Eventually, though, cooler weather arrives, and all those adult stinkbugs begin looking for places to overwinter.
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The messy area below these plants will become shelter to wood frogs that overwinter in place.
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Others overwinter as eggs or caterpillars buried deep in the leaf litter beneath their host plants.
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A genetically distinct strain of redband trout overwinter in the monument's lakes and ponds when the days grow short.
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"I did and it was great because it was on the last months of my overwinter campaign," user strangerpoint also commented.
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They can burn for a long time, as the fire burrows down into the ground, where it can overwinter like a hibernating bear.
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They are lovely and flower heavily without much sun, but they don't overwinter outdoors in my climate and inside they get covered in gnats.
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On Wednesday, Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland said all returning snowbirds — Canadians who overwinter in the U.S. — will be able to return to Canada.
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Shrews don't hibernate or migrate, so they have to overwinter as is—which is a condition not well-suited for times of wintertime food scarcity.
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Volunteer docents with the local Audubon Society were already in place to talk with park visitors about the small population of burrowing owls that often overwinter in the park.
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The only living things in the garden now — other than the soil itself — are the garlic cloves I pushed into the dirt to overwinter until the next gardening season.
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Logging continues in the Mexican forests, where the butterflies overwinter, and habitat with native milkweeds and nectar plants is declining in the central and northern United States and southern Canada.
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These days, spiny lobsters form similar columns, maintaining contact by resting their long antennae on the animal in front, when they are migrating to and from the deep waters where they overwinter to escape the cold.
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It was also the time when livestock was brought down from the hills to overwinter and the animals thought less likely to survive were slaughtered for food during the winter, a practice still carried on today in some areas.
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Depending on what kind your basement is harboring, the crickets may consume dried leaves blown in from outdoors; potted plants brought inside to overwinter; natural-fiber clothing and stored rugs, or synthetic fabrics, especially if they are soiled; rubber and leather goods; cardboard boxes; and other insects, dead or alive.
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Not only do they allow incomparable airflow through the 20-by-28-foot sitting-cum-dining room, which is decorated with spare arrangements of white upholstered and slipcovered furniture, but on a Sunday afternoon, as the weather grows cold, such windows also enable one of Nevins's favorite rituals: She throws them open entirely, hauling in her two potted Meyer lemon trees to overwinter inside.
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The adults overwinter in litter and among fallen leaves. The adults overwinter.
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However, Steven et al. (1975) also reported slow population dispersal from these sites. Also, Pediobius foveolatus cannot overwinter in the United States due to cold winters and the lack of an overwintering host. In Pediobius foveolatus native territory, the weather either is conducive for year-round exposure, or wasps overwinter in their hosts, which overwinter as larvae.
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Heiner Ziegler Schmetterlinge der Schweiz They overwinter as a pupa.
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They overwinter and pupate in spring of the following year.
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They live within a rolled leaf, where they also overwinter.
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The caterpillars of the last generation overwinter after the second moult.
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They may overwinter as tadpoles, becoming exceptionally large in the process.
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The eggs must "overwinter" before they will hatch. Hoppers are found throughout the year, and adult grasshoppers can be found throughout the New Zealand summer between December and April. The adult A. tumidicauda do not overwinter.
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They overwinter in Sphagnum moss, which can be found wet boggy areas.
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They overwinter and pupate in May or June of the following year.
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They are carnivorous and overwinter as larvae, undergoing metamorphosis the following summer.
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The lake frequently has a winter kill; there is typically no overwinter survival.
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His wife, Edith Ronne, became the first woman to overwinter on the continent.
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Full-grown larvae, about 25 mm long, drop to the ground to overwinter.
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They are nocturnal. They usually overwinter under the bark of an old tree.
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These bugs are also predators, mainly on aphids and small fles. The eggs overwinter.
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Some species overwinter near the roots of weeds such as stickweed, plantain, and fleabane.
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Boxelder bugs overwinter in plant debris or protected human-inhabited places and other suitable structures.
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They can be encountered from July through October. After mating these grasshoppers overwinter as adults.
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The larvae overwinter and pupate in spring, requiring a year to complete the whole process.
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The larvae overwinter in the ground, and resume feeding on plant roots in the spring.
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The tadpoles hatch after three days, eat algae and water weeds and grow for three or four months before they undergo metamorphosis into juvenile toads. Many of these burrow into the mud at the edge of ponds to overwinter but some may overwinter as tadpoles.
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The chrysalis may overwinter for two or more years. This species has one brood per year.
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They feed concealed within a few leaves connected with webbing, and they overwinter in this stage.
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They overwinter in the empty cradles and galleries and exit the wood through the original entrance.
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These ascospores may overwinter in the dead leaf debris and infect new foliage in the spring.
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They overwinter as developed eggs and then the larvae emerge in spring. The larvae develop very quickly.
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Metamorphosis occurs typically in June–July, but some individuals may metamorphose later and even overwinter as larvae.
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Sometimes as winter approaches adults will find their way into houses where they will try to overwinter.
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They can be encountered from July through October feeding on grasses. The eggs overwinter in the soil.
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The teliospores turn into aeciospores which are the spores that adhere to stems and leaves to overwinter.
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Two or more generations occur per year in eastern North America. They overwinter in the egg stage.
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Other types of insect hibernacula include self-spun silk hibernacula, such as those made and used by spruce budworms as they moult and overwinter in their second instars. An example is the eastern spruce budworm which creates hibernacula after dispersing during its first instar then overwinter before emerging from the hibernacula in early May. Woolly bear caterpillars overwinter as caterpillars and grow to be isabella tiger moths. They use plant debris as makeshift hibernacula, to protect themselves from extreme elements.
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The flight period in Britain is from June to September and it does not overwinter as an adult.
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Pupation takes place in a cocoon. The species overwinters in the pupal stage. It may overwinter multiple years.
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After emergence of the P. sulcifer reproductive individuals, mating occurs, and fertilized females overwinter while males die off.
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Larvae can be found from July to August, after which they overwinter as a pupa in the soil.
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Many turtles overwinter outside of the water, during which time they often create their nests for the year.
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The larvae of this species overwinter in ground vegetation, and in spring they finish larval development and pupate.
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The Shizunai River was designated as a wildlife protection area in 1965. Whooper swans overwinter on the Shizunai River.
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Not a huge amount is known of its life cycle. It is believed that they overwinter in the egg stage.
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Rotten tubers that were discarded can allow for disease dispersal. Furthermore, Dickeya solani can overwinter in soil on plant residues.
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In many areas they are considered a pest causing serious damages to agriculture. They pupate and overwinter in the soil.
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The larvae feed on the leaves and flowers Antirrhinum, Delphinium and Linaria species. The pupae of the second generation overwinter.
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The larvae feed on the leaves of Galium species. The species overwinters in the pupal stage. It may overwinter twice.
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The third instar is by . The larvae pupate within a plant's capitulum (flower head), and the animals overwinter as adults.
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The surviving conidia then overwinter and serve as primary inoculum in the spring to start the cycle all over again.
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They hibernate overwinter as grubs, that may become active on warm winter days. They increase their activity in the spring.
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Mating pair of Austrolestes colensonis A. colensonis has a two-year life cycle. Some eggs hatch in the summer that they are laid while others overwinter and hatch the following spring. Those eggs that hatch in the following year overwinter in a dormant state. Temperature is the major influence that regulates the rate of development.
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UKmoths Larvae can be found from June to March and overwinter. Pupation takes place within the case in March or April.
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P. triticina has an asexual and sexual life cycle. In order to complete its sexual life cycle P. triticina requires a second host Thalictrum spp. on which it will overwinter. In places where Thalictrum does not grow, such as Australia, the pathogen will only undergo its asexual life cycle and will overwinter as mycelium or uredinia.
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Like all of New Zealand sub-alpine and alpine grasshoppers A. crassicauda has a 2 or 3 years life cycle. The eggs must ‘overwinter’ before they will hatch. Hoppers are found throughout the year and adult grasshoppers can be found throughout the New Zealand summer between December and April. The adult A. crassicauda do not overwinter.
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Mature larvae overwinter in the roots. In spring, a silken tube is made above the soil surface in which pupation takes place.
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The larvae overwinter twice. Full-grown larvae can be found in autumn of the second year or spring of the third year.
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General recognition as the first German medical doctor and station leader of the first all-female team to overwinter in the Antarctic.
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They spin a cocoon for pupation, but in temperate climates they overwinter in the cocoon as larvae, pupating only the following spring.
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The larvae feed within seedpods of wild liquorice (Astragalus glycyphyllos). They overwinter in a cocoon. The adult moths fly from May until July.
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Adults of these bugs can be found from June to September. The main host plants are Cirsium, Carduus and Silybum species. Eggs overwinter.
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This stops the shoot from growing. Up to 30 larvae overwinter in each gall, pupate, and emerge as adult wasps the following season.
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Although the symptoms they present are distinct, P. teres f. teres and P. teres f. maculata have essentially the same life cycle , the only difference being the absence of seed dispersal stage in the latter, so the spot form of the disease is unable to overwinter in barley seed. Pseudothecia that overwinter on infected barley stubble and act as the primary inoculum.
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During diapause, the C. fumiferana larvae have low metabolic activity and stalled developmental growth. After the first instar, they enter diapause and overwinter. Spruce budworms may overwinter twice, and thus enter diapause twice, when they are on a two-year life cycle. This can occur in the spruce- basalm forests of central and southern British Columbia and of the Rocky Mountains.
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Sometimes a gall is produced in the feeding area. Adults feed on the leaves but it is the larva that does the most damage to the plant. Small plants can be killed by the larva's destruction of the root tissue. In their native range, most C. achates overwinter as 2nd instars, though in the introduced range, the vast majority overwinter as 1st instars.
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The larvae feed on the leaves of Silene, Plantago, Viola and Geum species. They are red-brown with yellow stripes. The larvae overwinter twice.
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It also needs deep pools with low current to overwinter in, and these must have a coarse substrate among which the fish can hide.
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Like many other "white" butterflies, they overwinter as a pupa. Bird predation is usually evident only in late-instar larvae or on overwintering pupae.
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The life cycle is predominantly annual; but possibly a few late hatchlings overwinter as juveniles and mature only 18 months or so after hatching.
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The larvae feed on buds of Holodiscus discolor. Full-grown larvae overwinter in cases on the ground. Pupation takes place in late March or April.
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Adult bugs are present all year around with several generations. They overwinter communally under bark. Mating takes place in May. The larvae develop in spring.
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Adults seldom feed, but if they do, they favor nectar of yellow composites. The larvae feed on Bouteloua gracilis. Third- and fourth-instar larvae overwinter.
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These flies are univoltine and overwinter in the puparia. The larvae develop in slugs. They develop inside body of the host (endoparasitoids), mainly Deroceras species.
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If daylengths during previous larval stages are shorter than 15 hours, emergent adults will enter diapause to overwinter. Otherwise, adults lay another generation of eggs.
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Colonies are also strongly seasonal. Wasps usually leave the nest in October or November to overwinter, and new colonies are formed again the following March.
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They feed on Papilionaceae species, including Genista, Sarothamnus, Spaltium, Glycyrrhiza and Retama raetam. The moths overwinter from July up to March of the following year.
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The lifespan of D. suzukii varies greatly between generations; from a few weeks to ten months. Generations hatched early in the year have shorter lifespans than generations hatched after September. Research shows that many of the males and most of the females of the late-hatching generations overwinter in captivity—some living as long as 300 days. Only adults overwinter successfully in the research conducted thus far.
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Fungicide groups that can be used include mixed modes of action, DMI Triazoles (Group 3), and Qol Strobilurins (Group 11). Cultural control can be more effective in areas where the spores can overwinter. Debris should be collected and destroyed by burning along with eradication of Oxalis in surrounding areas. In northern areas where the spores can’t overwinter, early planting time can help avoid P. sorghi.
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Provisional guidelines for fall lifting for frozen overwinter storage of nursery stock. For. Chron. 52(1):22–25. along with overwinter storage temperature to determine their effects on the performance of spring-planted 3+0 white spruce. There were 5 lifts, weekly from 19 October through 16 November, after which frozen ground put a stop to lifting. Two storage temperatures were used, -18 °C and -4 °C.
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G. insidiator feed on sap from various host plants and fruits, especially on Pistacia lentiscus, Arbutus unedo and Cistus species. They overwinter in the adult stage.
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It is considered a pest of strawberries. The larvae are white with a brown head. They overwinter in the crowns and roots of their host plant.
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Adults are most abundant from January to March, and those surviving to the end of the season overwinter at the base of plants or under stones.
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A wide variety of migratory songbirds can be found during spring, while multiple species of woodpecker overwinter. Striped skunks and Eastern cottontails are present as well.
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Once installed, the larva undergoes hypermetamorphosis; the legs are reduced and the hair largely disappears. This secondary larva will overwinter in the snail shell before pupating.
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Nationally important numbers of ringed plover also overwinter. The site is home to a bird observatory, which has studied bird migration in the area since April 1949.
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Hoppers are found throughout the year and adult grasshoppers can be found throughout the New Zealand summer between December and April. Adult S. villosus do not overwinter.
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Finally, the larvae lives in the inflorescence, feeding on the developing fruits. Larvae can be found from September. They overwinter as a larva before pupating in June.
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In Mauritius there are about four generations annually and the weevils breed throughout the year. In South Africa there are two generations and they overwinter as adults.
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Internationally important populations of common redshank overwinter on the estuary, along with nationally important numbers of cormorants, eiders, goldeneyes, oystercatchers, red-breasted mergansers, red-throated divers and scaups.
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It appears to overwinter in the egg stage. Larvae are present from early May to mid-June. Pupation takes place in late June and adults emerge soon after.
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These sporangia disperse and form zoospores, which complete the asexual cycle by re-infecting or infecting a new spinach leaf. The asexual oomycete can overwinter in spinach debris.
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The larvae feed on Veratrum album. Larvae can be found from July to October. The species overwinters in the pupal stage. It can overwinter up to three times.
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They overwinter in a shoot or hard male catkin of the host plants. In late March or April, larvae congregate and pupate in a cocoon under the bark.
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The beetles overwinter under the bark of trees, mostly poplars, elms, plane, oak and horse chestnut. The species is also found nesting between the panes of double-glazed windows.
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Adults are on wing from early June to late July in one generation in North America. Larvae have been reared on Polygonum aviculare. Fourth or fifth instar larvae overwinter.
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First instar larvae overwinter inside the shoot or truck. In late April of the following year, they resume feeding. In late June, the larvae mature and begin to pupate.
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Larvae are polyphagous, but they mainly occur on plants of the families Apiaceae and Asteraceae. Adults are commonly found from June to October. These shield bugs overwinter as adults.
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The larvae feed on the flowers of Globularia alypum.lepiforum.de Larvae are full-grown at the end of October and overwinter in the seed pod. Pupation takes place in spring.
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H. glabra is a widespread species, It has various host plants, particularly buttercups. Creeping buttercup and meadow buttercup' are especially prevalent as host plants. Adults overwinter in grass tussocks.
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Some individuals in Iberian populations make short seasonal movements of 5 – 200 km, particularly males which appear to be move in response to higher summer temperatures. European populations are sedentary or make irregular movements in response to severe winter weather. Populations breeding along the Volga River in Russia migrate 1000 km to overwinter in Crimea and Kherson Oblast. Populations breeding in northern Mongolia migrate over 2000 km to overwinter in Shaanxi Province of China.
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These plant suckers show one generation per year. They overwinter in the egg stage.Alma, A., 1995: Biological and ethological researches an Anoplotettix fuscovenosus. Bollettino Di Zoologia Agraria E Di Bachicoltura.
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The hindwings are brownish grey. Adults are on wing from late June to mid-July. The larvae feed on Ribes species. Young larvae overwinter and become active in early spring.
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This species is univoltine. The caterpillars overwinter in the first larval instar. In spring they feed on grasses, mainly Festuca species and Nardus stricta. They pupate in June or July.
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Females typically overwinter in human structures, such as basements, houses, garages, and barns. They do not remain in one location during overwintering, instead traveling to different shelters throughout the winter.
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After overwintering, they emerge in late May and June. Then they reach the third instar and overwinter again. The following spring they pupate in their burrows and emerge as adults.
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The species is able to overwinter in two totally separated developmental stages, as pupae or as half-grown larvae. This leads to a complicated pattern of several adult flights per year.
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They also eat honey dew from aphids. Larvae are normally associated with decaying tree sap, but have also been found in decaying human remains. Larvae overwinter and pupate in the spring.
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The adult moths fly from May to July. Larvae feed on alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) and buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica). They overwinter in leaves of these host plants that they spin together.
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Aelia acuminata is a univoltine species. They have five nymphal stages in their development. Adults overwinter in litter or thickets. These bugs are herbivorous, feeding on various wild grasses and cereals.
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These normally overwinter. At times, a third generation occurs, with larvae in late August. The larvae feed on Crataegus species, including Crataegus mollis. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
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The seedlings will emerge in 10–20 days, and it will continue to produce greens through the summer. Mature plant will self-seed. Seeds will overwinter up to USDA zone 5.
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The corn earworm is found in temperate and tropical regions of North America, with the exception of northern Canada and Alaska as it cannot overwinter in these areas. Helicoverpa zea found in the eastern United States also does not overwinter successfully. They live in Kansas, Ohio, Virginia, and southern New Jersey, but survival rate is mainly affected by the severity of the winter. Corn earworm moths regularly migrate from southern regions to northern regions depending on winter conditions.
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Newly emerged adults appear from May each year. Adults may enter an aestivation period over Summer after the harvest of mature rape plants. After mating in late summer, some adults will overwinter.
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The larvae eat the leaves until about July and then crawl into the ground. There, they spin cocoons and pupate. They overwinter as pupae. The adults hatch in May of the following year.
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Adults are on wing from July to August and overwinter. They sometimes appear again in the early spring. The larvae feed on Betula, Populus and Salix species in a rolled or folded leaf.
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Eggs are laid in July and August and hatch after about three weeks. The young caterpillars make a cocoon in which they overwinter. They start feeding in spring. In the beginning they mine.
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It overwinters for 8 months of the year and the tadpoles overwinter beneath the ice and snow. The species is threatened by exotic trout, but the populations are probably not yet in decline.
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Adults are day-active. The larvae feed on various low-growing plants, including Galeopsis, Stellaria, Taraxacum and Plantago species. The larvae can be found in late summer. They overwinter and pupate in spring.
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Adults can be found from June to September. This species has one generation per year. Eggs overwinter and the nymphs usually occur in May. These bugs commonly live on stinging nettle (Urtica dioica).
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Pupae overwinter inside a silken cocoon. This species is considered a major vineyard pest in its native range, as the larvae feed on the interior of grapes, hollow them out and leave excrement.
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This species is found all year round as it overwinter as an adult. It usually blends in with the dried grass stalks in which it overwinters. It is one of only two species of European dragonflies that overwinter as adult insects, the other being the related Sympecma paedisca. Although related to the Lestes 'spreadwing' damselflies, Sympecma rest with their wings alongside their bodies In spring these damselflies mate and with the pairs still in tandem, the females oviposit in floating vegetation.
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The plant seems to have three different life strategies; some seeds germinate in the autumn and overwinter as small seedlings; others overwinter as seeds and germinate in the spring, flowering the same year; and some germinate in the spring but do not flower until the following year. The flowering period for all three groups extends from late May to late August. The flowers make little effort to attract insects for pollination (no showy petals, little nectar), and most are self-pollinated.
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Females have only wing- stumps of less than 18 mm. They live from June to August. The larvae feed on various low-growing plants, including Saxifraga, Plantago, Rumex and Campanula species. They overwinter twice.
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The first stage larvae feed on various Ferns, including Dryopteris, Blechnum spicant and Pteridium aquilinum. They overwinter and feed on various plants in spring, including Viola, Plantago, Crataegus, Prunus spinosa, Rubus idaeus, and Quercus.
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The chrysalis is brown and covered with spines. Winter-form adults overwinter;Scott, J. A. (1999). Hibernal diapause of North American Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 18(3):171-200.
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They overwinter, but they are relatively sensitive to frost. They can be seen in the spring after hibernation while feeding or seeking for suitable places to pupate. They pupate in May on the ground.
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The larvae feed on Plantago alpina. Full-grown larvae reach a length of 12–13 mm. They are black brown slightly tinged with greenish. They overwinter in a silken tube covered with leaf litter.
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The eggs hatch in one to four weeks according to temperature, and metamorphosis may occur at twelve weeks, but at higher altitudes, the tadpoles may overwinter. Sexual maturity is reached at about three years.
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The pupae inhabit a light coloured cocoon which they form amongst leaves on the surface of the ground. The adults emerge in February and March. Some overwinter as pupae while others transform into adult moths.
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There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on Abies alba.lepiforum.de They initially feed on the buds and then mine part of the stem below which they overwinter. The larva general attack lateral twigs.
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The birds arrive in the vicinity of Hong Kong in November and also overwinter in Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. In the spring they move northwards again, reaching Korea in May and Russia by early June.
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These moths fly from June to August in one generation. They rest during the day in the foliage of trees and shrubs. Their activity begins at dusk. They overwinter on tree trunks and thick boughs.
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Macrosiphum is a genus of aphid. During the summer populations are made of parthenogenetic females. In the fall, males and females are produced; they mate and females lay eggs that overwinter. There are 140 spp.
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Hatching occurs about 3 days after laying and tadpoles are plump and large reaching about 77 mm (at about stage 40). The tadpoles often overwinter and metamorphs measure from about 20 to 30mm in length.
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The species is univoltine, producing one generation per year. Adults mate in fall during the night. The females lay about 100 eggs, usually in the bark of host plants. Eggs overwinter, hatching the following spring.
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Adults of these bugs overwinter in gregarious clusters. They emerge in spring (April or May). Adults and larvae feed together on the same plant and on fallen seeds. New adults can be seen by July.
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The pupa is brown, ringed, and ovoid and measures long. Pupation occurs in the ground with the pupal phase from the spring generation lasting two or three weeks. Late-generation pupae overwinter in the soil.
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The larvae develop and then overwinter as pupae in the now brown and dry-looking structure, emerging in May.Darlington, Arnold (1975) The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour. Pub. Blandford Press. Poole. . P. 133.
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Breeding is known to occur in Mexico, south- eastern New Mexico, southern Florida, Greater Antilles and in areas of Texas. The South American populations, as well as most Mexican and Caribbean populations, are considered resident populations which breed and overwinter in the same geographic range. The New Mexico and other northern populations migrate south; however, it is not known where they migrate to or which migration routes they take. Cave swallows have been observed to overwinter in southern Texas since at least the 1980s.
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Because Mexican bean beetle overwinter as adults, wasps are without adequate winter refuge in the United States . Because Pediobius foveolatus can neither overwinter successfully nor spread rapidly, management with this wasp requires yearly releases in more locations than is practical to control of Mexican bean beetle on a large scale. By the mid-1980s, all states except New Jersey had discontinued state-run releases of P. foveolatus. At this time, pest pressure from Mexican bean beetle began its sharp decline as well, especially in soybean.
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Caloptilia falconipennella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from all of Europe, except the Balkan Peninsula. The wingspan is about . Adults are on wing in September and overwinter, reappearing in the spring.
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Hypena is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. It was first described by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1802. These non-migratory moths overwinter as pupae and almost never come to bait as adults.
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This species has only one generation per year. They overwinter in the egg stage, hatching in mid to late spring. Both sexes mate within six weeks after hatching. The timing of egg hatch and development varies.
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This species overwinter as an adult. In spring these bugs mate and larvae can be found from May toJuly. The new generation of adults appears from July onwards. Adults feed on Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea).
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Hoppers are found throughout the year, and adult grasshoppers can be found throughout the New Zealand summer between December and April. The adult S. australis do not overwinter. The genus Sigaus is endemic to New Zealand.
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Eggs are laid in spring on bedstraw. Larvae may measure up to 20 mm and are blue-black in colour. The pupae overwinter. The bloody-nose beetle, Timarcha tenebricosa, exuding a drop of noxious red liquid.
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Adults feed on the flower nectar of Syringa species. The young larvae feed on roots and stems of various Artemisia species, including Artemisia campestris. Larvae are found in July and August. They overwinter as a pupa.
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Eggs are deposited on host plant and hatch in July, after which the caterpillars feed until pupating. They then overwinter as pupae and emerge in January. There is one flight per year, from January through April.
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It is seen annually between September and November at coastal watchpoints in areas such as Britain, the Netherlands and Scandinavia with occasional birds appearing in spring. A few overwinter in countries like Spain, Portugal and Morocco.
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They develop over two years, usually. They tolerate muddy water and overwinter buried in mud. When they are ready to moult into an adult, they climb up a suitable reed or plant and shed their skin.
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The end of winter synchronizes the first emergence in March, and the overwinter generations are produced in the fall. In northern Europe, where the mating season is shorter, only one or two generations can be expected.
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They then overwinter until spring to mate. The larvae feed on Acer negundo. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The first instar larvae make a narrow, linear mine along the underside of the leaflet.
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The color of these spots can also be orange or yellow, but completely reddish brown specimens may occur. The pine ladybird in both adult and larval stages preys aphids and scale insects, especially Diaspidiotus perniciosus. Adults overwinter.
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While uncommon, individuals are also occasionally seen in the south of England, and small populations are sometimes observed on the River Thames. Large numbers stay overwinter in Great Britain, after the birds retreat from Russia and Scandinavia.
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Adults fly from June to September. This species has one generation a year. The caterpillars overwinter. The larvae feed on various types of grass, such as Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromus erectus, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus and Holcus mollis.
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The tadpoles overwinter in their immature state, only undergoing metamorphosis the following summer. Like the Japanese wrinkled frog, the Imienpo Station frog has wrinkled skin with irregular dark blotches. They are poisonous, like toads, and generally sluggish.
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These insects feed on sap that they suck from the leaves of the host plants. Ricania speculum has a single generation per year. The eggs overwinter in the bark of the branches waiting for the spring hatching.
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Adults are on wing from in July. When they are small, the larvae overwinter while hibernating. After winter, they feed on various food plants, including Vaccinium myrtillus, Prunus spinosa, Salix, Alnus, Betula and Rubus (including Rubus idaeus).
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Spruce gall midges overwinter as orange larvae in galled current-year shoots (Felt 1926).Felt, E.P. 1926. A new spruce gall midge (Itonidae). Can. Entomol. 58:229–230. Larvae are about 1.5 mm long when fully grown.
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The larvae mainly live on Cirsium, Carduus and Urtica species, while the adult insects prefer Populus, Quercus and Rubus species. They overwinter in the litter layer in the larval stage and have a two-year life cycle.
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Urediniospores measure 22-33 × 20-28 µm. Teliospores are two-celled and measure 27-53 µm. Teliospores overwinter in the southern climate and germinate in the spring. Teliospores produce basidiospores which spread by wind to infect Oxalis.
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It collects and is pushed to the surface and held together by silk. Larvae overwinter in their feeding tunnel, and resume eating whenever the temperature exceeds 45 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit, or 7 to 10 degrees Celsius.
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They overwinter. The larvae feed on Cerastium arvense, Cerastium glomeratum, Stellaria graminea and Stellaria media. Young larvae mine the leaves of their host plant. Older larvae live among spun together tips of shoots of the host plant.
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Culex pipiens' diet typically consists of vertebrae blood, as they consume human blood, but prefer bird blood of species that are nearly linked to human interaction, such as doves and pigeons. Furthermore, at the end of the summer and the start of the fall season before it is time for them to overwinter, C. pipiens subsist on nectar and other sugary food sources in order to store fat. Culex pipiens do not hibernate during the winter, which differs from many other mosquito species. Instead, they overwinter, meaning that they live throughout the winter season.
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The lifespan of the Blissus leucopterus is a typically less than one year. The eggs of two generations are laid down from spring to summer, when they develop into adults. During the fall, the adults from the first generation die off, while the adults from the second generation retreat from the crops to look for overwinter shelters. The adults overwinter in any type of shelters they can find, including in hedgerows, road sides, bushy fence rows, edges of woodlands, and soybean stubble, under tree barks and bunch grass, and inside field mice nests.
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The flight time ranges from May to mid September in one or two generations. The host plants are comfrey (genus Symphytum), forget-me-not (genus Myosotis) and lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis). Larvae overwinter in a cocoon amongst leaf litter.
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The sclerotia can then come in contact with another plant and infect it. Both the sclerotia and mycelia of Rhizoctonia solani overwinter in plant debris as well as in tropical environments where they can survive in weed hosts.
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Females lay their eggs on grasses and sedges. In Finland the larvae take two years to develop and overwinter twice as caterpillars. In that country the numbers fluctuate and it is much more numerous in odd-numbered years.
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It is long with short antennae. They feed on wild parsnip, Angelica, Heracleum , Aegopodium, Daucus , Anthriscus, Pimpinella, Anethum, and in gardens on Levisticum officinale. Adults overwinter after which they mate in spring. The new generation starts in July.
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They are not good fliers; their sluggish flight makes loud humming noises. This species displays diurnal, thermophilic activity. As with most Pentatomidae, it produces only one generation per year. It likes to overwinter on walls covered with ivy.
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Females lay their eggs in wasp and hornet nests. The larvae live as commensals in nests of bees, hornets and of social wasps of the genus Vespula. The pupae overwinter in the soil and hatch in following spring.
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Seeds are dispersed via birds and forms of soil movement including flooding. Enjoys half-sun, half-shaded areas and will require pruning to encourage growth and strength. Overwinter in a cool spot exposed to a lot of sun.
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An envelope forms around the cluster of sporangia and the cluster becomes a sorus. The sporangia release zoospores that infect other cells. These develop into resting spores that will overwinter. Upon germination, the resting spores function as prosori.
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There is usually a single generation per year and the scales overwinter as eggs under the mother's test. Males exist in most of the species. Many of the species are guarded by ants which are attracted by their honeydew.
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Caterpillars appear from mid-July to early October. They overwinter as a pupa. The body of the caterpillar is distinctive because it is marked with longitudinal black and yellow stripes. The caterpillars feed on wych elm and common elm.
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The cape is a few km from the shelter that Barents and his crew built to overwinter from 1596–97, and he ultimately died the next year. A memorial cross in his honor is erected in the same area.
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Overwinter (2010) is a werewolf novel by David Wellington. It is the sequel to his previous werewolf novel Frostbite, though this novel is only available in print; it was not first published online like some of his other novels.
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The spiny larva is brownish black with a yellow middorsal stripe. The larvae overwinter and mature in the spring and early summer. The larvae feed on Eupatorium, oak, peach and willow. The Clymene moth has one brood per year.
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The moth flies in two generation per year from May to October depending on the location and are active during the day. Some adults may overwinter. They can occur wherever stinging nettles occur. Anthophila fabriciana has a wingspan of .
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This type of injury is capable of killing young plants. The seedlings may be killed if severe damage occurs. In addition, beetles may act as vectors of plant disease. Striped flea beetles overwinter among debris in and around fields.
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These plant-feeding insects have two annual generations. They overwinter as imago. Adults can be found from June to September. They are polyphagous and develop on a large scale on agricultural crops, damaging mainly the cereal and leguminous crops.
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4: 194 Adults are on wing from early June to mid-August in Korea. The larvae feed on Quercus serrata. They tie together the leaves of their host plant. The species is thought to overwinter in the larval stage.
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This species is univoltine. The caterpillars overwinter in the first larval instar. The larvae feed on various grasses, including Festuca, Bromus erectus, Brachypodium pinnatum, Cynosurus cristatus, Corynephorus canescens, Dactylis and Poa species. Adults are on wing from July to September.
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The flies will inhabit the old tunnels created by past insects. They can also be found in old bird nests, under the bark of trees, or in homes. P. rudis will overwinter until spring, living off of its own fat.
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There is one flight between June and September. The male stays near the host plant to seek females. The females lay white eggs singly on the undersides of the leaves. The eggs drop with the leaves in autumn and overwinter.
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Butterflies and Moths of North America The larvae feed on various grasses and sedges, including Festuca, Koeleria and Poa species.University of Alberta E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum Fourth-instar larvae overwinter and emerge in spring. Pupation takes place under the soil.
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They move sluggishly when prodded. They overwinter in green pupal cases. Adults start appearing in gardens after the last frost and are a problem through the remainder of the growing season. There are three to five overlapping generations a year.
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Adults are on wing from May to June. There is one generation per year. The pupae overwinter. The larvae are polyphagous and feed on various Apiaceae (Anethum graveolens, Bupleurum, Foeniculum vulgare, Daucus, Ferula, Peucedanum) and on Thapsus, Lotus, Clematis and Rosmarinus.
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The larvae overwinter on ivy (Hedera species), privet (Ligustrum species), juniper (Juniperus species) and Taxus species. Like all planthoppers,S. Heilig, K. Sander (1986) Zahnradsektoren zur Koordination der Sprungbeine - eine lavale Synapomorphie der fulgoromorphen Zikaden (Homoptera, Cicadina, Fulgoroidea). Zool. Jb. Syst.
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Adults are on wing from the mid-June to the beginning of August in one generation per year. The larvae feed on the leaves of Lotus uliginosus and Lotus corniculatus. The species overwinters in the larval stage and may overwinter twice.
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However, research suggests that moist conditions and temperatures between 23 and 28 °C provide optimal growing conditions for the pathogen. Additionally, monocultures contribute to making the disease endemic by providing organic materials (crop residue) in which the pathogen may overwinter.
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The larvae have whitish body with a slight green tinge. The head is black. Pupation takes place outside of the mine in a fold of a leaf beneath a fine, closely woven sheet of silk. Adults of the second generation overwinter.
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Adults are in flight between April to October (these insects partly overwinter). Like their relatives, they are predominantly twilight and nocturnal. Adults mainly feed on aphids, tree sap and honeydew, where as larvae are active predators on aphids and bark lice.
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Hatchlings usually emerge during the summer. However, when the turtles nest in late July, hatchlings may overwinter in the nest and emerge the following spring. A mature female can be 14 inches, while a mature male can be 12 inches.
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It can be found on oak leaves. The subadults overwinter under the bark of dead trees. Adults appear in May. The males have an extended non-damaging combat ritual: They stand opposed, stretch their front legs and dance around each other.
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They can be encountered from June through September feeding on small insects and on nectar and pollen of flowers (especially on Apiaceae species). The larvae mainly feed on clover (Trifolium repens), they overwinter as eonymph, pupating and emerging the following Spring.
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Adults are on wing from mid May to July. The larvae feed on Peucedanum species, including Peucedanum cervaria.Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie Part of the larvae overwinter multiple times. Full-grown larvae can be found from April to the beginning of June.
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Partly-developed to fully developed larvae overwinter. In the northern part of its range there is usually one generation per year, in the steppes 1 to 2 generations, and in the Caucasus usually 2 with possible indications of a third one.
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It has also been found in Taiwan and Israel. Its main mode of propagation is vegetative. The resulting conidia reside in the soil, air and water. These spores are extremely resilient and can overwinter on crop debris and overwintering herbaceous plants.
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The fungus will overwinter in these mummies—which can be difficult to detect—at or near the soil surface. Wet conditions in the spring stimulate apothecia growth and the cycle moves forward. Berries without pseudosclerotia decompose by the next spring.
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Adults are on wing from mid May to the end of July. The larvae feed on the leaves of Solidago virgaurea. Larvae can be found from July yo September. The species overwinters in the pupal stage, sometimes they overwinter twice.
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At least in Europe, patterns of migration are well understood and follow traditional routes with known staging sites and wintering sites. The young learn these locations from their parents which normally stay together for life. Greylags leave their northern breeding areas relatively late in the autumn, for example completing their departure from Iceland by November, and start their return migration as early as January. Birds that breed in Iceland overwinter in the British Isles; those from Central Europe overwinter as far south as Spain and North Africa; others migrate down to the Balkans, Turkey and Iraq for the winter.
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The larvae move to the top of the plant and move downwards as leaves are consumed. Larvae may move to other plants depending on size. Larvae undergo five instars, pupate on the ground where they overwinter, and emerge as adults the following spring.
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Locally, adults spread to the exterior of fields during their overwinter. Larvae tend to stay on the outside of crop fields, but are also found in the center. Local populations are never homogenously distributed, hotspots and empty places occur in each field.
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The larvae of E. berryi feed on various sedges, probably one or more species of Carex. Adults feed on nectar from various flowers, including pickerelweed (genus Pontederia). The larvae overwinter, and adults have been reported from March to October, probably from two broods.
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Species in Arctic and temperate belts overwinter in larval stage. Some tiger moths produce ultrasonic clicks in response to the echolocation of bats to protect themselves. Many species are polyphagous in larva stage. Monophagous species, like the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) are scarce.
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It overwinters partially as an egg and partially as imago. Mainly females overwinter as imago. Larva yellowish brown; the lines pale, but obscure; spiracular line pinkish ochreous, dark edged above; spiracles black. The larvae feed on Salix, Quercus, Prunus spinosa and Crataegus.
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The wingspan is 15–17 mm. Adults are on wing from July to April in two generations per year. Adults of the second generation overwinter and reappear in spring. The larvae feed on Alnus glutinosa, Betula, Fagus, Populus, Rubus and Pyrus species.
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It is a solitary species, but may coalesce with more than one adult eclosing. Normally, there are two parallel folds present. Pupae in mines of the last generation each season overwinter and eclose the following spring after their host's new leaves have expanded.
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It is covered with white hairs (except on the wing cases) and has orange hairs on the top of the head. The partially grown larva builds a small nest on the host plant where it will overwinter. It has 1 brood per year.
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2 (Goecke und Evers Verlag, Krefeld, 1989). The beetles overwinter under peeled-off bark and in coniferous litter. The adults occur from spring to late summer. The new generation usually emerges in August Burakowski, B., Mroczkowski, M., and Stefańska, J., Katalog Fauny Polski.
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The rest remain in pupal cells. Adult beetles emerge from pupation and spend a variable time of their life maturing, and eventually oviposit. Sexually mature adults or imagos of Thanasiumus overwinter inside the wood-borer-infested trees and oviposit during the spring.
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These beetles have a restricted range of adaptability to changes in ecological conditions. They are aphidophagous, mainly feeding on Lachnidae, Adelgidae and other aphids of pines. The adults can be found in spring and summer. They overwinter in bark crevices and in litter.
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This new generation of larvae will feed on the roots of grasses, weeds, and some ornamental garden plants during the rest of the summer, before they burrow deep in the soil to overwinter; these larvae will emerge as adults in the following year.
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Breeding occurs in late summer and the tadpoles overwinter; the breeding habitat is standing water (ponds, pools, flooded fields, and backwaters of small streams). It is not considered threatened by the IUCN. Female frogs reach a length of , males are slightly smaller.
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There is usually a single generation per year. Sometimes there is a second generation, which flies in July–August, and lay eggs in mid–August. Their larvae develop in September, and reach near full larval maturity prior to the winter. Larvae overwinter.
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The larvae overwinter in their penultimate instar stage. The larvae awaken and begin feeding in early spring and pupate in June. Immature larvae are phyllophagous and mainly feed upon balsam fir, red spruce, tamarack, white spruce but are also seen on the following.
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The insects overwinter as adults and occasionally as late instar nymphs on the evergreen southern live oak, Quercus virginiana, and cabbage palms, Sabal palmetto, where they are less likely to be killed by frost than on other trees. Polymorphism sometimes occurs in this species.
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The eggs are laid singly on the underside of the host plant. Fourth and fifth stage caterpillars overwinter. In the Great Lakes region there is only one brood between June and August, while in the southern regions there are two broods between May and September.
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Cucumber beetles can overwinter in crop fields or in compost or trash piles. Eradication efforts may include manual removal, clearing cultivated areas of litter, debris, and infested plants, and application of pyrethrin-containing insecticides such as Cyfluthrin or non-systemic organphosphate insectsides such as malathion.
