through rain splash, or mechanically by mowers, hoses, other gardening equipment, and golf shoes. The pathogen can also be present in the host at planting in infected sprigs, sod, or plugs. Unlike fungi, bacterial plant pathogens are unable to wound or mechanically probe plant hosts on their own. Instead, these pathogens enter through wounds inflicted on plants through verticutting, cultivation, sand, or through natural openings such as stomates and hydathodes.
Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev. Vol. III: Statesman, Penn State Press, 2007, , p. 269 The footnote in this volume to this item says that the 1999 Russian edition gave a mistaken "scientific etymology" of the expression derived from the folk name Kuzka the bug of the pest insect Anisoplia austriaca, which overwinters deep under the soil, so it is hard to uncover it. According to the editors, this was guesswork on the part of an annotator who was suffering from an illness.
This psylla overwinters as an adult, concealing itself in a crack in the bark. In spring it leaves diapause, and the female starts laying eggs round the base of the swelling buds. Later in the summer, the eggs are laid beside the midribs of the leaves, on the petioles and on the flower buds. The nymphs moult five times, and both nymphs and adults insert their mouthparts deep into the phloem tissue to suck the sap, secreting the excess fluid as honeydew.
The disease cycle of Verticillium nonalfalfae is similar to that of other members of the genus. V. nonalfalfae overwinters by forming a resting mycelium in the soil. However, unlike V. dahliae, for example, it does not produce microsclerotia. Verticillium nonalfalfae infects in the spring via conidia in the soil; conidia are borne on conidiophores. It has been found that intraspecific grafting enhances V. nonalfalfae’s dispersal of conidia, that is, conidia from diseased roots can be transported to healthy root tissues.
This is why the pathogen is most severe in summer and autumn-harvested crops. The pathogen overwinters in the form of an oospore, which can survive several years in the soil and inoculates the host when temperatures become optimal. In heavy moisture and wet soil, the pathogen can also release zoospores that can further increase its population up to 1000-fold. Flooding of soil by heavy rains as well as poorly drained soils have been shown to increase cavity spot disease development.
This is a very variable species with the wing colour ranging from whitish through buff and brown to black, sometimes with variegation, but it is always easily identifiable by the white discal spot on each wing and the characteristic "ragged" margin of the wings. The adults fly at night in May and June and are attracted to light. The caterpillar is green or brown and twig like, and feeds on a variety of plants (see list below). The species overwinters as a pupa.
Then the nematodes move forward within the root to feed on healthy plant cells. Since P. penetrans is a migratory nematode, they can move from plant to plant, but usually do not migrate more than 1–2 meters from the root zone that they first infect, thus invasion of many roots can take place in the nematodes life span. The nematode overwinters in infected plant parts or in the soil at any life stage, however J4 is the optimal life stage.
Cercospora melongenae overwinters in soil or plant debris as conidiophores which then can be dispersed to the plant by rain splash, irrigation water, wind or mechanical transport. The innoculum, conidia, enter through the stomata of the leaves where they germinate and produce more conidia on conidiophores. The conidia must have water or moisture in the form of heavy dew in order to germinate and therefore penetrate the leaf via. the stomata or other natural openings or wounds on the plant.
Disease cycle of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Agrobacterium tumefaciens overwinters in infested soils. Agrobacterium species live predominantly saprophytic lifestyles, so its common even for plant-parasitic species of this genus to survive in the soil for lengthy periods of time, even without host plant presence. When there is a host plant present, however, the bacteria enter the plant tissue via recent wounds or natural openings of roots or stems near the ground. These wounds may be caused by cultural practices, grafting, insects, etc.
Shortly after the twig is girdled and inserted with eggs, it will die and fall from the tree to the ground. The white, legless larva overwinters in the twig, then eats its way through woody tissue to the girdled point in the dead twig, and eventually closes itself in the twig with shredded wood fibers, then pupates over 12 to 14 days. The adult emerges and mates in the summer, feeding off tender woody shoots. This concludes the beetle's single yearly generation.
Populations of similar bats in southern Italy and Sicily display significant genetic divergence from M. crypticus, and thus may represent a unique taxonomic entity that requires more study. It is found in a wide range of altitudes, from sea level to 1000 meters above. It feeds in forest and grassland habitats and roosts in tree hollows as well as man-made structures. In autumn, M. crypticus swarms with other Myotis in large numbers, and overwinters with them in underground sites such as crevices.
