During the earlier stages of embryogenesis, the otic placode invaginates to produce the otic cup. Thereafter, the otic cup closes off, creating the otic vesicle. Once formed, the otic vesicle will reside next to the neural tube medially, and on the lateral side will be paraxial mesoderm. Neural crest cells will migrate rostral and caudal to the placode.
|
|
At about 22 days into development, the ectoderm on each side of the rhombencephalon thickens to form otic placodes. These placodes invaginate to form otic pits, and then otic vesicles. The otic vesicles then form ventral and dorsal components. The ventral component forms the saccule and the cochlear duct.
|
|
He points out another prominent feature of Dissorophus which is an enlarged otic notch. Measuring up to 3.5 cm in length, the otic notch of Dissorophus is relatively deeper than some members of the family Dissorophidae who possess shallow otic notches. The presence of an otic notch firmly assures that dissorophides are indeed unified with the amphibian family because this feature present in all amphibians and lost in later amniotes. DeMar also adds that the depth of the otic notch relates to the length of the skull.
|
|
Each otic placode recedes below the ectoderm, forms an otic pit and then an otic vesicle. This entire mass will eventually become surrounded by mesenchyme to form the bony labyrinth. Around the 33rd day of development, the vesicles begin to differentiate. Closer to the back of the embryo, they form what will become the utricle and semicircular canals.
|
|
Pax8 is expressed during the entirety of otic vesicle formation. Other genes found in the otic vesicle across species that may play a role in patterning include Hmx, Fox, Dlx, and Gbx genes.
|
|
The vestibulocochlear nerve is derived from the embryonic otic placode.
|
|
The skull of Uranocentrodon, with the otic region expanded to show rhinesuchid otic features. Like most ancient amphibians, rhinesuchids had a pair of indentations at the rear edge of the skull known as otic notches. While sometimes considered to have housed hearing organs such as a tympanum (eardrum), these notches are more likely to have held spiracles, fleshy holes used for breathing. Rhinesuchids can be characterized by a unique system of ridges and grooves within the inner cavity of each otic notch.
|
|
The FGF, Bmp, Wnt and Pax genes are likely to be involved in otic induction.Chatterjee S, Krausl P, Lufkin T: A symphony of inner ear developmental control genes. BMC Genet 2010, 11:68 doi:10.1186/1471-2156-11-68 FGF and BMP signals help control patterning in the early otic vesicle. Fgf3 and Fgf10 are suggested to play a role in otic induction in mice, as were Msx genes suggested to play a role in otic vesicle formation in chicks.
|
|
They would not have been attached to much of the otic capsule.
|
|
Otic vesicle formation occurs later, during the 25-30 somite stage in mice.
|
|
This is unique when compared to other trematosaurids having shallow and triangular otic notches.
|
|
Support acts include No Way Out, K-otic, Natural, Six, Totally Spies, D'Side and Lauren Waterworth.
|
|
The general sequence in formation of the otic vesicle is relatively conserved across vertebrates, although there is much variation in timing and stages.Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP. 2008. Hindbrain-derived Wnt and Fgf signals cooperate to specify the otic placode in Xenopus. Dev Biol 324:108–121.
|
|
The nerve to the medial pterygoid muscle is a slender branch of the mandibular nerve which enters the deep surface of the muscle; it gives off one or two filaments to the otic ganglion. The nerve provides physical support for the otic ganglion, but is neurologically distinct.
|
|
A/B otic drops are effective because antipyrine reduces pain and inflammation and benzocaine numbs the ear.
|
|
It is also expressed in the trigeminal, otic and superior cervical ganglia (prejunctional) and cerebral arteries (postjunctional).
|
|
Albanerpeton have ossified antotic pillars which sit in front of the otic capsules. Additionally, there are a pair of small, robust bony pedestals that are located ventrolaterally in front of the otic capsules, which likely served to brace the neurocranium against the palatal region and suspensorium. In Albanerpeton, the otic capsules themselves are moderately inflated with large, rhomboid-shaped fenestra vestibulli present on both capsules. These fenestra can be used to imply the presence of middle ear ossicles in Albanerpeton.