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Adults can be found from April to October. Females lay eggs in Spring, in small, irregular clusters of up to 20-30 eggs. This species has 2 to 3 generations per year. Larvae of the last generation overwinter in the litter under the leaves.
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The species overwinter as adults. The genus is affected by Wolbachia bacteria and it has been suggested that horizontal gene transfer may have led to the difficulty in separating species of Protocalliphora through DNA barcoding, with several species possessing identical mtDNA Cytochrome oxidase I sequences.
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The Cheviot's disadvantage was that it was less hardy and needed low-level land on which to overwinter. This was usually the old arable land of the evicted population, so the choice of sheep breed dictated the totality of clearance in any particular Highland location.
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The basal area of the hindwing underside is chestnut orange. There are probably one or two generations per year with adults on wing from April to August. The larvae feed on Oenothera, Gaura and Epilobium species. Full-grown larvae pupate and overwinter in shallow burrows.
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Adults generally overwinter in leaf litter of forests or hedgerows. In the spring, they emigrate to orchards and colonize apple trees.Toepfer, S., H. Gu, and S. Dorn. 1999. Spring colonisation of orchards by Anthonomus pomorum from adjacent forest borders. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 93: 131-139.
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It is a widely distributed pest of agricultural crops and can be controlled by chemical or biological means. In the autumn, winged forms move to different host plants, where both males and females are produced. These mate and the females lay eggs which overwinter.
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There is one generation per year in Tianjin, China. The larval stage is completed within one fruit. When completing larval development, the mature larvae quit the fruits and pupate on the leaves, and overwinter under leaf litter or stones. Adults appear from June to July.
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These bush- crickets can be found from April to November.iNaturalist Nymphs emerge in May and develop into their adults during late summer. Females lay their eggs in late summer in the bark of a tree or a plant stem. Then they overwinter until next spring.
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Adults enter diapause to overwinter when daylengths during their larval stage are less than 15 hours long. This corresponds to the end of the breeding season and involves adults of the last generation of the summer. During diapause, mating and sex organ growth halt.
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Karasu district in Sakarya Province. Karasu is a town in Sakarya Province, northwestern Turkey, on the Black Sea coast. It has an overwinter population of around 30,746, which increases in the summer due to tourism. Much of its commerce centers on hazelnut farming and tourism.
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The larvae feed on Triglochin maritima and Triglochin palustris. They mine the leaves of their host plant in autumn. The mine has the form of a broad, transparent, full depth gallery. They overwinter in the rhizome, and bore in the rhizome or stem in spring.
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These spores are released starting in April and May and are unable to overwinter in the field. Moisture heavily influences this stage of the life cycle as high humidity confers an infection of urediospores. Urediospores germinate and form haustoria that penetrates into the leaves.
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The bees are polylectic, meaning the larvae are fed from a variety of pollen sources. Subsequently, after a few stages of molting, the larvae spin cocoons and pupate. They will overwinter as pupae. After several months, the bees will emerge in the adult form.
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As fall approaches, the soybean plants begin to senesce from the bottom upwards. The aphids are forced upwards and start to produce winged forms, first females and later males, which fly off to the primary host, buckthorn. Here they mate and overwinter as eggs.
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This immature stages of this species develop in summer, passing through six instars. Adults can be encountered from June through November in the Mediterranean. They mate in autumn and in winter and often overwinter as adults. In this case they can be found by March.
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The larvae feed on rushes (Juncus species), producing spun silken pupal cases within which they overwinter on the seed heads. The adults are small and brown with pointed wings.Chinery, page 126 Head light greyish-ochreous. Antennae white, ringed with fuscous anteriorly except towards apex.
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From June and July till May, younger stages tend to be found towards the surface, and older stages tend to migrate to overwinter earlier. It develops during the winter and reproduces with energy gained from the spring phytoplankton bloom, indicating a one year life cycle.
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This species is a folivore, essentially feeding on leaves of various plants. It is a solitary species, not harmful to crops. Adults can mainly be encountered in August and September, but they are active throughout the year. After mating, these grasshoppers overwinter as adults.
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This species has a single annual generation (univoltine). Adults emerge in late summer. Males can be seen from June until September, while females have been recorded from February to October. After mating the males die and the females overwinter and reappear in the spring.
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In Europe, it usually is found in depths of up to 10 m. Valvata piscinalis tolerates varying calcium concentrations, and generally does not require very high temperatures to survive. Individuals can overwinter in mud, often experiencing growth during this cold period,Chernogorenko, M. I. 1980.
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Adults can be found from July through September. This species start breeding in July. Only eggs overwinter, hatching in next April. The song of these crickets consists of short, high-frequency single sounds, usually presented in series at a distance of a few seconds.
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The weevil's life cycle takes seven to eleven weeks from egg laying to maturity, depending on the temperature. In Mauritius there are about four generations annually and the weevils breed throughout the year. In South Africa there are two generations and they overwinter as adults.
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Caterpillars pupate in early fall, which means they enter a stage of their life cycle where they become a pupa and undergo transformation into a moth. After pupation, M. quinquemaculata overwinter in the soil near their host plants, with adults emerging the following summer.
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C. concinnata is ovoviviparous. In a year, approximately 3–4 generations occur (multivoltine) with an adult life span of 5–22 days. The parasitoid larvae typically survive winters in host larvae; so since the gypsy moths overwinter as an egg, it has to find alternative hosts to overwinter in their larvae. After mating has occurred, the adult females look for host larvae. If a host meets her satisfaction for her offspring, she attaches on the host’s back using her anal hooks, punctures the integument of the host with a piercing structure on her abdomen and injects a single larva into the host's midgut or body cavity.
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Towards the end of the cereal host's growing season, the mycelia produce structures called telia. Telia produce a type of spore called teliospores. These black, thick-walled spores are dikaryotic. They are the only form in which Puccinia graminis is able to overwinter independently of a host.
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The red-legged kittiwake feeds on fish such as lanternfish (Myctophidae), squid and invertebrates. It spends the summer at the cliff breeding colonies, nesting on ledges, and migrates out to sea in September to overwinter in the north western Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Alaska.
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Frontiers in Zoology, 9, 1-9. For instance foundresses, or queens, tend to be large-bodied females in order to maximize energetic reserves, thereby enabling them to overwinter, establish nests, and reproduce independently. On the contrary, helpers tend to be smaller-bodied daughters with undeveloped ovaries.
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The eggs start to develop and will continue to develop for the next few weeks. Then due to changing environmental conditions the development of the eggs slows down. In this state of slow development, called diapause the eggs overwinter. L. sponsa is an obligatory univoltine species.
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Zootaxa, 2367: 1–68. Preview Stems of Epilobium with gall-like swellings caused by the larvae and section of stem inhabited by the larva Larva The wingspan is 11–15 mm.microlepidoptera.nl Adults emerge in July and overwinter. They can sometimes be found again in the following spring.
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Most reproductive behaviour occurs in April and May. The eggs hatch and the larvae develop rapidly in about 2 months. When the adults emerge they move away from water, often to heath or grassland a long distance from water, where they overwinter hidden amongst dried plant stems.
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These moths are bivoltine or trivoltine. The moth flies through the year, but mainly in the autumn, depending on location. The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, such as Stachys, Arctium, Lycopus, Mentha, Eupatorium cannabinum and Fragaria vesca. They overwinter in the soil as a chrysalis.
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Larger pieces of wood may allow for multiple tunnels. Several female bees may use a nest, one breeding and the others guarding. A bee defends the wide entrance by blocking it with its abdomen (compare Allodapula). Both male and female bees may overwinter within the tunnels.
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After pupation, the new adult beetle disperses from its birthplace and can fly several miles to locate an appropriate host tree in which to breed. Some species overwinter in aggregations inside the galleries, while others seek shelter in the outer bark layers or the leaf litter.
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These eggs hatch in autumn, but the spiderlings overwinter in the sac and emerge during the spring. The egg sac is composed of multiple layers of silk and protects its contents from damage; however, many species of insects have been observed to parasitise the egg sacs.
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Typically, it takes about a month for a mite to develop from egg and larva to adult. This depends on environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. Some species overwinter in the egg stage. Some species have a single generation per year, while others have several.
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They are often disseminated by wind. The oospores can overwinter in the soil and in the debris on the surface of the soil. The oospores have very thick walls, which makes them capable of surviving in the soil for years under many different weather conditions.Richard A. Frederlksen.
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The wingspan is . Adults are on wing from late June to August in western Europe. The larvae feed on the seedheads Arctium species (including Arctium lappa and possibly Arctium minus). Full-grown larvae overwinter from October in a cocoon on the ground or occasionally in the seedhead.
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The species is notable for the behaviour of its caterpillars, which overwinter in tent-like nests high in pine trees, and which proceed through the woods in nose-to-tail columns, protected by their severely irritating hairs, as described by the French entomologist Jean-Henri Fabre.
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The eggs hatch and consume the host larva. S. galinae larvae and pupae develop within the host gallery and emerge in approximately 35 days. Two to three generations occur per year. Prior to winter, pre-pupae halt development to enter diapause and overwinter within the tree.
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Here the fungus will move to infect the rest of the plant. Infection of CWR is systemic. By creating such a systemic infection, P. horiana has the potential to overwinter in plants as a form of protection . Like previously stated, sanitation is the best preventive for CRW.
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Full-grown larvae live in a bivalved composite leaf case composed of three leaf fragments of increasing age and decreasing size. The case is about 10 mm long with a mouth angle of about 60°. The larvae overwinter twice. Full-grown larvae can be found in May.
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The eggs hatch and the wasp larvae feed on the paralyzed host. When the larvae mature, they spin a cocoon and pupate within the host gallery. Spathuis overwinter as pupae within their cocoons under the bark of ash trees and emerge as adults in the summer.
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Monika Petra Puskeppeleit (born 1955) is a German physician, public health manager and scientific researcher with special interest in medicine of remote areas, especially polar regions. She is the first German medical doctor and station leader of the first all-woman team to overwinter in Antarctica.
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Sporangia release zoospores which require water for transport. Zoospores swim in water droplets until they encyst and infect the fruit. Symptoms, beginning with fruit rot, may form within 24 hours. Chlamydospores are the pathogen's resting structure, which allows the disease to survive and overwinter in the soil.
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This reflects a tendency to overwinter in areas where the temperature does not go below . Migrations may extend up to . North American populations generally migrate by late August and return between February and April. Their ability to migrate likely aided their wide colonization of the Americas.
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Population dynamics of Eurycea bislineata in New York. Journal of Herpetology 2:176-177. Adults overwinter up to 80 cm deep into the soil of the stream bank in cold climates, but may remain somewhat active in southern regions, and may continue feeding during this period.
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When fully mature, the larvae emerge through the underside of the leaf and fall to the ground, where they make chambers in which to pupate. They overwinter in these, emerging as adults in July and August the following year. There is a single generation per year.
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There are usually 8-10 stamens and three styles. Stellaria neglecta flowers between April and July, after which the flowering parts decay. The stems remain alive and produce tillers which overwinter and flower the following year. Seeds are tuberculate, dark reddish-brown, 1.3−1.7 mm in diameter.
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After five molts, they are fully developed and ready to overwinter in leaf litter. Both the adults and their larvae are very harmful to crops.Economic Plants and their Diseases They feed on various grasses and grain plants (wheat, rye, barley and sometimes oats, corn and millet).
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Because the downy mildew pathogen does not overwinter in midwestern fields, crop rotations and tillage practices do not affect disease development. The pathogen tends to become established in late summer. Therefore, planting early season varieties may further reduce the already minor threat posed by downy mildew.
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Leafminers overwinter in the soil as prepupae. Adults emerge in May to late June to early July, depending on temperature and humidity. Oviposition (egg-laying) peaks during the last week of June. Adult birch leafminers are small (about 1/8 to 1/4 inch long), black and fly like.
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This mosquito maintains the disease in the population through transovaial transmission (passed through mother to offspring), transstadial (across life stages), venereal (between mates), and it is amplified in smaller mammals through horizontal transmission (passed to hosts). The virus can overwinter in diapausing mosquito eggs and reemerge the following spring.
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Marazion Marsh Nature Reserve Up to five bitterns overwinter at the reserve, although the reed-bed is below the minimum size of twenty ha required by this species for breeding. Funding for the management of the reserve has been received from the EU LIFE Programme's Bittern Project (2001-2007).
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The aphids migrate back to primary hosts in August and overwinter as eggs on weeds. In North America they are heavily parasitized by the braconid wasp Aphidius nigripes, which lays its eggs in the aphid nymphs, and these are eventually killed by the wasp larvae developing inside them.
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In late summer some winged females develop which fly off and colonise the roots of grasses. Some of these aphids are carried into their nests by ants, where they overwinter, emerging in the spring to recolonise the roots of their secondary hosts, the whole cycle taking two years.
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Bees of X. micans develop from egg to adult over the course of seven weeks. New adults break out of the brood cell partitions several weeks after reaching adulthood, generally in late August, to collect pollen to store for overwintering. The bees quickly return to their nests to overwinter.
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In 2015, researchers collected seeds from the regions identified by Bhattarai et al. (2011), created germplasms for future cultivation, and verified the genotype of each germplasm through genetic testing. Planting seeds for these efforts requires pre-treatments. Allowing seeds to overwinter after planting in fall is an effective method.
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A number also overwinter in the Dominican Republic. Overwintering birds have been collected and sighted a number of times in Florida, it has been recorded as a rare accidental on Bermuda, Cuba and Jamaica, and there is an uncorroborated report from coastal Mexico.Mayfield, Harold F (1992). Kirtland’s Warbler.
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Personosclerospora sorghi has a polycyclic disease cycle. It is capable of causing secondary infections of susceptible hosts throughout the growing season. Its resting structures, the structures that allow the pathogen to overwinter, are the oospores. These oospores are produced in the infected plants from the previous growing season.
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This marine fish lives in schools in coastal waters, and can sometimes be found in bays. Some populations are known to overwinter in the Yellow Sea. In the spring, it spawns in the open ocean and in semi-enclosed shoreline habitat. The eggs hatch in about 36 hours.
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Beekeepers often combine nucs together in the fall to produce a single, strong colony. This results in the loss of all but one queen, but provides a colony capable of surviving winter. In warm climates, nucs can overwinter. Nucs can also survive winter indoors, or in an observation hive.
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Larvae do not overwinter but metamorphose after July. Tylototriton ziegleri is threatened by the degradation and loss of suitable habitat and breeding sites. It might also suffer from collection for the pet trade and traditional medicines. One of the known populations resides in the Pia Oac Nature Reserve.
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The hawthorn-carrot aphid was first described by the German entomologist Johann Heinrich Kaltenbach in 1843. It has three subspecies in Europe. All overwinter on their primary host, hawthorn trees (Crataegus) spp., but each migrates to a different secondary host in the family Apiaceae during the summer; D. c.
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In Newfoundland, control was helped by the introduction of the masked shrew, a cocoon-hunting insectivore. This sawfly has 1 or 2 generations per year. In Ontario, the larvae overwinter in cocoons in the litter layer and change into pupae in the spring. The adults emerge soon thereafter.
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Gnomonia fructicola is a fungal plant pathogen on strawberries causing leaf spot disease. It can overwinter on leaves and fruits of Fragaria spp. (Rosaceae), occasionally pathogenic on fruits causing strawberry stem-end rot. The causal organism has often been referred to as Gnomonia comari, now considered Gnomoniopsis comari.
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The eggs overwinter and hatch the larvae in the following spring. The larvae live in stems and leaves of herbaceous plants inside the typical foam nest, that protects them against enemies and provide necessary moisture and temperature for their development. Aphrophora alni has only one generation a year.
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In this case they overwinter. After hibernation, the larva makes a new case in the same manner. It hibernates for the second time and constructs yet another case. The case of the full-grown larva is a spatulate leaf case of , composed of two elongates pieces of epidermis.
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Adults overwinter beneath bark or in hollow woody stem. They emerge in the following spring and mate in June and July. During mating male and females may remain coupled together for 3-4 days. Eggs are laid with a copious secretion in the ground near the host plant.
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They have a green body, a dark brown head and a central brown patch on the prothoracic shield and anal plate. They reach a length of up to 7 mm. Nearly full-grown larvae overwinter in mined foliage. Full-grown larvae can be found from April to June.
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Adults fly during spring and summer and there is one brood. Females lay eggs singly on the host plant. The caterpillar will fold the host plant's leaves and tie them together with silk they will then eat from this structure. The pupae will overwinter then emerge in May.
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A collection of several specimens from California Bovista pila is found in corrals, stables, roadsides, pastures and open woods. The puffballs fruit singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground. It is also known to grow in lawns and parks. The puffball spore cases are persistent and may overwinter.
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The larvae feed on Pinus species, including Pinus echinata, Pinus virginiana and Pinus rigida. Young larvae bore into the cones of their host plant. They move to another cone when it is eaten out. Full- grown larvae drop to the ground to pupate in the soil, where they overwinter.
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Here, adults emerge from mid May to late July. The larvae feed on plants in the subgenus Esula of the genus Euphorbia. The larvae mine the stem and move into the pith area. They overwinter in the roots and migrate to the stem base in spring where pupation occurs.
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Adults are present all year, with one or two generations. The adult insects overwinter in the litter, in moss or under barks. The females lay their eggs in May and June in flower buds or other plant parts. The tiny eggs are round and white and are deposited in groups.
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Application of Otolith Microchemistry for Distinguishing between Amphidromous and Non-amphidromous Stocked Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. Fisheries Science 64(4): 517-521. They overwinter in coastal regions, staying there until the spring where the young fish typically are about long and move back to the rivers. Here they reach by the summer.
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The larvae feed on Senecio jacobaea. Larvae of the first generation first feed on the flowers and later feed in the main stem, causing a swelling. Pupation takes place in a yellowish brown cocoon within the stem. Larvae of the second generation feed in the stems and roots and overwinter.
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Females of this species dig tunnels in the ground. At the end of each tunnel these bees hollow out cells where they lay supplies of pollen and deposit eggs. After the hatching larvae feed directly on pollen grains for about thirty days. These insects overwinter in the stage of prepupae.
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Lake Constance is an important overwintering area for around 250,000 birds.">Bundesamt für Veterinärwesen: Forschungsprojekt "Constanze“ am Bodensee gestartet annually. Bird species such as the dunlin, the curlew and the lapwing overwinter at Lake Constance.Brachvogelprojekt In the middle of December 2014 there were 56,798 heron, 51,713 coot and 43,938 pochard.
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Other bird species to be found here include Verreaux's eagle, grey- headed kingfisher and cinnamon-breasted bunting, and up to twenty black storks overwinter here. Wadi Turabah Nature Reserve is the only place on the Arabian Peninsula in which the hamerkop breeds, with about thirty birds being present in the reserve.
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Adults are on wing from March to April. The larvae are polyphagous and have been recorded feeding on Gentiana lutea, Plantago, Urtica and Scabiosa species.Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa Larvae can be found in May and June. The species overwinter as a pupa or as an adult.
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Their tendency to aggregate and overwinter in groups is likely due to their attraction to similar environments and conspecifics. Beetles use rock crevices as hibernacula, often clumping in them, in groups. These rock crevices are found in rock fields the beetle are attracted to for high levels of vegetation and greenery.
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Lygaeus kalmii angustomarginatus is found in north temperate regions of North America and is not a migratory insect. Only adults overwinter and they do not begin reproduction until the following April. Females are receptive to males in all seasons. The eggs are laid on milkweed (Asclepias spp.) in the spring.
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The best form of management is planting resistant strains (purple-bordered leaf spot most heavily infects Amur, Japanese, red, silver and sugar maples). Additionally, it is important to remove, burn or bury leaf litter from infected trees in the fall or early spring, as this is where the spores overwinter.
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Predators of the larvae include the red swamp crayfish, Chinese mitten crab and grass carp. In Hubei, larvae overwinter at the bottom of the water. The pupae, about long, are light yellow, some parts beginning to darken after three days. The pupae are enclosed in pupal cells made of earth.
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Larvae take 2–3 years to develop. They overwinter in the ground. In April, they migrate to deeper soil layers to turn into a chrysalis and hatch in May into an imago, allowing an adult insect to emerge. The males swarm first; the females follow with a few days delay.
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They provide each cell with pollen carried on the underside of their hairy abdomen. Then they lay in each cell a single egg. Females also use their large jaws to collect resin (hence the common name), used to cap the brood cells. The larvae overwinter inside the cells, consuming the pollen.
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Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults. Some subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae, are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae. Arulenus miae is a pygmy grasshopper species from the tropical mountainous rainforests of the Philippines. The species was firstly discovered in Facebook post.
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The species emerge in midsummer to mate and lay eggs. After they lay their eggs they die, living their young to feed on such plants as Utricularia minor and other Utricularia species. They feed on them till adulthood, and then go to overwinter. They grow up to long, with females being the largest.
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The grousewinged backswimmer is bivoltine. Females of the first generation become adults and reproductively mature in July producing a second generation. The adults that become mature after July enter reproductive diapause which ends by late October. All N. undulata will overwinter in the adult stage and begin depositing eggs in the early spring.
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The moth flies in two to three generations per year. In Great Britain, adults are on wing in April and October. The larvae mainly feed on Pyracantha coccinea, but have also been recorded on Crataegus species. They feed inside a long mine close to the upper leaf surface and overwinter in the mines.
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It can overwinter well in hardiness zone 9a in southwestern Japan as tuberous roots or bulbils (bulbils are formed in axils). Above-ground parts of this plant eventually die as temperature lowers. However, it is generally regarded as hardy to zones 6–7. Plants for a Future The varietIes Begonia grandis subsp.
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Gathering on wet soil, Jacques-Cartier National Park Adults fly during spring and summer and one brood occurs. Females lay eggs singly on the host plant. The caterpillar folds the host plant's leaves and ties them together with silk; they then eat from this structure. The pupae overwinter, then emerge in May.
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Larvae hatch 2–3 weeks after oviposition and feed under the bark. After 4–6 weeks larvae enter the wood through oval holes and dig tunnels of 6–7 mm in width. Galleries are very similar to those of A. striatum. Larvae overwinter once or twice under the bark or in the wood.
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The "warm-season" cereals are tender and prefer hot weather. Barley and rye are the hardiest cereals, able to overwinter in the subarctic and Siberia. Many cool-season cereals are grown in the tropics. However, some are only grown in cooler highlands, where it ' "may" ' be possible to grow multiple crops per year.
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Both Haughton et al. and Bellamy et al. found that the miscanthus overwinter vegetative structure provided an important cover and habitat resource, with high levels of diversity in comparison with annual crops. This effect was particularly evident for beetles, flies, and birds, with breeding skylarks and lapwings being recorded in the crop itself.
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Pennycress is being developed as an oilseed crop for production of renewable fuels.Arvegenix LLC websiteField pennycress shows feedstock potential The species can be planted in the fall, will germinate and form a vegetative mass which can overwinter. In the spring, the oil-rich seed can be harvested and used as a biodiesel feedstock.
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Winged adult The black bean aphid has both sexual and asexual generations in its life cycle. It also alternates hosts at different times of year. The primary host plants are woody shrubs, and eggs are laid on these by winged females in the autumn. The adults then die and the eggs overwinter.
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Mating can occur repeatedly, and females lay their eggs on vegetation. The adult males die soon after mating, and the females after oviposition. The larvae hatch in July and overwinter in the pre- adult stage.Gombocz, M.M. (1999) Verhaltensbeobachtungen an der Gottesanbeterin Empusa fasciata in ihrer natürlichen Umgebung. Master’s thesis, University of Graz.
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The wingspan is typically . The pale swallowtail has a single brood throughout most of its range, but two or more along the Pacific Coast. Adults fly from April to October and are most common in May and July. Caterpillars enter their pupal stage in the fall and overwinter before emerging as adults.
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Adult moths are on wing from late May until August, depending on location. They fly during the day, especially with warm and sunny weather, feeding on nectar of various flowers. The larva feed on wild thyme (Thymus polytrichus, Thymus serpyllum, etc.). They occur from August to May and overwinter once or twice.
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San Diego, California. one of the major mechanisms of dispersal is rainwater splashing spores onto other susceptible plants, and into watercourses to be carried for greater distances. Chlamydospores can withstand harsh conditions and are able to overwinter. The pathogen will take advantage of wounding, but it is not necessary for infection to occur.
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Male Anopheles freeborni aggregate into swarms to attract potential mates. Females are able to overwinter, allowing for seasonal development of eggs in the spring. The western malaria mosquito feeds on bloodmeals. Within the United States’ regions of semiarid or arid climate, it has been historically identified as the primary transmission vector for malaria.
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This species lacks the sting, so the characteristic markings of many aculeate wasps represent a protective mimicry.Nature Spot The female lacks also the long ovipositor present in most of the ichneumon wasps.Bioref.lastdragon Adults can be usually found in summer on flowers, especially Apiaceae species, feeding on nectar and pollen. The adults overwinter.
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Each one digs a hole in moist soil and prepares a small, smooth walled chamber, and after a prepupal stage of a few days, sheds their skin and pupates. In some areas the adults emerge in seven to fourteen days but in other areas they overwinter as pupae.Eastern Dobsonfly. Fairfax County Public Schools.
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Annual rainfall is about , mainly in spring. The IBA lies on the Central Asian Flyway and its characteristics of low disturbance, plenty of food and a mild climate attract birds. It is used by migrating waterfowl in autumn and spring, while various species of waterbirds, waders and birds of prey also overwinter there.
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They are reddish brown to golden brown in colour, though rarely they may also be bright yellow. They are made from closely woven silk. The spiderlings overwinter within the egg sacs until early spring. Females reach sexual maturity at around the middle of January, while males mature earlier in the middle of December.
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In late summer and early fall, the queen begins to lay eggs which will become drones and new queens. After pupation, these fertile males and females fly off to mate. Fertilized queens then overwinter and start new colonies during the next year. Males and workers die in the end of the cycle.
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Speyeria callippe is a univoltine species. Adults fly from May to August, usually patrolling for females, which emerge before males. Eggs are laid in litter near the host plants. Unfed first-stage caterpillars overwinter until spring, when they feed on leaves of Viola pedunculata, Viola nuttallii, Viola beckwithii, Viola douglasii and Viola purpurea.
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The caterpillars overwinter and pupate in May or June of the following year. Adults are on wing from fly from mid or late June to August and sometimes September in favourable conditions. There is one generation per year univoltine species. The larvae feed on a various grasses, including Festuca altissima and Calamagrostis arundinacea.
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The virus is transmitted by the willow carrot aphid, Cavariella aegopodii. Carrots that survive overwinter are the source of inoculum for the first flush of spring aphids. The aphid transfers the virus as it feeds from host to host. Both CMoV and CRLV are typically found in infected stock and rarely found alone.
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The wingspan is 17–26 mm. This quite- common moth has dark brown forewings with a striking falcate medio-dorsal white marking and a gray-colored area at the ends of the wings. The shape of the white marking is quite variable. This species has one generation and the mature caterpillars overwinter.
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Overwinter survival can be greatly reduced due to flooding for prolonged periods of time, resulting in high mortality of L. dispar larvae in diapause. L. dispar larvae have three characteristic stages: pre-diapause in the autumn, winter diapause and post-diapause in the spring. Heavy mortality is common between oviposition (when females lay their eggs) in the late summer and the resumption of larval feeding in late spring: larvae begin feeding again in early may. In order to enter diapause, L. dispar uses temperature and photoperiodic indicators to determine when to start the overwinter process: entering diapause at low temperatures (<15°C) As well as temperature, environmental and endogenous factors also determine when larvae terminate diapause: generally when ambient temperature is high (>25°C).
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The microclimate refers to the climate of a very small or restricted area, like the hibernaculum, especially when this differs from the climate of the surrounding area. Overwinter survival in these cricket frogs among other frogs is dependent on using hibernacula with appropriate physical microclimate characteristics, such as moist soil, that buffer frogs from temperatures that drop below the freezing point of the body fluids for extended periods. Although, determining if frogs can identify sites with appropriate microclimates to support overwinter survival and what factors might inform such choices are still unknown and will require further study. Therefore, it is still not known to what extent various types of prospective hibernacula for frogs might be suitable in the years to come, especially factoring in climate change.
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There may be several generations each year in warm climates but in cooler regions there is a single generation. The first and second instars may overwinter in cracks in the bark and the hibernating nymphs can survive temperatures as low as −42 °C. The emergence of the nymphs in the spring coincides with bud burst.
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Rhigognostis annulatella (ringed diamond-back or annulated smudge) is a moth of the family Plutellidae. It is found in most of Europe. Illustration from John Curtis's British Entomology Volume 6 The wingspan is about 18 mm. Adults are on wing from July onwards, and overwinter in this stage, occurring on the wing until April.
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After metamorphosis, the second brood adults emerge between mid-July and mid-August. The caterpillars from this brood will grow until fall and then overwinter. The following spring they complete metamorphosis and the cycle repeats. Therefore, the adults in the spring of the second year are the grandchildren of the brood from the previous spring.
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Abstract and full article: The length of the forewings is 19–21 mm. The dorsal forewing is reddish brown with obscure maculation, except for slightly paler antemedial and postmedial lines. The hindwings are translucent white with a slight pearly-pink sheen. Adults emerge in the spring and overwinter, mainly flying during the winter months.
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For most of the year, reproduction is parthenogenetic, with eggs being produced by females without males being present in the population. In the autumn, parthenogenetically produced males begin to appear; males and females then reproduce sexually. The resulting eggs sink to the bottom where they overwinter, hatching the following year as nauplius-like larvae.
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The toad's black skin is covered in white and tan speckles and it sports a white midline down its spine from head to rump. Adults are approximately in length. They are active during the warmer months and overwinter underground near their native springs. This species walks rather than hops, and never strays far from water.
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It is univoltine in the northern part of the range and bivoltine in the warmer southern areas. Adults of these shield bugs can be found all year around, as they overwinter. They emerge in the following spring, when they mate and females lay eggs. By the end of summer the new generation of adults appear.
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Their eggs incubate from 90 to 135 days; some eggs may overwinter and hatch the following spring. In a laboratory experiment, temperature influenced hatching rates and hatchling gender. Incubation temperatures from resulted in hatching rates exceeding 83%, while incubation at resulted in a 53% hatching rate. Incubation temperatures less than resulted in all-male clutches.
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It can withstand temperatures down to . However some authorities assert that it cannot tolerate temperatures below and must therefore be kept under glass during the winter months. In colder climates it can overwinter as a houseplant in bright locations. In cultivation in the UK, It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.
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MDMV prefers warm to average temperatures. Johnson grass infected with MDMV in the surrounding environment can increase the disease on maize. MDMV is a cultivated virus that mainly occurs in the United States and Australia. MDMV does not overwinter in Minnesota and Wisconsin, which makes the source of inoculum in these northern states unclear.
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The larvae feed on Comptonia peregrina. Young larvae construct a small silken case and feed on the epidermis and mesophyll of the leaf. Then the larvae move to the stems and construct hibernacula in which they overwinter. After overwintering, they leave the hibernacula and construct frass-covered silken cases, and feed on the leaves.
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Adults can be found from mid June through October. The eggs overwinter in the soil, according to literature, at least twice. They mainly feed on other insects, but also on vegetable foods. They are active from noon till night and males are detectable by their characteristic and pleasant singing (hence the Latin name cantans).
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Multiple roots (seven to 12) emerge from each thallus. Spirodela is larger () than Lemna ( – , one root per thallus). Certain species of Spirodela overwinter as turions, a dormant form that lacks air pockets, so sinks to the bottom of the pond. In spring, turions rise to the surface and germinate to start a new population.
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R. sexpunctatus has roughly an annual life cycle. Both males and females usually overwinter in the pentultimate (1 molt prior to adult) stage. They mature and breed in late spring, with the males probably dying soon after mating since they are rarely collected past early summer. Adult females have been collected through early fall.
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These workers used to be pupae in late June, and were also the first peaks of the eggs and larvae. The year's maximum count of adult females and males is in September. This is the last brood of adults and the females in this group become the next season's foundresses and overwinter in hibernacula.
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Greenland birds also overwinter in Ireland and from late September and through the winter months, Ireland is home to almost 50% of the Greenland population of white-fronted geese. A. a. albifrons and A. a. flavirostis are among the taxa to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
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P. colocasiae is an oomycete and is thus characterized by oospores and coenocytic hyphae. Oospores have very thick-walls which provide durable survival structures. As a result, oospores overwinter in soil, underground storage organs, or on leaf debris left in the field after harvest. However, inoculum does not survive for very long on leaf tissue.
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An oogonium can be likened to a female reproductive organ while an antheridium carries out the role of a male reproductive organ. The penetration of an oogonium via an antheridium leads to the formation of a sexual spore or an oospore. The oospore will overwinter and germinate to produce infectious sporangia once conditions improve.
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Diachasma alloeum is a small wasp in the family Braconidae. It is a parasitoid of Rhagoletis pomonella, the apple maggot. The wasp lays its eggs into third- instar larvae of the fly, which then develop after the larvae have pupated. The immature wasps then eat the fly larvae and overwinter inside the fly puparia.
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V. inaequalis overwinters mostly as immature Perithecia, where sexual reproduction takes place, producing a new generation of ascospores that are released the following spring. Scab lesions located on the woody tissues may also overwinter in place, but will not undergo a sexual reproduction cycle; these lesions can still produce ineffective conidial spores in the spring.
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Teliospores consist of one, two or more dikaryote cells. Teliospores are often dark-coloured and thick- walled, especially in species where they overwinter (acting as chlamydospores). Two-celled teliospores formerly defined the genus Puccinia. Here the wall is particularly thick at the tip of the terminal cell which extends into a beak in some species.
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These mites produce multiple generations each year, and probably overwinter on root or the root buds. This mite normally spends the winter as fertilized female adults, remaining under bud scales of the thistle. They emerge in the spring. They continuously reproduce during times other than winter, creating a new generation every two to three weeks.
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Coming in Contact with Bats. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP). However, some individuals seem to overwinter in buildings, which may allow them to spend the winter in places that would otherwise be too cold for them.
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About 90% of the oriental plovers that make the long journey south overwinter in Australia and it has been estimated that there may be 160,000 individuals of this species. With a large range and no evidence of significant population decline, this species’ conservation status is rated by the IUCN as being of Least Concern.
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Predators such as squirrels, stoats, weasels, foxes, rats and corvids, are kept low. The estate participates in conservation and countryside stewardship schemes, including the establishment of conservation strips around arable fields, creating ‘beetle banks’ (raised ridges in fields to encourage aphid-consuming carabids) and leaving crops to overwinter in fields which to benefit passerines.
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Typically, resting spores are the overwintering stage. However, in species that do not produce resting spores, other structures serve as the overwintering stage. For example,two species common to North America, Synchytrium decipiens and S. macroporosum, appear to overwinter as sori on vegetative material. In terms of hosts, the genus ranges from specific to broad.
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If second-brood larvae occur, it may take 8 to 10 weeks for these individuals to begin pupation . Pupae are present in fall, winter, and spring. Barrens dagger moth may pupate in a flimsy cocoon in soil, although the precise location(s) of pupae is uncertain . Pupae do not seem to overwinter more than once .
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The female lays eggs at the end of summer in plants and trees that overwinter. Larvae live underground on the roots of various plants, inside a typical foam nest, that protects them from dehydration and against enemies. The nymph sucks vegetable juices out of the roots of the host plants. The nymph comes up in spring.
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Adults are on wing from July to September. They fly in the early afternoon sunshine. From September to May, the caterpillars overwinter. They feed on various coarse grasses (Poaceae), including cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata), rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis), rye (Secale cereale) (hence the common name), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oat (Avena sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum).
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In the Fall pintails and mallards arrived first along the Pacific Flyway and later in the season baldpates and canvasbacks. Coot and the common merganser were common as overwinter birds. On the northern direction, white snow geese arrived first and white fronted geese were among the latest to fly by. Nightfire Island soils didn't contain egg shells,Howe, p.
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Mating pair Adults overwinter, reappear in spring and attack the cabbages. In the first half of April mating begins, followed by the laying of eggs. At mid-May the nymphs hatch, reaching the maturity in June. In summer, females lay the eggs of the second generation, this time both on crucifers and on other plants (rose, alfalfa).
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Survival Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens can overwinter in plant debris, diseased plants, wild hosts, seeds, or vegetative propagative organs. The bacteria can survive only a couple of weeks as free bacteria in soil. Multiple factors go into survival of a bacterial population, including temperature, humidity, and soil characteristics. Infected seeds cannot be used for susceptible bean crops because Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv.
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After the eggs are laid, the cavity is filled. They hatch after 50 to 70 days of incubation, and most hatchlings emerge in August to September. When a nest hatches late, the northern map turtle hatchlings have been known to overwinter in the nest. The female usually lays two or more clutches in one breeding season.
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Ectoedemia liebwerdella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It occurs locally in central and southern Europe, east to the Volga and Ural regions of Russia. Ectoedemia liebwerdella mine The wingspan is 6.6–8 mm. The larvae normally have a two-year cycle, they feed during two summers and overwinter twice to pupate in May–July.
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The eggs develop for a few weeks when, in response to environmental conditions the rate of development slows down and the eggs are said to be in diapause. In this state the eggs overwinter. The eggs hatch in spring and give rise to the prolarval stage. This is a specialised short lived stage often lasting only minutes.
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Adults of this species can be found from April to August,iNaturalist and have one generation per year (univoltine). Adults overwinter in the ground. Female lays about 80 eggs on the leaves of the host plants, and the larvae come out after about ten days. Larvae of A. marginata can reach a body length of about .
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There are two generations per year with adults on wing in June and again in August. The larvae feed inside the flowers and developing seedheads of various Asteraceae species, including Senecio, Crepis and Hieracium species and Sonchus arvensis and Solidago virgaurea. Larvae can be found in July and from August to April. They overwinter in a cocoon among debris.
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" McCalmont et al. argue that although there is room for more research, "[...] clear indications of environmental sustainability do emerge." In addition to the GHG mitigation potential, miscanthus' "[…] perennial nature and belowground biomass improves soil structure, increases water-holding capacity (up by 100–150 mm), and reduces run-off and erosion. Overwinter ripening increases landscape structural resources for wildlife.
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Larva In Illinois, some eggs are laid in the late fall or the winter, when weather conditions permit. Adults also overwinter and become increasingly active in March and April. Eggs are laid in batches of up to 25 inside alfalfa stems. The larvae feed for three or four weeks, moulting three times, before pupating in the cocoons they make.
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Pinthaeus sanguinipes can reach a length of . These stink bugs overwinter as adults, females lay their eggs in May and the adults are present from August. Adults of these red-legged bugs prey on other insect and they mainly feed on the larvae of beetles, sawflies and butterflies, especially on the larvae of the lymantriid Dasychira pudibunda.
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Later in the season teleia develop near uredinia on the leaf. This allows for the fungus to overwinter as telia, or in some regions persist solely in the uredinial state without a need for an alternate host.Leu, LS (1988) Rust In: Pearson RC, Goheen AC (eds) Compendium of grape diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul.
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Adults are seen flying from July to November and the larvae overwinter and emerge in the spring. They can be seen flying in many areas including fields, gardens, waste areas. Adults are nocturnal and often come to lights. In more arid areas adults can be found nectaring and resting on composite flowers in the late afternoon.
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The larvae overwinter in loosely woven cocoons.Massachusetts Introduced Pests Outreach Project factsheet The larvae feed on various trees and shrubs with a preference for Rosaceous plants, particularly apple (Malus domestica) and pear (Prunus pyrifolia).HYPP Zoology Fact Sheet The species is considered a pest due to the damage the larvae do to fruit trees while feeding.