Phoma medicaginis overwinters as mycelium in old stems and fallen leaves, where small pimple- like structures form, called pycnidia, the asexual fruiting body. In spring, many pycnidiospores are released and dispersed by the presence of free water. The small distance dispersal occurs by water splash and dew, while it is spread further distances by wind, insects, infected seed from the host, and human activities. Spores germinate about 24 hours after their deposition on susceptible alfalfa leaves if the proper environmental cues are present, a cool, wet environment.
After the larva has fed sufficiently it spins a cocoon, the cocoon is attached to the wall of the brood cell at its base. In cooler regions the larva overwinters and the adults emerge the following summer. Other species of bee, other than honeybees, have been reported as prey including Andrena flavipes, Lasioglossum zonulus and Nomada sp in Britain as well as bees of the genera Dasypoda, Halictus and Megachile in continental Europe. Each female may collect up to 100 bees during its flight period.
Pseudothecium of grape anthracnose, the sexual fruiting body of the fungus, has asci containing eight four-celled ascospores. The fungus also overwinters as pseudothecium, but the importance of ascospores in disease development is not clearly understood. The study done by Mirica (1998) validated that the ascospores do germinate and infect the tissue and produce the Sphaceloma phase which shows the existence of the perfect stage of Elsinoe ampelina. Overall, conidia and ascospores overwinter on the ground and on infected tissue and become the source of primary inoculum.
The species overwinters in an adult stage in leaf litter, after which they emerge in the spring and start to mate. From early June to the middle August eggs are laid on the upper side of leaves of and on the catkins of birch, where the nymphs feed in aggregation. Their larvae feed usually on birch, but could also be found on aspen and hazel. They have also been found feeding on various other host plants, mainly on juniper, Quercus, Ilex, Vaccinium, Alnus, Fagus and Populus species.
Depending on weather and location, P. viteana occurs in two to four generations per year, with generations above a second being more common in the southern areas of its range but occasionally happening in the northern areas as well. The last generation overwinters in the pupal stage. Adults of the various generations of P. viteana are on wing from roughly March to August, depending on the weather and location. The adults of the first flight emerge, after overwintering, during spring around the time of grapevine bloom.
The females' winter fly lay the eggs in April and May into the leave of the host plants, a few eggs in one leaf. After 6–8 days, the eggs hatch and the larvae mine the leaves, initially in a short corridor and later, a yellow or brown blotch. After four weeks, adult larvae enter into the soil at a depth of 4–5 cm. The second generation develops in September–October and overwinters in the upper layers of soil, at a depth of about 10 cm.
In fall, the aboveground biomass of N. peltata dies, sinks to the substrate and decomposes, and the plant overwinters as dormant rhizomes. These rhizomes can survive freezing temperatures up to -30°C. During the winter, stolons and stems either on or buried beneath the substrate can remain dormant until spring, and some small submerged leaves measuring 1-2 cm sometimes grow on these stems. After winter, the species requires light and oxygen to produce new growth and floating leaves begin to appear in spring.
The life cycle starts and ends with the chlamydospore. The chlamydospore is a thick walled, dark pigmented resting spore that overwinters in the soil or plant debris and can stay dormant for several years without losing viability. It will only germinate in the soil when it senses a host root nearby or when conditions are right when it is on the surface. In the soil it will produce germ tubes and mycelial growth that will infect the root through a wound and begin producing more chlamydospores.
As other Polypores, basidiospores are produced on the underside of the conks and are spread by wind. These wind-blown spores are the initial inoculums of the red ring rot. Once they land on a suitable small wound or twig stub, the spores may germinate and the mycelia grow into the inner wood and cause infection. P. pini produces only one type of spores, basidiospores, which is also a type of sexual spores and the fungus overwinters as mycelium in diseased trees or dead trees.
It differs in its band of yellow fur around the neck and in having slightly larger ears and usually being slightly larger overall. Around 100 mm in length, it can climb trees and sometimes overwinters in houses. It is found mostly in mountainous areas of southern Europe, but extends north into parts of Scandinavia and Britain. It facilitates the spread of tick-borne encephalitis to humans and is a reservoir species for the Dobrava virus, a hantavirus that is responsible for causing haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.