|
|
Medicine Net. "Acetic Acid/Aluminum Acetate - OTIC (Domeboro) Side Effects, Medical Uses, and Drug Interactions." MedicineNet. N.p., n.d. Web.
|
|
The first TMIC (Tactical MAGTF Integration Course), then called OTIC (Operations and Tactics Instructor Course), commenced in February 2008.
|
|
A/B otic drops is indicated for ear pain caused by otitis media. It is used every 2–3 hours as needed for pain. A/B otic drops is also indicated for the removal of excessive or impacted cerumen. To clear cerumen, it is used 3 times a day for 2–3 days.
|
|
Procyclotosaurus was a relatively small temnospondyl. Unlike most other capitosaurs, which have wide and flat skulls, Procyclotosaurus has a deep, wedge-shaped skull. The otic notch, a notch at the back of the skull, is closed. The tabular horn above the otic notch is narrow and touches the squamosal bone below the notch.
|
|
It is not thought that an overdose of the otic suspension is likely to cause severe or life-threatening symptoms.
|
|
In this case, short skulls would have shallow otic notches and longer skulls would possess deeper otic notches. makes a similar observation as DeMar in Broiliellus brevus that has a short skull and therefore a shallow otic notch, as expected. On the other hand, Bolt makes a crucial comment, that the specimens used to describe these anatomical features by both DeMar and Carroll are based on that assumption that they are in "adult configurations". DeMar mentions that the external nares is enlarged and measures up to 1 cm long in larger specimens.
|
|
BMP4 is found in early embryonic development in the ventral marginal zone and in the eye, heart blood and otic vesicle.
|
|
The otic vesicle is derived from the cranial placode.Appler JM, Goodrich LV. Connecting the ear to the brain: molecular mechanisms of auditory circuit assembly. Progress in Neurobiology. 2011;93(4):488-508. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.01.004. The early otic vesicle is characterized as having broad competence and can be subdivided into sensory, non-sensory, and neurogenic components.
|
|
The auditory pit, also known as the otic pit, is the first rudiment of the internal ear. It appears shortly after that of the eye, in the form of a patch of thickened ectoderm, the auditory plate, over the region of the hind-brain. The auditory plate becomes depressed and converted into the auditory pit (or otic pit).
|
|
Patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy must equalize their ears to avoid barotrauma. High risk of otic barotrauma is associated with unconscious patients.
|
|
Skull of Sclerocephalus, showing the otic notches Otic notches are invaginations in the posterior margin of the skull roof, one behind each orbit. Otic notches are one of the features lost in the evolution of amniotes from their tetrapod ancestors. The notches have been interpreted as part of an auditory structure and are often reconstructed as holding a tympanum similar to those seen in modern anurans. Analysis of the columella (the stapes in amphibians and reptiles) of labyrinthodonts however indicates that it did not function in transmitting low-energy vibrations, thus rendering these animals effectively deaf to airborne sound.
|
|
The skull bones were heavily textured, as was typical for ancient amphibians and captorhinid reptiles. In addition, the rear part of the skull had a large incision stretching along its side. This incision has been termed an otic notch, and a similar incision in the same general area is common to most Paleozoic amphibians ("labyrinthodonts", as they are sometimes called), but unknown in amniotes. The lower edge of the otic notch was formed by the squamosal bone, while the upper edge was formed by downturned flanges of the supratemporal and tabular bones (known as otic flanges).
|
|
A small hall was initially thought of, but the interest was so great that in December 2016 K-otic returned after 15 years in the Heineken Music Hall, where the group started in 2001.K-otic, 15 jaar na Starmaker, Aflevering 5 The reunion was also used for a six-part documentary series that appeared on YouTube at the end of 2016.
|
|
Ear instillation is the process of introducing otic medication or other liquids into the ear canal. Proper care is needed in delivering such liquids.
|
|
The stapes was thought to be just a structural support between the palate and the stapedial plate of the braincase. In the Acanthostega, it is likely that due to the otic capsule of the brain case being mesial to the stapedial plate, sound was picked up from the palate or the otic notch to allow for rudimentary hearing. It was able to perceive vibrations by opening its mouth by way of the palate. Other factors that caused aquatic tetrapods to spend more time on land caused the development of terrestrial hearing with the development of a tympanum within an otic notch and developed by convergent evolution at least three times.