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This has helped to prevent an even wider spread of their range. Rainbow smelt occur in rivers, coastal areas and ponds. In their anadromous territories, they spend the summers along the coast, normally in waters no more than deep and no more than from shore. They overwinter under the ice in estuaries, producing an antifreeze protein and glycerol.
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Ipomopsis aggregata is pollinated most commonly by long-tongued moths and hummingbirds, although others can be seen. Basal leaves overwinter, even in subalpine areas of the Rocky Mountains. The plant blooms in late spring to early summer, and into fall if weather conditions are favorable. Optimal growing conditions include little water, part shade, and sandy soil.
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Scutiger spinosus occurs in high-altitude mixed forests at elevations of above sea level. Breeding takes place in slow-flowing streams and small to medium-sized, permanent ponds. The eggs are deposited in doughnut-shaped masses attached to the lower surfaces of logs and rocks. Tadpoles require more than one year to reach metamorphosis and thus overwinter.
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Eggs hatch in 152 days at 29 Celsius, some eggs may overwinter in the nest before hatching. Incubation temperature influences the sex of the embryos, with a 25 degrees Celsius incubation temperature resulting in all males. Warmer temperatures result in an increase in female embryos, with only 11 percent becoming males at incubation temperatures of 30 degrees Celsius.
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Its life cycle time is 19 to 24 days. Microlarinus lypriformis is a stem weevil that has a similar life cycle, excepting the location of the eggs, which includes the undersides of stems, branches, and the root crown. The larvae tunnel in the pith where they feed and pupate. Adults of both species overwinter in plant debris.
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Between March and October workers collect and carry mainly sugary liquid substances and solid materials (remains of arthropods, small insects, etc. ). Close-up on Crematogaster scutellaris Spawning usually takes place during the summer. This species is very prolific. The larvae hatch primarily in September and overwinter in the second stage, from November to February at about 10 °C.
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Adults live in up to deep tubes with a diameter of about 10 mm. The silken lining continues above ground for about , where it is camouflaged with matter from the vicinity. The mating period is from June to July, when the males search for females. The spiderlings hatch during autumn and overwinter in the mother's burrow without feeding.
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The larvae are C–shaped and have a firm, wrinkled, hairy body, a small head, and tiny legs. The larvae overwinter wherever they have been feeding, which may be in compost, manure, leaf mould, or rotting wood. They grow very quickly and will have moulted twice before the end of autumn. They have a two-year life cycle.
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This rapid generation time allows populations to quickly grow, sometimes reaching thousands of nematodes per leaf Adult foliar nematodes are able to overwinter by surviving in dried plant tissue in a dormant state. The nematodes can survive in this dead leaf material for several months. Foliar nematodes do not survive for very long in bare soil alone.
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Fifty-eight years later Francis Drake during his circumnavigation reached the harbour, arriving on 15 June 1578 and also choosing to overwinter. They found the remains of the gallows where Magellan had executed mutineers. Drake had also been having difficulty with discontent during the voyage, and charged his friend Thomas Doughty with treachery and incitement to mutiny.
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Nymph, side view Females usually lay eggs on the leaves of Nerium oleander (hence the common name of the species). All stages of nymphs suck almost exclusively the milky juice of the main host plant (Nerium oleander), but they may also feed on Asclepiadaceae species. Nynphs overwinter. Adults normally feed on the Oleander's fruits and seed.
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Consequently, it was decided that the cargo ships should overwinter in Pevek. In addition, Kapitan Dranitsyn remained in Chaunskaya Bay to ensure their safety. The icebound ships were later connected to shore power and the regional government supplied them with fresh water and provisions. The three vessels were finally able to leave Pevek in May 2017.
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The hindwings are grey.Two New Pine Feeding species of Coleotechnites Adults are on wing in June and July in one generation per year.Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 32(2), 1978, 123-129 The larvae feed on Pinus ponderosa and Pinus edulis. Young larvae bore into green needles, feed within them, and overwinter there as second and third instar larvae.
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Andricus quercuscalifornicus is believed to reproduce strictly by parthenogenesis, and no male specimens have ever been recovered. The adult female lays eggs in the cambium layer of oak twigs during the fall using her ovipositor. More vigorous twigs will have more galls. The eggs overwinter on the twig, and then hatch in the spring, usually in early April.
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Metamorphosis into terrestrial efts takes place two to four months after hatching, again depending on temperature. Survival of larvae from hatching to metamorphosis has been estimated at a mean of roughly 4%. In unfavourable conditions, larvae may delay their development and overwinter in water, although this seems to be less common than in the small-bodied newts.
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At least some of these introductions appear to have been accidental, on imported stonework, and may in some cases date back to the Roman occupation of these areas. But the process is continuing: in 2009–2010, Papillifera papillaris imported on Italian limestone blocks were found to have survived overwinter in a stonemason's yard near Stuttgart, Germany.
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Due to their inability to tolerate the cold winter temperatures they must migrate south. Adults overwinter on hosts in the pine and mixed hardwood forests along the Gulf of Mexico and in the Southern United States.”Taylor, P., & Sheilds, E. (1995). “Phenology of Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in its Overwintering Area and Proposed Seasonal Phenology”.
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Sigaus villosus is New Zealand's largest grasshopper. It is only found in the central mountains of the South Island. The genus Sigaus is endemic to the New Zealand. Like all of New Zealand sub-alpine and alpine grasshoppers S. villosus has a 2 or 3 years life cycle. The eggs must ‘overwinter’ before they will hatch.
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The insects feed on aphids on trees and bushes.Savoiskaya, G. I., Coccinellid Larvae (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of the Fauna of the USSR (Nauka, Leningrad Branch, Leningrad, 1983) (Keys to the Fauna of the USSR, Published by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, No. 137) [in Russian]. The adults overwinter in litter and among fallen leaves.
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This continuous reproduction renders the plant dead at the end of the season. The oospores are then left to overwinter in the dead plant’s debris and the soil. The cycle is repeated once again in the spring when environmental conditions are favorable (see § Environment). The disease is mostly localized where zoospores initially infected the host plant.
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These are perennial grasses, sometimes with rhizomes. The grasses may overwinter as rosettes of short, wide leaves and then produce longer, wider leaves on the stem during spring. They produce hollow stems a few centimeters tall to well over one meter. They are upright to erect when new, then sometimes sprawling, spreading, and bending as the season progresses.
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The small larvae hatch in late September and into October. Immediately after hatching, the tiny larvae seek protective covering in the leaf litter and overwinter there. At this stage the larvae delay development over the winter months and this is known as larval diapuase (Kopper et al. 2001). Once spring arrives, the larvae emerge and begin feeding on violets.
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The larvae overwinter and pupate the following spring, from May up to the beginning of June. The moths fly at dusk from June to mid-August depending on location. The larvae feed mainly after dark on low vegetation such as heather, willows, Leontodon autumnalis and Vaccinium uliginosum. They are lichen and algae feeders like most other lithosiines.
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Whether it is hatchlings or eggs that overwinter, young first appear in the spring following the year of egg deposition. Individuals grow slowly in the wild, and their age at their first reproduction may be 10 to 12 years in the northern part of the range. The western pond turtle may survive more than 50 years in the wild.
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Because of the vagueness of his description, it is uncertain which northern river the expedition sighted. Coming back down the coast, Cabrillo entered Monterey Bay, naming it "Bahia de Los Piños".Kelsey (1986), pp. 145–55. On November 23, 1542, the little fleet arrived back in "San Salvador" (Santa Catalina Island) to overwinter and make repairs.
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The nymphs overwinter under wax threads at the base of buds.The eastern spruce gall adelgid They die shortly afterwards, leaving the eggs, which resemble white, cottony twigs, protected beneath their bodies.Forest Pests. In late summer (July–September) the fully developed nymphs emerge from the galls and crawl out onto the needles, where they molt and develop wings.
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Therefore, this disease cannot overwinter in northern US states. The severity of the disease depends largely on weather conditions and how many spores are carried north each season. Urediniospores infect leaves and produce more spores to create a secondary inoculum and polycyclic disease cycle. Once the urediniospores mature on the plant tissue and turn black they become teliospores.
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The leaves are deciduous, toothed, pointed, tomentose and glandular. With the first frosts, foliage disappears and the plant is ready to overwinter in dormant buds. All parts of the plant are covered with sticky glandular hairs, especially the lime-green calyces and the flowers, resulting in the name "glutinosa". These sticky hairs probably have a protective function against predators.
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Adults can mostly be encountered from April through August, feeding on nectar of flowers (mainly of Apiaceae species) and on pollen of Filipendula ulmaria (Rosaceae). Between April and August these insects mate several times. The larvae develop in humus-rich soil, feeding on dead leaves and other decaying vegetal substances. After reaching the final stage larvae overwinter.
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The larvae feed on Agathis australis. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine starts at the tip of the leaf and then heads for the general direction of the petiole, sometimes double-backing along the way. Near the petiole, the host plant forms a gall, creating a sheltered site for the larva to overwinter.
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Placochilus seladonicus is a univoltine species. Adults can be found from mid June to mid August. Eggs overwinter. Nymphs and adults feed on leaves and stems of various plants, especially on flower heads or flower budsDr K N A Alexander - A review of the invertebrates associated with lowland calcareous grassland - English Nature Research Report - Report Number 512, pg.
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Willow trees at sunset The reserve is best known for the large numbers of ducks and geese that overwinter here on the flooded grassland. The commonest wildfowl are wigeon, teal and shovelers. Also present are smaller numbers of pintail, gadwall, shelduck, tufted duck and pochard. There are also Canada geese and barnacle geese, neither of which are native species.
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Whaling steamer Kodiak and crew, undated photo by John Nathan Cobb Ships continued to overwinter at Herschel into the 20th century, but by that time they focused more on trading with the natives than on whaling. By 1909 there were only three whaleships left in the Arctic fleet, with the last bowhead being killed commercially in 1921.
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Overwintering occurs as a mature larva within an earth-coated cocoon. Pupation occurs in the nest cell in the spring and lasts 25 to 30 days. There is only one generation per year and no adults overwinter. This wasp is frequently attacked by the parasitic "velvet ant" wasp, Dasymutilla occidentalis, also known as the "cow-killer" wasp.
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1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren). The larvae feed on Centaurea species, including C. behen. The larvae overwinter in a web nest on the host plant. Pupation takes place in a pupa which is attached to the stem of the host plant just above the ground.
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Several larvae enter the stem from a single hole. They initially feed on the inner stem tissues but eat into the lower larger part of the stem. Later instars keep feeding on tissue until only a single thin layer of tissue covers a circular hole in the stem above the water line. They overwinter in a rice stubble.
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Little is known about the progression of Phyllachora maydis. Presently, it is believed that the stromata overwinter on corn and soil residue. This is the primary inoculum that must be destroyed if the cycle is to be interrupted. Providing optimal temperatures, humidity and rainfall however, ascospores and conidia will be released in a gelatinous mass on the stromata.
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The larvae are generally found buried a few centimeters deep in soil rich in organic matter such as compost, dung, animal burrows, packrat middens, and ant nests. In at least some species, the pupa develops in a subterranean cell with a thin wall made of feces mixed with soil. Some species overwinter as adults, and others as larvae.
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The eggs hatch after about six weeks; the larvae have external gills and are entirely carnivorous. They may overwinter one or more times before metamorphosis and become mature in two or more years, depending on altitude, with the females taking longer. The juvenile newts are a dark colour with a thin, yellow line along the spine.
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There are many similarities in the life cycles of the northern and western corn rootworm. Both overwinter in the egg stage in the soil. Eggs, which are deposited in the soil during the summer, are American football-shaped, white, and less than long. Larvae hatch in late May or early June and begin to feed on corn roots.
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They live in cool, damp forest and build burrows in soft substrates, usually sand, moss,or decaying wood, where they brood their eggs and overwinter. During the day, they keep the entrance closed, but when the sun sets and it is sufficiently dark, they will open the burrow and wait at the entrance for potential prey to wander by, predominantly beetles.
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In 871, the Vikings moved on to Wessex, where Alfred the Great paid them to leave. The army then marched to London to overwinter in 871–72. The following campaigning season the army first moved to York, where it gathered reinforcements. This force campaigned in northeastern Mercia, after which it spent the winter at Torksey, on the Trent close to the Humber.
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Bird dog field trials are held at the property, which includes a number of kennels for that use. An observation tower near the area's wetlands provides opportunities to observe wildlife, including bald eagles that are known to overwinter in the area. Access for persons 17 years of age or older requires a valid hunting or fishing permit, or a WMA access permit.
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If disturbed, woolly bear caterpillars will roll into a tight spiral or drop from their perch suspended by a strand of silk. Isabella tiger moths (Pyrrharctia isabella) overwinter in the caterpillar stage. They can survive freezing at moderate subzero temperatures by producing a cryoprotectant chemical. The larvae of another species, Phragmatobia fuliginosa, may be found on snow seeking a place to pupate.
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Insects, primarily bees, are the major pollinating vector, but pollen is also spread by wind. The fruit, a drupe, changes from green to a dark blue as it ripens, usually in early November. The seeds normally overwinter and germinate the following spring. Germination does not take place under water, but submerged seeds germinate once the water subsides below the soil surface.
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Juveniles find host and move up the plant in a film of water, they invade meristems and penetrate inflorescence. Once in the developing seed they molt, become adults, mate, and reproduce. Eggs laid by the female develop and hatch as J2 within the seed gall where they desiccate and become dormant. Dormant J2 overwinter in the seed galls until spring.
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The abdominal segments are marked with short spines. The larva takes a few weeks to develop into an adult that feeds for a few weeks before seeking out a site to overwinter. The weevil has one generation per year. The adult weevil feeds upon the margins of the leaves besides puncturing the stalks; damage appears as distinct notches in the plant tissues.
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The larva hatch after 1 to weeks and begin to eat the very hard pine needles. It takes about one and a half months for the caterpillars to reach the last instar. In the last instar the caterpillars go down from the tree to pupate under leaves on the ground. In this stage the pupae in the cocoon overwinter until the next spring.
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Among the breeding birds, the Eurasian hobby, the Eurasian sparrowhawk, the common kingfisher, the European pied flycatcher and the wood warbler are particularly noteworthy. The park is an important stop for migratory birds or as winter habitat. The red-crested pochard, for example, (threatened with extinction in Bavaria) appears during the winter. Nearly every year Bohemian waxwings overwinter in the Nymphenburg Park.
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Bulbinella hookeri - a host plant The larvae are polyphagous on grasses and herbs. They are hairy and are variable in colour, ranging from straw yellow to deep brown. The larvae appear to overwinter in the larval and pupal stages, the adults having only a very brief life span of approximately 21 days confined to the summer months. Early instars feed during warm periods.
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In another week it moults and assumes the appearance of a scarabaeid larva – the scarabaeidoid stage. Its penultimate larval stage is the pseudo-pupa or the coarcate larva, which will overwinter and pupate until the next spring. The larval period can vary widely. A fungus feeding staphylinid Phanerota fasciata undergoes three moults in 3.2 days at room temperature while Anisotoma sp.
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The larvae feed on pitch, red, and other hard pines, as well as oak. When adults emerge they lay eggs on both sides of needles. Larvae hatch and feed on needles until late September in the northeast US (varies depending on location). When they are full grown they drop to the ground, overwinter and pupate in the duff underneath the trees.
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When such nests are in short supply, females often fight over them or lay the eggs in burrows and perhaps hollow logs. The eggs overwinter to hatch 6–7 months later. Hatchlings remain around the nest for about a week or more before leaving its vicinity. Females may return to the same termite nest to lay their next clutch of eggs.
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The caterpillars are grey-green to grey-brown, with dark longitudinal lines. The pupa is thick and brown coloured. The Swiss brassy ringlet is univoltine and its caterpillars feed on Poaceae grasses, especially sheep's fescue (Festuca ovina), matgrass (Nardus stricta), and various other fescues (Festuca) and meadow-grasses (Poa). They overwinter and pupate on the ground around May and June.
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In most species with annual colony cycles, only gynes can enter diapause and overwinter, while workers – both non- reproductive and reproductive – die off. In some groups, such as paper wasps, gynes join with other gynes at the time of nest founding, and may be relegated to subordinate reproductive roles, so being a gyne does not guarantee that a female will become a queen.
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Frogeye leaf spot is often found after warm, humid weather conditions. Frequent rainfalls over an extended period of time can also promote the disease to form. The fungus is known to overwinter in infested seeds and crop residue. If a producer has a field with continuous production of soybeans, there is a higher chance of frogeye leaf spot typically present.
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It produces winter buds from the stem tips that overwinter on the lake bottom. It also often overwinters as an evergreen plant in mild climates. In the Autumn, leafy stalks will detach from the parent plant, float away, root, and start new plants. This is the American water weed's most important method of spreading, while seed production plays a relatively minor role.
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Carduus nutans is usually a biennial, requiring 2 years to complete a reproductive cycle. However, it may germinate and flower in a single year in warmer climates. Seedlings may emerge at any time from spring to late summer and develop a rosette. Plants overwinter in the rosette stage, sending up a multi-branched flowering stem in mid spring of their second year.
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Both wings are lined with white on the outer edge. These moths fly in the sun during the day from April to August depending on the location, with two overlapping generations per year. They overwinter as a caterpillar. The caterpillars feed on a restricted range of legumes (Fabaceae), such as broom (Genista), liquorice (Glycyrrhiza), Laburnum anagyroides, Cytisus scoparius and Ononis repens.
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The spider Trochosa terricola is a known prey item. This species is one of a handful of relatively large spider wasps, including Priocnemis susterai and Anoplius viaticus which overwinter as adults in Britain, emerging in the following spring. Priocnemis perturbator, which is reasonably common and has long antennae, can often be seen nectaring on wood spurge, dandelion, blackthorn, hawthorn and willow.
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Offspring remain in the parental tunnel for the rest of the year, overwinter, and then disperse in the following late spring. Infanticidal behavior has been observed, and is most likely to occur in the event of a burrow take over by a male or female that has not yet had the chance to mate due to limited access to an empty burrow.
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Aralia hispida, commonly known as the bristly sarsaparilla, is a member of the family Araliaceae. It can be found in eastern North America from Hudson Bay south to Indiana and from Minnesota east to New Jersey. It prefers dry and sandy soil, and is a perennial that blooms in June and July. It has a rhizome that can overwinter up to above ground.
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In concordance with this is the mourning cloak butterflies' exhibition of diapause, which is a suspension in development in response to certain conditions, such as environmental stimuli. They will break diapause once some, though not all, of the butterflies start to migrate through September and October. They then overwinter, and then restart their mating cycle throughout the spring, from April through June.
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The sclerotium is a resting structure that allows to fungus to overwinter in its host. In 1915, William Murrill reported the sclerotia of C. tuberosa to be bioluminescent. The spore print is white. Individual spores are smooth, ellipsoid to tear-shaped in profile, obovoid to ellipsoid or cylindric in face or back view, with dimensions of 4.2–6.2 by 2.8–3.5μm.
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Egg laying can result in distinct oval galls forming in the shrub's bark. The eggs develop rapidly for a few weeks and then enter a diapause state. In this state the eggs development is very slow and it is in this state that the eggs overwinter. The following spring the eggs hatch, the larvae drop into the water and start to develop.
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A self-sustaining population of striped bass also exist in Lake Texoma, a brackish lake. In Canada there are no landlocked striped bass, but a large number of bass overwinter in Grand Lake, Nova Scotia. They migrate out in early April into the Shubenacadie River to spawn. These bass also spawn in the Stewiacke River (a tributary of the Shubenacadie).
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They repeatedly infect this host over the growing season. At the end of the season, a fourth spore type, the teliospore, is formed. It is thicker-walled and serves to overwinter or to survive other harsh conditions. It does not continue the infection process, rather it remains dormant for a period and then germinates to form basidia (stage "IV"), sometimes called a promycelium.
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In situation of high moisture, conidia are produced on spore mats but its role in dispersal is currently unknown since very rarely conidia were found to germinate and facilitate the spread of disease. P. omnivore will form several differentiated hyphae. Initially, germ tubes emerge from soil residing sclerotia that overwinter. The sclerotia structure acts as the primary inoculum in affected fields.
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B. ribis is able to overwinter within the pycnidia of its asexual stage and through harboring within the infected tissues of the living host. Infected twigs, leaves, and buds are able to provide inoculum for up to 3 years.Rayachhetry, M.B., M.L. Elliott, T.D. Center and F. Laroche, 1999. Field evaluation of a native fungus for control of melaleuca (melaleuca quinquenervia) in southern florida.
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The area's annual rainfall (600–700 mm) results in winter floods that inundate the surrounding areas. A Ramsar Convention site, the lagoon hosts 100 bird species and has been identified as a key site on the East Atlantic Flyway. Between 15,000 and 30,000 ducks overwinter at the lagoon, and it regularly holds 50,000 to 100,000 waders. Its permanent species include Asio capensis.
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The cycle becomes polycyclic as sporangiophores with sporangia emerge on the underside of infected leaves. Mature sporangia are dispersed via wind and release zoospores to infect leaves, cones, and shoots. This secondary cycle or sporulation and infection persists throughout the season. Mycelia grow systemically throughout the plant, leading to the infection of the crown and buds in which the pathogen will overwinter.
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The Phialophora gregata fungus is a deuteromycete with a monocyclic life cycle. There are two strains of Phialophora gregata, referred to as genotype A and genotype B. Genotype A causes both foliar and stem symptoms, while genotype B causes only stem symptoms. The Phialophora gregata fungus produces no survival structures, but can overwinter as mycelium Pedersen, Palle. “Brown Stem Rot.” 2006.
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The disease reaches its climax when the crop begins flowering. The cycle of the pathogen continues until the crop is defoliated or until the environment becomes unfavorable to the pathogen. 800x800px The Asian soybean rust is a polycyclic disease: within the disease cycle, the asexual urediniospores keep infecting the same plant. Teliospores (sexual spores) are the survival spores that overwinter in the soil.
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These wasps migrate to high altitudes to mate and then proceed to overwinter in the same mountainous areas. In the spring, females move down the elevation gradient parasitize P. dominula, a lowland species. Once the P. semenowi female discovers a host nest, it attempts to usurp it. The timing of this usurpation is intimately linked to the emergence of P. dominula workers.
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Kinosternids lay about four hard-shelled eggs during the late spring and early summer. After hatching, some species overwinter in the subterranean nest, emerging the following spring. Some adults also spend the winter on land, constructing a burrow with a small air hole used on warm days. Kinosternids contain the only species of turtle known, or at least suspected, to exhibit parental care.
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Adults are mostly active during night when the males sing to attract females. Females will then lay their eggs by injecting their ovipositor into soil. A single female will lay around 50 eggs at a time and can lay well over 400 eggs in her life span. Eggs laid in the late summer and fall seasons will overwinter and hatch the following spring.
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Pustules are what the lesion is referred to as. “The host range and pathogenicity of these species have remained static as no breakdown in host resistance has been observed”. To expand, the host plant has yet to show signs of resistance, only emphasizing the evidence of its susceptibility. This pathogen lacks telia and tends to overwinter in its specific host.
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They usually overwinter in mud or slime. The larvae of the beautiful demoiselle develop over 10 to 12 stages, each of which takes place between a molt. The body length is variable and highly dependent on environmental conditions. The final stage (F-0-stage) larvae are 3.5 to 4.6 millimeters and weigh about 4 milligrams, slightly below the banded demoiselle.
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When the caterpillars are ready, they crawl to the bottom of the host tree, where they crawl underneath the soil and pupate and may overwinter underground if late enough into the year. Vegetable growers should be aware of this larvae due to its insatiable appetite. One of these larvae are capable in devouring huge amounts of plant's foliage and even succulent stems.
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Diplocarpon rosae tends to overwinter in both lesions of infected canes and fallen foliage. Conidia are produced in the diseased stem tissues and dispersed via water—most commonly by rain or wind—into the openings of leaves in the spring season. The conidia then produce germ tubes (and sometimes appressoria) to penetrate the tissues of the leaves.Gachomo E.W. & Kotchoni S.O. (2007).
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How many generations there are in the year depends on how many broods their host bird rears. The fleas usually undergo metamorphosis and overwinter as pre-emergent adults. These are fully formed within the cocoon and emerge when certain stimuli occur; suitable stimuli are vibration, heat, or increased levels of carbon dioxide. These fleas generally come into contact with their host by jumping.
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Pupation occurs in early July. Caterpillars form hard, brown, rounded cocoons, which are usually found concealed in low, dense vegetation of hedgerows and bushes, as well is in grass and brush. Pupa overwinter in their cocoons and typically hatch the following spring, however they have been known to remain in pupation for several years when conditions are less than ideal.
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Regulus was left with 40 ships, 15,000 infantry and 500 cavalry to overwinter in Africa. His orders were to weaken the Carthaginian army pending reinforcement in the spring. It was expected he would achieve this by raids and by encouraging Carthage's rebellious subject territories, but consuls had wide discretion. Regulus chose to take his relatively small force and strike inland.
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Longstock Park, UK. Although not entirely hardy in the UK, the shrub can survive most winters with a modicum of protection; overwinter waterlogging regarded as a greater danger to the plant. The shrub has never been known to flower in the UK owing to either the insufficient intensity or duration of sunlight. Hardiness: USDA zone 9.Stuart, D. (2006). Buddlejas.
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Regulus was left with 40 ships, 15,000 infantry and 500 cavalry to overwinter in Africa. His orders were to weaken the Carthaginian army pending reinforcement in the spring. It was expected he would achieve this by raids and by encouraging Carthage's rebellious subject territories, but consuls had wide discretion. This is the point at which Hasdrubal first appears in the historical record.
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Noona Dan arrived at Kap Tobin on 25 July 1958, but was surprised by the pack ice and had to seek shelter in Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit. The ship was trapped by the ice for the entire summer and forced to overwinter with only three crew members on board. The remaining crew and scientists were taken to Copenhagen by the ship Kista Dan.
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The range of the Oregon swallowtail is from southern British Columbia, eastern Washington and Oregon, to Idaho and western Montana, primarily in the lower sagebrush canyons of the Columbia River and many of its tributaries. In its caterpillar (larva) stage, it feeds on tarragon sagebrush. As an adult, it eats flower nectar, preferring thistles, balsamroot, and phlox. Chrysalids of this subspecies can overwinter.
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The wingspan is 9–10 mm. Adults are on wing in September, and overwinter, appearing again in the spring. The larvae feed on Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, Chaenomeles japonica, Cotoneaster integerrimus, Crataegus monogyna, Cydonia oblonga, Mespilus germanica, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus cerasifera, Prunus dulcis, Prunus mahaleb, Prunus persica, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus communis and Sorbus species. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
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Several female bees may use a nest, one breeding and the others guarding. A bee defends the 0.7-1.0 cm wide entrance by blocking it with its abdomen (compare Allodapula). Both male and female bees may overwinter within the tunnels. The tunnels are partitioned into several cells, where the mother bee lays an egg in each accompanied by provisions of nectar and pollen.
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Orchard design and planting patterns focusing on increased aeration are important in ensuring that susceptible tissues dry prior to initial infection. Proper pruning can further aid this effect. Another form of cultural management is the implementation of proper sanitation. Fallen infected leaves in the fall should be collected and destroyed to reduce the total inoculum able to overwinter and infect the following year.
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The larva inside the egg becomes fully developed in about one month after being laid and then enters diapause to overwinter. The egg is in the overwintering stage lasting for eight or nine months. Development ceases in preparation for the winter. After an acclimation stage, during which the larva inside the egg reduces its water content, eggs can withstand freezing temperatures.
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C. brunneus overwinter via obligate egg diapause. Research suggests that diapause can be broken regardless of the stage of development. Eggs can be kept for up to a year at 5 °C and still hatch. In the lab, diapause can be broken by keeping the eggs at 25 °C for two weeks before lowering the temperature to approximately 4 °C for several weeks.
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Black- margined loosestrife beetle larva Adults overwinter in leaf litter near purple loosestrife plants. They emerge in the spring and start to feed on the young growth. They cause damage to the leaves characterised by neat rounded shot holes between the veins. The females lay up to 500 eggs from May to July in small batches on leaves and stems.
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However, T. pennipes does not prevent all crop damage as the bugs continue to feed and reproduce after being parasitised, though the reproductive organs begin to atrophy when the parasitoid reaches the second instar stage. Control of the pest is more effective when nymphs are parasitised since half of these die before becoming adults and any that overwinter will die before laying eggs.
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When mature, the larvae enter the soil to pupate in earthen cells. The pupal stage lasts from 10 days to two weeks. Adults of the new generation emerge and feed for a short period on the sunflower head or on the uppermost leaves of the plant; they do not mate or lay eggs before re-entering the soil to overwinter.
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In temperate regions where the temperature falls below the critical lower threshold, non-diapausing adults are reported to overwinter in the soil or apical buds.Shibao, M., F. Tanaka, and F. Nakasuji. 1990. Seasonal changes and infestation sites of the chillie thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on grapes. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 34: 145-152.Okada, T., and I. Kudo. 1982.
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Starting in the early 1800s, men from Mercer's Cove and French's Cove visited the area bordering Bay Roberts and Spaniard's Bay “chasing the wood,” a term meaning to collect winter firewood. Some families started to overwinter there, returning to Bay Roberts in the spring. Eventually, they settled there permanently. Shearstown first appears separately in the Census in 1901, with a population of 577.
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Nature,262: 390- 391 Once mating occurs, females use their ovipositor to lay eggs into a soil substrate. The eggs will mature between June and September. The immature spring field cricket will continue to develop into a late-instar nymph and overwinter in this stage until emergence as adults in late May. G. veletis therefore undergoes one generation per year.
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The cycles refer to the completion of female strobilus development from initiation to seed maturation. All three types or reproductive cycles have a long gap in between pollination and fertilization. One year reproductive cycle:The genera includes Abies, Picea, Cedrus, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Keteleeria (Pinaceae) and Cupressus, Thuja, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia and Sequoia (Cupressaceae). Female strobili are initiated in late summer or fall in a year, then they overwinter.
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Female strobilus initials are formed in late summer or fall then overwinter. It emerges and receives pollen in the first year spring and become conelets. The conelet goes through another winter rest and in the spring of the 2nd year. The Archegonia form in the conelet and fertilization of the archegonia occurs by early summer of the 2nd year, so the pollination-fertilization interval exceeds a year.
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In colder climates, winged males and sexual females are produced in the autumn, with eggs being laid in crevices in the bark to overwinter. In warmer climates, wingless females produce nymphs asexually by parthenogenesis all year round. In Italy, there are up to 12 generations per year, individual insects living for about 22 days and having an average of 23 offspring. Fecundity is higher at higher temperatures.
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Fusarium fungi can overwinter as saprotrophs in the soil or on crop debris that can serve as inoculum for the following crop. The fungus can also spread via infected seed. The presence of Fusarium fungi on crop debris or seed can cause Fusarium seedling blight and foot and root rot. Later, infection of the heads can occur with spores spreading by rain splash from infected crop residues.
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In northeastern Saskatchewan, adults overwinter in fields of red clover. The insects become active in late April and eggs are laid between early May and mid-July inside the clover shoots, leaves and stipules. The developing larvae pass through four instars and feed on the stipules, buds and inflorescences of the clover. Pupation occurs between late June and August, on the plants or on the ground beneath.
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Saulich, A.K., Sokolova, I. V & Musolin, D.L., 2015. Seasonal development of the dark spectacle Abrostola triplasia (L.) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and its environmental control. Entomological Review, 95(6), pp. 687–692. The first generation develops under longer photoperiods, therefore the pupae are physiologically active, while the second generation grow under shorter photoperiods, meaning it is more beneficial for pupae to form diapause as they overwinter through the cold.
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Compatible hyphae may also fuse to form dikaryotic mycelium, that produce asci-bearing pseudothecia. These can also overwinter in infected plant debris and release their ascospores in the spring to infect new hosts as primary inoculum via wind. The presence of two mating types contributes to genetic variation via recombination. This has helped the pathogen to create outbreaks in previously resistant varieties of plants.
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Cyprus also has over 380 identified species of bird due to being on migration routes between Africa to Europe and western Asia including Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae), flamingo and the imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca). There are two endemic species of songbirds, the Cyprus warbler (Sylvia melanothorax) and the Cyprus wheatear (Oenanthe cypriaca). Both only breed on the island of Cyprus and migrate south to overwinter.
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A prioritised crop wild relative inventory to help underpin global food security. (in preparation). Watering an alfalfa field Most of the improvements in alfalfa over the last decades have consisted of better disease resistance on poorly drained soils in wet years, better ability to overwinter in cold climates, and the production of more leaves. Multileaf alfalfa varieties have more than three leaflets per leaf.
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For a critically endangered species of weevil, Otiorhynchus rugosus Humm., this is the only known location in European Russia. This is also the only site in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast where European Beech is able to overwinter in cultivation, albeit suffering considerable dieback. The vegetation on the hills hasn't remained intact and has been subject to heavy anthropogenic influence for the last two centuries.
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Retrieved February 27, 2018. The larvae feed on Acacia, Lonicera, Baptisia (including Baptista leucantha), Genista (including Genista monspessulana) and Lupinus species (including Lupinus arboreus and Lupinus diffusus), Sophora secundiflora, Lagerstroemia indica, Cytius scoparius and Cytius striatus. The larvae have a brownish-green body and a black head with white dots. The species usually overwinters in the pupal stage, but may also overwinter as an adult.
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All species of Parasitellus inhabit nests of bumble bees (Bombus). Mite deutonymphs are commonly phoretic on adult bumble bees or cuckoo bumble bees. Phoretic mites prefer queens to other castes (workers and males), since bumble bee colonies are annual and only young queens overwinter. Mites dispersing on workers and males may try to switch to queens later, either during copulation or on flowers, where bumble bees forage.
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As a response to crowding in the growing colonies, wings begin to develop on the aphids. Although most aphid movement is within the same blueberry plant, winged aphids have the ability to fly onto other blueberry plants and infect them. In the fall, the male and female aphids mate and the eggs are laid on buds on the new plant growth where they overwinter until the spring.
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Biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against winter moths (Operophtera brumata and O. fagata) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) infesting urban trees. Biocontrol Science and Technology 13(5): 517 – 527.. Wingless females crawl up tree trunks, while males fly in swarms at night to encounter females to mate with. Females lay eggs on twigs close to leaf buds in November, where they overwinter . In the UK, adults are active October - December.
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Karner blue butterflies have two broods per year, following wild lupine (Lupinus perennis) phenology quite closely. Eggs laid by Karner blue butterflies in late summer overwinter and hatch in mid- to late April. Development from egg through four larval instars and pupation takes from 25 to 60 days. The average lifespan of adult Karner blue butterflies has been reported at between 3 and 5 days.
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This acceleration of flowering by prolonged cold is a classic epigenetic process called vernalisation. FLC regulation involves an antisense-mediated chromatin mechanism that coordinately influences transcription initiation and elongation. As plants overwinter FLC expression is then epigenetically silenced through a cold-induced, cis-based, Polycomb switching mechanism. The group are mechanistically dissecting these conserved chromatin mechanisms and investigating how they have been modulated during adaptation.
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Adults usually lay 14 eggs together in a mass on the undersides of leaves. Bugs emerge and stay near the egg mass until shedding their skins. Similar to other pentatomids, C. simplex progresses through 5 juvenile stages called nymphs, and finally to adult. Adults overwinter on the base of plants or in loose soil until late spring, when they aggregate to mate and lay eggs.
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In an experiment, 50% of a sample of cocoons kept at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (−196 °C) for 24 hours still had viable embryos. Their ability to survive such cold comes from their very low water content and the presence of cryoprotectant compounds such as sorbitol. In cold climates the adults die off and the cocoons overwinter, a new generation emerging when temperatures rise.
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Here they overwinter as prepupae, pupating in the spring and biting their way out of one end of the cocoon to emerge as adults. Some individuals may not emerge as adults until the following year, or have an extended diapause. In the northern part of the range there is a single generation each year, but further south there may be two or three, sometimes overlapping, generations.
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Sigaus australis is the most common alpine grasshopper found in New Zealand. It can be found in the lower half of the South Island, from the Otago and Canterbury region. S. australis was described in 1897 by Frederick Hutton. Like all of New Zealand sub-alpine and alpine grasshoppers S. australis has a 2 or 3 years life cycle. The eggs must ‘overwinter’ before they will hatch.
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Werewolves in Overwinter have only two forms; human and lupine. They cannot control the change, and take on lupine form at any time that the moon is above the horizon, regardless of the moon's phase. The lupine form is similar to a normal wolf, but significantly stronger and more aggressive, bearing an intense hatred of humans. They have elements of the dire wolf, including unusually wicked teeth.
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In some, the petals are white at dawn then turning pink before falling off at dusk. Although a perennial rated USDA Zone 5(6)-9 for hardiness it may not overwinter reliably, and is often treated as an annual outside its native areas. In colder climates a heavy winter mulch is necessary.Perennials.com This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
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USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet ST-463 Google Scholar. The primary inoculum on pine are basidiospores which infect the pine needles in spring between March and May. The basidiospores germinate and grow into the stems of the tree where the fungus can overwinter for 4–6 months in the wood. In the fall, the spermatia forms and fertilizes the aceiospores in the following spring.
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Each segment bears six tiny reddish yellow warts which bear black hairs. The caterpillars feed on lichens growing on the trunks and branches of trees, and can be found between August and October. They pupate before winter sets in and overwinter as glossy brownish red pupae, in a loose cocoon buried among moss and leaf litter. The moths fly between May and July depending on their location.
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The moth flies in July and August. Larva either yellowish with two broad reddish subdorsal lines, or greenish yellow with grey subdorsal and lateral lines; head and thoracic plate black brown. The larva of the coast form, according to Aurivillius, is whitish with the dorsum reddish and small brown head. The larvae overwinter and feed on various grasses, including glaucous sedge and cock's-foot.
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Caloptilia alnivorella (alder leafminer) is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the Russian Far East, Canada (Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario and the Northwest Territories) and the United States (including Vermont, Utah, Maine, California, Colorado and Michigan).Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) The wingspan is about 14 mm. Adults overwinter in the fall and come out in the spring to mate.
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Green frog tadpoles are olive green and iridescent creamy-white below. Metamorphosis can occur within the same breeding season or tadpoles may overwinter to metamorphose the next summer. Males become sexually mature at one year, females may mature in either two or three years. Research show that wild green frogs, both living in contaminated suburban backyard ponds and also in relatively pristine forested ponds, can switch sexes.
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The eggs overwinter and hatch in spring of the next year. The larvae (or caterpillars) emerge in April and initially eat the buds of oak trees and young leaves inside them. Note: this is published on the www.forestpests.org website with the title "Oak Leafrollers: Archips semiferanus" When fully grown, the larvae are between long with a body that can be yellow-green or darker shades of green.
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In the autumn, female pea aphids lay fertilized eggs overwinter that hatch the following spring. The nymphs that hatch from these eggs are all females, which undergo four moults before reaching sexual maturity. They will then begin to reproduce by viviparous parthenogenesis, like most aphids. Each adult female gives birth to four to 12 female nymphs per day, around a hundred in her lifetime.
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The adults overwinter at the base of conifers, rarely of deciduous trees. They emerge in the spring and fly to lower parts of trees to hunt bark beetles. Their common prey are pine bark beetles Tomicus piniperda and T. minor, and the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus. Often they are seen waiting their prey on the bark of fallen pine or spruce trees.
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Capsules from late summer overwinter because embryonic development ceases in temperatures below 10 °C, thus these capsules hatch in spring after 7–8 months. The shell grows mainly from May to August; there is no shell growth in winter. The snails reach sexual maturity in less than 1 year, when the shell length is 5.5–5.7 mm. The life span of T. fluviatilis is 2–3 years.