Video clip of Chiasmia clathrata In the British Isles there are one or two generations annually, with adults seen at any time from May to September. These moths are nocturnal. Larvae feed on bedstraws (Galium mollugo, Galium verum) and various legumes such as clovers (Trifolium medium, Trifolium pratense), trefoils, lucerne (Medicago sativa) and meadow vetchling, primarily in June and July and from mid-August through September, though in Ireland and northern Britain larvae occur in July and August. The species overwinters as a pupa.
It was determined that the leaf beetle Chrysomela collaris has a supercooling point (minimum lethal temperature) at before the body fluid freezes and the animal dies. At Finse, it was also discovered that the ground beetle Pelophila borealis can be completely frozen in ice over an extended period. The beetle's supercooling point is just , but this is probably enough because it winters under snow, which insulates it. The places it overwinters are sometimes damp and wet, and the beetle may risk freezing completely in ice.
The moth flies during the day in one generation from the beginning of May to the end of June . The caterpillar feeds on various herbs, (Origanum majorana, Dactylis glomerata, Hypericum maculatum, Vicia species, Galium verum, Solidago virgaurea, Achillea millefolium, Tanacetum vulgare), and woody plants (Salix aurita, Viburnum opulus).Paolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa The species overwinters as half-grown caterpillar and then pupates in a cocoon attached to a grass blade, or a plant stem.
Females lay single eggs during August and September on the leaf blades of sheep's fescue Festuca ovina, the only foodplant, and occasionally on nearby plants. The females are very fussy where they lay; most eggs in the UK are laid in short turf, up to 4 cm, and often next to patches of bare ground. This species overwinters as an egg and hatches in March. Like other skippers the larvae construct small tent- like structures from leaf blades and silk from which to feed.
R. padi has a worldwide distribution and according to research, they can colonize a number of dicotyledon host plants, although their preference is within monocotyledon plant groups much like the closely related R. maidis and R. rufiabdominale. The main plant hosts are categorized and listed below but as the name suggests, the primary host is Prunus padus, where it overwinters as eggs. In Northern America, it is found to overwinter on Prunus virginiana (common choke-cherry). In spring, it attacks all major cereals and pasture grasses; particularly barley, oats, wheat and other Gramineae plant species.
Some of the birds recorded such as the masked finfoot (Heliopais personatus) and the white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) are threatened globally. The greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga) overwinters here but the lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus) is a resident but uncommon species as is the mangrove pitta (Pitta megarhyncha) and the black-headed ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus). The streak-breasted woodpecker (Picus viridanus) is at the western end of its range here. Other notable birds include the great stone-curlew (Esacus recurvirostris) and the buffy fish owl (Bubo ketupu).
The coastal wetlands at Zones Humides du Littoral du Togo are used by waders and terns migrating along the west coast of Africa. The common house martin overwinters in the north of the country and the common swift, the Alpine swift and the mottled swift all pass through on their migrations. The greatest diversity of forest birds occurs in the southwest, near the border with Ghana. The four Important Bird Areas are the Oti Valley Faunal Reserve, the Kéran National Park, the Fazao Malfakassa National Park and the Misahöhe Forest Reserve.
The last larval instar lives in the cold winter months of June to August and is inactive and overwinters until warmer spring weather occurs. Because of individual variations in the duration of the larval instars, pupae too may overwinter. Cocoons are attached to wood and will only rarely be under stones if there is no other ground cover. Although the females are flightless and tend to stay in their cocoon to bred and lay eggs, some females, after they pupate, have been show to leave and move a short distance from their nest.
The site received 13,913 visitors in 2018. Caerlaverock is home to one of only two UK populations of the "living fossil" Triops cancriformis, the horseshoe shrimp. It is also home to the UK's most northerly population of the natterjack toad. Almost the entire Svalbard population of barnacle goose overwinters in the Solway Firth area, with many of the birds often at Caerlaverock for part or all of the winter; their protection by the reserve has enabled the population to recover from just 500 birds in the 1940s, to over 25,000 now.