|
|
An otic polyp is a benign proliferation of chronic inflammatory cells associated with granulation tissue, in response to a longstanding inflammatory process of the middle ear.
|
|
Decennium Charts - Albums 2000-2009, dutchcharts.nl More than 235,000 units of Bulletproof were sold, good for twice platinum.Biografie K-otic, Jan Vis The album spawned singles I Can't Explain, I Really Don't Think So and No Perfect World all became hits in the Top 40 and the Mega Top 100. From September 2001, K-otic did an extensive Dutch tour in which venues such as Paradiso and Nighttown are visited.
|
|
Instead, these thick stapes may have functioned to support the tissue that covers the otic notch. Early temnospondyls, like Dendrerpeton, could not hear airborne sound but would have been able to detect vibration in the ground. Later temnospondyls like Doleserpeton had otic regions adapted to hearing. Doleserpeton has a structure in the inner ear called the perilymphatic duct, which is also seen in frogs and is associated with hearing.
|
|
Mandibular nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve, buccal nerve, chorda tympani nerve, and otic ganglion.Moore, Keith L & Dalley, Arthur (2006). Clinically oriented anatomy (5th ed.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
|
|
However, due to the group's success, it was decided to postpone this.K-otic, 15 jaar na Starmaker, Aflevering 3 The other band members decided to continue as sextet.
|
|
The otic placode visible on this sketch of a developing embryo. After implantation, around the second to third week the developing embryo consists of three layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. The first part of the ear to develop is the inner ear, which begins to form from the ectoderm around the 22nd day of the embryo's development. Specifically, the inner ear derives from two thickenings called otic placodes on either side of the head.
|
|
A frequent cause is traumatic noise exposure that damages hair cells in the inner ear. When there does not seem to be a connection with a disorder of the inner ear or auditory nerve, the tinnitus can be called non- otic. (i.e. not otic). In some 30% of tinnitus cases, the tinnitus is influenced by the somatosensory system, for instance, people can increase or decrease their tinnitus by moving their face, head, or neck.
|
|
Ear development begins in about the third week of human embryonic development. Beginning with the formation of the Otic Placodes which are an extension of the early hind brain. By the fourth week of development the otic placodes invaginate, or sink inward forming pits which close themselves off for the outer surface ectoderm and begin forming the inner ear labyrinthe on the inside. Outer ear development begins in about the fifth week of human embryonic development.
|
|
Additional specimens of Dissorophus were later collected by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College and the University of Chicago, described by the paleontologists Williston, Case and Romer. Williston (1914) divided the Dissorophidae into two subfamilies: Aspodosaurinae and Dissorophinae. He distinguished the Aspodosaurinae as having an open otic notch and single layered armor (one armor segment per vertebral segment), and Dissorophinae as having a closed otic notch and double layered armor (two armor segments per vertebral segment).
|
|
For example, the amphibamids Amphibamus, Doleserpeton, Eoscopus, and Platyrhinops also have large otic notches; Amphibamus, Doleserpeton, and Tersomius also have pedicellate teeth; and Amphibamus and Doleserpeton also have a wide parasphenoid plate.
|
|
Mesoeucrocodylians possess something of a secondary palate, formed by the posterior extension of sutured palatine bones. The otic aperture of the members of this clade is blocked posteriorly by the squamosal bone.
|
|
In these studies by Coutinho et al., M. pachydermatis was isolated from canine skin swabs and otic secretions which were then exposed to toxin producing killer yeast strains that inhibited M. pachydermatis growth.
|
|
Another feature he found to be different was the eustachian system. Crocodiles and Sphenosuchus have a median eustachian system while birds do not. The internal carotid arteries in birds run on the lateral sides of the basiparaspehnoid while in Sphenosuchus arteries are more or less parallel in ventral view. Also in Sphenosuchus the facial nerve exits anteriorly to the otic capsule which is much more derived then birds, birds facial nerve passes between the two parts of the otic capsules.