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The yellow-breasted chat is found throughout North America. It breeds from the southern plains of Canada to central Mexico, and mainly migrates to Mexico and Central America for the winter, although some may overwinter in coastal areas farther north. This species occurs in areas where dense shrubbery is common. Today, its habitat often consists of abandoned farmland and other rural areas where overgrown vegetation proliferates.
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When the host does this, the burrow is not wide enough for it to emerge from the stem and its head becomes stuck. The E. set larva then consumes the host and chews through its head to emerge as an adult. The larvae overwinter in the gall, eating the host, and emerge in the following spring. The mechanism used to manipulate the host is not known.
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However, if the temperature is suitably low, a pupa might overwinter in the soil until the temperature rises. After emerging from the pupa, the adult feeds opportunistically on nectar, pollen, feces, or carrion while it matures. Adults usually lay eggs about 2 weeks after they emerge. Their complete life cycle typically ranges from 2 to 3 weeks, but this varies with seasonal and other environmental circumstances.
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Georges Lecointe (29 April 1869 – 27 May 1929) was a Belgian naval officer and scientist. He was captain of the Belgica and second-in-command of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, the first to overwinter in Antarctica. After his return to Belgium he was the founder of the International Polar Organization and deeply involved in the foundation of the International Research Council and the International Astronomical Union.
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The length of the life cycle varies from two to four calendar years depending on population density. The larvae of the males have five to nine instars, while those of the females have six to ten. Adults are on wing from the end of June to the beginning of August. The larvae (second to third instars and fifth to sixth instars) overwinter under the forest litter.
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Its eggs are laid in soft soil in several batches of about one hundred. These overwinter and hatch in late spring or early summer, with adults being present until September or October. There is a single generation each year. Although adult rainbow grasshoppers are polyphagous and feed on many species of plant, the nymphs feed entirely on Wright's false willow (Baccharis wrightii) in Arizona and New Mexico.
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The National Park's invertebrate species are extremely diverse. Several species of insect have their entire distribution within the Park's boundaries, and are joined in this category by at least four species of land snail. Butterflies are a feature of Carnarvon Gorge's fauna. Large aggregations of common crow (Euploea core) butterflies can occur in Carnarvon's cool, moist side gorges when the animals gather to overwinter.
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Females of this species lay their eggs in clusters attached to branches or stones under the water in still water, mostly temporary ponds. Each cluster has a few tens of eggs. Eggs are deposited in October (middle austral spring), and development to metamorphosis takes about 10–12 weeks, to December (early summer). In colder sites, development seems to take longer and tadpoles might overwinter.
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Eggs are laid singly under the leaves of the host plants on which the larvae feed. Larvae molt several times and diapause to overwinter in their fourth instar, feed again and molt once more in the spring, then pupate for about two weeks before emerging as adults. Its adult lifespan is estimated at three weeks, and its total lifespan from hatching is about a year or less.
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P. dominula, host to the cuckoo wasp P. sulcifer is a permanent workerless species, and consists only of reproductive males and females. Because P. sulcifer is an obligate social parasite, its cycle depends heavily on that of its host species P. dominula, also known as the yellow paper wasp. As mentioned previously, P. sulcifer queens (mated females) overwinter at high altitudes. Come May, they emerge.
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Snowshoe hare in partly coniferous cover Snowshoe hares require dense, brushy, usually coniferous cover; thermal and escape cover are especially important for young hares. Low brush provides hiding, escape, and thermal cover. Heavy cover 10 feet (3 m) above ground provides protection from avian predators, and heavy cover 3.3 feet (1 m) tall provides cover from terrestrial predators. Overwinter survival increases with increased cover.
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The waterfowl at Lake Phelps use the area primarily for roosting purpose before flying off to nearby feeding sites. Tundra swans and Canada geese feed in nearby farm fields and the ducks feed in the wetlands. The waterfowl usually arrive in the area in October and overwinter until February or March. Commonly seen waterfowl are Canada geese, tundra swans, mallards, American black ducks and northern pintail.
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The plant produces a minute flower fully equipped with one stamen and one pistil. It often multiplies by vegetative reproduction, however, with the rounded part budding off into a new individual.MoBot: Wolffia arrhiza In cooler conditions the plant becomes dormant and sinks to the bed of the water body to overwinter as a turion.Al Khateeb, N. Duckweed use for sewage treatment and fodder production in Palestine.
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They overwinter in Mexico and southern California, arriving in the Olympics in February or March with the flowering of the Indian plum Oemleria cerasifera. Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) breeds in fast-moving mountain streams in the Olympics. They spend the rest of the year in coastal waters. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) fish in Olympic rivers, nesting in large old trees.
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Females use their abdomen and shift it left and right around the twig and start laying eggs in a half-circle. At first, these half-circles of eggs are nearly empty, lacking any form. Females then re-crawl up the twig to fill in the gaps, which makes the batch of eggs look like a long ring. These eggs overwinter and hatch around May.
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The fleet could not overwinter at Sveaborg since it lacked the facilities and supplies for fitting the ships. While the route to Sweden was open again in late 1788 and in early 1789, Russian ships cut the connection from Sveaborg to Sweden by forming a blockade at Porkkala cape. Sveaborg was the most important location for archipelago fleet's ship construction and fitting during the war.
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The larvae undergo two moults over a period of one to two years before forming pupation chambers in the upper part of the root. They then moult again and become pupae. When metamorphosis is complete, the adult beetles chew their way out, usually emerging between July and October. The weevils can overwinter in any of their life stages, as eggs, larvae, pupae or adults.
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Adults fly from spring to autumn feeding on sugar and nectar and catching caterpillars and flies to feed the larvae. Males die before winter after mating, while mated females overwinter and in next spring build the cells of their nests made of a kind of thin paper. These nests are usually located outside of buildings or hooked to a plant stem or a trunk.
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Adults are capable of flying long distances, so even though they are unable to overwinter north of the southern region of the United States, the moths can migrate as far north as southern Canada in warm months. Their migration rate is remarkably fast, estimated at 300 miles per generation. Some scientists speculate that this fast migration is aided by the movement of air in weather fronts.
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Adults typically do not survive cold northern winters, but larvae overwinter and moths begin to appear in mid-May. Depending on abundance, a second flight may occur in late August or early September. Larvae are known to gather and form giant hordes in search of host plants, and they can eat entire plants, cover entire roadways and form huge slick masses as they go.
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On hatching, the larvae drop to the ground and feed on dead leaf litter from a flat, portable case built from leaf fragments. The case is an elongate-oval shape with each half made of several, roughly crescentic pieces of dead sallow leaves. The larvae feed from May onwards and can overwinter two or three times. Pupation takes place within the case in March.
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Oomycota or oomycetes () form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms. They are filamentous and heterotrophic, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction of an oospore is the result of contact between hyphae of male antheridia and female oogonia; these spores can overwinter and are known as resting spores. Asexual reproduction involves the formation of chlamydospores and sporangia, producing motile zoospores.
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The soybean aphid possesses a heteroecious holocyclic life cycle, which means the insect alternates hosts and undergoes sexual reproduction for at least part of its life cycle. Soybean aphids overwinter as eggs on their primary hosts, buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.). Eggs can be located near buds or within crevices of branches. With a mean supercooling point of , eggs are well-adapted for surviving cold winters.
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Dreshslera poae fungus overwinters on the lower portion of the grass plant in the crowns and roots. Survival in winter is by conidia and dormant mycelia in infected live plant tissue and saprophytically in dead tissue, such as thatch and mat. The pathogen has also been known to overwinter in the dead thatch layer under the turfgrass. Once spring arrives with cool, wet weather, the fungus begins to thrive.
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Compsilura concinnata has a negative impact on many species of Lepidoptera native to North America. # The fly is multivoltine while the main target for its introduction, the gypsy moth is univoltine. # Since the host gypsy moth overwinters as eggs, the parasitoid fly found non-target species in which to overwinter. # Due to its flexible life cycle, this parasitoid can parasitize more than 150 species of butterfly and moth in North America.
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Female strobili initiated during late summer or autumn in a year, then overwinter until the following spring. Female strobili emerge then pollination occurs in spring of the 2nd year then the pollinated strobili become conelets in the same year (i.e. the second year). The female gametophytes in the conelet develop so slowly that the megaspore does not go through free-nuclear divisions until autumn of the 3rd year.
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Ornate pit scales have three instar stages in the females and five in the males. In the United States, where a few species of Cerococcus have been studied, there is a single generation each year and the eggs overwinter inside the female test. They hatch in the spring and emerge through a small hole at the back. These first instars are ambulatory and disperse around the host plant.
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It can survive on warehouse walls, boxes, bags etc. On machinery in dry conditions, it can survive at least a month – sometimes in the form of dried bacterial ooze. It is also able to overwinter in soil in association with plant debris. C. sepidonicus will only survive in the soil as long as the host tissue in which it resides persists and resists decomposition by saprophytic microorganisms in the soil.
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The flight period is from March to October in the south of its range but in north it flies mainly from June to August. Its behaviour is similar to that of L. sponsa, but it is more likely to be found away from water. After mating the pair usually remain in tandem while the female lays eggs on waterside plants. The eggs overwinter in diapause and the larvae hatch in spring.
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F. solani can be found in soils worldwide, where its chlamydospores overwinter on plant tissue/seed or as mycelium in the soil . The pathogen enters hosts through developing roots, where it can infect the host. After infection, F. solani produces asexual macro and microconidia which are dispersed through wind and rain . The pathogen can persist in the soil for a decade, and if left unchecked can cause complete crop loss.
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When ivy flowering is delayed, females may also collect pollen at various members of the Daisy family (Asteraceae). These are solitary bees and do not live in colonies and do not overwinter as adults. They nest in clay-sandy soils, especially in loess hills and soft-rock cliffs. Like many other solitary bees, they can often be found nesting in dense aggregations, sometimes numbering many tens of thousands of nests.
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Nymphs can be found in June, while adults are present from late June up to September. These plant bugs are polyphagous, feeding on several species of trees and shrubs. They mainly feed on blackberries (Rubus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), hazelnut (Corylus avellana), common honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum), blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and also on small insects. They overwinter as eggs, with just one generation per year.
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Nests of this species can be identified by their cone shaped appearance with multiple hexagonal cells. The species builds its nest out of grey wood fiber material, which is a mixture of its own saliva and wood. Unlike most species of wasps, Polistes humilis colonies have been know to re-utilize old nests from year to year. Some colonies overwinter and shelter above the comb in colder months.
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The colony cycle of Polistes humilis starts in the spring and can begin in three ways. Firstly, the colony cycle can begin with the founding of a new nest, typically by several foundresses. Secondly, the cycle can start with the re-utilization of an old nest, which can be several years old. Thirdly, the cycle can also begin with the continued use of an old nest as this species can overwinter.
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This common predatory bug hunts for small insects, as aphids and red mites.Garden Safari Adults flight time is from July to October during which they could be found on numerous deciduous trees, on hazel, hawthorn and oak. The adults overwinter and nymphs appear in May. The peculiarity of this bug is that in almost all of its range males are extremely rare, as C. virgula reproduces without mating (parthenogenesis).
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This breakdown of the cell walls and colonization of the pathogen within the host forms the sclerotia. New inoculum is produced on or within the host tissue, and a new cycle is repeated when new plants become available. The disease cycle begins as such: # Sclerotia/mycelium overwinter in plant debris, soil, or host plants. # The young hyphae and fruiting basidia (rare) emerge and produce mycelia and rarely basidiospores.
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Propylea 14-punctata is entomophagous (insect-eating). It feeds on aphids, Aleyrodidae, Coccoidea, and on the larvae and eggs of some beetles and butterfliesDyadechko, N.P., The Coccinellidae of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, 1954) [in Russian]. The females lay about 400 eggs; this is necessary as there is often a high mortality among the larvae. The adult beetles overwinter twice.
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Plants can be obtained from seeds or vegetatively. The hard-coated seeds germinate within 14 days at about 20° C. once the seed coat is compromised. Micropropagation has been used commercially since the 20th century. In temperate climate zones, plants are set out in gardens in the spring, then can be dug prior to the first freeze and brought indoors to overwinter; they can be re-planted in the spring.
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The variegated cutworm overwinters both as larvae and as adults. However, studies show the moth cannot survive at any stage of life for more than eight weeks at 0 °C, and more than 4 weeks at −2 °C. These data suggest the moth does not overwinter in the cold northern Canadian extent of their geographic range. The moth flies in several generations from May to November depending on the location.
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This wasp parasitizes exclusively adults of spiders (Araniella species, mainly Araniella cucurbitina and Araniella opisthographa).Stanislav Korenko, Kristýna Kysilková & Ľudmila Černecká Further records of two spider-parasitoids of the genus Polysphincta (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ephialtini) from Central Europe, with notes on their host interactionsParasite of the day When the egg deposited by the females hatches, larvae feed on the spiders' hemolymph. These insects overwinter as a small larva on their host.
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The nymphs then overwinter, often surviving temperatures well below 0 °C, and reach adulthood the following summer. Adult males will copulate with multiple females and vice versa, suggesting this species has a promiscuous mating system. The ratio of male to female B. robustus alters over New Zealand summer: at the start of the summer in November the ratio is 56% male and 44% female. By December females (57%) outnumber males (43%).
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Oroklini Lake is designated as a Special Protection Area (SPA) and was subject to a three-year project starting in January 2012 to bring the lake to ″favourable conservation status″. Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus) and the spur-winged lapwing (Vanellus spinosus) were the main target species along with fifty-eight bird species that migrate through, or overwinter within the SPA. The shallow salt lakes are also home to greater flamingo.
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Basking sharks have been shown from satellite tracking to overwinter in both continental shelf (less than ) and deeper waters. They may be found in either small shoals or alone. Despite their large size and threatening appearance, basking sharks are not aggressive and are harmless to humans. The basking shark has long been a commercially important fish, as a source of food, shark fin, animal feed, and shark liver oil.
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There are two to five generations per year. This species is most abundant in September when they congregate before mating and winter hibernation. They overwinter in large aggregations in leaf litter, under stones and in other protected sites at the edge of fields and hedgerows. They emerge in spring and look for suitable prey and egg laying sites in nearby crops, often dispersing by walking along the ground.
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Many Steller's sea eagles overwinter in Japan where they are protected and classified as a National Treasure This species is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. They are legally protected, being classified as a National Treasure in Japan and mostly occurring in protected areas in Russia. However, many threats to their survival persist. These mainly include habitat alteration, industrial pollution, and overfishing, which in turn decrease their prey source.
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This species is conspicuous in North America, where it may locally be known as the Halloween ladybeetle. It earns this name as it often invades homes during October to overwinter. When the species first arrived in the UK, it was labelled in jest as the "many- named ladybird" due to the great quantity of vernacular names. Among those already listed other names include multivariate, southern, Japanese, and pumpkin ladybird.
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Pediobius foveolatus was discovered in India, and is native to most of southern Asia and Japan. In its native range, Pediobius foveolatus either overwinters in host larvae, or not at all due to the lack of a cold season. In the United States, however, Pediobius foveolatus cannot survive cold winter months because all North American hosts (Mexican bean beetle and Squash beetle, Epilachna borealis) overwinter as adults, not larvae.
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The pathogen Ceratocystis paradoxa is the teleomorph stage of the inoculation and is uncommon in the natural environment. This is because the primary disease observed is caused by the anamorph stage which is due to Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Chlamydospores are the overwinter stage of the pathogen. Because pineapples are grown using pieces of fruit previously harvested pineapples, these chlamydospores can be present and can start the inoculation early on.
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Biston betularia caterpillars on birch (left) and willow (right), demonstrating twig mimicry and effective countershading. In Great Britain and Ireland, the peppered moth is univoltine (i.e., it has one generation per year), whilst in south-eastern North America it is bivoltine (two generations per year). The lepidopteran life cycle consists of four stages: ova (eggs), several larval instars (caterpillars), pupae, which overwinter live in the soil, and imagines (adults).
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N. stanauli has currently been observed and collected in moderate to swift gravel runs of clear medium-sized rivers in pea-sized gravel of fine sand substrates. Although no observations of seasonal habitat shifts have been made, the closely related smoky madtom is known to switch from riffles to overwinter in shallow pools.Dinkins, G.R. 1984. Aspects of the life history of the smoky madtom (Noturus baileyi) in Citico Creek.
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The eggs are laid in between pieces of bark on wood-borer-infested trees or under stones in the soil. She may lay 28–42 eggs at a time. For the longer lifespaned species such as Thanasimus this occurs in late summer or early fall to give the larvae enough time for proper growth before having to overwinter. When larvae hatch from their eggs, they are either red or yellow.
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Female Lasioglossum hemichalceum build their nests underground. They will construct burrows and carry the dirt that was removed to the surface. At colony initiation, the females will construct a large number of tunnels; however, as females get ready to overwinter, they will participate less and less in nest construction. They also do not coordinate with one another when constructing the tunnels, but do so independently of one another.
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Polistes sulcifer distribution P. sulcifer is rare and is found in areas around the Mediterranean and Caspian basin, specifically in Central and Northern Italy and Croatia. Its distribution is patchy and population low, most likely due to differing availability of host nests. Fertile females overwinter at high altitudes, cool temperatures, and in low light. After overwintering, P. sulcifer females go to lowland plains, where their host species nests are found.
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This genetically distinct population is now estimated at about 20 breeding pairs or 60–80 total individuals at most. They breed in Northern Norway and overwinter in Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey. There is a major stopover site at Hortobágy National Park, Hungary where the birds spend up to two months during autumn and one month during the spring migration. Another part of the Fennoscandian population breeds in Northern Sweden.
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Pseudopezicula tetraspora fungi overwinter in leaf litter on the soil surface. If there is sufficient moisture in the spring, fruiting bodies (apothecia) form and produce asci. The asci produce four ascospores each by sexual reproduction. Ascospores are forcibly released from the asci at the end of a rain event following a dry period and are splashed by water or carried by wind to host leaves and flower stems.
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Of Crop Sci (610). The pycnidia then overwinter in the lesions of infected tissue and burst in the spring, releasing conidia to be dispersed by water and effectively completing the disease cycle. Diplocarpon rosae also has a sexual stage, although this is rarely observed in North America due to unfavorable environmental conditions.Dodge R.B. (1931) A further study of morphology and life history of the rose black spot fungus.
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This includes bears, deer, coyotes, dogs, bobcats, cats, skunks and rabbits. Several bird species overwinter in the region and can be observed from the trail, such as the mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), bluebird (Sialia), cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), starling (Sturnus vulgaris), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), American goldfinch (Spinus tristis), tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor), black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), sparrow (Passer) and purple finch (Carpodacus purpureus).
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During the winter, birds migrate from February until April to Papua New Guinea as non-breeding visitors. Although most overwinter outside of Australia, there are birds that remain in north and central Queensland all year long. This species is able inhabit a wide variety of habitats but is most commonly found in dry low- elevation forests. They prefer to nest and roost in dry sclerophyll woodlands with sparse and discontinuous understory.
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Shade-grown coffee provides important habitat for both native and migratory bird species. The most prominent migratory species, which breed in North America and overwinter in the tropics, include warblers, flycatchers, vireos, and redstarts. 184 bird species, 46 being migratory, were recorded in traditional coffee plantations near Soconusco, Chiapas, while as few as 6 to 12 species were recorded in an unshaded monoculture. In a study of shade vs.
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The endangered Black-necked cranes migrate to the middle and southern part of Tibet every winter, and may be seen on the reservoir. The cranes migrate from the frozen Changtang Grassland in northern Tibet in mid- to late-October, and overwinter in Linzhou (Lhünzhub) County. They return when the weather becomes warmer, in late March. They are the only species of crane that lives and breeds at these high elevations.
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Ballygilgan was legally protected as a national nature reserve by the Irish government in 1986. The nature reserve, also known as The Goose Field, goosefield, or Seafield is located near the Lissadell estate. The reserve was founded to protect the large number of barnacle geese who overwinter at the site, whose numbers were in decline in the 1970s. During the summer months, the pasture is grazed by sheep and cattle.
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Under laboratory conditions, the mating season peaked during August and September, and a single mating event enabled females to lay fertilized eggs. European earwig nymphs look very similar to their adult counterparts except that they are a lighter color. The young go through four nymphal stages and do not leave the nest until after the first moult. European earwigs overwinter about 5 mm below the surface of the ground.
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It was also found that this ant species practices seasonal polydomy (having multiple colony sites) to have access to multiple food sources. The colony will overwinter in a single nest, and then during spring and summer when resources are more abundant they will form multiple nests. This allows them to better use food sources, that might be spread out. During the winter they will return again to the same nest location.
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Egg laying occurs during the end of winter and throughout the spring, and new adults emerge from their pupae (eclose) during the summer. Adults overwinter, and nests can be reused for six to ten years by the descendants of the founders. E. robusta is generally univoltine, meaning they produce only one brood per season. However, this does depend on habitat, which will be discussed in a later section.
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Summer coccidiosis/eimeriosis – susceptible animals ingesting overwintering oocysts on pastures on turn-out and increased sporulation of new oocysts due to increasing temperatures. Eimeria bovis overwinter well in both soil and in faeces in temperate regions, and oocysts shed in the fall have a better chance of surviving until the next grazing season. Areas with shade on the pasture improve the survival chances of the oocyst. Predominantly calves are at risk.
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The red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) breeds in freshwater marshes, and both the red-crowned crane and white-naped crane (Grus vipio) overwinter in coastal and freshwater wetlands and along rivers. Mammals on Jeju include roe deer, weasels, hamsters, field mice, house rats and two species of bats. Wild boar and wild cats have been exitrpated from the island. Eight amphibian and reptile species have been recorded on Jeju.
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Seed germinating in the fall can overwinter and resume growth in early spring, giving Foxtail barley a competitive advantage over many crops. Germination is inhibited by warm temperatures and seeds require a period of darkness for germination to occur. Foxtail barley is a shallow-rooted plant with germination occurring at soil depths not greater than . The seedling of foxtail barley first appears as thin, vertical leaves covered in short, dense hairs.
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Hundreds of Cornu aspersum on a wall Female glowworm beetle, Lampyris noctiluca, family Lampyridae, feeding on a specimen of Cornu aspersum that it has killed with its venomous bite C. aspersum shell cemetery. Individuals failing to overwinter in Scotland. Cornu aspersum is a primarily a herbivore with a wide range of host plants. It feeds on numerous types of fruit trees, vegetable crops, rose bushes, garden flowers, and cereals.
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During the winter months when temperatures are below 15 °C (60 °F) N. americanus adults bury themselves in the soil to overwinter. When temperatures are above 15 °C (60 °F) they emerge from the soil and begin the mating and reproduction process. Burying beetles are unusual in that both the male and female take part in raising the young. Male burying beetles often locate carcasses first and then attract a mate.
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Hatchlings usually emerge from the nest in August and September, but may overwinter in the nest after hatching. Hatchlings sometimes stay on land in the nesting areas in both fall and spring and they may remain terrestrial for much or all of the winter in some places. Hatchling terrapins are freeze tolerant, which may facilitate overwintering on land. Hatchlings have lower salt tolerance than adults and Gibbons et al.
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The foraging patterns of H. lineata varies according to altitude, temperature and other factors, all of which are highly variable over its vast geographic distribution. Hyles lineata prefer flying at night but also sometimes fly during the day. They are most commonly seen at dusk and dawn. Larvae overwinter and can emerge between February and November, at which point they begin to feed on a variety of host plants.
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Large Japanese field mice forage primarily at night, likely to avoid predation. They are omnivores but mostly known to be seed- eating mice, particularly around autumn and winter, as the mice hoard acorns and walnuts, which comprise 13-100% of their food. This makes them effective seed dispersers. Mast seeding can have serious effects on field mouse populations, including increases in overwinter survival, winter reproduction, and population density.
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Alfalfa plant bugs exhibit migratory behaviour, which allows Adelphocoris lineolatus to rapidly increase their population sizes. Adult females can lay 80 to 300 eggs, into branches and young stems of host plants, females will begin to lay eggs in the end of July. The eggs will develop in 8–12 days, but some of the eggs will overwinter. Eggs that have overwintered in stems, hatch in late May or early June.
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Developing inflorescences of Vitis vinifera Flower buds are formed late in the growing season and overwinter for blooming in spring of the next year. They produce leaf-opposed cymes. Vitis is distinguished from other genera of Vitaceae by having petals which remain joined at the tip and detach from the base to fall together as a calyptra or 'cap'. The flowers are mostly bisexual, pentamerous, with a hypogynous disk.
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Mines occasionally meander but usually extend essentially straight down. At or slightly below the groundline, larvae extend tunnels into the wood, sometimes to the center of both the lateral and tap roots. Root galleries most commonly extend down to a depth of 20 to 25 cm, but can reach 43 to 56 cm in the taproots. Larvae overwinter in their galleries below the soil line and pupate during spring.
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Their offspring, or fry, overwinter in the deep and food-abundant depths of these lakes until their migration to the sea in one or two years. Exceptionally large seabird colonies exist along the coast. Additionally, there are large populations of sea mammals in the North Pacific Ocean between the Alaska Peninsula and Kamchatka. This includes harbor seals, ringed seals, northern fur seals, whales, porpoises, sea otters and sea lions.
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Nearly all of the trees stored at -18 °C died. The other stock was planted in shallow furrows in sparsely sodded field of loamy sand on 12 April, 17 May, and 14 June along with fresh-lifted stock on each date. Fresh and stored white spruce gave comparable results in plantings extended into mid-June in the Midhurst area of Ontario. Natural refrigerated overwinter storage has been used in root cellars and snow caches. Using natural refrigeration in root cellar storage, Jorgensen and Stanek (1962)Jorgensen, E.; Stanek, W.K.L. 1962. Overwinter storage of coniferous seedlings as a means of preventing late frost damage. For. Chron. 38(2):192–202. kept 3+0 and 2+2 white spruce in dormant condition for 6 months without apparent detriment to performance after outplanting. Moreover, the stock was highly resistant to spring frost damage. Natural cold storage for overwintering 3+0 and 2+2 white spruce was also used by Mullin (1966).
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Eggs are laid singly in mid-July up till winter's start, overwinter, and hatch in mid-March. Observation of fritillary egg laying is difficult as the eggs are very similar in color to the female's ovipositor. It has been seen that eggs may not even be laid after extensive enquiry by the female of potential egg sites. Females also prefer to lay eggs that are on firm ground rather than ground with loose plant matter.
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Mitotically derived eggs are also produced if necessary, to overwinter until environmental conditions improve. While they prefer below surface locations, winged adults can persist for weeks on aerial plant parts. Rice root aphids have a rasping-sucking mouthpart that facilitates the efficient removal of plant phloem. Both nymphs and adults feed on all development stages seedling, vegetative, or flowering, but survival can be limited to a few days without a host plant present.
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The base has been in use intermittently since 20 February 1961. Occupied during the winters of 1961, 1962, and 1969–75, it has been used every summer since 1975. The first people to overwinter in 1961 were Cliff Pearce and John Smith (meteorologists) and Brian Taylor (geologist) who carried out a thorough and systematic investigation of the local geology. Fossil Bluff houses four people in comfort but is normally operated by two to three.
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Exceptionally, some steppe eagles have been known to overwinter in Altai Town, Kazakhstan, living reportedly off of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) and rock doves (Columba livia). They are often seen congregating at feeding sites with easily obtained foods that are available in large quantities. In southern Africa, these eagles are often associated with rain fronts and the humidity that accompanies them. They do this largely to exploit a certain food source, termite alates.
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Plant Dis.75:834-38 However, the assumption that C. michiganensis does not overwinter in the soil is not without controversy. The genome of C. michiganesis has recently been sequenced and new theories will surely arise once more work has been completed. What is known is that Cmm can use hydrolysis products as carbon and energy sources by means of a number of ATP-binding cassette transporters and α- and β-glucosidases.
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Coccinellids in temperate regions enter diapause during the winter, so they often are among the first insects to appear in the spring. Some species (e.g., Hippodamia convergens) gather into groups and move to higher elevations, such as a mountain, to enter diapause. Most coccinellids overwinter as adults, aggregating on the south sides of large objects such as trees or houses during the winter months, dispersing in response to increasing day length in the spring.
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During the winter, blueberry aphids overwinter as tiny eggs at the bases of buds. In the Spring, when young foliage begins to develop, which is usually during bloom, eggs begin to hatch and young aphids move in search for a place to feed. The ideal temperature for the eggs to hatch is around 38 °F [3.3 °C]. Once the aphids are mature, they are able to reproduce sexually and asexually (females produce offspring without mating).
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The quarry is protected as a Site of Special Scientific Interest because it is important for Jurassic fossils, particularly crocodiles. Since quarrying ceased, the site has also become important for wildlife. Birds including turtle dove, little ringed plover, Cetti's warbler and peregrine falcon breed in the quarry. A lake has formed in the bottom of the quarry, attracting birds including green sandpiper, jack snipe, little grebe and common pochard to overwinter there.
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A coscoroba swan at the centre The reserve is situated east of Llanelli and north of Swansea in south Wales, on the eastern side of Carmarthen Bay. It is part of the Burry Inlet estuary which is an SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest), an SPA (Special Protection Area), and a Ramsar site. In winter, more than 60,000 birds return here to overwinter. One of the species protected at the centre is the little egret.
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Slimbridge comprises some of pasture, reed bed, lagoon and salt marsh. Many water birds live there all year round, and others are migrants on their ways to and from their summer breeding grounds. Other birds overwinter, including large numbers of white-fronted geese and increasing numbers of Bewick's swans. Besides having the world's largest collection of captive wildfowl, Slimbridge takes part in research and is involved in projects and internationally run captive breeding programmes.
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Cyllecoris histrionius is a species of bug in Miridae family that can be found in the British Isles, Iceland, Western, Eastern, and Central Europe. and also in North Africa and east across Asia Minor to the Caucasus.The species have strikingly marked and elongated body, and have a large black pronotum that is narrowed at the front and is of yellowish-white colour. The eggs hatch in spring after they overwinter for a bit.
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On February 3, the fleet continued south along the South American coast. Magellan believed they would find a strait (or the southern terminus of the continent) within a short distance. In fact, the fleet would sail south for another eight weeks without finding passage, before stopping to overwinter at St. Julian. Not wanting to miss the strait, the fleet sailed as close to the coast as feasible, heightening the danger of running aground on shoals.
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After the larvae grow and mature, for at least one season (the larval period lasts about four months on the Pacific coast), they absorb their gills and metamorphose into terrestrial juveniles that roam the forest undergrowth. Metamorphosis has been reported as early as July at sea level, for A. m. croceum in October to November and even January. At higher elevations the larvae may overwinter, develop, and grow for an extra season before metamorphosing.
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The Culex genus, and a large number of other mosquito species, thrive in mostly wet, humid, and temperate climates. Culex pipiens do not hibernate during the winter, which differs from many other mosquito species. However, Culex pipiens overwinter, meaning that they live throughout the winter season and lay eggs the following spring. During the winter season, they survive by living in areas where they are sheltered from the elements, such as basements or sheds.
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Palaeocimbex quadrimaculatus is considered one of the serious pests of almonds.Cakici FO, Ozgen İ, Bolu H, Erbas Z, Demirbağ Z, Demir İ. Highly effective bacterial agents against Cimbex quadrimaculatus (Hymenoptera: Cimbicidae): isolation of bacteria and their insecticidal activities There is only one generation per year. Larvae gnaw the leaf margins of the host plants (especially Prunus domestica and Prunus cerasus). When they reach the maturity they build a cocoon, within which they overwinter.
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Occasionally, two entrances to the nest are seen. A nest harbors several thousand ants and the eggs, larvae, and pupae. The largest colonies excavated in a Michigan study had several queens, a small number of winged females and developing reproductives, a few dozen immature workers, 2,000 mature workers, 2,000 pupae, 1,500 larvae, and a similar number of eggs. Some of the late-season larvae overwinter and augment the early-season workforce in the following year.
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Phytoplasmas can overwinter in insect vectors or perennial plants. Phytoplasmas can have varying effects on their insect hosts; examples of both reduced and increased fitness have been noted. Phytoplasmas enter the insect body through the stylet, pass through the intestine, and then move to the hemolymph and colonize the salivary glands: the entire process can take up to 3 weeks. Once established in an insect host, phytoplasmas are found in most major organs.
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Males enter the adult stage in early September, but overwinter in their webs and search for females only in May or June of the next year. Otherwise, this species is very similar to other species of E. cinnaberinus complex. After the 35-80 eggs hatch, the spiderlings receive a liquid from the mouth of the female. The female later seems to digest its own body, which leads to her death a few days later.
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As late as 1951, monarchs were mistakenly thought to overwinter as adults or pupae. Roosts of thousands were observed in southern regions of North America. Migrating western populations of Danaus plexippus and their overwintering sites were known long before the Mexican winter sites were discovered in the 1970s. Pre-Hispanic Native Americans, the Purépecha and Otomi once occupied this area and tied the harvest of corn to the arrival of the butterflies.
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The lifespan averages three to four weeks for females, but less for males. These moths are weak fliers, seldom rising more than 2 m above the ground and not flying long distances. They are, however, passive migrants, being easily transferred by wind over long distances. Diamondback moths overwinter as adults among field debris of cruciferous crops, and active adults may be seen during warm periods at any time during the winter in temperate areas.
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On Kamchatka, eagles overwinter in forests and river valleys near the coast, but are irregularly distributed over the peninsula. Most wintering birds there appear to be residential adults. Steller's sea eagles that do migrate fly down to winter in rivers and wetlands in Japan, but will occasionally move to mountainous inland areas as opposed to the sea coast. Each winter, drifting ice on the Sea of Okhotsk drives thousands of eagles south.
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The robin accentor (Prunella rubeuloides) and black-throated thrush (Turdus ruficollis) overwinter here, and vultures, birds of prey, rosefinches (Carpodacus spp.), Himalayan monals (Lophophorus impejanus) and Güldenstädt's redstarts (Phoenicurus erythrogaster) remain throughout the year, though they may move to somewhat lower elevations in winter. There are three species of lizard in the park but no amphibians. The Trango Towers offer some of the largest cliffs and most challenging rock climbing in the world.
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In the late 19th century, whalers discovered that the Beaufort Sea was one of the last refuges of the depleted bowhead whale, which was prized for its baleen (whalebone), blubber, and oil. Commercial bowhead hunting in the area began in 1889. In order for the short Arctic whaling season to be profitable, it was necessary to overwinter in the area. Herschel Island was found to have a good harbour for large whaling ships.
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Pseudoperonospora cubensis is an obligate parasite or biotroph, meaning that it requires live host tissue in order to survive and reproduce. Because of this characteristic, the pathogen must overwinter in an area that does not experience a hard frost, such as southern Florida, and where wild or cultivated cucurbits are present. The spores are dispersed via wind to neighboring plants and fields and often over long distances. Symptoms appear 4 to 12 days after infection.
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Green bottle fly found in Lodi, California. The life cycle of Lucilia sericata is typical of flies in the family Calliphoridae. After the female deposits the egg, it hatches into a larva that passes through three instars as it grows, then enters prepupal and pupal stages (which can eclose quickly or overwinter depending on temperature) before emerging into the adult stage or imago. To start, the female lays a mass of eggs in carrion.
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Ceratocystis paradoxa or Black Rot of Pineapple is a plant pathogen that is a fungus part of the phylum Ascomycota. It is characterized as the teleomorph or sexual reproduction stage of infection. This stage contains ascocarps, or sacs/fruiting bodies, which contain the sexually produced inoculating ascospores. These are the structures which are used primarily to survive long periods of time or overwinter to prepare for the next growing season of its host.
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There are both winged and wingless adult females and both can produce live young by viviparity although some females also produce batches of eggs. Wingless forms are prolific and may have twelve or more generations in a season, producing young at the rate of seven nymphs per day. Winged forms produce many fewer young. These aphids may overwinter as eggs or as females, the latter moving from annual plants onto perennial legumes in the fall.
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The chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina) is a species of American sparrow, a passerine bird in the family Passerellidae. It is widespread, fairly tame, and common across most of its North American range. There are two subspecies, the eastern chipping sparrow and the western chipping sparrow. This bird is a partial migrant with northerly populations flying southwards in the fall to overwinter in Mexico and the southern United States, and flying northward again in spring.
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The Betic midwife toad is nocturnal and hides under rocks and in crevices during the day. The toads mate on land and the male coils the egg mass round his hind legs and carries it around until the developing tadpoles are ready to hatch. He then deposits them in suitable water bodies such as mountain streams, cattle troughs and reservoirs. The tadpoles are slow-growing and may overwinter before undergoing metamorphosis into juvenile frogs.
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The conidia and ascospores then go on to produce primary infection on leaves causing leaf blights. Conidia are produced in the necrotic tissues that act as sources of dissemination and secondary inoculum. Towards maturity, Sclerotia are produced in the leaves and necks of infected bulbs (blackened appearance) that overwinter and germinate the following spring. Sclerotia can survive up to 21 months at a depth greater than 15 cm from the soil surface.
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The first stage in the disease cycle starts in the spring where the overwintering inoculum become exposed to ideal conditions. The inoculum overwinter in fungal fruiting bodies called cleistothecia (OSU, 2008). The cleistothecia then releases airborne spores called ascospores into the environment, which will serve as the primary inoculum during the growing season. The ascospores are then dispersed by the wind, or water where they then germinate on any leaf tissue they can find.
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Young larvae overwinter in small cases. When feeding and larval growth are resumed in early spring, the larvae enlarge their cases by adding a series of rings of leaf epidermis with pieces sticking out on all sides. They make underside mines that are easily detected as large brown blotches visible from the upper surface of the leaves. The larvae mature in late April and early May feeding on the previous year's foliage.
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Crambus patella mating Sod webworms have a bivoltine life cycle with four stages: egg, larva, pupa and imago (adult). They overwinter as larvae in their final or penultimate instar in the thatch or soil. With the coming of warmer weather, the larvae will pupate, and moths will appear in late spring or early summer. The first generation of eggs is laid in June, with larvae appearing in June and lasting until July.
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The pupae are dark brown/black in color, and have a relatively short cremaster. Some pupae overwinter for two seasons, perhaps as an adaptation to variable and adverse conditions such as fires and flooding, or to maintain genetic diversity across generations. When the moths eclose (emerge), they have to pump their wings with fluid (hemolymph) to extend them. The females emit pheromones, which the male can detect through its large, plumose antennae.
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These motile spores will move on to infect a root in the soil. Throughout the season if conditions are warm and wet enough the sporangium will continue to make more zoospores which can go no to infect other roots. It is within an infected root that additional oospores will be produced to overwinter another season. Although disease develops in less heavy soils, a heavy textured soil is favorable as they tend to remain wetter.
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It is an annual plant (rarely biennial), growing as tall as . Spinach may overwinter in temperate regions. The leaves are alternate, simple, ovate to triangular, and very variable in size: long and broad, with larger leaves at the base of the plant and small leaves higher on the flowering stem. The flowers are inconspicuous, yellow-green, in diameter, and mature into a small, hard, dry, lumpy fruit cluster across containing several seeds.
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Spinach is an annual plant (rarely biennial) growing as tall as . Spinach may overwinter in temperate regions. The leaves are alternate, simple, ovate to triangular, and very variable in size: long and broad, with larger leaves at the base of the plant and small leaves higher on the flowering stem. The flowers are inconspicuous, yellow-green, in diameter, and mature into a small, hard, dry, lumpy fruit cluster across containing several seeds.