Myrmica ruginodis overwinters as larvae. The larvae which have experienced the cold weather of a winter can develop into either workers or queens, and the specialisation into castes occurs only about a week before the end of the larval growth. A queen lays eggs throughout the spring and summer, and these larvae form two broods, with different rates of development. The fast brood develop within three months, and become workers; the slow brood take a year to develop and are the larvae which overwinter and develop into queens or workers.
Mounted This moth gets its common name from the variegated pattern of the forewing, in various shades of black, brown and white, which look rather like a map (although there are plainer forms). Unlike most hepialids, the pattern is rather similar in both sexes although the female is usually rather larger with a wingspan of up to 50 mm. The adult flies from May to July (August in the north of the range) and is attracted to light, sometimes strongly so. This species overwinters twice as a larva.
Eggs are almost invariably laid on plants. Each species of butterfly has its own host plant range and while some species of butterfly are restricted to just one species of plant, others use a range of plant species, often including members of a common family. In some species, such as the great spangled fritillary, the eggs are deposited close to but not on the food plant. This most likely happens when the egg overwinters before hatching and where the host plant loses its leaves in winter, as do violets in this example.
The larva feeds on the tissues of the gall and molts twice before excavating a narrow exit tunnel out of the gall in mid-September. After digging its tunnel, without actually opening up the gall to the outside, the larva overwinters and, if it survives, molts into an adult and leaves the gall the following spring. A number of predators and parasites prey on the larvae of E. solidaginis. The black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus) and the downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens) target large galls, breaking them open and removing the larva living inside.
Paeonia cambessedesii is a clump-forming, perennial, herbaceous peony, which dies down in the autumn, and overwinters with buds just under the surface of the soil, and may reach a height of 25–60 cm. The reddish purple stem carries several alternately arranged leaves. The lowest leaves consist of nine leathery, hairless leaflets which are lanceolate to inverted egg-shaped with a pointy tip. The upper surface of the leafblade is bluish green with a metallic gloss, while the main veins are reddish purple, and the underside of the leafblade is purple.
Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914 The larva is rather variable in colour, being green, brown or even purplish or pinkish; dorsal line pale; a series of thick green V-shaped marks on dorsum, those on 4, 5, and 11 broader, the 11th segment humped; marked with lighter than the ground colour diagonal markings. It is polyphagous, feeding on a wide variety of plants (see list below). The species overwinters as a pupa.
Adult male and nymph shown from dorsal and ventral views Like other Coreidae the dock bug has an annual life cycle consisting of an egg followed by five successive nymphal instars before becoming an adult. It overwinters as an adult and copulates in the typical heteropteran back-to-back position, laying large brown eggs between late May and early July. The eggs take around 3 to 4 weeks to hatch. The young nymphs will feed on leaves and stems while the older nymphs, like the adults, feed on seeds.
Its range includes much of North America. It breeds in southern Canada as far north as British Columbia, the Great Slave Lake and Hudson Bay, and in much of the United States and possibly central Mexico. It migrates southward in the fall and overwinters in the southern United States of the Gulf Coast region, most notably in the marshy Everglades of Florida, the Caribbean Islands and Mexico, with past records also coming from Panama and Costa Rica. As a long-distance migrant, it is a very rare vagrant in Europe, including Great Britain and Ireland.
The larvae feed on Muehlenbeckia axillaris but Rumex flexousus has also been recorded as a food plant, and it is possible that other Muehlenbeckia species are also used. The single egg is laid either on a stem or on the underside of leaves. The caterpillar varies in colour and may be olive green, yellowish green, pink or reddish brown, but there is always a diamond-shaped mark on the prothorax. It overwinters when half grown and in the spring it resumes feeding, hiding beneath small stones when inactive.
Pseudomonas syringae overwinters on infected plant tissues such as regions of necrosis or gummosis (sap oozing from wounds on the tree) but can also overwinter in healthy looking plant tissues. In the spring, water from rain or other sources will wash the bacteria onto leaves/blossoms where it will grow and survive throughout the summer. This is the epiphyte phase of P. syringae’s life cycle where it will multiply and spread but will not cause a disease. Once it enters the plant through a leaf's stomata or necrotic spots on either leaves or woody tissue then the disease will start.