|
|
The skull is mostly disarticulated. Bones we have found are: left quadratojugal, postfrontal, supratemporal, postorbital, basioccipital and both tubera basioccipitalia, the parabasisphenoid, the otic capsule containing both opisthotic and prootic bones, exoccipital, supraoccipital and pterygoid.
|
|
Otic vesicle, or auditory vesicle, consists of either of the two sac-like invaginations formed and subsequently closed off during embryonic development. It is part of the neural ectoderm, which will develop into the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. This labyrinth is a continuous epithelium, giving rise to the vestibular system and auditory components of the inner ear.Freyer L, Aggarwal V, Morrow BE. Dual embryonic origin of the mammalian otic vesicle forming the inner ear. Development. 2011;138(24):5403-5414. doi:10.1242/dev.069849.
|
|
Formation of the otic vesicle has been studied extensively in developmental model organisms including chicken, Xenopus, zebrafish, axolotl, and mouse.Noramly, S. and Grainger, R. M. (2002), Determination of the embryonic inner ear. J. Neurobiol., 53: 100–128.
|
|
The holotype of A. peabodyi is dorsoventrally compressed, obscuring many details of the anatomy. Schoch & Milner (2014) listed only one diagnostic feature for the taxon, a quadratojugal excluded from the smooth ventral border of the otic notch.
|
|
Visava Thaiyanont (Thai: วิศว ไทยานนท์; born on June 7, 1990), better known by his nickname Tomo (Thai: โทโมะ), is a Thai Japanese actor and former member of Thai pop band K-Otic from the company RS Limited.
|
|
Approximately in the middle of the parietal bones was a small hole known as a pineal foramen, which may have held a sensory organ known as a parietal eye. The pineal foramen is smaller in Seymouria than in other seymouriamorphs. The stapes, a rod-like bone which lies between the braincase and the wall of the skull, was tapered. It connected the braincase to the upper edge of the otic notch, and likely served as a conduit of vibrations received by a tympanum (eardrum) which presumably lay within the otic notch.
|
|
The greater petrosal nerve arises at the superior salivatory nucleus of the pons and provides parasympathetic innervation to several glands, including the nasal glands, the palatine glands, the lacrimal gland, and the pharyngeal gland. It also provides parasympathetic innervation to the sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, and nasal cavity. This nerve also includes taste fibers for the palate via the lesser palatine nerve and greater palatine nerve. The communicating branch to the otic ganglion arises at the geniculate ganglion and joins the lesser petrosal nerve to reach the otic ganglion.
|
|
Temnospondyls and other early tetrapods have rounded otic notches in the back of the skull that project into the cheek region. In life, the otic notch would have been covered by a membrane called the tympanum, which is seen as a disk-like area in living frogs. The tympanum is involved in hearing, and is similar to the ear drum of more advanced tetrapods. It was traditionally thought that the tympanum developed very early in tetrapod evolution as a hearing organ and progressed to form the eardrum of amniotes.
|
|
The gill membranes of the subgenus Congrogadus are not fused while the species in that subgebus and in the third, Pilbaraichthys possess a posterior otic sensory canal pore, which is believed to assist the fish in detecting motion.
|
|
Melanocytomas have been described in animals, for instance, dogs and cats.Wilcock B, Dubielzig RR, Render JA. Histological Classification of Ocular and Otic Tumors of Domestic Animals. In: Schulman FY, editor. WHO International Histological Classification of Tumors of Domestic Animals.
|
|
The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. (The others are the otic ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, and ciliary ganglion).
|
|
The University has grown enormously from an initial student population of about 200 (as OTIC) to the current size of about 12,000. Its facilities have expanded from three initial buildings to a total built-up area of approximately 49700 m2.
|
|
Patterning during morphogenesis into the distinctive inner ear structures is determined by homeobox transcription factors including PAX2, DLX5 and DLX6, with the former specifying for ventral otic vesicle derived auditory structures and the latter two specifying for dorsal vestibular structures.