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They are colored dark brown and often covered with bits of soil. The thorax has three "teeth" on each lateral edge, after which the species is named (denticollis is Latin for "toothed-collar"). The beetles drop from their food plants to the ground and hide when they are disturbed, making them difficult to find. Southern corn leaf beetles overwinter as adults beneath the soil and plant debris and in clumps of some species of weeds.
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A bottom-dwelling inhabitant of inshore waters, the diamond stingray favors sandy or muddy bottoms, often near rocky reefs or kelp forests. Off southern California, it usually occurs from the intertidal zone to a depth of during the summer, shifting to depths of during late fall and winter. For unknown reasons, it prefers to overwinter in kelp forests rather than sandy flats. Off Chile, the diamond stingray occurs at a similar depth of .
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These larvae colonize and feed on the roots of nearby Chenopodiaceae plants for the rest of the summer. In the summer, they form alate migrants that fly back to the Populus tree and asexually produce sexual males and females whose sole purpose is to mate, as they lack mouthparts to feed. The product of sexual reproduction is a single egg in each female which is deposited in the tree's bark and left to overwinter.
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23 of these Colorado beetle eggs may be eaten each day by a single adult Lebia grandis. Adult Lebia grandis ground beetles overwinter in soil in or near potato fields. In the spring Colorado potato beetles emerge from hibernation. By the time Lebia grandis beetles emerge a few weeks later, there are eggs and young larvae of their prey for them to eat and suitable pupae will soon be available for their larvae to attack.
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They returned the next morning to collect their dead. With the weather deteriorating, Haakon's fleet sailed to Orkney to overwinter. The battle of Largs has been romanticised by later historians as a great Scottish victory, but it only involved a small part of the Norwegian fleet. With his fleet and forces intact, Haakon planned to continue to campaign after spending the winter in Orkney, but he was unexpectedly taken ill and died there.
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The eggs are laid in clusters of 9-27 per clutch in rotten wood and are covered with a mucus layer for protection. Juveniles hatch after 14–31 days of incubation time, and reach maturity after 140–624 days. The spring generation may reach maturity in the same year, while the autumn generation has to overwinter as immature snails.Maltz,T. K.(2003):Life cycle and population dynamics of Helicodonta obvoluta (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Helicidae).
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The fall armyworm is widely distributed in eastern and central North America and in South America. It has been invasive in Africa since 2016. It cannot overwinter in below freezing temperatures,Murúa MG et al. (2009) Natural distribution of parasitoids of larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Argentina Journal of Insect Science 9(20) so it only survives the winter in the most southern regions of the United States, namely Texas and Florida.
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Alférez de Navío José María Sobral (April 14, 1880 - April 14, 1961) was an Argentine military scientist, Navy Sub-Lieutenant who rose to prominence by participating in the Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1901–1904) becoming the first Argentine to overwinter in Antarctica. Later he pursued studies at Uppsala University becoming the first Argentine to obtain a geology degree. Sobral worked briefly as ambassador to Norway in 1930 before returning to Argentina to work at YPF.
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Violet carpenter bees hibernate overwinter and they emerge in the spring, usually around April or May. Hibernation is undertaken by the adults in wood where there are abandoned nest tunnels. In the late spring or early summer, they may be seen around searching for mates and suitable nesting sites. After mating, the gravid females bore tunnels in dead wood, which is where the name "carpenter bee" comes from, although old nest tunnels may be used.
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Mummichogs live in dense shoals that can include several hundred individuals. During cold winter months in the northern parts of their range, mummichogs move to upstream tidal pools, where they burrow into the mud at depths up to to overwinter. They can also bury themselves in mud if they are caught in a drying tidal pool between spring tides. Alternatively, they can travel short distances on land to get back to the sea.
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It is a dark honey bee with yellow abdomen, and is a small subspecies like the races South of the Sahara. The Lamarck's mitotype can also be identified in honey bees from California and in feral bees from Florida. A unique trait of the pure lamarckii is that it does not collect propolis. Lamarckii does not form winter clusters and therefore the pure strain cannot overwinter in areas that experience freezing temperatures.
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The adult female inserts her ovipositor into the upper surface of a leaf near the midrib to deposit her eggs. On hatching, the larvae feed at first on the upper surface but later transfer to the underside. When fully developed they drop to the ground and make a cocoon in the leaf litter in which they pupate and overwinter. In Quebec there are two generations per year, but in England there is just one.
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Schareholmane ( or Schare Islets) is a group of three larger and a few smaller islets east of Tiholmane, part of Thousand Islands, an archipelago south of Edgeøya. The group includes Blokkøya, Kvalbeinøya and Havmerra. The islets are named after Christian Schare, who along with four others, was forced to overwinter here after they had lost their ship on September 3, 1833. All but one (who had died) were saved on June 22, 1834.
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Eggs are laid on willows and the larvae overwinter in leaf-buds until April when they bore into a shoot, causing it to droop. They can also feed on catkins. When full grown in May or June the larvae are 11 mm long with a green body and dark-brown to black head, prothoracic and anal shields. Pupation takes place either in the feeding place or on the ground in May or June.
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Many types of squirrel inhabit the forests of the Rocky Mountains, including several species of chipmunks such as the Uinta chipmunk and the least chipmunk. Overwinter chipmunk survival rates are less than a third. Tree squirrels include the red squirrel (also known as pine squirrel), and the Abert's squirrel, found only in ponderosa pine forests. There are also several types of ground squirrels, such as the Wyoming ground squirrel and the golden-mantled ground squirrel.
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In southern parts of eastern Australia the species is migratory, moving north to overwinter and returning south in the spring. Large aggregations of noisy friarbirds are possible, often in association with little friarbirds. At such times, the constant cackling and chattering of the noisy friarbird can fill the forest with sound. The calls are used to identify an individual's feeding territory, and also announce the presence of food sources worth defending to other birds—not necessarily friarbirds alone.
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Pupa It takes around 27 days for D. elpenor to move from the larva stage to the pupa stage. When the larvae are fully grown, they will look for a place to pupate. Usually, this ends up being at the base of a plant in plant debris or underneath the surface of the ground. Once they have found a secure spot, they will line the pupal chamber with a few strands of silk, pupate, then overwinter as pupae.
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The life cycle lasts two years. The larvae develop under the loose bark, especially of oaks, aspens or apple trees. They are polyphagous wood borers in deciduous trees (Quercus, Pyrus, Acer, Fraxinus, Populus, Malus, Cornus etc.) They overwinter and pupate the following spring. The adult beetles can be found from April to August feeding on pollen of valerians (Valeriana species), common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), elderberry (Sambucus species), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) and European pear (Pyrus communis).
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In its native range in north eastern North America the winged adults, or alates migrate at the end of the summer to overwinter on elms but in regions where there are no elms the fate of these alates is not known and all observed reproduction is by parthenogenesis. Elm is the primary host species and it appears that egg production on other species, such as apple trees, is rare and that eggs laid on apple always fail to hatch.
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Shekha Bird Sanctuary is a bird sanctuary at a lake near the village of Shekha, east of Aligarh and from the Grand Trunk Road (GT Road) in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is notable for birding as many birds overwinter there. It is a fresh water perennial water body that came into existence after the formation of the Upper Ganges Canal in 1852 which flows adjacent to the lake. It is maintained by the Forest Department.
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Abstract and full article: The length of the forewings is 16–22 mm for males and 16–23 mm for females. Adults of both sexes have an orange-brown forewing and fuscous hindwing with males averaging slightly darker than females. Most females have a dark streak through the orbicular and reniform spots, but the streak does not normally extend to the postmedial line or into the basal area of the wing. Adults emerge in early summer and overwinter.
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The common brimstone undergoes some regional migration between hibernation and breeding areas throughout the year, as seen in the different chemical composition of butterflies across varying seasons and regions. In general, there is movement towards wetlands to reproduce. After the eggs hatch, develop, and pupate, newly hatched adult butterflies emerge and disperse locally into both woodlands and wetlands to overwinter. Butterflies travel to the woodlands for overwintering, and no mating appears to occur within these habitats.
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There are several generations per year, though development slows down in cooler seasons, when the larvae sometimes overwinter by boring into the bulbs of the host plants. The moth lays clusters of a few dozen eggs on the host plant leaves. The hatching larvae at first remain in groups and mine into the leaves. As they grow they either emerge and feed externally, or proceed down the leaves to their bases or even into the bulbs.
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Larvae have gills Breeding takes place after the first rains in late fall and early winter, when the wet season allows the salamanders to migrate to the nearest pond, a journey that may be as far as a 1.3 miles and take several days. The eggs, which the female lays in small clusters or singly, hatch after 10 to 14 days. The larval period lasts for three to six months. However, California tiger salamander larvae may also "overwinter".
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Nicotiana sylvestris is cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is often planted in gardens for its architectural qualities and highly fragrant flowers. Though a short-lived perennial, in colder zones it is normally grown as a half-hardy annual, sown under glass with heat in early spring, and planted out after the last frosts. In Great Britain, it will only successfully overwinter in more sheltered coastal areas or parts of London where the temperature never falls below .
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As well as freshwater fish in the streams, rivers and lakes, the Caspian Sea is home to 124 species of mostly endemic fish. Nearly four hundred species of bird have been recorded in the country. Many of them are resident species but others are migratory and just passing through, while still others overwinter in Turkmenistan. Some of these are the ducks, geese, and swans that inhabit the shores of the Caspian at this time of year.
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After reaching adulthood, individuals usually leave their galleries but some remain in their maternal galleries. The remaining 60% of broods will reach the fifth larval stage by mid fall and overwinter in pupal chambers. These individuals emerge as adults in late spring to early summer. This brooding technique is partially bivoltine because approximately 40% of each population takes one year to complete a life cycles whereas the other 60% may have two generations in a year.
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Vespula germanica nests generally survive the winter, while those of Vespula vulgaris do not. This difference is due mainly to the variation in prey. Vespula vulgaris food sources are greatly affected by temperature, while those of Vespula germanica are not, providing them with a higher chance of survival even during the winter. Because many Vespula germanica are able to overwinter and most Vespula vulgaris are not, except for the queen, this affects the nest size of the two species.
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Gerrids that live in environments with winters will overwinter in the adult stage. This is due to the large energy cost which would need to be spent to maintain their body temperature at functional levels. These water striders have been found in leaf litter or under stationary shelters such as logs and rocks during the winter in seasonal areas. This reproductive diapause is a result of shortening day lengths during larval development and seasonal variation in lipid levels.
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During the ripening the larvae leave the fruit and pupate in the soil, where they overwinter. Usually this species have one generation every 1–2 years. These fruit flies are considered a major pest of cherry crops Biological control of the cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera, Tephritidae) by use of entomopathogenic nematodes: first experiences towards practical implementation in Europe and Asia. They damage also the fruits of apricot, honeysuckle, barberry, bird cherry and snowberry.
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Although the exact dates change each year, by the end of October, the population of monarchs east of the Rocky Mountains migrates to the sanctuaries of the Mariposa Monarca Biosphere Reserve within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests in the Mexican states of Michoacán and México. They also overwinter in areas that are privately owned. Some monarchs migrate to other locations such as Cuba and Florida in the fall. Two migratory fly ways exist through North America.
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For a comparison of emerging and diapausing pre-pupae, it was found that the pre-pupae that emerged within the year they were produced were much lighter compared to those who remained for an additional year in diapause. The difference was significant between males and females. This further demonstrates that if a pre-pupa contains sufficient mass (i.e., reserves of resources) to overwinter for another year it does so, while the lighter bees emerge the current year.
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Broadcast burning is not recommended as a method of preparing sites for natural regeneration, as it rarely exposes enough mineral soil to be sufficiently receptive, and the charred organic surfaces are a poor seedbed for spruce. A charred surface may get too hot for good germination and may delay germination until fall, with subsequent overwinter mortality of unhardened seedlings.Bell, F.W. 1991. Critical silvics of conifer crop species and selected competitive vegetation in northwestern Ontario. For. Can.
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There are two types of galls on the leaves of hawthorns. The mites overwinter in a bud or in bark crevices, emerging to attack the new leaves as soon as the buds open, forming tight rolls on the edge of the leaves. The leaf can have many of these yellowish or red galls, which are hairy inside. The mite can also form an erineum on the underside of a leaf with reddish, violet or white hairs with swollen tips.
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A few larvae overwinter inside the gall and don't emerge until the following fall. The reason for this is unknown. These wasps form an important role in the ecosystem, with more than 20 known species that are parasitoids, inquilines, and hyperparasites that live on its life cycle, while the galls form a persistent shelter for various forms of fungi as well as many other insects. Several birds are also known to feed from the galls and their inhabitants.
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Like all the other species in its genus, Albugo occidentalis is an oomycete. The survival structure is an oospore, which is the result of the karyogamy of two haploid gametes (the oogonium and antheridium). The oospore can overwinter in the soil, and in the spring it produces zoospores which will encyst on the surface of spinach leaves in the presence of water and germinate. Asexual propagation of Albugo occidentalis occurs via the production of sporangia on sporangiophores.
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The species flies in a single brood from June to August depending on location. The larvae feed on Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium uliginosum, Empetrum nigrum and various Fabaceae species (mainly Cercis siliquastrum, Melilotus albus, Lotus corniculatus, Cytisus, Genista tinctoria, Trifolium pratense, Chrysaspis campestris, Astragalus alpinus and Anthyllis). They are usually attended by ants (Lasius and Formica species).Paolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa Second-stage of the caterpillars overwinter.
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Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 6: 83-88. Female of this parasitic species drills deep into wood by its hair thin ovipositor (terebra) and lays its eggs on larvae living deep in timber (up to 40 mm), which become a food supply and an incubator for the progeny, until it is fully grown. This species has one generation a year (univoltine). Larvae overwinter in the wood, pupating the next spring and emerging from the wood as adults.
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Spores overwinter on host plant residue, germinate in early spring, and produce new infections on growing asparagus spears. The black-brown lesions are called telia and give a blackish hue to the top of the plants. The teliospores remain attached in the pustules on asparagus plant parts or plant debris for the remainder of the season and throughout winter. Around springtime when young asparagus shoots are emerging, the overwintering teliospores germinate on the old stems to produce sporidia.
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After stopping at Madeira and the Cape Colony, the Investigator reached Australia in December 1801. It sailed along the south coast, through Bass Strait, and north along the east coast to overwinter at Port Jackson. It then sailed north up the east coast, rounding the Cape York Peninsula and entering the Gulf of Carpentaria. The ship by then being in extremely poor condition, the survey was broken off and the Investigator was sailed to Koepang, Timor.
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Within the genus Megachile, frequently also referred to as leafcutter bees, M. campanulae is a member of the subgenus Chelostomoides, which do not construct nests from cut leaves, but rather from plant resins and other materials. Females lay eggs in nests constructed with individual cell compartments for each egg. Once hatched, the eggs progress through larval stages and subsequently will overwinter as pupae. The bees are susceptible to parasitism from several other bee species, which act as brood parasites.
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During the summer months, the fungus is also able to produce asexual spores called conidia that are dispersed by the wind to be used as secondary inoculum to infect other maple trees in the area. Upon dispersal, they potentially land on a susceptible host which induces the spore to germinate and produce mycelia. At the end of the season, the fungus produces perithecia. Then, the fungus can overwinter as perithecia or as mycelia in the host.
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The regal fritillary is highly vulnerable to environmental factors year-round. Extreme weather conditions over a large geographical range can severely influence their populations. First instar larvae are highly sensitive to extreme weather conditions as they overwinter in the leaf litter and as they begin their search for food plants in the spring. Hard frosts late in the spring, severe storms, and cool damp conditions have all been shown to negatively impact larvae survival (Selby 2007).
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Weather and variances in temperature can influence the larval development of the spruce budworm. During the cold winters, the larvae overwinter in their hibernaculae in true diapause until they can resume growth in the springtime. When the weather is warm in late fall and early spring, the budworm may metabolize at a higher rate, which depletes its finite food resources while in the hibernaculae. Harsher winters are associated with declines in population, even reaching 49% mortality.
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The garden tiger moth or great tiger mothArctia caja, Butterflies and Moths of North America (Arctia caja) is a moth of the family Erebidae. Arctia caja is a northern species found in the US, Canada, and Europe. The moth prefers cold climates with temperate seasonality, as the larvae overwinter, and preferentially chooses host plants that produce pyrrolizidine alkaloids. However, garden tiger moths are generalists, and will pick many different plants to use as larval host plants.
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They renamed the facility Seaway Marine and Industrial Limited, but the firm went bankrupt in 2013, resulting in the closure of the shipyard and loss of jobs. The yard was used briefly in 2015 by Algoma Central to perform maintenance work on self-unloading bulk carrier and was leased by Saint Lawrence Seaway (current owner of the facility). The site is operated by Heddle Marine on behalf of St. Lawrence Seaway. In 2017, arrived to overwinter at the site.
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The intervals of oviposition after copulating depend on the food intake and the overall physical fitness of the female. On average, 11 days are needed for the female to form and deposit an ootheca, which contains around 100 to 200 eggs. Copulation usually takes place in September or October, but the eggs overwinter and the larva do not hatch until the following spring. Hatching is strongly influenced by environmental conditions such as temperature (at least 17 °C) and humidity.
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Some others may take advantage of any opportunity they can get, and mate continuously throughout the year. These seasonal adaptations are controlled by hormones, and these delays in reproduction are called diapause. Many lepidopteran species, after mating and laying their eggs, die shortly afterwards, having only lived for a few days after eclosion. Others may still be active for several weeks and then overwinter and become sexually active again when the weather becomes more favorable, or diapause.
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They start flying in late March or in the first half of April and can be encountered feeding on nectar of flowers and various sweet liquids and excretions. They overwinter hibernating as adults, after at least two generations in a year. In Europe in some localities from late Summer through December this species shows an aggregation behaviour, forming big swarms appearing as clouds or smoke, that invade buildings and parks. Larvae usually live in roots of grasses.
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The river in 1886. On September 14, 1535, the river was seen for the first time by French explorer Jacques Cartier. Cartier and his crew overwinter at the confluence of the Lairet River and the Saint-Charles River, near the village St. Lawrence Iroquoians of Stadaconé. In New France, the name of the river appeared for the first time on a document in 1626 (designated "Rivière de Lairet" in 1637 and "Rivière de Larray" in 1685).
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Breeding takes place in the spring and summer. The litter size averages just below four and at least some individuals overwinter twice. Home ranges in the Patagonian Nothofagus forest vary between 0.4 and 4.8 individuals per hectare in spring, and 2.8 to 10.8 individuals per hectare in autumn. This grass mouse is preyed on by the barn owl, the lesser horned owl, the rufous-legged owl, the white-tailed kite and the South American gray fox.
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Lomechusa pubicollis is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is unusual in that its larvae develop in the nests of one species of ant and the immature adults overwinter in the nest of another species of ant. These beetles are highly specialised myrmecophiles, tricking the ants into caring for them, and one of about 125 species of invertebrates that rely on spending part of their lives in and around the nests of red wood ants.
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Since 2002, Reppert and coworkers have pioneered the study of the biological basis of monarch butterfly migration. Each fall, millions of monarchs from the eastern United States and southeastern Canada migrate as much as 4,000 km to overwinter in roosts in Central Mexico. Monarch migration is not a learned activity, given that migrants flying south are at least two generations removed from the previous year's migrants. Thus, migrating monarchs must have some genetically based navigational mechanism.
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Vertical transmission, the transmission of a viral or bacterial disease from the female of the species to her offspring, has been observed in various West Nile virus studies, amongst different species of mosquitoes in both the laboratory and in nature. Mosquito progeny infected vertically in autumn may potentially serve as a mechanism for WNV to overwinter and initiate enzootic horizontal transmission the following spring, although it likely plays little role in transmission in the summer and fall.
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In North America, P. rudis eggs generally require 27–39 days to fully develop into an adult. In Canada, 25–30 days are required when the temperature is 23°C, and 11-14 of these days are spent in the pupal stage. Cluster flies in North America overwinter in their adult stage, and copulation takes place in the spring. There are three species in the rudis species complex of North America, and the life cycle of each species may differ.
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The cercariae are cystophorous, while the metacercariae have two flame cells, a large acetabulum, and a spiny cuticula with eight pen-shaped apical hooks, which are used to penetrate the snail intestines. H. eccentricus can be differentiated from the related species H. occidualis depending on where the adult is found inside of frogs; H. eccentricus is found primarily in the Eustachian tubes whereas H. occidualis is found primarily in the esophagus and under the tongue. H. eccentricus overwinter in their amphibian hosts.
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In a number of regions the pollination shortage is addressed by migratory beekeepers, who supply hives during a crop bloom and move them after the blooming period. Commercial beekeepers plan their movements and wintering locations according to anticipated pollination services. At higher latitudes it is difficult (or impossible) to overwinter sufficient bees, or to have them ready for early blooming plants. Much migration is seasonal, with hives wintering in warmer climates and moving to follow the bloom at higher latitudes.
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Scientists have had success in labs with a few types of nematode, Steinernema feltiae B30, S. carpocapsae C101, and Hetero-rhabditis bacteriophora D54. Nematodes attack the adults that overwinter in the soil, preventing them from reproducing in the spring. S. carpocapsae C101 was found to be the most effective, and even proved to be an effective alternative to pesticides. Each of the nematodes, however, was sensitive to temperature, implying that some strains would work better than others due to the temperature.
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The pupa stage occurs at the bottom of the flower peduncle in many of the host species. The peduncles offer the best protection for the caterpillars, which is why the caterpillars will typically remain at the base of the flower until metamorphosis occurs. It has been suggested that geranium bronze may overwinter as either a caterpillar or a pupa, although further data is needed to confirm this. The pupa color varies, but they are typically green, pale- yellow, or brown.
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In late autumn only primary-type first instar nymphs are produced and these overwinter in cracks in the bark or among moss. It is not known whether these are the source of the following year's colonies, or whether the migratory insects are. Further research has disclosed that the primary host for this social aphid is a plant in the family Ulmaceae, often Zelkova. On this host the aphids form galls and some of the second instar nymphs form a soldier caste.
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Zookeys 264: 193-207. Abstract and full article: Ufeus satyricus sagittarius male Ufeus satyricus sagittarius female The length of the forewings is 15–22 mm for males and 19–24 mm for females. Adults emerge from the pupae in the summer and overwinter as adults, but they are mostly collected between late August and early May, even during mild spells in mid-winter. Most records are in October and November in the fall and March and April in the spring.
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Lower doses greatly increase the risk of polygenic resistance, as strains that are slightly less sensitive to the fungicide may survive. It is better to use an integrative pest management approach to disease control rather than relying on fungicides alone. This involves the use of resistant varieties and hygienic practices, such as the removal of potato discard piles and stubble on which the pathogen can overwinter, greatly reducing the titre of the pathogen and thus the risk of fungicide resistance development.
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Hibernating adult maleThe adult common brimstone overwinters for seven months, remaining hidden and motionless throughout its hibernation. While both sexes have similar egg to adult development times, they differ in the times that they reach sexual maturity. The reproductive development of males begins just after pupal emergence, and continues during hibernation, which indicates that males may not be able to reproduce until after overwintering. For females, eggs remain undeveloped as the butterflies overwinter, and no reproductive development occurs until after emergence from hibernation.
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The longfin inshore squid is found in the North Atlantic, schooling in continental shelf and slope waters from Newfoundland to the Gulf of Venezuela. It is commercially exploited, especially in the range from the Southern Georges Bank to Cape Hatteras. The population makes seasonal migrations that appear to be related to bottom water temperatures; they move offshore during late autumn to overwinter along the edge of the continental shelf and return inshore during the spring and early summer (MAFMC 1998).
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The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River. The shoreline was in the vicinity of Greenwich Street, which is closer to the site's eastern border. It was on this shoreline, close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street, that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block's ship, Tyger, burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding him and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. They built the first European settlement in Manhattan.
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Buddleja tubiflora is cultivated in the UK, most if not all specimens derived from a long-lost example grown at the Hanbury Gardens at Mortola, Italy. A specimen is grown under glass as part of the NCCPG national collection at Longstock Park Nursery, near Stockbridge. The shrub can be grown on a south-facing wall in coastal areas of the UK, with added protection against frost, although waterlogging overwinter is considered a greater danger to the plant.Stuart, D. (2006). Buddlejas.
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To minimize disease, certified seed free of sclerotia can be planted. Seed growers should only purchase sclerotia-free seeds when planting their crops since sclerotia can overwinter in the soil and may not show symptoms right away. Although fungicides are not the most effective way to manage this pathogen, a few that have been approved by the USDA for control of the pathogen. Chemical company representatives can recommend which group of fungicides would be most effective with crops in regard to R. solani.
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The nest burrow is up to 15 cm long and short lateral burrows are dug out of the tunnel sides and these terminate in single cells. The main burrow starts as a vertical shaft but the lower part is almost horizontal with the soil surface. The larvae spin robust cocoons at the end of the flight period to overwinter in. Each nest may be provisioned with a single species of bee, and between 30-30 may be found in a nest.
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The disease cycle begins with the overwintering structures. The grape black rot pathogen overwinters in many parts of the grape vine, especially mummies and lesions, and is able to overwinter on the vineyard floor. In fact, "Viable lesions capable of producing conidia can persist in wood for at least 2 years." Spring rains release the ascospores and conidia contained in the overwintering structures and these spores are “spread by wind and rain‐splash to infect leaves, blossoms and young fruit”.
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The oval eggs are laid on the surface of leaves, usually near the midrib. Larvae are yellow with a brown head and have a thoracic plate and an anal plate. They mine the leaves of rosebay willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium) causing a yellowish blotch on the leaves that bleach rapidly after the larvae leave them. The caterpillars occur in May to late July and late August to September They overwinter as a pupa and pupation occurs among detritus on the ground.
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They hold the prey at the tip of its rostrum using their mandibular and maxillary stylets which spread out within the prey cutting away at tissues. The bugs overwinter as adults and, depending on temperature, emerge in April. Eggs are laid in May and June and are laid in batches, initially around 21, with the number reducing with each batch, until they are only laid in ones and twos. At temperatures of 19 to 20° Celsius develop in 10 to 12 days.
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By the end of the summer, mature larvae leave the nuts by round holes then burrow into the ground where they build individual cells. After overwintering, most larvae diapause for the whole season and undergo metamorphosis in the next summer. Newly formed adults then mainly overwinter in their pupal cases before emerging in the spring of the following year. Adult females are reproductively immature at emergence and ovarian development is only attained from 1 to 2 months later, after the feeding period.
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Adults emerge from pupae to complete the lifecycle in about 4–5 wk in the summer. (For images of various life stages, see Diorhabda carinulata at commons.) From two to four generations of tamarisk beetles occur through spring and fall in central Asia. In the late summer and early fall, adults begin to enter diapause in which they cease reproduction and feed to build fat bodies before seeking a protected place to overwinter beneath the tamarisk.(Lewis et al. 2003b).
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As D. noxia became an invasive species in North America, it is notable that they possess enough endurance to cold temperatures to survive through winter. Aphid populations can overwinter through temperatures between 0 and 5 degrees Celsius. However, temperatures below 10 degrees Celsius will lead to catastrophic decrease in population. In addition to survivability in sub zero temperatures, the aphids are also capable of rapid cold hardiness (RCH) which allows an insect to develop protection against sudden sub freezing temperatures.
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Obscure mealybugs lay eggs all year long, and during winter, under the bark of trees and vines (though there is no true dormancy). These overwintering populations include individual mealybugs from all stages of development, but are dominated by eggs and first instars; overwinter mortality for young nymphs is high, but a few individuals (normally the ones quickest to hatch) will survive and feed on the first spring leaves. Mortality in non-overwintering generations is greatly decreased.Hamlet (2005), pp. 5–6.
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Eggs are laid on twigs in June and hatch the following April Oak leaftier moths lay their eggs in June each year, typically as single eggs on rough-bark twigs, typically "second year branches". Note: this is published on the www.forestpests.org website with the title "Oak Leaftiers: Acleris semipurpurana (Kearfott)" The eggs overwinter and hatch in spring of the next year. The larvae (or caterpillars) emerge in April and initially eat the buds of oak trees and young leaves inside them.
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Cynomya cadaverina is known to range throughout the Neartic region with it being found mostly in southern Canada but also in the northern United States. Despite their normal location, they have also been found in states as far south as Florida and Texas. This species is known as a cool weather species and colonizes carrion in the highest numbers in the spring and fall months. In most cases, they overwinter as adults and may enter into houses during that time.
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This species is superficially similar to Gillmeria ochrodactyla which has brown and white bands on its hindlegs below the middle spurs, whereas the legs of G pallidactyla are not banded. The larvae bore into the stem in the autumn and overwinter in the roots. In the spring they feed on a succession of shoots causing them to wilt. They mainly feed on Achillea species including sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium), but rarely also on tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) and Tanacetum corymbosum.
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Egg-laying takes place about a week after mating and the eggs, measuring across, are dropped singly to the forest floor. Here they overwinter in the leaf litter, hatching the following May or even a year later. If conditions are dry, the newly hatched young may fail to extricate themselves from their egg-capsules. Ones that succeed in doing so climb up the trunks of trees, start to feed on the foliage, and pass through four to six moults as they grow.
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Once male reproductives emerge and both males and females disperse from the natal nest for mating flights, the so-called intermediate phase begins. Brood care and foraging behavior decline and worker numbers drop as dying individuals are no longer replaced by new ones. Intracolonial aggression increases and the social cohesion of the nest declines. In temperate Polistes species, individuals (almost exclusively inseminated females) gather in groups of up to 50 individuals and seek a sheltered location (called a hibernaculum) in which to overwinter.
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It is not uncommon for a large number of breeding ponds to desiccate each season before tadpoles successfully metamorphose, hence there is apparently a selective tradeoff between shallow ponds (which accelerate tadpole development) and ponds with long hydroperiods (which ensure survival). Time from hatching to tadpole metamorphosis is 4–6 weeks, and this is highly dependent upon environmental factors (elevation, weather, food, competition) and possibly genetic background. Tadpoles are apparently unable to overwinter. Subadult and adult habitat use patterns are poorly understood.
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Visitors enjoy spectacular concentrations of Canada geese, mallards, and other waterfowl. More than half the mallards in the Pacific Flyway overwinter at some time in this portion of the Columbia River Basin. The refuge encompasses backwater sloughs, shrub-steppe uplands, irrigated farmlands, river islands, delta mudflats, and riparian areas. Particularly important to Canada geese, mallards, and wigeons, as well as shorebirds and wading birds, the refuge also includes wetlands and shoreline bays that serve as an important nursery for developing fall chinook salmon.
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This species lays eggs in the soil in August, and roughly 40 days later, in mid-September, the eggs hatch. The larvae go through five stages before they mature into an adult, the last being their overwintering stage, in which they spend six months in the soil before pupating in May and emerging in June as adults. Their developmental temperature range is 18 °C to 34 °C. The amount of time spend during their overwinter stage is determined by soil temperature.
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Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park, established in 1955, covers and is managed by Ontario Parks. It surrounds the falls and extends along the Kaministiquia River, which was used centuries ago by voyageurs, who were the first Europeans to overwinter annually in northern Ontario. They used the Kaministiquia River as a major route to the northwest, with a mountain portage around the falls. A hotel with terrace which was once located on the edge of the gorge was removed after the park's creation.
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The western shore of the gulf is a protected area known as the Gulf of Salwah Protected Area, and is designated as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area. It is the main breeding ground of the Socotra cormorant in Saudi Arabia. Other birds that breed here include the Caspian tern, white-cheeked tern, lesser crested tern and bridled tern. Migratory birds that overwinter here include the western reef heron, black- necked grebe, great crested grebe, Pallas's gull, slender-billed gull and Caspian gull.
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Feeding is the main purpose of the larval stage to prepare for pupation. Once their larval stage is complete the tree dwelling species make their way to the bottom of the tree to pupate. The pupal stage can last from 6 weeks to one year depending on the need to overwinter, and how short the overall lifecycle is for a particular species. A majority of clerid species pupate in earthen cells which are made from soil and certain enzymes secreted from their mouths.
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She then performed the show throughout the Edinburgh Fringe in August 2008. The show then toured science festivals across the UK and Ireland. For many festivals this was the first time that they had booked a comedy performer. Her second full-length show Helen Keen: The Primitive Methodist Guide to Arctic Survival (the true story of an ancestor trapped overwinter on an arctic whaling ship) ran throughout the Edinburgh Fringe in August 2009 before embarking upon a similar tour of science festivals.
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There is also a population of fox snakes, which use offshore islands extensively, and overwinter in hibernacula in the area.Killbear Park Management Plan, Ontario Parks, 2000. The southeastern portion of the park protects a typical area of bedrock barrens; these barrens represent a distinctive shallow soil habitat type found in eastern Georgian Bay. The park is one area within a larger significant landscape, the 30,000 islands along the eastern coast of Georgian Bay, which comprise the world's largest freshwater archipelago.
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The native range of the coastal cutthroat trout extends south from the southern coastline of the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska to the Eel River in Northern California. Coastal cutthroat trout are resident in tributary streams and rivers of the Pacific basin and are rarely found more than from the ocean. Adults migrate from the ocean to spawn in fresh water. Juveniles migrate to the sea where they feed and become sexually mature before returning to fresh water to overwinter and spawn.
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A number of webspinning sawflies feed on spruce, but most of them are rare and solitary feeders, Cephalcia fascipennis Cresson being the most common (Rose and Lindquist 1985). It occasionally causes damage to ornamental spruce trees or hedges across Canada and the northeastern United States. The larvae overwinter in cells in the ground and pupate in the spring. The adults soon emerge and the female lays green cylindrical eggs singly or in end-to-end rows of 2 to 4 on the needle.
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The larvae are slender, whitish, cream or pale brown, with a head with strong jaws, 11 body segments, and siphons on the hindermost two segments. The larval stage lasts for about 15 days at 70 °F, and it is in the larval stage that the insect will usually overwinter, in diapause. The pupae are yellowish brown to brown and have a pair of ear-like respiratory processes on the head end. The pupal stage lasts for one or two days.
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At low tide there are vast areas of mudflats and saltings, all teeming with birds. Since the mid-80s, Breydon Water has been a nature reserve in the care of the RSPB. It has been a popular shooting area for centuries, and the shooting continues, but on a very much reduced scale. In the winter, large numbers of wading birds and wildfowl use it to overwinter, including 12,000 golden plovers, 12,000 wigeons, 32,000 lapwings and tens of thousands of Bewick's swans.
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RRS Discovery carried an expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott in 1901. The Southern Cross Expedition began in 1898 and lasted for two years. This was the first expedition to overwinter on the Antarctic mainland (Cape Adare) and was the first to make use of dogs and sledges. It made the first ascent of The Great Ice Barrier, (The Great Ice Barrier later became formally known as the Ross Ice Shelf). The expedition set a Farthest South record at 78°30'S.
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Flightless female and male sexual forms are produced and lay eggs. Some species such as Aphis fabae (black bean aphid), Metopolophium dirhodum (rose-grain aphid), Myzus persicae (peach-potato aphid), and Rhopalosiphum padi (bird cherry-oat aphid) are serious pests. They overwinter on tree or bush primary hosts; in summer, they migrate to their secondary host on a herbaceous plant, often a crop, then the gynoparae return to the tree in autumn. Another example is the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines).
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As mentioned earlier, the pathogen makes sclerotia that overwinter in the field debris (infected leaves, bulbs) and cull piles and germinate in the spring. As a result of this germination, conidiophores arise that produce conidia (anamorphic phase). Apothecia also arise out of the sclerotia and release ascospores (teleomorphic phase) although these are not a very significant source of primary inoculum for infection. The sclerotia are capable of continuous and prolonged production of conidia thus resulting in a huge amount of primary inoculum.
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After dispersal, first-instar caterpillars create hibernacula preferably inside flower bracts and beneath bark scales. They then molt to the second instar without feeding and overwinter as second-instar larvae in diapause. The second-instar larvae emerge in early May and disperse to feed on seed, pollen cones, flower bracts, and needles at host trees, preferably the balsam fir. In June and July, larvae in third to sixth instars feed on current-year shoots then old foliage after the shoots are depleted.
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Overwinter females that have been fertilized stay in nests, coming out in late winter as the ground begins to get warmer. During the winter prepupae are in moist soils to survive the cold temperatures, in late spring and early summer new males and females begin to appear, being active during the warmer months. An individual bee is unlikely to live longer than eight weeks. Due to the lengthy time they spend nesting they forage on a wide range of flowering plants.
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The vast majority of western pond turtle hatchlings overwinter in the nest, and this phenomenon seems prevalent in most parts of the range, especially northern areas. This might explain the difficulty researchers have had in trying to locate hatchlings in the fall months. Winter rains may be necessary to loosen the hardpan soil where some nests are deposited. It may be that the nest is the safest place for hatchlings to shelter while they await the return of warm weather.
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Sown in a sandy substrate, it easily germinates at a temperature of 16–18° C. Zonal geraniums grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 9 through 12. Zonal geraniums are basically tropical perennials and they overwinter in zones as cool as zone 7.Minimum Temperatures for Geranium Plants The whole plant with the exception of flowers gives off a characteristic smell. It blooms for a very long time (throughout the summer) and abundantly, however, most cultivated varieties do not produce seeds.
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Built on a marsh, the reservoir still retains a high degree of biological interest with a gradual transition from emergent vegetation with islets and peat to open water. Cornwall's only major colony of black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) breed here and a number wildfowl also breed or overwinter here. Some of the species include, gadwall (Anas strepera), goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), goosander (Mergus merganser), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), common pochard (Aythya ferina), shoveller (Anas clypeata), teal (Anas crecca) and tufted duck (Aythya fuligula).
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Finding a moist place to lay the eggs is only necessary so the eggs do not dry out, as once the eggs hatch the hatchlings will not live in water. D. organi can be found mostly on the forest floor under moss, leaf litter, fallen logs, or small stones. It has been observed that they seem to prefer smaller covers of woody debris rather larger covers, such as big rocks. D. organi will overwinter in clusters underground in seepage areas, often communally.
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A majority of shinnery oak occurs on private land used for agriculture and/or livestock production. It is considered undesirable on grazing lands, because it competes with better livestock forage and its buds and leaves are toxic to cattle for several weeks in spring. In addition, where cotton is grown near shinnery oak, boll weevils overwinter in the oak litter and infest nearby cotton fields in spring. Thus, most research and other human effort concerning shinnery oak have been devoted to its eradication.
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Inonotus dryadeus is a parasitic saprobic fungus, with spores entering wounds on broadleaf trees (predominantly oak, although sometimes maple, elm and chestnut). It grows close to the ground on the trunk, thickly attached, and either singly or in groups. It has been observed in North America and temperate northern Europe, where it is described as widespread but locally common. Fruiting occurs in summer and autumn, but fruit bodies may overwinter and persist for several years, eventually turning black and cracked.
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The milkweed bug can produce from one to three generations per year depending on climate and geographic location. O. fasciatus exhibits strong selection for survival and will halt reproduction as a trade-off if conditions are not ideal. Diapause occurs on short days and on cold days in temperate regions and occasionally occurs during dry season in tropical regions. Most populations of the milkweed bug overwinter; usually after migration to their overwintering sites due to environmental triggers such as temperature and photoperiod.
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Their eggs are often laid in logs, under rocks or moss, or stream-bank cavities. During development while in the larval stage, the northern dusky salamander is strictly aquatic, its habitat the interstitial spaces between rocks of the streambed. In winter, they remain in shallow running water, whereas adults overwinter in subterranean retreats or in streams, often remaining active throughout winter if the substrate doesn't freeze. As a relatively small amphibian, the northern dusky salamander spends most of its life in hiding.