The impact of the species on the already heavily stressed Baltic ecosystem is unknown. The species overwinters in the deep waters where the temperature does not drop below ; the fact that the Baltic is heavily stratified, with the waters above and below the halocline mixing little, is believed to aid its survival. Apart from the widespread P. pileus, three comb jelly species occasionally drift into the Baltic from the North Sea but do not seem to be present as a stable population of significant size: Bolinopsis infundibulum, Beroe cucumis and Beroe gracilis. The second species might potentially be used for biological control.
Oxalis tuberosa is a perennial herbaceous plant that overwinters as underground stem tubers. These tubers are known as uqa in Quechua,Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary) oca in Spanish, yam in New Zealand and a number of other alternative names. The plant was brought into cultivation in the central and southern Andes for its tubers, which are used as a root vegetable. The plant is not known in the wild, but populations of wild Oxalis species that bear smaller tubers are known from four areas of the central Andean region.
Dispersal of C. capsici spores is heavily reliant on water splashes onto host plants or wind-driven rain since water is required for spore germination and penetration into host (“Hot Pepper Disease - Anthracnose,” 2010). C. capsici has a necrotrophic lifestyle; therefore, after penetration of the host surface, it secretes many cell wall degrading enzymes into the environment between the host cells (Latunde-Dada, 2001). C. capsici overwinters as conidia or sclerotia, and spend the majority of their life in their conidial stage. Colletotrichum capsici, the asexual stage, consists of hooked shaped conidia produced from acervuli, a subepidermal fruiting body (Than et al.
In the former USSR, Aphis craccivora overwinters as eggs, often at the base of young alfalfa plants, but is also reported to overwinter on Acacia, camelthorn and perennial weeds. The eggs hatch in early spring and the first larvae are known as fundatrix (stem mothers) and feed at first on alfalfa. These aphids are all female and reproduce by parthenogenesis, producing nymphs which moult four times over the course of eight to twelve days. By the end of April, winged females have migrated to other host plants, often Acacia, and later to cotton, on which crop this pest does much damage.
Brachycaudus helichrysi overwinters as fertilised eggs which hatch during the winter or early spring, before the plum and damson trees on which they are laid come into leaf. The fundatrices (viviparous parthenogenetic females produced on the primary host) feed at first at the base of buds but as the buds begin to expand, they move on to softer tissues, and later on to the new shoots and underside of the foliage. By May, some winged forms are beginning to appear and these fly to secondary hosts, such as Asteraceae, Chrysanthemum and Trifolium, where they found new colonies. The colonies on the primary host gradually die out.
S.A.M.H. Naqvi (2004) Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables: Volume I: Diagnosis and Management Throughout spring and summer, the fungus produces acervuli on the exterior of the necrotic areas at their mature stage. Under wet condition, these acervuli form conidia. The conidia from acervuli becomes the secondary sources of infection for the remainder of the growing seasons. In summary, the disease cycle of Elsinoe Ampelina is as follows: 1) the fungus overwinters by forming both pseudothecium and sclerotia, 2) the spores from both structures cause primary inoculum and form mycelium on the infected lesions, 3) acervuli disseminate conidia which becomes the source of secondary inoculum.
Winged form This aphid mainly overwinters as eggs on roses, but in mild winters, some adults may survive until spring. The eggs hatch in spring into wingless females which reproduce parthogenetically, and large colonies can quickly develop, being mainly found on the tips of shoots and around flower buds. The heaviest population densities are in June and July in the northern hemisphere, just when the bushes are flowering, and thereafter the populations decline. This is because at this time of year, some winged females develop, which migrate to other rose bushes or to certain secondary hosts such as holly, teasel, valerian, Knautia and scabious.
The beetle feeds mostly on vegetables that are in the cotyledon-stage, such as cucumbers, cucurbits, pumpkin, and squash. It also can be a pest of legumes such as soybean.Legume consumption In early spring, adult beetles emerge to feed on legumes, such as alfalfa, before crops such as soybeans and green beans are available. Multiple generations occur per year depending on growing season length with one generation in northern climates, such as Ontario, one to two generations in the Upper Midwest US, and three generations in the southeastern US. Bean leaf beetle mostly overwinters in woodlot leaf litter, but can also be found in crop fields under soybean debris.