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Haakon simply sailed to Orkney to overwinter with his forces. He unexpectedly fell ill and died there before he had the chance to resume operations. The campaign had started too late, and the Scottish king had successfully prolonged negotiations to his own advantage. As the summer turned to autumn, and the royal envoys parleyed back and forth, Alexander III had further strengthened his forces in the defence of his realm, and left Haakon's fleet to the mercy of the deteriorating weather.
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These are often subtending a 10-20mm bud, which will overwinter and grow a new plant in spring. While most Rhynchospora have large rhizomes (tuber-like stems below the soil surface), R.alba has very small rhizomes, or none at all, and very shallow root systems. This reflects its different life history to many other sedges – R.alba loses all but the basal overwintering bud during the winter, while most other species retain and store nutrients in well developed rhizome and root structures.
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Adults are in reproductive diapause and overwinter in protected sites such as under tree barks, particularly of old, standing trees, hedgerows, lichen, and in forests or leaf litter. At early spring, they can be observed feeding on pollen and nectar of nearby flowers and particularly on Fabacae and Vicia spp.. Some B. rufimanus can survive during winter in larval or pupal diapause inside the seeds and terminate their diapause, finish their post-embryonic growth and emerge from the seeds after sowing.
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Corn flea beetles can transmit the bacteria northward during the summer, but if the insect vectors cannot survive the harsh winter temperatures, then the bacteria cannot be spread. The toothed flea beetle, adult 12-spotted cucumber beetle, seed corn maggot, wheat wireworm, white grubs, and larvae of corn rootworms can also carry P. stewartii from one plant to another during the summer. These pests cannot overwinter and transmit this disease. All sweet corn varieties are susceptible to wilt in the first leaf stage.
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However, this has not been successful in colder climates, perhaps due to an inability of overwinter. Podisus maculiventris eggs are also sold commercially for use in control programs and this has proven successful in controlling pests in European and North American heated greenhouses. Use in large area field crops is often not economically viable due to the production costs of raising the bug. In addition, naturally occurring populations often are not numerous enough to overpower large populations of pests in the spring.
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The infection begins to spread up the host to the top branches, creating leaf spots and cankers where ever it can. After the disease has used all the resources of the leaves, they have become black and shriveled. The leaves fall like normal in the fall, and overwinter on dead leaves on the ground. In the spring the wind picks up the Pycnidium S. musiva spores and it carries them to find a new host to start the infection all over again.
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The yellow-eyed pigeon breeds in southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, north-east Iran and the extreme north-west part of China. It migrates southwards in the autumn to overwinter in Pakistan, north-western India and northwestern China, in the provinces of Xinjiang and Gansu. In its breeding area it inhabits steppes and other lowland habitats including semi-arid and arid areas. In its winter quarters it is found in agricultural areas, orchards and open countryside with scattered trees.
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Elke Erb was born at Scherbach (today part of Rheinbach) in the hills south of Bonn. Her parents had moved there with her uncle Otto and his family in 1937 in order, as her father put it, to "overwinter National Socialism". Ewald Erb (1903–1978), her father, worked at the local tax office, having lost his academic post as a Marxist literary historian at the University of Bonn in 1933 on account of "Communist activities". Her mother Elisabeth worked on the land.
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The pathogen will overwinter in either perennial weeds, ornamentals, or vegetables or within the leafhopper vector. Some examples of weed host plants are thistle, wild carrot, dandelion, field daisy, black-eyed Susan, and wide- leafed plaintain. The vector leafhopper feeds on the phloem of aster yellows- infected plants by inserting its straw-like mouthpart, a stylet, into the cell and extracting it. Once the phytoplasma is acquired, an incubation period follows in which it multiplies within the leafhopper and then moves to the salivary glands.
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Both male and female spruce bud moths mate multiply, however males have the ability to secrete accessory gland proteins that prevent female re-mating. The moth is univoltine, meaning only one generation hatches per year, and its eggs overwinter from July to May. The species Z. ratzeburgiana is very similar to Z. canadensis and can only be distinguished by the presence of an anal comb in Z. canadensis. In 1980, the moth was named a pest due to its effects on the white spruce tree’s growth.
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In cooler climates, hatchlings overwinter in the nest. The common snapping turtle is remarkably cold-tolerant; radiotelemetry studies have shown some individuals do not hibernate, but remain active under the ice during the winter. Hibernating snapping turtles do not breathe for, in the northern part of their range, more than six months since ice covers their hibernating site. These turtles can get oxygen by pushing their head out of the mud and allowing gas exchange to take place through the membranes of their mouth and throat.
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C. stigma usually completes two lifecycles a year in Canada and the North United States but may complete several lifecycles a year further down South. They overwinter in ground litter during the colder months. C. stigma has been shown, like other ladybeetles, to be susceptible to the use of insecticides diminishing its population in the wild. In order to preserve the benefits of this insect, pesticide users are encouraged to use natural alternatives to pesticide in order to curb the decline of C. stigma.
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Mary Odile Cahoon OSB (1929-2011) was an American Benedictine nun who was among the first women to do research in Antarctica. She had a doctorate in biology, and taught at the College of St. Scholastica.Obituary at the Mayo News In 1974, Mary Odile Cahoon and Mary Alice McWhinnie became the first women scientists to overwinter at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, with 128 men, although the first woman to be there in the winter was in 1947 and other countries had taken women to Antarctica for some years.
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Chrysoperla carnea larva The green lacewing adults overwinter buried in leaf litter at the edge of fields or other rough places, emerging when the weather warms up in spring. Each female lacewing lays several hundred small eggs at the rate of two to five per day, choosing concealed spots underneath leaves or on shoots near potential prey. The eggs are normally laid during the hours of darkness. The larvae hatch in three to six days, eat voraciously and moult three times as they grow.
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Both eggs and juveniles can overwinter in dead roots. In response to rice paddy desiccation, these nematodes can survive by entering an anhydrobiotic state until the rains begin, which allows the nematode populations to remain dormant. As a consequence to the nematode's behavior and survival, control measures have proven with little success. Also, certain control measures such as the use of nematicides are not economically feasible since rice does not have a high enough cash value in developing countries, where rice production is most prevalent.
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In the latter half of the 18th century John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckingham, embarked on works that would radically change the appearance of the gardens. All traces of formality were removed, and naturally arranged clumps of trees were planted to create a landscape garden. By the 1780s an orangery had been built to overwinter tender citrus trees. Following the 2nd Earl's death in 1793, his youngest daughter Caroline, Lady Suffield, employed landscape gardener Humphry Repton and his son John Adey Repton to advise on garden matters.
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Adult D. brevis overwinter hiding in cracks and crevices. In the spring, the adult female lays its eggs on suitable host trees near the developing buds while in the summer it inserts the eggs into plant tissues such as the midribs of leaves. The eggs hatch in two to three weeks and then pass through five nymphal instars. At , nymphal development takes about 25 days in the laboratory, and during this period, up to 400 eggs and nymphs of the pear psyllid (Psylla pyri) are consumed.
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The fungus is capable of forming pycnidia in dry shoots for up to two years after the tissue has died off. As long as the environmental conditions are right, secondary inoculum will continue to be produced. At the end of the prime growing season, new spores (contained in pycnidia) overwinter on dead, dry tissue until conditions improve, in which the reproductive cycle starts up again.MBG: Phomopsis Blight of Juniper There are two spore types produced by this pathogen, an alpha-spore and beta-spore.
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Adult C. pyricola overwinter on the bark or twigs of a pear tree, or on other trees and shrubs near pear orchards. In the spring, the female lays eggs on twigs and expanding shoots of host trees, attaching them by means of short stalks on their ventral surfaces. On hatching, the nymphs feed on the buds and flowers of the host tree, inserting their mouthparts and sucking out the sap. Later in the year, the eggs are laid beside the veins on the upper surface of leaves.
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Blueberry shoestring virus is a widespread disease of blueberries in Michigan and New Jersey, but it has also been detected in Washington, Oregon and New Brunswick, Canada. The blueberry aphids overwinter as tiny eggs at the bases of the buds of the blueberry plant. Once young foliage has begun to develop, the young aphids will search for a place to feed and may move between adjacent plants. Aphid colonies reproduce most quickly on fast-growing young shoots so it is important to avoid over fertilization.
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The tufted duck breeds throughout temperate and northern Eurasia. It occasionally can be found as a winter visitor along both coasts of the United States and Canada. It is believed to have expanded its traditional range with the increased availability of open water due to gravel extraction, and the spread of freshwater mussels, a favourite food. These ducks are migratory in most of their range, and overwinter in the milder south and west of Europe, southern Asia and all year in the British Isles.
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Damselflies are hemimetabolous insects that have no pupal stage in their development. The female inserts the eggs by means of her ovipositor into slits made in water plants or other underwater substrates and the larvae, known as naiads or nymphs, are almost all completely aquatic. Exceptions include the Hawaiian Mealagrion oahuense and an unidentified Megapodagrionid from New Caledonia, which are terrestrial in their early stages. The spreadwings lay eggs above the waterline late in the year and the eggs overwinter, often covered by snow.
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There is a single brood per year in June and July. The males congregate on hilltops, screes and rocky places in tundra regions and the females fly to join them. After mating, the females return to wet boggy land where they deposit their eggs on or near their host plants which are believed to be grasses, (Poa species). Little is known of the development of the larvae, but it is assumed that they overwinter twice before maturing as the butterflies are locally abundant only in alternate years.
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Pseudothecium of grape anthracnose, the sexual fruiting body of the fungus, has asci containing eight four-celled ascospores. The fungus also overwinters as pseudothecium, but the importance of ascospores in disease development is not clearly understood. The study done by Mirica (1998) validated that the ascospores do germinate and infect the tissue and produce the Sphaceloma phase which shows the existence of the perfect stage of Elsinoe ampelina. Overall, conidia and ascospores overwinter on the ground and on infected tissue and become the source of primary inoculum.
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B. affinis queens overwinter, but they most likely will live underground or burrow into rotting logs during the winter to survive. While B. affinis habitat used to be highly prevalent, a large decline has occurred in recent years, possibly due to increased land development and agricultural use. Until the 1980s, it was one of the most common species of bumblebee in southern Ontario. Since then, the species has had a drastic decline in number and is now difficult to find in its normal range.
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The emergence of A. bilineata is synchronized with the egg laying of Delia species since the first instars of A. bilineata may overwinter within the host pupae in order to emerge as adult in the warmer weather of spring. Competition occurs between A. bilineata and T. rapae, which has been shown to be harmful to both specimens, but particularly T. rapae. Aleochara bipustulata is another species of rove beetle that is a predator to Delia spp. however much smaller than that of A. bilineata.
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Erris has a large range of habitats including blanket bogs, estuaries, salt marshes, fresh water lakes, coasts, cliffs, machair, sand dunes, sandy beaches and rocky shores. It is an important area for bird watchers as the largely treeless landscape allows relatively easy access for birdwatching. Brent geese overwinter here feeding along the estuaries, and corncrake, chough, rock dove and twite are sometimes seen at Erris Head. Sightings of rarer birds, such as the grey phalarope, booted warbler and Wilson's petrel, have also been recorded.
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Tourism around the overwintering sites in Mexico and California provides income for those who provide such services. Residents near the overwintering sites are concerned that their children do not have enough to eat so they are forced to continue illegal logging. Other residents take advantage of the months butterflies overwinter near their homes. Though they consider themselves quite poor, it is possible for them to generate enough income to last them through the year acting as guides, providing lodging and meals, selling crafts and souvenirs.
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The blueback herring or blueback shad (Alosa aestivalis) is an anadromous species of herring from the east coast of North America, with a range from Nova Scotia to Florida. Blueback herring form schools and are believed to migrate offshore to overwinter near the bottom. These fish are silvery in color, have a series of scutes (modified, spiny and keeled scales) along their bellies, and are characterized by deep bluish-green backs. They reach a maximum size of approximately and are believed to live up to 8 years.
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The nearly full-grown larvae overwinter in mined needles and resume feeding in the early spring in adjacent needles. Each larva then mines from 6 to 10 needles and secures them to the twig with silk. Full-grown larvae, about 9 mm long, pupate in a silken cocoon in the soil litter, or occasionally on the tree in May or June. The pupae become moths in four weeks and the females lay eggs, usually singly, occasionally in clusters, on needles produced in the previous year.
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It is also possible for oospores and mycelium to overwinter in the seeds of maize. The mycelium infects the scutellum of the seed. The oospores and mycelium that are present in the seed often lose their viability when the seeds are dried, but under the right circumstances, it is possible for these infected seeds to become a source of inoculum, infecting the maize plant as it grows. Infection of the seed itself often occurs with the plant that produced the seed had been infected later in development.
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The male frog's advertisement call is a series of a few small grunts, usually given while swimming around under water. Choruses are weak and easily missed. This species is usually active in daylight and inhabits dense, shrubby, or emergent riparian vegetation and still or slow-moving perennial and ephemeral water bodies that also serve as breeding sites. The tadpoles (larvae) of this species may metamorphose into frogs within about 7 months of hatching from the egg, or may overwinter, taking up to 13 months.
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There are usually two to three broods in a year, but in northern areas, the species may be univoltine. In some places such as the UK, some will pupate and emerge in the same year and others will overwinter as pupae before emerging the following year, a situation known as being partially bivoltine. The caterpillar spends the first part of its life with the appearance of a bird dropping, an effective defense against predators. As the caterpillar grows larger, it becomes green with black and orange markings.
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Eyrarbakki, The museum and church Eyrarbakki Eyrarbakki is a small village in the south coast of Iceland with a long history. It was an important trading place and for centuries the harbor at Eyrarbakki was the main port in the south of the country. When the Danish merchants were allowed to overwinter, for the first time in Iceland in 1765 they built a house in the village center to accommodate the factor and his family. It is a wooden building with characteristics of Danish architecture.
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P. gregata does not produce survival structures, but has the ability to overwinter as mycelium in decaying soybean residue. Two strains of the fungus exist;Grau, C. "Brown Stemrot of Soybeans." genotype A causes both foliar and stem symptoms, while genotype B causes only stem symptoms. Common leaf symptoms are browning, chlorosis, and necrosis Foliar symptoms which are often seen with genotype A are chlorosis, defoliation, and wilting. Brown Stem Rot of soybeans is a common fungal disease in soybeans grown in the upper Midwest and Canada.
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Building at the Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan Métis hivernant settlement in 1874 Hivernants was used during the North American fur trade to describe Métis who spent the winter months hunting and trapping on the Canadian prairies where they built small temporary villages. The word is French for "winterer". "Hiverner" the verb means to overwinter. The hivernants were active in hunting buffalo (bison) during the cold-weather season (mid-November to mid-March) when the bison's hair was thick enough for the production of buffalo robes.
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Ralstonia solanacearum can overwinter in plant debris or diseased plants, wild hosts, seeds, or vegetative propagative organs like tubers. The bacteria can survive for a long time in water (up to 40 years at 20–25 °C in pure water), and the bacterial population is reduced in extreme conditions (temperature, pH, salts, e.g.). Infected land sometimes cannot be used again for susceptible crops for several years. R. solanacearum can also survive in cool weather and enter a state of being viable but not culturable.
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Coastal cutthroat trout use a large variety of habitat types, including lower and upper reaches of both large and small river systems, estuaries, sloughs, ponds, lakes, and near shore ocean waters. They spend more time in fresh water environments than other anadromous Pacific salmonids. In fresh water they prefer deeper pool habitat and cover, such as that formed by woody debris. The semi-anadromous forms of coastal cutthroat trout do not overwinter in saltwater and rarely make extended migrations across large bodies of water.
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They planned to leave Gosnold and some of the crew to start a colony while Gilbert returned to Devon for more supplies. However, when it became known that Gilbert had provided insufficient provisions to overwinter (their provisions, after division, would have lasted only six weeks), all hands decided to return to England with him. They made a very short voyage of five weeks and landed at Exmouth on 23 July. Their freight realised a great profit, the sassafras alone selling for £336 a ton.
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Sphaceloma arachidis is a fungal pathogen that produces asexual spores known as conidia and microconidia. Both of these spores are stored in acervuli, which are asexual fruiting bodies that have a pad or mat-like shape and are formed below the epidermal tissue of the host. For survival, the spores overwinter in infected debris, and the surviving spores serve as a source of inoculum for the next growing season. A second source of inoculum is also spread during the growing season, making this a polycyclic disease.
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In colder areas like South Australia and Southern Canada, the species cannot overwinter and must therefore be replaced by new migrants each year. According to recent research carried out by biologists at Rutgers University- Newark this species of dragonfly is the world's longest known distance insect traveller. Genetic evidence taken from dragonflies across the globe suggests that these small size insects are travelling vast distances to mate and are thus creating a worldwide gene pool. Another study concluded that Pantala flavescens is a near global panmictic population.
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455 Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, among (pelagic) seabirds, species of the Southern Hemisphere are more likely to migrate. This is because there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere, and more islands suitable for seabirds to nest.
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For pecan anthracnose, it is best to use a similar control method to that used against pecan scab. Both pecan scab and anthracnose are best controlled by making sure the plants get plenty of airflow to keep their environment dry (one way to do this is by making sure the plants are not crowded together). Additionally, it is important to remove the dead leaves, nuts, etc. from the past season because the pathogen can overwinter in these structures and strike again the following year).
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Bumblebees are important pollinators of both crops and wildflowers. Because bumblebees do not overwinter the entire colony, they do not stockpile honey, and therefore are not useful as honey producers. Bumblebees are increasingly cultured for agricultural use as pollinators, among other reasons because they can pollinate plants such as tomato in greenhouses by buzz pollination whereas other pollinators cannot. Commercial production began in 1987, when Roland De Jonghe founded the Biobest company; in 1988 they produced enough nests to pollinate 40 hectares of tomatoes.
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In late summer, the last brood fed on other species of flower as the clovers faded, including Lespedeza lineata and Symphyotrichum ericoides. These late bees were reproductive females and males, the females of which would overwinter after mating. Halictus confusus nests in aggregations and exhibits a primitive form of eusociality, with castes that are behaviorally distinct but not morphologically different. A queen will found a new nest each Spring which has a horizontal entrance tunnel beneath a mound, this entrance is guarded by the bees.
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His wife Edith Ronne accompanied him on this expedition, serving as 'historian and correspondent for the North American Newspaper Alliance'. She and the chief pilot's wife Jennie Darlington were the first women to overwinter in Antarctica.Finn Ronne, Veteran Polar Explorer, Comes Out Of The Cold (The Milwaukee Sentinel – Nov 30, 1979) In the 1950s, the Navy organized Operation Deepfreeze to complete the mapping of Antarctica and establish centers for scientific research. Ronne became the scientific and military leader for a U.S. Weddell Sea base.
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Puskeppeleit was born April 4, 1955, her father was a construction engineer, her mother a ballet dancer. Since her early childhood Puskeppeleit was fascinated by the Norwegian polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen. In the early eighties Puskeppeleit decided to overwinter as female expedition doctor in the Antarctic and gave first scientific lectures on polar medicine in 1986. She studied medicine at the Johann Wolfgang von Goethe University of Frankfurt, as well as at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität medical university of Heidelberg, Germany from 1982-1984.
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Upon infection, oospores that overwinter on leaf tissue and petioles give rise to sporangiophores which have lemon-shaped sporangia at their tips. Sporangia can infect taro leaves either directly via germ tubes or indirectly by producing zoospores. Whether sporangia infect directly or indirectly depends on weather conditions. If weather conditions are favorable, such as warm temperatures, sporangia infect directly via germ tubes. Germ tubes give rise to appressorium which form haustorium and allow the pathogen to extract nutrients without penetrating the host’s cell membrane.
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Biological management of annual bluegrass weevils has only been proven moderately effective in the lab environment. Research of parasitic nematodes has shown to be promising, while parasitic wasp research has been unsuccessful. Cultural management of annual bluegrass weevil can be achieved by limiting the populations of susceptible hosts, providing adequate moisture and fertility, and removing leaf litter from turf areas in the fall as this is where the adult ABWs overwinter. Chemical management of annual bluegrass weevil is the most effective way to reduce the pest population.
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The environs of Sidney provides habitat for a diverse array of fish and wildlife, both terrestrial and marine, coming and going with the seasons. For this reason it is a growing mecca for bird watchers, whale watchers, scuba-divers and eco-tourism. Sidney's most famous inhabitant is the bufflehead featured prominently on its coat of arms. The bufflehead is just one of many species of waterfowl that overwinter in Shoal Harbour Migratory Bird Sanctuary, one of the oldest marine sanctuaries on the west coast.
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The ranch was sold to the Greenacre brothers in 1909. In 1917 Ida and Clarence Munroe purchased the land from the Greenacres, which in 1914 was approximately . Government permits had recently been made available to graze livestock on federal land, which allowed ranchers to move cattle in the spring into the mountains, returning the herds in the fall to overwinter on the plains. In 1921, the Munroes had expanded their operation to include 3,200 head of sheep, and profits were used to purchase other smaller ranches.
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The end of a gall where infection was complete: The tissue has since become necrotic on this hardened remnant. In the fall, the immature female adelgid, small, globular, and wingless (1.2-1.7 mm), finds a spruce on which to overwinter. In the spring when the winter thaw occurs, the female matures and lays some eggs in what resembles sacks (totalling several hundred eggs) on the branches near the developing buds. These, in fact, are not sacks, but individual tufts of white waxy threads that protect the eggs.
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In the following years, the Orangery was built on the west of the palace and the central area was extended with a large domed tower and a larger vestibule. On top of the dome is a wind vane in the form of a gilded statue representing Fortune designed by Andreas Heidt. The Orangery was originally used to overwinter rare plants. During the summer months, when over 500 orange, citrus and sour orange trees decorated the baroque garden, the Orangery regularly was the gorgeous scene of courtly festivities.
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The fly starts life as an egg, one to thirty of which are laid on the stems of its host plant, the Canada or creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense), during the host's growing season. After hatching, the larvae burrow into the stem and form a gall (or swelling). The larvae grow to reach 98% of their full adult body weight, and overwinter in the gall in the third larval stage (instar). They pupate in early spring for 24 to 35 days and appear reddish brown.
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L. lineolaris rely on weeds growing among cultivated crops in order to overwinter therefore application of herbicides on these weeds would serve as an effective control for these insects. To control L. lineolaris population on strawberry plants, methods including insecticides have been used but recently biological controls are being implemented. Because numerous applications of insecticides are used for annual control of L. lineolaris population, there are studies done to examine the proper time period for these applications. One such study by Wood et al.
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Despite variation in planting stock, poor storage environments and adverse weather, 4th-year results showed a consistent pattern of reasonable survival and growth rates among trees planted through July, with a rapid decline in performance of trees planted thereafter. Overwinter storage of stock has also been employed. It has the advantage of lifting stock at the end of the growing season when physiological processes are invoking natural dormancy. Time of fall lifting was investigated by Mullin and Parker (1976)Mullin, R.E.; Parker, J.D. 1976.
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They also occur among bracken, which provides shade for the appropriate violet species. The caterpillars overwinter by hibernating, and then reemerge in the spring to finish growth and pupate. However, recent studies have shown that times of laying, hatching, and reemerging vary by temperature, and all life cycle stages appear to be strongly linked to the timing of the seasons. This effect is a suspected form of plastic behavior seen in many species of insects, especially ones in temperate climates that experience large temperature changes due to a change in seasons.
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Adults emerge from pupae to complete the life cycle in about 4–5 weeks in the summer. (For images of various life stages of a related species, see Diorhabda carinulata at commons) Five generations of MTB occur through spring and fall in central Texas (Milbrath et al. 2007, Tracy and Robbins 2009). Similar to the northern tamarisk beetle, adults begin to enter diapause in the late summer and early fall, ceasing reproduction and feeding to build fat bodies before seeking a protected place to overwinter (Lewis et al. 2003).
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R. padi has a worldwide distribution and according to research, they can colonize a number of dicotyledon host plants, although their preference is within monocotyledon plant groups much like the closely related R. maidis and R. rufiabdominale. The main plant hosts are categorized and listed below but as the name suggests, the primary host is Prunus padus, where it overwinters as eggs. In Northern America, it is found to overwinter on Prunus virginiana (common choke-cherry). In spring, it attacks all major cereals and pasture grasses; particularly barley, oats, wheat and other Gramineae plant species.
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In July 1908, when Whitney was 34 years old, he and two "sportsman" friends found berths on the Roosevelt and the Erik, the ships carrying Peary's expedition north for his final attempt to reach the Pole. Whitney and his friends hoped to hunt musk ox, polar bears, and other arctic game and then return on the ship. However, upon reaching Etah, Greenland, they learned that musk ox could only be hunted in the late winter. Whitney decided to overwinter in a small shack made from packing materials on the shore.
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His hypothesis was controversial and widely rejected by mainstream geology until the 1950s, when numerous discoveries such as palaeomagnetism provided strong support for continental drift, and thereby a substantial basis for today's model of plate tectonics. Wegener was involved in several expeditions to Greenland to study polar air circulation before the existence of the jet stream was accepted. Expedition participants made many meteorological observations and were the first to overwinter on the inland Greenland ice sheet and the first to bore ice cores on a moving Arctic glacier.
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The gray vireo has skulking habits and is difficult to observe in the dense vegetation it inhabits which is mostly pinyon-juniper woodland or scrub oak woodland. It feeds mainly on insects, and birds that overwinter in Mexico additionally consume fruit. Nests are built within of the ground, often in a thorny tree and consist of dry grasses, plant remains, shreds of bark and spider's web, lined with grasses and fine fibres. A clutch of three or four white eggs is laid and incubated by both parents for about thirteen days.
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1998 Υ.ΠΕ.ΧΩ.Δ.Ε. (in Greek)Υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος, Ενέργειας και Κλιματικής Αλλαγής - Αρχείο Παραδοσιακών Οικισμών & Διατηρητέων Κτιρίων - Φ.Ε.Κ. Δ-1081 α/ 13.10.2003 Υ.ΠΕ.ΧΩ.Δ.Ε. (in Greek) It used to be the main residence of the settlers, but nowadays only a handful of them stay throughout the year, as most use it as their summer residence and instead overwinter in Kato Doliana because of the milder climate.Kato Doliana, Ano Doliana, Regional Guide of Peloponnese In recent years it has emerged as a relatively popular tourist destination, with a significant number of visitors, especially during the winter season weekends.
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The last larval instar lives in the cold winter months of June to August and is inactive and overwinters until warmer spring weather occurs. Because of individual variations in the duration of the larval instars, pupae too may overwinter. Cocoons are attached to wood and will only rarely be under stones if there is no other ground cover. Although the females are flightless and tend to stay in their cocoon to bred and lay eggs, some females, after they pupate, have been show to leave and move a short distance from their nest.
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Broad beans in the pod Broad beans have a long tradition of cultivation in Old World agriculture, being among the most ancient plants in cultivation and also among the easiest to grow. Along with lentils, peas, and chickpeas, they are believed to have become part of the eastern Mediterranean diet around 6000 BCE or earlier. They are still often grown as a cover crop to prevent erosion because they can overwinter and, as a legume, they fix nitrogen in the soil. The broad bean has high plant hardiness; it can withstand harsh and cold climates.
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Across Saskatchewan there are breeding, wintering, migration, breeding and wintering, and summering (non-breeding) grounds for 414 species of birds.(recorded 1998) migrants follow flyways which can be determined by banding.Common loon owls, grouse, and finches overwinter in the province. Bird species which can be found in the northern Taiga Shield ecozone, Selwyn Lake Upland ecoregion, include Harris's sparrow (Zonotrichia querula,), pine grosbeak, (Pinicola enucleator), grey-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus, tree sparrow (Passer montanus), spruce grouse (Dendragapus canadensis), willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus), sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), waterfowl and shorebirds.
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Queen Anne's County has two hundred sixty-five miles of waterfront area, much of that being the shores of Kent Island, which stands out from the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay. From the waters of this county, watermen have brought oysters, crabs, and terrapin. Migrating waterfowl overwinter here, and hunting for geese and ducks has been an important part of the county's history. The first settlement in Maryland was on Kent Island on August 21, 1631, and included twenty-five settlers in a manor house, a fort, and other buildings.
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Nothomyrmecia is univoltine, meaning that the queen produces a single generation of eggs per season, and it sometimes may take as many as 12 months for an egg to develop into an adult. Adults are defined as either juveniles or post-juveniles: juveniles are too young (perhaps several months old) to have experienced overwintering whereas post-juveniles have. The pupae generally overwinter and begin to hatch by the time a new generation of eggs is laid. Workers are capable of laying reproductive eggs; it is not known if these develop into males, females or both.
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Myrmica ruginodis overwinters as larvae. The larvae which have experienced the cold weather of a winter can develop into either workers or queens, and the specialisation into castes occurs only about a week before the end of the larval growth. A queen lays eggs throughout the spring and summer, and these larvae form two broods, with different rates of development. The fast brood develop within three months, and become workers; the slow brood take a year to develop and are the larvae which overwinter and develop into queens or workers.
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North of the Tropics, the Red Sea coast receives little rainfall due to the dry heat and intense evaporation. Corals thrive in the clear, warm waters and the reefs here harbour moray eels, redtoothed triggerfish and clownfish. Pelagic fish shown include barracuda, devil rays and a school of manta rays filmed feeding in formation in a Sudanese bay. On the Mediterranean coast, Eleonora's falcons time their breeding to coincide with the passage of migrating birds. Up to two million migrant waders overwinter at the Banc d’Arguin mudflats in Mauritania.
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When disturbed, these crickets leap away with their powerful back limbs, or hide in the leaf litter or among low vegetation. Eggs are laid in the leaf litter in summer and autumn and the crickets overwinter as eggs or as nymphs, with the young maturing in June. Unusually for insects in the grasshopper family, wood crickets survive for two years. Being flightless, these crickets are limited in their dispersal abilities; males have been found to disperse over from the woodland edge but females and nymphs did not move nearly so far.
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Soil fumigation can also be used, with chloropicrin being particularly effective in reducing disease incidence in contaminated fields. In tomato plants, the presence of ethylene during the initial stages of infection inhibits disease development, while in later stages of disease development the same hormone will cause greater wilt. Tomato plants are available that have been engineered with resistant genes that will tolerate the fungus while showing significantly lower signs of wilting. Verticillium albo-altrum, Verticilium dahliae and V. longisporum can overwinter as melanized mycelium or microsclerotia within live vegetation or plant debris.
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Culex pipiens pipiens feeding on a human host. Culex pipiens prefer the blood of bird species that are closely linked to human interaction such as doves and pigeons; however, they do consume human blood. At the end of the summer and the start of the fall season before it is time for them to overwinter, C. pipiens subsist on nectar and other sugary food sources in order to store fat. Therefore, C. pipiens consume both vertebrae blood (including human blood) as well as sugar-heavy energy sources like nectar.
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Azerbaijan is incredibly rich in avifauna. There are 363 species of birds recorded from about 60 families, ranges from the large birds such as vultures, eagles, flamingos, pelicans, cranes to different kinds of colorful little birds such as bee-eaters, Hoopoe, woodcock, little stint, as well as water fowls including ducks, geese and swans. Around 40% of the species are staying all year in Azerbaijan, 27% overwinter there, and 10% pass through on migration. One of the most inspiring bird species is the golden eagle which inhabits mainly mountainous areas such as Nakhchivan.
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Aphids adopting a characteristic stance when feeding on a broad bean stalk The black bean aphid can feed on a wide variety of host plants. Its primary hosts on which the eggs overwinter are shrubs such as the spindle tree (Euonymus europaeus), Viburnum species, or the mock-orange (Philadelphus species). Its secondary hosts, on which it spends the summer, include a number of crops including sugar beets, spinach, beans, runner beans, celery, potatoes, sunflowers, carrots, artichokes, tobacco, and tomatoes. It colonises more than 200 different species of cultivated and wild plants.
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The diamondback moth has a global distribution and is found in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and the Hawaiian Islands. It probably originated in Europe, South Africa, or the Mediterranean region, but the exact migration path is not known. However, in North America it was observed in Illinois in 1854, and then found in Florida and the Rocky Mountains by 1883. Although diamondback moths cannot overwinter effectively in cold climates, it was found in British Columbia by 1905 and is now present in several Canadian regions.
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In autumn, when many salmon die after spawning, dead fish tend to be consumed more often than live ones, and these are the main food for Steller's sea eagles that overwinter in inland rivers with unfrozen waters. On Hokkaido, eagles are attracted by abundant Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) which peak in the Rausu Sea and the Nemuro Straits in February. This resource supports an important commercial fishery which in turn helps to support eagles. Alaska pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), along with the cod, is the most important food source for wintering eagles in Japan.
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Over fifty hectares of the south face of the hill are a Site of Special Scientific Interest owing to its chalk grassland habitat. Grazing ceased in the early 1950s, and consequently the site was gradually invaded by scrub, mostly hawthorn, dogwood, and wild privet. An intensive restoration programme funded by the Countryside Commission and Portsmouth City Council was initiated in 1995; large areas of scrub have now been cleared by machine, and flowers and grasses allowed to regenerate naturally. Scrub re-encroachment is controlled by cattle and horses which graze overwinter.
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It lives in ponds, lakes, canals, marshes, forests, pasture, or agricultural land, sometimes in acid pools on upland moorland or coastal areas. It spends the breeding season in water, laying 100 to 300 eggs which hatch into larvae in about two to three weeks, and then metamorphose after a further six to 9 weeks. In colder areas, the larvae often overwinter in the water and then metamorphose the next year. They become sexually mature in the second year, but neoteny is also known to occur in this species.
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In favorable conditions; notably a moist, well-drained soil, the tree can grow at a rate of almost one meter per year. Trials by the Northern Arizona University found that it is not very tolerant of a hot, arid climate although its leaves sustained comparatively little scorch damage. In trials in southern England conducted by Butterfly Conservation, the tree was found to be intolerant of ponding overwinter. 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' was first introduced to the UK by technology company Pitney Bowes as part of its 'Elms Across Europe' campaign.
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Bipolaris cactivora will overwinter in the asexual state as conidia on grass, weeds, and debris, although sometimes the mycelia will also live on debris or weeds. The pathogen normally begins to infect a host in late spring and early summer when the hosts start to flower and the temperature raises above 25 °C. Once the conidia infect the petals they do not start to cause any visible symptoms until the fruit begins to grow and ripen within the flower. Once the fruit ripens, the fungal conidia germinate, producing mycelia.
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In 1898, they became the first men to spend winter on Antarctica, when their ship Belgica became trapped in the ice. They became stuck on 28 February 1898, and only managed to get out of the ice on 14 March 1899. During their forced stay, several men lost their sanity, not only because of the Antarctic winter night and the endured hardship, but also because of the language problems between the different nationalities. This was the first expedition to overwinter within the Antarctic Circle,Huntford (Last Place on Earth) pp.
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The alternation of sexual and asexual generations may have evolved repeatedly. However, aphid reproduction is often more complex than this and involves migration between different host plants. In about 10% of species, there is an alternation between woody (primary hosts) on which the aphids overwinter and herbaceous (secondary) host plants, where they reproduce abundantly in the summer. A few species can produce a soldier caste, other species show extensive polyphenism under different environmental conditions and some can control the sex ratio of their offspring depending on external factors.
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Because onion seeds are short-lived, fresh seeds germinate more effectively when sown in shallow drills, then thinning the plants in stages. In suitable climates, certain cultivars can be sown in late summer and autumn to overwinter in the ground and produce early crops the following year. Onion bulbs are produced by sowing seeds in a dense pattern in early summer, then harvested in the autumn when the bulbs are still small, followed by drying and storage. These bulbs planted the following spring grow into mature bulbs later in the growing season.
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Varna was stuck in the ice and as Dijmphna tried to assist her, Dijmphna itself got stuck as well. On Christmas Eve 1882 the ice movements became so violent that Varna was crushed and the crew was transferred to Dijmphna to overwinter on the small ship together with its own crew. The ice did not loosen grip of the ships before the middle of July 1883, where Varna finally sank and Dijmphna could continue its voyage. Snellen continued his studies, now from small boats and sledges, along the coast of Novaja Zemlja.
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They breed in subarctic Eurosiberia, further south than Bewicks in the taiga zone. They are rare breeders in northern Scotland, particularly in Orkney, and no more than five pairs have bred there in recent years; a handful of pairs have also bred in Ireland in recent years. This bird is an occasional vagrant to the Indian Subcontinent and western North America. Icelandic breeders overwinter in the United Kingdom and Ireland, especially in the wildfowl nature reserves of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and of the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust.
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Not planting cultivars that have an upright or dense growth habit can reduce disease as these limit airflow and are favorable for the pathogen. Spacing of plants so they are not touching will increase airflow allowing the area to dry out and reduce the spread of disease. Pruning or purposeful removal of diseased, dead, or overgrown limbs on a regular schedule can also help to improve air movement. Sanitation by removing dead or dying plant tissue in the fall will decrease inoculum levels as there is no debris for the sclerotium or mycelia to overwinter.
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Some individuals have become trapped in the ice and were forced to overwinter in the Antarctic – for example, up to 120 "lesser rorquals" were trapped in a small breathing hole with sixty killer whales and an Arnoux's beaked whale in Prince Gustav Channel, east of the Antarctic Peninsula and west of James Ross Island, in August 1955.Taylor, R. J. F. (1957). "An unusual record of three species of whale being restricted to pools in Antarctic sea-ice". In Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 129 (3): 325-331 (abstract only).
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The birds spend the winter widely spread out in the open ocean, though a tendency exists for individuals from different colonies to overwinter in different areas. Little is known of their behaviour and diet at sea, but no correlation was found between environmental factors, such as temperature variations, and their mortality rate. A combination of the availability of food in winter and summer probably influences the survival of the birds, since individuals starting the winter in poor condition are less likely to survive than those in good condition.
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B. dendrobatidis can grow within a wide temperature range (4-25 °C), with optimal temperatures being between 17-25 °C. The wide temperature range for growth, including the ability to survive at 4 °C gives the fungus the ability to overwinter in its hosts, even where temperatures in the aquatic environments are low. The species does not grow well above temperatures of 25 °C, and growth is halted above 28 °C. Infected red-eyed treefrogs (Litoria chloris) recovered from their infections when incubated at a temperature of 37 °C.
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The station is named for Henryk Arctowski (1871-1959), who as meteorologist had accompanied the Belgian explorer Baron Adrien de Gerlache on the Belgian Antarctic Expedition "Belgica", 1897-1899. This was the first expedition to overwinter in Antarctica. He proposed the original notion of a wind chill factor, arguing that wind could be as damaging to human flesh as cold in harsh climates. Established on 26 February 1977, the station is managed by the Polish Academy of Sciences; its main research areas include marine biology, oceanography, geology, geomorphology, glaciology, meteorology, climatology, seismology, magnetism and ecology.
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Up to 5000 or more red-crested pochards overwinter in the reserve The reserve has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports significant numbers of the populations of various bird species, either as residents, or as overwintering, breeding or passage migrants. These include red-crested pochards, pygmy cormorants, saker falcons, common coots, common cranes, pale-backed pigeons, pallid scops-owls, Egyptian nightjars, white-winged woodpeckers, brown-necked ravens, great tits, desert larks, streaked scrub-warblers, Sykes's warblers, Asian desert warblers, saxaul sparrows and desert finches.
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The pathogen Aphanomycete cochlioides, like most oomycete fungi, survives and overwinter as oospores in plant debris or soil. When the soil warms in the spring the oospores receive signals to germinate. The oospores have the ability to directly infect the root in the soil but it is more common for the oospore to play a smaller role in the life cycle producing a specialized hyphae called sporangium. The sporangium has the ability to produce zoospores- which have two different types of flagella, tinsel and whiplash, that allow them to be motile in soil water.
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Africanized honey bees (known colloquially as "killer bees") are hybrids between European stock and the East African lowland subspecies A. m. scutellata; they are often more aggressive than European honey bees and do not create as much of a honey surplus, but are more resistant to disease and are better foragers. Accidentally released from quarantine in Brazil, they have spread to North America and constitute a pest in some regions. However, these strains do not overwinter well, so they are not often found in the colder, more northern parts of North America.
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Abies religiosa—sacred fir, is the overwinter host for the monarch butterfly . Firs are used as food plants by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species, including Chionodes abella (recorded on white fir), autumnal moth, conifer swift (a pest of balsam fir), the engrailed, grey pug, mottled umber, pine beauty and the tortrix moths Cydia illutana (whose caterpillars are recorded to feed on European silver fir cone scales) and C. duplicana (on European silver fir bark around injuries or canker). Abies spectabilis or Talispatra is used in Ayurveda as an antitussive (cough suppressant) drug.
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Aphids predominate in the temperate regions of the world; to overwinter in a cold-resistant resting stage, the fertilized egg, is an adaptation to temperate conditions. One possible short-term advantage of sex is that it generates siblings with a range of genotypes, and a range is more likely to include the fittest genotype for a particular patch than the single genotype of an asexual sibling-ship would. Thus, genetically diverse siblings could have more 'elbow-room' as they are potentially capable of exploiting more than one kind of leaf-patch.
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Egg In Europe the female lays her eggs on blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) in late August which overwinter, hatching the following spring when the buds are breaking. It has been found that the best way to find breeding sites for this species is to look for the conspicuous white eggs in the winter. The larvae are extremely well camouflaged and feed only at night, remaining motionless during the day. Pupation takes place in leaf litter on the ground in late June or early July and are attractive to ants who will bury them in shallow cells.
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Primary infection is mainly caused by the ascospores that overwinter in the fallen debris and the density of these spores in the spring is directly related to the speed and intensity of an apple scab outbreak. In addition to direct removal of fallen infected tissues, mulching of fallen leaves into the soil to destroy the ascospores is advisable. Application of nitrogenous fertilizer to speed up this process can be done immediately prior to leaf fall or as a ground application. More proactive methods of management exist in the form of genetically resistant cultivars and species.
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The bears also isolate walruses when they overwinter and are unable to escape a charging bear due to inaccessible diving holes in the ice. However, even an injured walrus is a formidable opponent for a polar bear, and direct attacks are rare. Walruses have been known to fatally injure polar bears in battles if the latter follows the other into the water, where the bear is at a disadvantage. Polar bear–walrus battles are often extremely protracted and exhausting, and bears have been known to forgo the attack after injuring a walrus.
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Powdery mildew is a polycyclic disease (one which produces a secondary inoculum) that initially infects the leaf surface with primary inoculum, which is conidia from mycelium, or secondary inoculum, which is an overwintering structure called a chasmothecium. When the disease begins to develop, it looks like a white powdery substance. The primary inoculum process begins with an ascogonium (female) and antheridium (male) joining to produce an offspring. This offspring, a young chasmothecium, is used to infect the host immediately or overwinter on the host to infect when the timing is right (typically in spring).
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Because this mold requires water to spread to other plants, Botrytis can be greatly reduced with good drainage to the soil and caution to avoid overwatering. Additionally, sanitation of plants is extremely important, such as deadheading dying flowers and removing infected leaves. The ascospores on this debris could overwinter and infect the plants in the spring, so it is advised to either bury the debris in a hole at least 12” deep or, preferably, burn it. Fungicides are rarely needed and are typically used as a prevention method early in the season.
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They were sent by the voevoda of Yakutsk, Peter Golovin. Having no idea of the proper route, Poyarkov traveled up the rivers Lena, Aldan, Uchur, Gonam. Delayed by 64 portages, it was early winter before he reached the Stanovoy watershed. Leaving 49 men to overwinter, he pushed south over the mountains in December to reach the upper Zeya River in Daur country, where he found a land of farmers with domestic animals, proper houses and Chinese trade goods who paid tribute to the Manchus who were just starting their conquest of China.
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While very slow growing, a number of species, A. retusus for instance, are not particularly difficult to keep. Ariocarpus species have a tuberous root system and are quite sensitive to soil conditions, preferring sharply draining loam based soils with minimal humus. Care should be taken to avoid overwatering, allowing the soil to dry out completely between waterings. Plants require water only during periods of summer growth and should be kept perfectly dry overwinter, with a minimum temperature of 12 °C, although certain species can cope with considerably cooler conditions.
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Metamorphosis takes place two to four months after hatching, but the duration of all stages of larval development varies with temperature. Survival of larvae from hatching to metamorphosis has been estimated at a mean of roughly 4% for the northern crested newt, which is comparable to other newts. In unfavourable conditions, larvae may delay their development and overwinter in water, although this seems to be less common than in the small-bodied newts. Paedomophic adults, retaining their gills and staying aquatic, have occasionally been observed in several crested newt species.
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Elephants, gorillas, monkeys, buffaloes, duikers and chimpanzees are present in the rainforest, Hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) visit the estuary and the beaches are used by leatherback sea turtles for breeding. A local conservation organisation monitors the female leatherback turtles as they come ashore to lay their eggs, tags them, guards the nests, operates a turtle hatchery and provides ecological education for the local populace. Many migratory birds visit the estuary and up to 10,000 waders overwinter there.
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After the insect cadaver has fallen to the ground, the resting spores overwinter in the soil. A portion of them germinate in the spring, producing other spores that are forcibly ejected from the soil, landing on low vegetation where they come into contact with grasshoppers. They penetrate through the cuticle, proliferate and develop rapidly, the infected insect dying within about one week. At an advanced stage of the disease, an infected individual climbs to the top of a plant and dies with its limbs gripping the stem and its head pointing upwards.
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The blue carpenter bees fly from mid-March to mid-October, collecting pollen at various families of plants, especially knapweed (Centaurea), yellow composites (Asteraceae) and Lotus (Fabaceae).Essex Field Club Females dig the nest extracting the soft tissue that fills the cavities of the vertical or slanted dry plant stems and small branches, such as thistles, blackberries (Rubus species), elderberries (Sambucus species) and roses. Then they provide the cells with a mixture of regurgitated nectar and pollen to feed the larvae. Adult males and females overwinter inside their cells into the stems.
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Bull's party also visited Possession Island in the Ross Sea, leaving a message in a tin box as proof of their journey. p. 3 Borchgrevink was convinced that the Cape Adare location, with its huge penguin rookery providing a ready supply of fresh food and blubber, could serve as a base at which a future expedition could overwinter and subsequently explore the Antarctic interior. (Introduction)Preston, pp. 14–16 After his return from Cape Adare, Borchgrevink spent much of the following years in Australia and England, seeking financial backing for an Antarctic expedition.
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The station was renamed Faraday and it continued the longstanding meteorological program that began at Wordie House. Faraday was renamed Vernadsky in 1996 when the UK transferred it to Ukraine.” UKAHT Information Sheet In 1960, Wordie House was briefly reoccupied when a party failed to reach Base T at Adelaide Island and were forced to overwinter in the hut. “The hut consists of the kitchen and living room, generator shed, office, dog room, and toilet,” according to the trust. “A number of original artefacts are still found on site.
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Mullin, R.E. 1966. Overwinter storage of baled nursery stock in northern Ontario. Commonw. For. Rev. 45(3):224–230. Unlike Jorgensen and Stanek's (1962) stock, which was raised 550 km to the south of where it was planted, Mullin's stock was raised in a nursery at about the same latitude as the planting site; the stock experienced inside-bale temperatures down to -15 °C in mid-winter, but still showed first- and second-year survival rates of 85.9% and 65.9%, respectively, compared with 91.4% and 76.2%, respectively, for fresh-lifted stock.
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Hatchlings north of a line from Nebraska to northern Illinois to New Jersey typically arrange themselves symmetrically in the nest and overwinter to emerge the following spring. The hatchling's ability to survive winter in the nest has allowed the painted turtle to extend its range farther north than any other American turtle. The painted turtle is genetically adapted to survive extended periods of subfreezing temperatures with blood that can remain supercooled and skin that resists penetration from ice crystals in the surrounding ground. The hardest freezes nevertheless kill many hatchlings.
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Adults infesting Sorghum bicolor In warm or moderate climates, the greenbug reproduces by parthenogenesis, female insects producing nymphs at the rate of up to five per day on paspalum near the Florida coast. There are three instar stages and a generation length of seven to nine days at . In cooler climates, females mate in the autumn with winged males, and the eggs overwinter on such grasses as Poa pratensis. Within the Post-Soviet states there can be up to fifteen generations in the year and the most favourable temperature is around for wingless forms, and for winged ones.
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In cooler areas E. lanigerum spends the winter months as a nymph on the roots of its host plant or in the more sheltered above ground portions of the host such as under bark on the trunk or main branches. Where sexual reproduction occurs they will also overwinter as eggs and this occurs when elms are prevalent with the eggs being laid into crevices in the bark. The eggs hatch out into wingless "stem mothers" who begin to give birth to nymphs by parthenogenesis. Nymph colonies wintering above ground may be wiped out by severe winter weather.
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He led the 1901-1904 Swedish Antarctic Expedition, aboard the ship Antarctic. The expedition visited the Falkland Islands before the ship, commanded by seasoned Antarctic sailor Carl Anton Larsen, dropped Nordenskjöld's party off at Snow Hill Island, a small island off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Nordenskiöld overwintered at Snow Hill Island, while Antarctic returned to the Falklands. The following summer Larsen brought her south, intending to retrieve the Nordenskiöld party, but she became trapped in ice which eventually crushed her hull, forcing Larsen and his crew to overwinter in a hastily constructed shelter on Paulet Island.
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The Australian reed warbler migrates to South West and South East Australia to breed from overwinter grounds throughout Eastern and Northern Australia. Males arrive at the breeding grounds from July to August onwards. Breading season is October to December in south-eastern Australia and September to December in southern Australia. Males and females build the nest, however females contribute more than males. The nest is a deep cup (6.4 – 9 cm diameter and 7 – 18.5 cm height) made from dead and fresh vegetation usually supported by fresh and dead reed stems found between 30–200 cm off the ground or water surface.
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They often move together in groups akin to schools of fish.Pyke and White, p. 574. Towards the end of the tadpole phase, hind legs appear, followed by front limbs, and the phase ends when the front limbs are developed. This normally occurs between October and April due to the breeding season, but tadpoles been observed in the wild throughout the year, suggesting some tadpoles overwinter; this has been seen to occur for captive tadpoles. The length of the tadpole stage, in the wild and in captivity, is usually between 10 and 12 weeks, but can range from five weeks to a year.
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Common spangle galls on a Quercus robur leaf The spangle gall generation on the underside of the oak leaves are flat discs, with a distinct central elevation, slightly hairy, yellow-green at first and reddish later, attached by a short stalk. These galls are up to 6 mm in diameter, unilocular, unilarval with a whitish or yellow undersurface; they mature in September, detach and fall to the ground before the leaves themselves. The larva continue to develop in the fallen spangle and, protected by the leaf layer, they overwinter. Any Spangle galls that remain attached to the leaves dry up and die.
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This species is actually a rare vagrant to western Europe, where the majority of records, more than 20, have been in Great Britain. In the autumn of 2003, migration was displaced eastwards leading to massive movements through the eastern U.S., and presumably this is what led to no fewer than three American robins being found in Great Britain,, with two attempting to overwinter in 2003–2004, although one was taken by a Eurasian sparrowhawk. A sighting occurred in Great Britain in January 2007.Roberts, John (26 January 2007) "Village braced for invasion of twitchers as rare visitor flies in" , Yorkshire Post.
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In temperate areas, most Nylanderia species produce reproductives during the summer, which overwinter in the nest to then emerge early the following spring; Nylanderia species are typically among the first ant reproductives to fly after Prenolepis. However, little is known about the reproductive biology of many Nylanderia species, especially those inhabiting the tropics. Cases of polygyny have been noted among Nylanderia species, but how widespread this condition is within the genus remains unclear. At least one species, N. flavipes, is somewhat unusual among ants in having populations that are both monogynous (single queen) and polygynous (multiple queens).
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Individuals overwinter underground, most probably at some depth in the soil, where they remain inactive for at least 6 months. Since late April to mid October, instead, they still spend most part of the time resting in the soil, however often in the most upper level, sometimes concealed under occasional shelters (e.g., stones emerging from the ground, dead wood or pieces of barks on the surface). During this period, they exit and move on the surface only when the surface is wet and the air is very humid, especially after intense rains following dry periods, independently from the daily cycle of light.
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In Central Park, New York, USA The birds are year-round residents in parts of its southern range, but the northern populations migrate south for the winter. They overwinter in the southern United States near the Atlantic coast. 75% of the wood ducks in the Pacific Flyway are non-migratory. They are also popular, due to their attractive plumage, in waterfowl collections and as such are frequently recorded in Great Britain as escapes—populations have become temporarily established in Surrey in the past but are not considered to be self-sustaining in the fashion of the closely related Mandarin duck.
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Like all mantids, the California mantis is carnivorous, consuming virtually any other insect it perceives as small enough to be eaten, including other members of its own species. Males and females come together to reproduce but otherwise the adults are strictly solitary. Nymphs hatch in the spring from hard egg cases laid the previous fall. Adults do not overwinter—lifespan is seldom more than one year and usually less than nine months, with females sometimes surviving longer into the winter season than males, presumably allowing the females more time to lay their oothecas on suitable vegetation or rocks before dying.
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Female potato aphids overwinter as eggs on weeds, the sprouts of potatoes in storage and on lettuce under glass. They usually emerge in April and begin feeding on perennial weeds, preferring plants in the family Chenopodiaceae. In May or early June, they migrate to potato, cabbage, tomato and others crops where they feed on shoots, the lower side of leaves, buds and flowers, often on the lower parts of the plant. They are highly polyphagous, feeding on over two hundred species in more than twenty plant families, but their preference is for plants in the family Solanaceae.
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The program was sponsored by the NSF and available to Duke and other cooperating universities including Paul, City College of New York, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, and the Universities of Tennessee. In 1972, McWhinnie was appointed the first female chief scientist on the Eltanin. Until 1969, United States’ Antarctic programs were all male but in 1974, McWhinnie and her research assistant, Mary Odile Cahoon were the first women scientists to overwinter at McMurdo Station, the largest and most accessible station in Antarctica with 128 men. During the 1975-76 summer season, she was the first female scientist to work at Palmer Station.
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This is also true for a number of rare birds, including the hoopoe, kingfisher, wheatear, black woodpecker, whinchat and stonechat. Whilst the strictly protected peregrine falcon has been resident in the rock country of the Wasgau for several decades, hazel grouse and capercaillie appear to have died out in the Palatine Forest region. Typical autumn and winter species include the brambling and chaffinch, which overwinter here and occupy the woods in large flocks. They used to be hunted with blowpipes at night during the so-called Böhämmer Hunt (Böhämmer-Jagd), until this sport was ended by the 1936 Conservation Act.
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In late June or early July, the larvae prepare to overwinter by weaving silken hibernacula and entering diapause until the subsequent snowmelt. This typically occurs when daytime temperatures are at a maximum of 5-10 °C. In their diapausal state, G. groenlandica can withstand temperatures as low as -70 °C, and winter mortality is limited to, on average, a maximum of 13% of the population. The developmental stages of pupation, emergence, mating, egg laying, eclosion, and molting to the second instar stage are all confined to a period of 3–4 weeks during a single summer.
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Pseudomonas syringae overwinters on infected plant tissues such as regions of necrosis or gummosis (sap oozing from wounds on the tree) but can also overwinter in healthy looking plant tissues. In the spring, water from rain or other sources will wash the bacteria onto leaves/blossoms where it will grow and survive throughout the summer. This is the epiphyte phase of P. syringae’s life cycle where it will multiply and spread but will not cause a disease. Once it enters the plant through a leaf's stomata or necrotic spots on either leaves or woody tissue then the disease will start.
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A single caterpillar may go through two to six berries before pupating. Although early larvae of the first generation may cause serious damage by feeding on the blossoms, buds and developing berries,New York State Integrated Pest Management Program the later generations often cause the majority of damage to the grape harvestTexas Winegrape Network by causing parts of berries to ripen early and hollowing out berries, both reducing yield and increasing the risk of fungal infection and infection by fruit flies. Larvae of the last generation overwinter in the pupal stage on the ground, in leaf litter.
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During a mild winter the flowers may continue to appear intermittently. In deeper water the dormant plants survive the winter at the bottom of the pond, but where winters are severe it is a good idea to lift them and overwinter indoors. They can be divided from November to April. Seeds can be found floating on the surface of the aquarium / pond and can be sown in the Spring in about just over an inch of water (3 cm) on a peat / loam substrate at about 20 °C (68 °F) where they will germinate in 1–2 months.
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The Passerines, albeit still quite precocial, need a few days of being fed by the parents until they get to the point where they can acquire their own food resources (Tulp & Schekkerman 2008). The insects of this region are also characterized by having a very short period of conspicuous activity. Many of them overwinter as larvae burrowed in the sediment in a state of diapause, waiting for the snow to melt and the ice to free from the ponds (Maclean & Pitelka 1971). Once clear, the animals can continue their development, that can take as long as 7 years (Butler 1982).
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Archips semiferanus (also known as Archips semiferana) is a species of moth in the family Tortricidae, and one of several species of moth commonly known as oak leafroller or oak leaf roller. The larvae feed on the leaves of oak trees in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada and are a major defoliator of oak trees, which can lead to tree mortality. In Pennsylvania in the late 1960s and early 1970s, oak leafrollers defoliated over . Adult Archips semiferanus moths lay masses of 40 to 50 eggs on oak tree branches and rough bark in July; these overwinter and hatch the next spring.
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The ivy bee Colletes hederae is completely dependent on ivy flowers, timing its entire life cycle around ivy flowering.Hymettus — BWARS Information Sheet: Ivy Bee (Colletes hederae) The fruit are eaten by a range of birds, including thrushes, blackcaps, and woodpigeons. The leaves are eaten by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera such as angle shades, lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing, scalloped hazel, small angle shades, small dusty wave (which feeds exclusively on ivy), swallow-tailed moth and willow beauty. A very wide range of invertebrates shelter and overwinter in the dense woody tangle of ivy.
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While they can germinate in total darkness if proper conditions are present (tests give a 35% germination rate under ideal conditions), in the wild, they in practice only do so when exposed to light, or very close to the soil surface, which explains the plant's habitat preferences. While it can also grow in areas where some vegetation already exists, growth of the rosettes on bare soil is four to seven times more rapid. Seeds germinate in spring and summer. Those that germinate in autumn produce plants that overwinter if they are large enough, while rosettes less than across die in winter.
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Metamorphs appear to move away from breeding ponds soon after transformation, however they probably overwinter nearby in stream channels and associated vegetation (willows, sedges, and grasses). Many juveniles (1+ years in age) probably disperse farther upland into adult foraging habitat, especially by mid-summer of their second year, but they can also be found nearby breeding ponds. Adult upland foraging habitat tends to be covered in seeps and springs, willows, tall forbs, granitic boulders, or (at lower elevation) forest clearings. Rodent burrows play an essential role in providing shelter from predation and weather, as do willows, logs, and rocks.
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To get the workers to remain with the nest and continue to aid her own offspring, the queen often cedes reproduction to alien workers. These workers can produce males or gynes and have high rates of reproduction. They do not, however, overwinter, nor are they morphologically similar to a queen or gyne. The length of lifespan for the queens may be a factor that leads to more reproductive workers in southern climes that have longer breeding seasons; in northern climes, where the queen is generally alive for production of gynes, workers are less likely to be reproductive.
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Alberta, Canada, is the largest rat-free populated area in the world. Rat invasions of Alberta were stopped and rats were eliminated by very aggressive government rat control measures, starting during the 1950s. The only species of Rattus that is capable of surviving the climate of Alberta is the brown rat, which can only survive in the prairie region of the province, and even then must overwinter in buildings. Although it is a major agricultural area, Alberta is far from any seaport and only a portion of its eastern boundary with Saskatchewan provides a favorable entry route for rats.
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They tend to overwinter for a longer period of time than their host P. dominula, which emerges in April. This ensures that the parasites reach the host nest at the optimal time: just before worker emergence, when only the host foundresses are in the nest, leading to an easier invasion. Once a queen P. sulcifer has successfully invaded a nest, the host nest is built up by the host workers after their emergence in early summer. P. sulcifer has an annual cycle, and it has been shown that parasitic members only stay in the host nests for around 50 days.
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Similar to the two other Polistes social parasites, P. atrimandibularis usurps colonies in the late spring, which is roughly one month before the emergence of host workers. This allows the parasite sufficient time to reproduce and exploit the worker force. As soon as the usurper has successfully dominated the host's queen, it begins to lay its own eggs, and will remain in the host colony until the end of its life cycle. It is not until late summer that the newly emerged parasites migrate to the mountains to mate and then overwinter for several months under a thick blanket of snow and ice.
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The Carson Mansion in 1902 William Carson (July 15, 1825 New Brunswick – February 20, 1912 Eureka), for whom the house was built, arrived in San Francisco from New Brunswick, Canada, with a group of other woodsmen in 1849. After rolling out gold slugs in San Francisco, they joined in the northern gold rush, arriving in the Trinity Mountains via the Eel River and Humboldt Bay. They left the Trinity Mountains to overwinter at Humboldt Bay and contracted to provide logs for a small sawmill. In November 1850, Carson and Jerry Whitmore felled a tree, the first for commercial purposes on Humboldt Bay.
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As the region was too remote and thought to be useless, the bay was not again recorded or visited for more than a century. In the 1860s, American explorer Charles Francis Hall's two-masted ship Monticello reached Roes Welcome Sound in 1864 while searching for John Franklin's lost Northwest Passage expedition of 1845 and had to overwinter at the mouth of Wager Bay. In 1879, another American expedition led by Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka searching for John Franklin passed nearby Wager Bay by land. The region eventually became recognized when the fur trade started there at the end of 19th century.
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Like other amphibians, frogs show minimal capacities for freezing tolerance and survive winter by using terrestrial hibernacula where they avoid freezing. However, frogs may exhibit greater freeze-tolerance capacity at high latitude range limits, where winter climate is more severe. For example, data suggests that while cricket frogs in South Dakota survive winter by locating hibernacula that prevent freezing, their toleration of short freezing bouts may expand the range of suitable hibernacula. However, overwinter mortality may be high at the northern range boundary due to colder temperatures and might limit cricket frogs from expanding their range northward.
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A small, mostly but not completely solitary bee that may be important for crop pollination. The mother bee lays her eggs in a hollowed-out pithy stem, where the larvae are fed with pollen provisions, and develop into pupae and then overwinter inside the stem, to emerge and breed in spring. If the mother survives the winter, she often recruits her eldest daughter, typically born smaller than the others, as a worker, whose duties including cleaning, and this daughter dies come winter and never has a chance to reproduce; one author has called this daughter a "Cinderella bee".
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The Pacific birds migrate south down the Pacific coast, staging primarily in the Klamath Basin of southern Oregon and northern California and wintering, eventually, in California's Central Valley. The tule goose is somewhat rare and has been since the latter half of the 19th century, presumably it was affected by destruction of its wintering habitat due to human settlement. In the British Isles, two races overwinter: Greenland birds in Scotland and Ireland, and Russian birds in England and Wales. They gather on farmland at favoured traditional sites, with a famous flock gathering at WWT Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, England.
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They depended on Iceland and Norway for iron tools, wood (especially for boat building, although they may also have obtained wood from coastal Labrador - Markland), supplemental foodstuffs, and religious and social contacts. Trade ships from Iceland and Norway traveled to Greenland every year and would sometimes overwinter in Greenland. Beginning in the late-13th century, laws required all ships from Greenland to sail directly to Norway. The climate became increasingly colder in the 14th and 15th centuries, during the period of colder weather known as the Little Ice Age. In 1126 the Roman Catholic Church founded a diocese at Garðar (now Igaliku).
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Additionally, water-level management and educational programs may be aiding them at a local level. Although efforts have been undertaken in Asia, there is a much higher rate of poaching, shooting and habitat destruction there, which may make conservation efforts more difficult. In 2012, when unusually frigid winter conditions caused the Caspian Sea to freeze over, it resulted in the death from starvation of at least twenty of the Dalmatian pelicans that overwinter there. Despite local authorities' initial attempts to discourage it, many people there turned out with fish and hand-fed the birds, apparently enabling the huge pelicans to survive the winter.
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Crepe myrtles and yew bushes are also commonly grown throughout Metro Nashville, and the winters are mild enough that sweetbay magnolia is evergreen whenever it is cultivated. The pansy flower is popular to plant during the autumn, and some varieties will flower overwinter in Nashville's subtropical climate. However, many hot- weather plants like petunia and even papyrus thrive as annuals, and Japanese banana will die aboveground during winter but re-sprout after the danger of frost is over. Unbeknownst to most Tennesseans, even cold-hardy palms, particularly needle palm and dwarf palmetto, are grown uncommonly but often successfully.
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The female leaves first and tends to winter in more southern territories than the male, while the juveniles will leave the Arctic even later than the adults. The migration of this bird is nocturnal and they are able to detect the geomagnetic field of the earth in order to guide themselves to their breeding and overwinter territory. The orientation of the snow bunting during migration is independent of any type of visual cue. Furthermore, studies have shown that only those individuals with adequate energy storage will be able to select seasonally appropriate directions during their migration.
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In Tibet, they have been recorded at altitudes up to 5,000 m (16,400 ft), and as high as 6,350 m (20,600 ft) on Mount Everest. The population sometimes known as the Punjab raven—described as Corvus corax laurencei (also spelt lawrencii or laurencii) by Allan Octavian Hume but more often considered synonymous with subcorax—is restricted to the Sindh district of Pakistan and adjoining regions of northwestern India. They are generally resident within their range for the whole year. In his 1950 work, Grønlands Fugle [Birds of Greenland], noted ornithologist Finn Salomonsen indicated that common ravens did not overwinter in the Arctic.
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1) Back view of adult; 2) side view of adult; 3) egg; 4) side view of larva; 5) ventral view of pupa; 6) adult, with wings spread Adult weevils overwinter in well-drained areas in or near cotton fields, and farms after diapause. They emerge and enter cotton fields from early spring through midsummer, with peak emergence in late spring, and feed on immature cotton bolls. The boll weevil lays its eggs inside buds and ripening bolls (fruits) of the cotton plants. The female can lay up to 200 eggs over a 10- to 12-day period.
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Instar IV cases consists of coarse sand grains at their anterior and needles and twigs at their posterior. The fifth instar stage is where the larvae is at its largest, averaging at 30 mm in length, with 40 mm being the maximum length reported. This final stage occurs around late summer, the larvae are active until water temperature drops to 0-2 C, during November or December. At this stage, their cases consist of only mineral material and the larvae attach their cases at their anterior to the underside of rocks and boulders, to live overwinter.
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The adults mostly overwinter in leaf litter in woods but some find refuge among rough vegetation. When the temperature reaches about they seek out cereal crops, start to feed on the stems, leaves and developing seed heads, mate and lay their eggs. There is only one generation each year so adults and nymphs can be found feeding together on the ripening grain. If the insects are not fully developed when the crop is harvested, some nymphs and young adults feed and mature on fallen grain and other crop residues before flying off to their winter quarters.
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The name The Goose Field comes from the large numbers of barnacle geese who overwinter on the site, grazing and living at the seasonal freshwater pond. The population of geese is usually around 3000 birds, Ireland’s biggest mainland flock, which arrive in October and live at the reserve until April. Other waterfowl and waders also inhabit the site over winter, including teal and wigeon ducks, pintails, shovelers, redshanks, greenshanks, bar-tailed godwits, golden plovers, lapwings and dunlins. Chaffinches, bramblings, greenfinches, goldfinches, and buntings live near a cereal patch, in which oats and linseed have been planted, at the eastern end of the site.
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In June and July A. alsine builds small webs (less than 10 or 20 cm high) near the ground and waits near them in dried leaves that it has rolled together, forming an inverted cone.Laura Joint Strawberry spiders forever - BBC article on "one of the UK's rarest species of spider" The retreat and web can be found in low vegetation, often near bushes of Vaccinium uliginosum.Araneus alsine, Pink orb weaver - Danish Spiders Mating occurs in June and July, eggs are laid until August. The spiderlings soon hatch, overwinter in a subadult stadium and are full-grown in early summer next year.
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The Kladovo Transport was an illegal Jewish refugee transport, started on November 25, 1939 in Vienna, the aim of which was to flee to Eretz Israel. As a result of early freezing to the Danube, the refugees in the Yugoslav river- port of Kladovo had to overwinter. In 1940, they waited in vain on a sea-going vessel for the onward journey, and they had to move to the port of Šabac on the Sava, where they were caught by the Nazis in 1941. Only about 200 young people, as well as a few adults could be saved or escape on their own.
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In the former USSR, Aphis craccivora overwinters as eggs, often at the base of young alfalfa plants, but is also reported to overwinter on Acacia, camelthorn and perennial weeds. The eggs hatch in early spring and the first larvae are known as fundatrix (stem mothers) and feed at first on alfalfa. These aphids are all female and reproduce by parthenogenesis, producing nymphs which moult four times over the course of eight to twelve days. By the end of April, winged females have migrated to other host plants, often Acacia, and later to cotton, on which crop this pest does much damage.
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In 1977 the Esperanza Base was elected to as the place of filing of Argentine families that traveled at the end of that year to overwinter at the base. The first director of the Argentine Antarctic Institute, general Hernán Pujato, was the forerunner of the installation of the Fortín Sargento Cabral when on 13 August 1954 he proposed the Argentine Government create a farmhouse out cape Spring to populate it with family groups. The idea had aimed strengthening the Argentine rights in that part of Antarctica. After finishing the construction of the houses, the Fortín Sargento Cabral was inaugurated on 17 February 1978.
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The Malesanden and Huse Wildlife Sanctuary () is located on the east side of Harøya island in the municipality of Ålesund in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The area received protection in 1988 "to preserve an important wetland area with its habitat, bird life and other wildlife," according to the conservation regulations. The area consists of a low, wide sandy beach that is a nesting, resting, and overwintering site for various birds: waders, the common shelduck, and the greylag goose. Waterfowl and seabirds overwinter to such an extent that it is considered to have national or even international importance.
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Although C. septempunctata is mainly aphidophagous it also feeds on Thysanoptera, Aleyrodidae, on the larvae of Psyllidae and Cicadellidae, and on eggs and larvae of some beetles and butterflies.Savoiskaya, G.I., Coccinellid Larvae (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of the Fauna of the USSR (Nauka, Leningrad Branch, Leningrad, 1983) (Keys to the Fauna of the USSR, Published by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, No. 137) [in Russian]. There are one or two generations per year. Adults overwinter in ground litter parks, gardens, and forest edges, of treelines, and under the tree bark and rocks.
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In that year he studied at Kew Observatory making a special feature of magnetism and it was in the capacity of Magnetic Observer that he was invited by the Norwegian Carsten Borchgrevink to join the Southern Cross Expedition to the Antarctic. This would be the first expedition to overwinter on the Antarctic mainland; Colbeck took charge of the expedition's magnetic observation work. After returning to Britain in 1900, Colbeck was soon going southward again, this time in command of the relief ship , sent to resupply Robert Falcon Scott's , then trapped in the ice at McMurdo Sound in the Antarctic.Crane, pp. 232–240.
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The eggs hatch in about a week and the white, legless larvae eat their way through the stem tissues, creating tunnels up to in length. Having passed through five or six instars over a period of up to 106 days, the larvae pupate in the stem, with the adults emerging about twelve days later. There is a single generation each year and the adults overwinter inside the dead potato haulms or the stems of other members of the Solanaceae such as Solanum carolinense. Few enemies of this weevil have been identified, but it is sometimes parasitised by the braconid wasp, Nealiolus curculionis and less frequently by the chalcid wasp, Eurytoma tylodermatis.
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This species may overwinter at all larval stages. Adults are strong flyers and fly from March to October. The heat-dependent caterpillars feed on Viola species (wild pansy or heartsease (Viola tricolor), field pansy (Viola arvensis), Viola canina, Viola odorata, Viola calcarata, Viola lutea, Viola biflora), lucerne (Medicago sativa), borage (Borago officinalis), Anchusa, Rubus and Onobrychis species.Paolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa In the dry regions Issoria lathonia carries out a seasonal vertical migration between hardy evergreen shrubs and small trees of plains and mountain fir pines, where it remains in summer to descend in autumn at low altitude.
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Jennie (Zobrist) Darlington (1924–2017) was an American (born Jan 25, 1924, Baltimore, Maryland) and, with Jackie Ronne, one of the first women to overwinter on Antarctica, during the winter of 1947-1948. She and Ronne were part of a team that re-occupied a former U.S. station (from the U.S. Antarctic Service Expedition in 1939) on Stonington Island in 1946. Darlington became part of the expedition by chance: she had intended to only go as far as Valparaiso, Chile with her husband, Harry Darlington, who was the pilot for the Ronne expedition. The newlyweds spent their honeymoon in Antarctica after Jackie Ronne and her husband requested Jennie's presence.
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Princess Anne Wildlife Management Area is a Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The area comprises four tracts; the Beasely, Trojan, and Whitehurst tracts are located on the western shore of Back Bay, separated from the Atlantic Ocean by False Cape, while the Pocahontas Tract, consisting of a number of marshy islands, is at the south end of the bay. A variety of natural communities may be found on all tracts, and water levels are manipulated to help promote the growth of food for waterfowl that migrate and overwinter in the area. Princess Anne WMA is owned and maintained by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries.
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After landing several times on the Baja California coast for water, wood and whatever supplies they could scrounge they finally, after traveling one hundred and three days, entered San Diego Bay on 28 September 1542. They continued north up the California coast encountering many Indian villages using Native American "tomols" (ocean-going stitched canoes). The continued north up the coast possibly as far as Point Reyes California.Bankston, John; Juan Rodgriquesz Cabrillo; Mitchell Lane Publishers; 2004; On 23 November 1542, the little fleet limped back down the coast to "San Salvador" (identified as today's Santa Catalina Island, California or Santa Rosa Island) to overwinter and make repairs.
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WSMV is semi-persistently transmitted by the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella), a small, cigar-shaped insect that can produce a single generation within 10 days under optimum temperature- approximately 27 °C. Wheat curl mites are slow crawlers, and depend on wind to disperse to other plants; they can also overwinter in abandoned infected wheat or corn heads. The mites also have the ability to transfer WSMV in between wheat and corn crops, allowing the virus to persist year-round. One of the most important management techniques to controlling WSMV is by eliminating “volunteer”, or seedlings from the previous years’ infected crop, wheat plants.
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Adults emerge from pupae to complete the life cycle in about 4–5 weeks in the summer. (For images of various life stages of a related species, see Diorhabda carinulata at Commons.) Five generations of STB occur through spring and fall in central Texas (Milbrath et al. 2007). Similar to the northern tamarisk beetle, adults begin to enter diapause in the late summer and early fall, ceasing reproduction and feeding to build fat bodies before seeking a protected place to overwinter (Lewis et al. 2003). Larvae and adults are sensitive to shorter daylengths as the summer progresses that signal the coming of winter and induce diapause (Bean et al.
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Apiary on the edge of a wood in the Südheide with(from left) modern plastic boxes, Kanitz baskets, a Lüneburg skep and wooden trays Heath beekeeping is a special form of beekeeping used to obtain heather honey. It involves a transportable, swarming hive in which the beekeeper only allows a small number of colonies to overwinter. In spring, the number of colonies increases many times through the process of swarming, and several hundred were not unusual. Over the centuries, by selecting bees that swarm early and often, beekeepers on the heathlands developed an extremely swarm-loving and robust strain from the European dark bee.
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In more southern parts of its distribution there may be a partial second generation in the summer if there is long spell of warm weather. It is polylectic and has been recorded foraging on maples Aceraceae, umbellifers Apiaceae, holly Aquifoliaceae, Asteraceae, crucifers Brassicaceae, dogwoods, Fagaceae, buttercups, roses and willows. It is thought that the offspring complete their development in their brood cells in which they overwinter as fully developed adults before emerging in the following spring through nest entrance. When the adults first emerge they meet each other in and around the burrows and the females are often mated before they can leave it.
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The first and only Danish action on the North American mainland came in 1619 when explorer Jens Munk was commissioned by King Christian IV to command an expedition with the goal of locating the Northwest Passage. He set out with sixty-five men and two ships, sailing past Greenland and through Hudson Strait into Hudson Bay. They were forced to overwinter at the mouth of the Churchill River, a land which Munk named Nova Dania (New Denmark). Over the course of the winter scurvy, cold and disease overwhelmed his crew, and by the time winter had ended he was one of only three people remaining.
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Further lowering the group's spirits, their zoologist, Nicolai Hanson, fell ill, failed to respond to treatment, and died on 14 October 1899. When the southern winter ended and sledging activity became possible, Borchgrevink's assumptions about an easy route to the interior were shattered; the glaciated mountain ranges adjoining Cape Adare precluded any travel inland, restricting exploration to the immediate area around the cape. However, Borchgrevink's basic expedition plan—to overwinter on the Antarctic continent and carry out scientific observations there—had been achieved. When Southern Cross returned at the end of January 1900, Borchgrevink decided to abandon the camp, although there were sufficient fuel and provisions left to last another year.
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D. bryoniae survives on or in seeds, surrounding weeds, or organic debris from previously infected cucurbits. Without a host, the pathogen is able to overwinter and survive for over a year as chlamydospores, hardened masses of hyphae that act as survival structures during dry or otherwise adverse conditions. The pathogen is transferred from infected hosts to healthy plants via ascospores carried in the wind and by conidia that are released from pycnidia by water splash and in gummy exude. Conidia are hyaline and aseptate if produced by the anamorph, and either septate or aseptate (more common) if produced by the teleomorph form of the pathogen.
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This allows fruits and vegetables to be grown at times usually considered off season; market gardeners commonly use polytunnels for season extension. Beyond season extension, polytunnels are also used to allow cold-hardy crops to overwinter in regions where their hardiness is not quite strong enough for them to survive outdoors. Temperature increases of only above outdoor ambient, coupled with protection from the drying effect of wind, are enough to let selected plant varieties grow slowly but healthily instead of dying. The effect is to create a microclimate that simulates the temperatures of a location several hardiness zones closer to the equator (and protects from wind as well).
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Moreover, CMV can overwinter in perennial plants and weeds, as it can survive the winter in the roots of the plant and move to the aerial parts in spring, where it can be transmitted by aphids to other plants. Once the virus penetrates into the host cell, it releases its RNAs into the host cytoplasm. Then, proteins 1a and 2a are produced to enable the virus replication, which takes place in viral factories, which are subcellular compartments which increase the efficiency of this process. There, a dsRNA genome is synthetized from the ssRNA(+) and transcribed in order to obtain viral mRNAs as well as new ssRNAs.
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Success with flowers, a floral magazine, Volumes 11-12, 1900, Page 271. If the species identification is correct, the 1903 report in The Flower Garden states that: "Giant Yellow is a beautiful canary yellow with crimson throat, hardy as far north as St. Louis, but safer in the cellar above that latitude", then Hibiscus calyphyllus may have some degree of cold tolerance. St. Louis, Missouri is in USDA Zone 6a but there are currently no reports of Hibiscus calyphyllus overwintering in USDA Zone 6a; it is known to overwinter successfully in USDA Zone 8a. Hibiscus calyphyllus grows to 1-1.8 meters (3–6 feet) tall.