Some botanists speculate that the thermal activity in Yellowstone has made it possible for a sand verbena to survive the harsh winters here and slowly evolve into a species that is adapted to this climate. In recent surveys, botanists have located four populations of Yellowstone sand verbena, but very little is known about its life history and biology. For example, the plant is represented as an annual in the scientific literature, although it is actually a perennial that overwinters underground as a large root system. No one currently knows how the plant is pollinated, how the seeds are transported, or how long the seeds survive.
Caltha palustris is a 10–80 cm high, hairless, fleshy, perennial, herbaceous plant, that dies down in autumn and overwinters with buds near the surface of the marshy soil. The plants have many, 2–3 mm thick strongly branching roots. Its flowering stems are hollow, erect or more or less decumbent. The alternate true leaves are in a rosette, each of which consist of a leaf stem that is about 4× as long as the kidney-shaped leaf blade, itself between 3–25 cm long and 3–20 cm wide, with a heart-shaped foot, a blunt tip, and a scalloped to toothed, sometime almost entire margin particularly towards the tip.
Paeonia mairei is a perennial herbaceous plant of up to 1 m high, that dies down in the autumn, and overwinters with buds just under the surface of the soil. It has thick roots that become thinner towards their tips, while the rootstocks is approximately 2 cm in diameter. Young shoots and leaves are initially red-purple to pink. The stems and leaves are hairless. The largest leaves, near the base of the stem are split into three, which parts themselves are split into leaflets, some of which may be incised, up to nineteen in total, 6—16½ × 1¾—7 cm, gradually broadening at their base and usually pointy at their tip.
The sooty falcon overwinters in Madagascar and breeds in the United Arab Emirates. Other than this, there are only a small number of raptor species; Bonelli's eagle, barbary falcon, short-toed snake eagle, long-legged buzzard and lappet-faced vulture. An Arabian wolf in Al Ain Many of the large mammals found in the Arabian Peninsula were well-adapted to desert life in the harsh terrain, but were wiped out by human hunting in the last hundred years or so. Hunting is now banned in the United Arab Emirates, but feral goats and donkeys are plentiful and graze indiscriminately, lessening the chance for the native gazelles to recover from their reduced population sizes.
The prevalence of the bacterium has been higher in fall and spring months with warmer and wetter weather rather than during the colder winters and hotter summers. There is a decline of disease after the flowering period has begun due to the lack of nutrients on the flower itself and that the buds fall off and die. Regarding the winter months, the bacterium has been isolated in a pure culture in a lab and tested in temperature extremes to see how it overwinters and survives. It has been shown that activity and survival can occur on the surface of twigs as this bacterium survives as an epiphyte on temperatures as low as -3 °C.
Blackleg is a fungal disease of canola that results in major yield loss in affected crops. It overwinters on infected stubble (leftover crop residue) that is left on farm fields, and can continue to produce spores, infecting future crops, until the stubble is buried or broken down completely. The observation that C. olla grows and fruits on canola stubble has led to research on the potential of this fungus to degrade canola stubble, and reduce the incidence of stubble-borne diseases like blackleg and blackspot. In a study of its lignin-degrading abilities, C. olla was shown to colonize canola, wheat, and barley residue, but appeared to have a preference for the woody taproots of canola as compared to the cereal residue.
Aridjis is increasingly renowned as one of Latin America's leading environmental activists. As a child, he would often walk up a hillside behind his village to watch the migrating monarch butterflies. As he grew older logging thinned the forest and his concern for the fate of the butterflies and the trees triggered his earliest public defense of the environment. In March 1985 Aridjis founded and became president of the Group of 100, an association of prominent artists and intellectuals, including Octavio Paz, Juan Rulfo, Rufino Tamayo, Gabriel García Márquez, Álvaro Mutis, Augusto Monterroso, Francisco Toledo, Leonora Carrington, Mathias Goeritz, Manuel Álvarez Bravo, Elena Poniatowska and others, devoted to environmental protection and the defense of biodiversity in Mexico and Latin America. Under his leadership the Group of 100 achieved in 1986 the official decree ensuring protection for the forests where the migratory monarch butterfly overwinters and in 1990 a permanent ban on the capture and commercialization of all seven species of sea turtle in Mexico.

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