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The eastern race of the desert wheatear breeds in a great swathe of Asia extending from the Middle East and Saudi Arabia through Iran, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, the south Caucasus, Turkestan, the Tarbagatai Mountains, the Altai Mountains and north western Mongolia. Birds from this region migrate southwards to overwinter in northeastern Africa, the Arabian peninsula, Iraq and Pakistan. The western race breeds in North Africa from Morocco and Rio de Oro to the part of Egypt west of the River Nile. This population is largely resident but in Morocco, birds in the south and east part migrate while those in the south west tend not to.
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There are currently no fungicides labeled for use to combat B. cactivora in the United States, though difenoconazole has been shown to be effective against the fungus. The recommended cultural practices to combat Bipolaris rot are to limit canopy wetness and to maintain a sanitized field. Irrigating in the morning to allow for the plants to dry throughout the day as well as proper spacing of the plants to allow airflow through the canopy will aid in drying and prevention of conditions suitable for the fungus. Similarly, field sanitation will interfere with the fungus’ ability to overwinter as conidia in plant debris, limiting exposure to the fungus during the following season.
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Carsten Borchgrevink, who led the Southern Cross Expedition, 1898–1900 The Norwegian- born Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink had emigrated to Australia in 1888, where he worked on survey teams in Queensland and New South Wales before accepting a schoolteaching post. In 1894 he joined a sealing and whaling expedition to the Antarctic, led by Henryk Bull. In January 1895 Borchgrevink was one of a group from that expedition that claimed the first confirmed landing on the Antarctic continent, at Cape Adare. Borchgrevink determined to return with his own expedition, which would overwinter and explore inland, with the location of the South Magnetic Pole as an objective.
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In order to mate with resident females, macrocephalic males will fight each other until they are severely injured, and even kill each other. Because macrocephalic males are able to mate with several females, their offspring will be genetically related, thus, the females migrate away from their natal nests in order to reduce intra- colony relatedness. Females will typically overwinter and will not start reproducing until the months of the spring season. Some seasons are worse than others in terms of food availability and predation, so some females will decide to stay and mate in the colony rather than leave, although this is less typical behavior for adult females.
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The species disappeared from Bulgaria in the 19th century. In Asia, a huge portion of their population can be found in Russia, though they also inhabit parts of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and possibly Korea. Black grouse are adapted to a extensive array of habitats across Eurasia, though most frequently utilize the transitionary zones between forests and open clearings, especially steppe, heathland, grassland and pasture when near agricultural fields. Depending on the season, they will overwinter in large flocks in dense forests, and feed primarily on the leaves and buds of coniferous and broadleaf trees, such as Scots pine, Siberian larch, silver birch, and Eurasian aspen.
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The great shearwater breeds in the south Atlantic on islands in the Tristan da Cunha group and the Cory's shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) breeds in the Mediterranean, and on North Atlantic islands; mostly among the Azores. Many birds follow the coast as they migrate north in spring to breed or head south in the autumn to overwinter in warmer places. At Gwennap Head many waders, ducks, larks and finches are seen especially during the peak times in May and October. Breeding birds include the red-billed choughs (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) which have recently been breeding successfully on Gwennap Head, but lost their young to a predator in early May 2015.
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Larvae have been found boring within the minute flower pods of the inflorescence of the host plant. After sufficient feeding, the larvae apparently take one of the hollowed out flower pods and form a pupal case, having a flap on the distal end, and transport this case to the ventral side of one of the large palm leaves. The pupal case is attached to the midrib of one of the many leaflets of the palm leaf. It appears that larvae or pupae overwinter in the pupal case and adults of the first generation emerge the following March, when the palms are again producing inflorescences.
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The harlequin cabbage bug (Murgantia histrionica), also known as calico bug, fire bug or harlequin bug, is a black stinkbug of the family Pentatomidae, brilliantly marked with red, orange, yellow and white markings. It is a major pest of cabbage and related crops in the Brassicaceae, as well as the ornamental flower cleome throughout tropical and North America, especially the warmer parts of the United States. Nymphs are active during the summer and in the tropics the bug can achieve three to six generations a year. In the northern range there is only one generation annually and the insects overwinter as adults in crop residues or field edges.
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Ardgowan Castle atop south-east facing cliff Inverkip Castle featured in what was later called the First War of Scottish Independence. In 1301, king Edward I of England sent two armies into Scotland, with the plan that they would meet up at Inverkip. The main force under his own command struck through the east of Scotland, while his son Edward, Prince of Wales, commanded a western army which captured Turnberry Castle and Bothwell Castle, but the armies then met at Linlithgow to overwinter. In 1302 Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick, submitted homage to Edward of England, and on 12 May 1303 Bruce provided forces to a muster at Roxburgh.
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Jointed goatgrass can reduce the yield of winter wheat by 25 – 50% which can cost US farmers up to $145 million. Another problem is that winter wheat provides an overwinter home for winter wheat attacking pests such as Russian wheat aphid, leaf spot, pink mold, foot rot, dwarf bunt, fron, root browning, damping off, and kernel bunt. When the spikes shatter, the disjointed spikelets are cylindrical in shape and are easily mistaken for small pieces of winter wheat straw. Since the spikelets are similar in shape and size to winter wheat seeds, it is difficult to separate them from the wheat using conventional methods.
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Lake in the Calcutta Botanical Garden, circa 1905 With the increase in maritime trade, ever more plants were being brought back to Europe as trophies from distant lands, and these were triumphantly displayed in the private estates of the wealthy, in commercial nurseries, and in the public botanical gardens. Heated conservatories called "orangeries", such as the one at Kew, became a feature of many botanical gardens. Industrial expansion in Europe and North America resulted in new building skills, so plants sensitive to cold were kept over winter in progressively elaborate and expensive heated conservatories and glasshouses.Glasshouses built to overwinter tender evergreen shrubs, known as 'greens', were called greenhouses, a name that is still used today.
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Mammals native to the ecoregion include Ussuri black bear (Ursus thibetanus ussuricus), Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus), Asian badger (Meles leucurus), leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), yellow- throated marten (Martes flavigula), Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica), and mandarin vole (Lasiopodomys mandarinus). 379 bird species have been recorded in South Korea, of which 114 species are breeding species, and the others are vagrant, migrant or winter visitor species. Resident birds include the Tristram's woodpecker (Dryocopus javensis richardsi), fairy pitta (Pitta nympha), and ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus torquatus). The endangered red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) overwinter in coastal and freshwater wetlands and along rivers, and breeds in the ecoregion's deep freshwater marshes.
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Wing structure During the wintering, many snowy owls leave the dark Arctic to migrate to regions further south. Southern limits of the regular winter range are difficult to delineate given the inconsistency of appearances south of the Arctic. Furthermore, not infrequently, many snowy owls will overwinter somewhere in the Arctic through the winter, though seldom appear to do so in the same sites where they have bred. Due in no small part to the difficulty and hazardousness of observation for biologists during these harsh times, there is very limited data on overwintering snowy owls in the tundra, including how many occur, where they winter and what their ecology is at this season.
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Grass snakes are strong swimmers and may be found close to freshwater, although there is evidence individual snakes often do not need bodies of water throughout the entire season. The preferred habitat appears to be open woodland and "edge" habitat, such as field margins and woodland borders, as these may offer adequate refuge while still affording ample opportunity for thermoregulation through basking. Pond edges are also favoured and the relatively high chance of observing this secretive species in such areas may account for their perceived association with ponds and water. Grass snakes, as with most reptiles, are at the mercy of the thermal environment and need to overwinter in areas which are not subject to freezing.
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Females are wingless while males have wings, and in temperate regions emerge later than the females, which overwinter as adults. The wingless females have been recorded from the nests of ants and small mammal burrows, or under stones in pastures and grasslands and they appear to act as ant mimics. A Palearctic species, Embolemus ruddii, has been found in association with the ant species Formica fusca and Lasius flavus, while in Japan, Embolemus walkeri, was taken in a nest of another ant, from the genus Myrmica. A Nearctic species, Embolemus confusus, has been reared from nymphs of a planthopper in the family Achilidae, where the host fed on fungi beneath the bark of rotting logs.
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Some plants have evolved into annuals which die off at the end of each season and leave seeds for the next, whereas closely related plants in the same family have evolved to live as perennials. This may be a programmed "strategy" for the plants. The benefit of an annual strategy may be genetic diversity, as one set of genes does continue year after year, but a new mix is produced each year. Secondly, being annual may allow the plants a better survival strategy, since the plant can put most of its accumulated energy and resources into seed production rather than saving some for the plant to overwinter, which would limit seed production.
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Adélie penguins on the ice foot at Cape Adare by Levick Penguins jumping onto the ice foot by Levick He was given leave of absence to accompany Robert Falcon Scott as surgeon and zoologist on his Terra Nova expedition. Levick photographed extensively throughout the expedition. Prevented by pack ice from embarking on the in February 1912, Levick and the other five members of the party (Victor L. A. Campbell, Raymond Priestley, George Abbott, Harry Dickason, and Frank Browning) were forced to overwinter on Inexpressible Island in a cramped ice cave. Part of the Northern Party, Levick spent the austral summer of 1911–1912 at Cape Adare in the midst of an Adélie penguin rookery.
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Tadpoles can be infected on their mouth parts (which is the only location of keratinized skin) and frogs post-metamorphosis can be infected almost anywhere (but primarily on the toes). The significance that salamanders (specifically tiger salamanders from the paper) can be infected is because they can perpetuate the presence of Bd in the environment which can then increase the odds that a frog will be infected by this disease. Salamanders can also overwinter in the water itself, while frogs live terrestrially during the winter. This is significant because without the living hosts keeping Bd alive in the water, it would have a high chance to die off over the winter in the water with no hosts.
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Worldwide routes of propagation of H. axyridis were described with genetic markers in 2010. The populations in eastern and western North America originated from two independent introductions from the native range. The South American and African populations both originated independently from eastern North America. The European population also originated from eastern North America, but with substantial genetic admixture with individuals of the European biocontrol strain (estimated at about 40%). This species is widely considered to be one of the world’s most invasive insects, partly due to their tendency to overwinter indoors and the unpleasant odor and stain left by their bodily fluids when frightened or crushed, as well as their tendency to bite humans.
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S. kunkelii, a spiroplasma often referred to as Corn Stunt Spiroplasma, can survive and overwinter in D. maidis (DeLong and Wolcott), which infects corn plants in the spring and causes Corn Stunt disease. It has been reported in the San Joaquin Valley in California that volunteer plants are critical to help leafhoppers survive in the winter, where volunteer plants can give an extra two months of season to the leafhoppers. This pathogen has been described as propagative persistent and circulative, accumulating and replicating in the vector where it has been found in the hemolymph, cells of the gut, and salivary glands of insect vectors. During feeding it is delivered to the phloem tissue of the host corn plant.
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The caterpillars are not known to be tended by ants, unlike some lycid larvae, but the pupae, which are formed at ground level, emit squeaks that attract ants and it is thought that ants will always bury any that are found. Green hairstreaks overwinter as pupae and are univoltine, having one generation of adult butterflies per year. The larva is recorded as feeding on Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinum uliginosum, Betula, Rubus idaeus, Vicia cracca, Trifolium medium, Calluna vulgaris, Frangula, Rhamnus, Ribes, Spiraea, Caragana, Chamaecytisus, Hedysarum, Genista, Trifolium and Hippophae rhamnoides in different parts of its range. This polyphagous species probably has one of the largest range of food plants of any British butterfly.
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One of three migratory parrot species, the orange-bellied parrot breeds solely in South West Tasmania, it nests in eucalypts bordering on button grass moors. The entire population migrates over Bass Strait to spend the winter on the coast of south-eastern Australia. On the way, they may stop (and occasionally overwinter on) King Island, particularly Lake Flannigan. The few mainland sites contain their favoured salt marsh habitat, and includes sites in or close to Port Phillip such as Werribee Sewage Farm, the Spit Nature Conservation Reserve, the shores of Swan Bay, Swan Island, Lake Connewarre State Wildlife Reserve, Lake Victoria and Mud Islands, as well as French Island in Western Port.
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Female Sphecodes gibbus can be found between April and September; early season females search for nests of their host species to parasitise, while late season females search for mates and subsequently for an overwintering site. The males are in flight from July to September. The females are cleptoparasites on larger bees of the genera Halictus and Lasioglossum, entering the hosts' nests when the cells are completed, consuming the host egg and laying its own, with the new generation emerging in late summer to mate and overwinter. It has been confirmed as using Halictus quadricinctus, H. rubicundus, H. sexcintus, H. simplex and H. maculatus as hosts, while it is also likely to parasitise Lasioglossum malachurum.
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Three of the ships attempted to overwinter at Trondheim, where both of Willoughby's ships were lost, the Philip and Mary arriving in London in April 1557. Chancellor's ship went ahead but in November 1556 foundered off the east coast of Scotland near Pitsligo, and Chancellor was drowned. Nepeya however was rescued, and was conducted by Viscount Montagu to London, where in March 1557 he was met by a grand procession led by Sir Thomas Offley, Lord Mayor, and conducted through the City to his appointed lodging. Here during the months of March and April he was fêted by the City Companies, and with the exchange of royal gifts he returned safely to Moscow.
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L. dispar has a bivoltine life cycle, throughout most of its European distribution, stretching from May to June, and from the end of July to early September, with peak flight occurring in July. Two generations of L. dispar are standard, the first is characterized by fewer numbers, with the second generation producing more offspring that overwinter, as half-grown, third instar larvae. In the warmer parts (southern distribution) of its European habitat range, L. dispar can be capable of third generations. During the winter months, larvae enter diapause, a period of metabolic inactivity, that is characterized by the development of physiological tolerance to various environmental stressors: cold temperatures, starvation, in order to survive winter conditions.
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The plants that the strawberry root weevil feeds on include strawberry, raspberry, rhododendron, grape, and peppermint and they have also been known to feed on grasses. Adults feed nocturnally on leaves and stems, leaving notches and causing slight damage, while the larvae cause significantly more damage by feeding on the roots and crowns of the plant, even as they overwinter, if the temperatures are mild. The plants that are fed upon by the larvae are stunted and have reddish leaves that curl exposing the underside, and the plant wilts as the fruits form, especially in dry weather. Emenegger, D. B. & Berry R. E. 1978. ”Biology of strawberry root weevils on peppermint in Western Oregon.” Environmental Entomology.
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The passenger pigeon's historic population is roughly the equivalent of the number of birds that overwinter in the United States every year in the early 21st century. Even within their range, the size of individual flocks could vary greatly. In November 1859, Henry David Thoreau, writing in Concord, Massachusetts, noted that "quite a little flock of [passenger] pigeons bred here last summer," while only seven years later, in 1866, one flock in southern Ontario was described as being wide and long, took 14 hours to pass, and held in excess of 3.5 billion birds. Such a number would likely represent a large fraction of the entire population at the time, or perhaps all of it.
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In December, large, mature females migrate south over into the Sargasso Sea for pupping, keeping deeper than during the day and at night so as to stay in the cooler waters beneath the Gulf Stream. In the eastern North Atlantic, porbeagles are believed to spend spring and summer in shallow continental shelf waters, and disperse northwards to overwinter in deeper waters offshore. Migrating sharks may travel upwards of , though once they reach their destination they tend to remain within a relatively localized area. In the South Pacific, the population shifts north past 30°S latitude into subtropical waters in winter and spring, and retreats south past 35°S latitude in summer, when sharks are frequently sighted off subantarctic islands.
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The park is home to many rare mammals such as the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), wildcat (Felis silvestris), beaver (Castor fiber), Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), western barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus), Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteini) and the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis). Also present are red deer, in which two-thirds of the population overwinter in an enclosure, in order to prevent excessive grazing to the land. Even moose have been recorded in the park, from a population in the Lipno Reservoir, Czech Republic. Lynx were eradicated from the National Park in around 1850, but in the 1970's five to ten were released into the park, along with another 17 released in the Šumava national park a decade later.
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Control was improved by planting a meter-wide strip of tussock grasses in field centers, enabling aphid predators to overwinter there. earwigs Cropping systems can be modified to favor natural enemies, a practice sometimes referred to as habitat manipulation. Providing a suitable habitat, such as a shelterbelt, hedgerow, or beetle bank where beneficial insects such as parasitoidal wasps can live and reproduce, can help ensure the survival of populations of natural enemies. Things as simple as leaving a layer of fallen leaves or mulch in place provides a suitable food source for worms and provides a shelter for insects, in turn being a food source for such beneficial mammals as hedgehogs and shrews.
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Grass snakes are strong swimmers and may be found close to freshwater, although there is evidence individual snakes often do not need bodies of water throughout the entire season. The preferred habitat appears to be open woodland and "edge" habitat, such as field margins and woodland borders, as these may offer adequate refuge while still affording ample opportunity for thermoregulation through basking. Pond edges are also favoured and the relatively high chance of observing this secretive species in such areas may account for their perceived association with ponds and water. Grass snakes, as with most reptiles, are at the mercy of the thermal environment and need to overwinter in areas which are not subject to freezing.
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The females lay their eggs in rows of 5 to 6 (although as many as 15 have been recorded) on the flower-sheath of Tor-grass (Brachypodium pinnatum), preferring the dead sheaths of tall plants. The care taken by females over where to lay their eggs is considered the only remarkable part of the Lulworth skipper breeding process, otherwise it is considered common. Upon hatching, the 2.5 cm (1 in) long larva spins a compact cocoon on the site of the eggshell. In this, it will overwinter until around the third week of April, at which point it will eat its way out by making a small hole in the side of the sheath.
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The females in this group are called gynes and they are those that overwinter and enter hibernal diapause to become foundresses the following spring Pabalan, N., Davey, K. G., & Packer, L. (2000) Escalation of aggressive interactions during staged encounters in Halictus ligatus Say (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), with a comparison of circle tube behaviors with other Halictine species. Journal of Insect Behavior 13: 627-650. and after they emerge they mate and dig an overwintering tunnel beneath the one they came from and enter diapause. H. ligatus are mass provisoners meaning that they will construct a mass of pollen and nectar which will be the sole source of food for the developing larva and the larvae will not pupate until they have consumed the entire pollen mass.
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The Italian diaspora that lives in cold-winter climates has a practice of burying imported fig trees to overwinter them and protect the fruiting hard wood from cold. Italian immigrants in the 19th century introduced this common practice in cities such as New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Toronto, where winters are normally too cold to leave the tree exposed. This practice consists in digging a trench that is appropriate to the size of the specimen, some of which are more than 10 feet tall, severing part of the root system, and bending the specimen into the trench. Specimens are often wrapped in waterproof material to discourage development of mould and fungus, then covered with a heavy layer of soil and leaves.
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The Radio Row in 1936, with the Cortlandt Street station in the background The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River, with the shoreline in the vicinity of Greenwich Street. On this shoreline close to the intersection of Greenwich Street and the former Dey Street, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block's ship, the Tyger, burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding Block and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797, and were discovered during excavation work in 1916. The remains of another ship from the eighteenth century were found in 2010 during excavation work at the site.
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Male Female This bird breeds throughout most of North America, from Alaska and Canada southward to northern Florida and Mexico. While robins occasionally overwinter in the northern part of the United States and southern Canada, most migrate to winter south of Canada from Florida and the Gulf Coast to central Mexico, as well as along the Pacific Coast. Most depart south by the end of August and begin to return north in February and March (exact dates vary with latitude and climate). The distance by which robins migrate varies significantly depending on their initial habitat; a study found that individual robins tagged in Alaska are known to travel as much as 3.5x further across seasons than robins tagged in Massachusetts.
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The Holy League and the Ottoman fleet under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa met in September 1538 at the Battle of Preveza, which is often considered the greatest Turkish naval victory in history. In 1543 the Ottoman fleet participated with French forces in the Siege of Nice, which at the time was part of the Duchy of Savoy. Afterwards, Francis I of France enabled the Ottoman fleet to overwinter in the French harbor of Toulon. This unique Ottoman wintering in Toulon (sometimes inaccurately called an occupation; the Ottomans merely stayed the winter and did not impose any form of governance on the populace) allowed the Ottomans to attack Habsburg Spanish and Italian ports (enemies of France); they left Toulon in May 1544.
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Once mated, the females begin to excavate their burrows, lining the walls of the burrows with a glandular secretion which hardens and acts as an anti-fungal defence. Each cell is provisioned with pollen and nectar, mainly collected from the flowers of the sea aster, and the bee's flight period is timed to coincide with the flowering period of sea aster. The late summer emergence of the adults of C. halophilus mean that this species is univoltine, and the bees overwinter in their natal cells to emerge the following summer as adults to begin the life cycle again. The bees feed on a limited range of plants, mostly in the Asteraceae, including weld (Reseda luteola), but sea aster is especially important.
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True to its common name, the species often prefers the broad leaves of magnolia trees, particularly in warm, humid forests, but can also be found in dryer climates on oak, maple, pine, and other trees, as well as on bushes lower to the ground. Matings occur in spring months, particularly in May, after which females lay eggs (typically pale green and numbering between 25-70 per clutch) as late as July on the underside of leaves and then guard them until they hatch, with the mothers then dying in August. Sub-adults overwinter on trees and then finish developing in the early spring. Both females and males use both visual and vibratory signals in identifying and communicating with one-another, both in challenges and during mating behavior.
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To promote his developing ideas for an expedition that would overwinter on the Antarctic continent at Cape Adare, Borchgrevink hurried to London, where the Royal Geographical Society was hosting the Sixth International Geographical Congress. On 1 August 1895 he addressed the conference, giving an account of the Cape Adare foreshore as a location where a scientific expedition might establish itself for the Antarctic winter. He described the site as "a safe situation for houses, tents and provisions", and said there were indications that in this place "the unbound forces of the Antarctic Circle do not display the full severity of their powers". He also suggested that the interior of the continent might be accessible from the foreshore by an easy route—a "gentle slope".
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The first instar larvae are gregarious and consume the surface layer of the needles but later instars spread out through the foliage and consume the whole needle. They feed on both old and young pine needles; heavy infestations can seriously defoliate the tree and isolated clumps of white pine can be killed. When the larvae are fully developed, they descend to the ground where they make cocoons among the leaf litter; in these they overwinter as non-feeding prepupae, pupating in the spring and emerging as adults a few weeks later. Several parasitic wasps attack the larvae of this sawfly, and the egg parasitoid Closterocerus cinctipennis was found to be 90% effective in controlling an outbreak of the pest in Crawford County, Wisconsin.
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Although narrow at first, the tunnels become up to wide and extremely long (), often reaching the base of the tree; the larvae may reverse direction and mine upwards in the trunk or continue to tunnel into the root system before returning to the trunk. Larval tunnels from this species will often cause discoloration (brown stripes) in the wood of birch trees, but they do not however affect the tree's survival and growth. The tunnels are filled with frass, and there may be some short side passages in the tree bole. The larvae emerge near the base of the tree in the late summer or early autumn, fall to the ground and pupate in the plant litter or soil, where they overwinter.
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Thomas J. Abercrombie (August 13, 1930 - April 3, 2006) was a senior staff writer and photographer for National Geographic, well known for his work on Middle Eastern countries. During his tenure at the Geographic magazine, Abercrombie travelled to all seven continents, becoming the first staff photojournalist to travel to the South Pole in 1956 while providing photographs for Paul Siple's coverage of the first overwinter stay at the South Pole Station. Other notable coverage includes his photographs of Jacques Cousteau and his crew aboard Cousteau's vessel the Calypso and the transit of the first white tiger from India to the United States. Abercrombie was the first Western journalist to cover the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca in his article Beyond the Sands of Mecca, published 1966.
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They can also be found in swamps and marshes with emergent vegetation such as reeds and cattails, muskeg pools and peat bogs, and in some areas have been found in open prairie pools with little shade. They overwinter as eggs and in late winter and spring large numbers of larvae hatch. The females are seldom troublesome to humans in eastern North America, even when recently emerged females are extremely abundant, however, in the western part of its range they readily and persistently bite people, especially in areas of shade and throughout most of the day. The presence of larvae in the breeding pools after the Spring suggests that these mosquitoes are either laying non diapausing eggs or that the hatching of the eggs is staggered.
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Frigate Pallada In the autumn of 1852 Goncharov received an invitation to take part in the Admiral Putyatin-led around the world expedition through England, Africa, Japan, and back to Russia. The flotilla, led by Frigate Pallada under the command of Admiral Ivan Unkovsky, included also corvette Olivutsa (Admiral Nikolai Nazimov), schooner Vostok (Voin Rimsky-Korsakov) and Knyaz Menshikov, a small merchant vessel. The mission's objective (beside that of inspecting the Alaskan shores which had been officially declared to be its purpose) was to establish trade relations with Japan, then a closed and, as far as Russia was concerned, mysterious country. As it was successfully completed, Pallada, unable to enter the Amur River because of her draft, had to overwinter in Imperatorskaya Gavan.
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Two-year-old Atlantic salmon parr in beaver ponds in eastern Canada showed faster summer growth in length and mass and were in better condition than parr upstream or downstream from the pond. The importance of winter habitat to salmonids afforded by beaver ponds may be especially important in streams without deep pools or where ice cover makes contact with the bottom of shallow streams. Enos Mills wrote in 1913, "One dry winter the stream ... ran low and froze to the bottom, and the only trout in it that survived were those in the deep holes of beaver ponds." Cutthroat trout and bull trout were noted to overwinter in Montana beaver ponds, brook trout congregated in winter in New Brunswick and Wyoming beaver ponds, and coho salmon in Oregon beaver ponds.
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This achievement helped him to obtain backing for his Southern Cross expedition, which became the first to overwinter on the Antarctic mainland, and the first to visit the Great Ice Barrier since the expedition of Sir James Clark Ross nearly 60 years previously. However, the expedition's successes, including the Farthest South, were received with only moderate interest by the public and by the British geographical establishment, whose attention was by then focused on Scott's upcoming Discovery expedition. Some of Borchgrevink's colleagues were critical of his leadership, and his own accounts of the expedition were regarded as journalistic and unreliable. After the Southern Cross expedition, Borchgrevink was one of three scientists sent to the Caribbean in 1902, by the National Geographic Society, to report on the aftermath of the Mount Pelée eruption.
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Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were noted to overwinter in Montana beaver ponds, brook trout congregated in winter in New Brunswick and Wyoming beaver ponds, and coho salmon in Oregon beaver ponds. In spite of the benefits of beaver to trout and bird abundance and diversity, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources continues to recommend removal of trees and brush from the banks of several Kickapoo river watershed streams to reduce beaver colonization. The town of Clinton is holding hearings to decide the fate of the Weister Creek beavers. At the first hearing, May 12, 70 citizens showed up and it was standing room only in a debate between those who wanted to protect the beavers versus those who feared further road damage or loss of pastureland to wetland.
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Parasitism has no effect on late female offspring, but climate still affects the fat layers of their bodies. P. biglumis may have been selected for suppressed worker production in the first brood, the only brood not destroyed by parasites, so that new queens would survive to produce new colonies. The colony cycle is characterized by a pre-emergence period that lasts from foundation by the single gyne of the colony to the emergence of the first new worker, and a post-emergence period, from the emergence of the new worker to the end of the cycle (as an annual species, this marks the end of the colony). At the end of a season, the future queen females of the colony will overwinter in order to reproduce in the spring.
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Integrated into the Natura 2000 European Network,Coast of Paralio Astros - Moustos wetland Area (in Greek) this wetland of Cynuria has been designated as a protected area, as it is a refuge for a significant population of migratory birds that overwinter there (wild swans, herons, mallards, Eurasian coots). Its dense reeds nest: falcons, purple herons and a small number of endangered black-winged stilts. Other species of the fauna include flathead grey mullets, eels, marginated tortoises and toads and lizards protected by the Berne Convention and Greek law. The vegetation that grows on the edges of the wetland is mainly characterized by aquatic plants such as: reeds, thorns and alders, whilst around white crocus, red and white anemones, Greek cyclamens, poppies and the White Narcissus, a flower with a strong scent that the locals call Manusaki, can be found.
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It is also characteristic of Wright's design that the entrance door is not visible as one approaches the house but is out of sight, around the corner on the north side, which has a paved veranda the full length of the house. Despite its downtown location, the Lamp House has a secluded feel because of its mid-block site. In addition to laying out the driveway and steps leading up to the eastern side of the house as well as the veranda on its north side, Wright hardscaped the lot with urns (now missing), curbs, and concrete-capped rubblestone retaining walls to develop an extensive yard and garden, sculpting what had originally been a steeply sloped lot into a cascading, multi-tiered landscape. The basement receives sufficient sunlight from a window on the eastern facade to overwinter tender garden plants in containers.
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In Sweden, males hunted from a perch more so than did females and adults both focused on significantly smaller prey (small mammals) and may have had more success hunting than juvenile snowy owls. Some snowy owls can survive a fast for up to about 40 days off of fat reserves. These owls were found to have extremely thick subcutaneous fat deposits of around and it is likely owls that overwinter in the Arctic rely heavily on these to survive during this scarce time, in combination with lethargic, energy-conserving behavior. Snowy owls may not infrequently exploit prey inadvertently provided or compromised by human activities, including ducks injured by duck hunters, birds maimed by antenna wires, various animals caught in human traps and traplines as well as domestic or wild prey being bred or farmed by humans in enclosures.Wiggins, I. L. (1953).
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It is entomophagous feeding on aphids, Aleyrodidae, coccids, Coccoidea and on larvae and eggs of some beetles and butterflies.Dyadechko, N. P., The Coccinellidae of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, 1954) Savoiskaya, G. I., Coccinellid Larvae (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of the Fauna of the USSR (Nauka, Leningrad Branch, Leningrad, 1983) (Keys to the Fauna of the USSR, Published by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, No. 137) In a study it was found that their preferred prey aphids included the aspen leaf aphid Chaitophorus tremulae, the angelica aphid Cavariella konoi, the small willow aphid Aphis farinosa, the lime-tree aphid Eucallipterus tiliae, the birch aphid Euceraphis betulae and the mugwort aphid Macrosiphoniella artemisiae. They overwinter in leaf litter, crevices in the bark of trees and other similar protective locations.
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Larvae develop into the third instar after they reach eight days of age. They then bore an exit hole through the fruit and, at twelve to seventeen days of age, either pupate or enter diapause, a state of developmental dormancy, to overwinter in the stem of the senita and then emerge in a later flowering season. Unlike other lepidopterans, whose larvae undergo at least four instars, senita moth larvae have only three instars. This could be due to size limitations, where larvae that continue to grow past the third instar are too large to emerge from exit holes previously created by the larvae, the time constraint of larval growth needing to be completed before fruit matures completely, or possibly to keep the life cycle short so that multiple generations can be completed in a single flowering season.
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At first, the steamers only cruised during the summer months, but with the discovery of bowheads near the Mackenzie River Delta in 1888–1889 by Joe Tuckfield, ships begin to overwinter at Herschel Island, off the Yukon coast. The first to go to Herschel was in 1890–1891, and by 1894–1895 there were fifteen such ships overwintering in Pauline Cove. During the peak of the settlement, 1894–1896, about 1,000 persons went to the island, comprising a polyglot community of Nunatarmiuts, Inuit caribou hunters, originating from the Brooks Range; Kogmullicks, Inuit who inhabited the coastal regions of the Mackenzie River delta; Itkillicks, Rat Indians, from the forested regions south; Alaskan and Siberian ships' natives, whaling crews and their families; and beachcombers, the few whalemen whose tour of duty had ended, but chose to stay at the island.
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Magellanic oystercatcher The bay was designated as a Ramsar site under the Ramsar Convention in 2004, being an area of around of international importance to wetland birds. It has also been identified as an Important Bird Area. It is visited from October to March each year by large numbers of migratory shorebirds which overwinter here, including 23% of the world population of the Hudsonian godwit (Limosa haemastica) and over 88% of the American population of red knot (Calidris canutus). Other migratory and domestic species include the white-rumped sandpiper (Calidris fuscicollis), the Magellanic plover (Pluvianellus socialis) and the Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), as well as Baird's sandpiper (Calidris bairdii), the sanderling (Calidris alba), the rufous-chested plover (Charadrius modestus), the two-banded plover (Charadrius falklandicus), the whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), the Magellanic oystercatcher (Haematopus leucopodus), the American oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) and the kelp gull (Larus dominicanus).
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Many bird populations migrate long distances twice a year. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate parts of the northern hemisphere or the Arctic during summer and returning southward in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions, often on the other side of the equator. A similar pattern occurs in the southern hemisphere with birds flying south to breed and north to overwinter, but on a much smaller scale. The flyway, or route, taken by different bird species varies, but each population has its traditional staging points along the route where birds feed to build up their energy reserves to prepare for the next migratory stage; the route used on the spring migration may be different from that used in the autumn and will depend on such factors as wind direction and the availability of food at staging points.
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Forced to overwinter on Ellesmere Island, he and his crew explored and named many uncharted fjords and peninsulas on the western shores of the island, explaining the Norwegian names, such as Hoved Island ("main island") and Prince Gustav Adolf Sea (after the Swedish king Gustav VI Adolf) in the Canadian Arctic. Between 1899 and 1902, he overwintered three more times on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic with the Fram, continuing to explore and map, culminating in the discovery of the islands to the west of Ellesmere Island, namely Axel Heiberg, Amund Ringnes and Ellef Ringnes, collectively known as the Sverdrup Islands. In adopting Inuit methods, Sverdrup and his crew were able to chart a total of 260,000 square kilometers - more than any other polar exploration.Gerard Kenney Ships of Wood and Men of Iron: A Norwegian-Canadian Saga of Exploration in the High Arctic, , 1984 The area was famously mapped by his topographer, Gunnar Isachsen, and 35 academic publications were penned as a result of the expedition.
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Born Edith Ann Maslin on October 13, 1919, in Baltimore, Maryland, Ronne spent her first two years in college at the College of Wooster in Wooster, Ohio, and received a degree in history from George Washington University. After college she worked in the U.S. State Department where she spent five years serving in several different positions from file clerk to International Information Specialist in the Near and Far Eastern Division of Cultural Affairs. She married Finn Ronne on March 18, 1941, and on the expedition of 1946–1948 that her husband commanded, she became the first American woman to set foot on the Antarctic continent. She and Jennie Darlington, the wife of the expedition's chief pilot, became the first women to overwinter in Antarctica. They spent 15 months together with 21 other members of the expedition in a small station they had set up As the expedition's recorder & historian, Ronne wrote the news releases for the North American Newspaper Alliance.
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The geographic distribution of the ornate box turtle includes a large part of the Midwest, from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico and from Louisiana to Colorado. It was first discovered in Nebraska in 1795, where "vast numbers" were found. The turtle is usually found in grasslands and on land rather than in water; they have been found in all habitat types of the Great Plains except aquatic, though most references indicate they prefer open grass or prairie lands. Several studies indicate that the ornate box turtle needs three specific types of microhabitats in order to survive: # grass (prairie) areas for feeding that have some free water # areas where females can nest and burrow into the soil to overwinter # sites for resting and thermoregulation where turtles can bury themselves in soil to protect themselves from extreme temperatures and to avoid dehydration in summer and eat their own eggs Converse, SJ and JA Savidge, 2003.
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These findings are consistent with a study of small streams in Sweden, that found that brown trout were larger in beaver ponds compared with those in riffle sections, and that beaver ponds provide habitat for larger trout in small streams during periods of drought. The importance of winter habitat to salmonids afforded by beaver ponds may be especially important (and underappreciated) in streams without deep pools or where ice cover makes contact with the bottom of shallow streams. Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were noted to overwinter in Montana beaver ponds, brook trout congregated in winter in New Brunswick and Wyoming beaver ponds, and coho salmon in Oregon beaver ponds. In spite of the benefits of beaver to trout and bird abundance and diversity, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources continues to recommend removal of trees and brush from the banks of several Kickapoo river watershed streams to reduce beaver colonization.
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In the latter case, the seed coat protects the seed from digestion, while often weakening the seed coat such that the embryo is ready to sprout when it is deposited, along with a bit of fecal matter that acts as fertilizer, far from the parent plant. Microorganisms are often effective in breaking down hard seed coats and are sometimes used by people as a treatment; the seeds are stored in a moist warm sandy medium for several months under nonsterile conditions. Stratification, also called moist-chilling, breaks down physiological dormancy, and involves the addition of moisture to the seeds so they absorb water, and they are then subjected to a period of moist chilling to after-ripen the embryo. Sowing in late summer and fall and allowing to overwinter under cool conditions is an effective way to stratify seeds; some seeds respond more favorably to periods of oscillating temperatures which are a part of the natural environment.
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The species is endemic to an area in west central China and southeastern Tibet. In China, it is found in eastern Qinghai, from the Daba Mountains as far north as the Menyuan Hui Autonomous County, and as far south as the plateau of Amdo (35° N. 101° E.), as well as in the southern part of Qinghai in Nangqên County; in the area of the Yellow River in Xinghai County; in Gansu, southwest of Xiahe and Min counties; in Sichuan, where it has been observed in the north, center and west of the province, including sightings in Songpan County at the Jiuzhaigou Valley nature reserve, in the Qionglai Mountains in the Wolong District, in the region of Barkam County, and in the area of Litang. The species has also been observed in Kunming, Yunnan, in far southwestern China, where it most likely migrates to overwinter. In Tibet, the species has been found in the northeastern Tibet Autonomous Region in the Chamdo Prefecture; and in the southeast of the region in Tse (in December) and in Dzeng (in April), both in the South Tibet (Tsangpo) Valley region.
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SNAE expedition ship Scotia, in the ice at Laurie Island, South Orkneys, 1903–04 The Discovery in the Antarctic ice While Borchgrevink, steering towards the Southern Cross, was on target for Antarctica, a German, Swedish and British expedition was prepared for the Southern Ocean. Germany built the expedition ship Gauss for 1.5 million marks at the Howaldtswerke in Kiel. On the model of the Fram, the Gauss, which weighed 1,442 tonnes (1,419 long tons) and was long, had a round hulk in order to withstand the ice pressure. The Gauss had three masts and one auxiliary engine of 275 horsepower (205 kW). With a 60-strong crew, it could operate for almost three years without any help. From 1901 until 1903, Erich von Drygalski led the German Antarctic expedition and carried out extensive studies mainly in the southern part of the Indian Ocean. The Swedish expedition under the command of Otto Nordenskjöld used the old Antarctic weighing only 353 tonnes, which had already been used by Borchgrevink in 1895. The expedition intending to overwinter at the Antarctic Peninsula was ill-starred from the beginning. In 1902, the Antarctic sank.
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The seed is a source of inoculum and pathogen survives in seeds from the previous year.Slawiak, M. “Application of PCR-RFLP and simplified AFLP for differentiation of bacteria from the Pseudomonas species” Phytopathologia Polonica (2005): 85-93 The pathogen of halo blight can overwinter in previously infected bean debris, contaminated seeds, weed hosts or volunteer beans.Wohleb, H.C. “Common Bacterial Blight and Halo Blight” WSU EXTENSION(2011):2-4 Halo blight can be dispersed by contact between wet leaves, rainfall, irrigation or people and animals moving through infested fields.Dillard, Helene. R. “Bacterial Diseases of Beans” Cooperative Extension. (1991) : 729.50 The Pathogen can enter in either plant injuries or the natural openings in plants such as stomata and hydathodes during periods of high humidity or when the foliage is wet.Hirano, S.S. “Bacteria in the leaf ecosystem with emphasis on Pseudomonas syringae : A pathogen, ice nucleus, and epiphyte.” Microbiol Mol Biol Rev (2000): 64:624-653.Jin, Q. “Type III protein secretion in Pseudomonas syringae.” Microb Infect. (2003):301-310.Bretz, J.R. “Role of type III effector secretion during bacterial pathogenesis in another kingdom” Infect Immun (2004):3697-3705. Then the pathogen survives from defense mechanisms in intracellular spaces and obtain nutrients from the host.
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