|
|
In this way it could transmit sound from the outside world to the brain. The configuration of the stapes is intermediate between non-amniote tetrapods and amniotes. On the one hand, its connection to the otic notch is unusual, since true reptiles and other amniotes have lost an otic notch, forcing the tympanum and stapes to shift downwards towards the quadrate bone of the jaw joint. On the other hand, the thin, sensitive structure of Seymouria's stapes is a specialization over most non-amniote tetrapods, which have a thick stapes useless for hearing yet useful for reinforcing the skull.
|
|
Burow's solution is an aqueous solution of aluminium triacetate. It is available in the U.S. as an over-the-counter drug for topical administration, with brand names including Domeboro (Moberg Pharma), Domeboro Otic (ear drops), Star-Otic, and Borofair. Drugs.com: Acetic acid/ aluminum acetate solution The preparation has astringent and antibacterial properties and may be used to treat a number of skin conditions, including insect bites and stings, rashes caused by poison ivy and poison sumac, swelling, allergies, and bruises. However, its main use is for treatment of otitis (ear infection), including otomycosis (fungal ear infection).
|
|
Both of these muscles are involuntary since they are controlled by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. The ciliary ganglion is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head. The others are the submandibular ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, and otic ganglion.
|
|
The labial glands are minor salivary glands situated between the mucous membrane and the orbicularis oris around the orifice of the mouth. They are circular in form, and about the size of small peas; their ducts open by minute orifices upon the mucous membrane. Like the parotid and buccal glands, the labial glands are innervated by parasympathetic fibres that arise in the inferior salivatory nucleus, travel with the glossopharyngeal nerve and lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion, where they synapse and then continue to the labial glands. Sympathetic innervation is mediated by postganglionary fibres which arise in the superior cervical ganglion and pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing.
|
|
Gentamicin/betamethasone valerate/clotrimazole is a fixed dose combination veterinary drug, sold under the trade name Otomax. It is a suspension for otic use in dogs. The active ingredients are gentamicin, betamethasone valerate and clotrimazole. This drug product is used for treatment of acute external otitis.
|
|
The footplate, or proximal end of the columella, rests in the oval window. Sound is conducted through the oval window to the interior of the otic capsule. This motion ultimately stimulates sensory cells in the inner ear.Depiction of the evolution of the ossicles of the ear.
|
|
The ears are protected by earflaps, which prevent water inflow to the otic recess when this animal is in water.Shute, C. C. D. and Bellairs, A. d'A. (1955), The external ear in Crocodilia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 124: 741–749. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1955.tb07813.
|
|
There is a small oval fossa located beneath each orbit. The quadratojugals are partially fused to the quadrates close to their condyles, but do not form part of any jaw articulation. The quadrates are angled posteroventrally from the otic region to their condyles. The braincase is quite well preserved.
|
|
Martyn Mazz (born Martijn Hubertus Johannes Terporten on October 13, 1983) is a Dutch artist and songwriter who was the lead vocalist in Van Gunn (2004–2008), 7 Days' Wonder (2009), primarily known as a singer in K-otic (2001–2003) and currently active solely as a songwriter.
|
|
The lesser petrosal nerve (also known as the small superficial petrosal nerve) is the general visceral efferent (GVE) component of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), carrying parasympathetic preganglionic fibers from the tympanic plexus to the parotid gland. It synapses in the otic ganglion, from where the postganglionic fibers emerge.
|
|
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 114(3), 307-348. The opening of the otic wall of the braincase can be considered a paedomorphic feature for tetrapods and is linked to the stapes functionally.Clack, J. A. (1994). Earliest known tetrapod braincase and the evolution of the stapes and fenestra ovalis.
|
|
In 1969 he recorded for the first time, releasing music on his label, Otic. He composed the score for the silent film Everyday by German artist Hans Richter. In 1972 he played in the Jazz Composers Orchestra. Beginning a year later, he worked with Wadada Leo Smith through the 1980s.
|
|
Rachel Kramer (born in Rotterdam on August 9, 1980) is a Dutch singer and the runner-up of the second season of the X Factor in the Netherlands. Her first single was a cover of Rascal Flatts's "What Hurts the Most". Until 2003, Kramer was a member of the Dutch band K-otic.
|
|
Systematic Biology no 53 (4): pp 594-622. article It shares many features with reptiles and other early amniotes rather than most amphibious tetrapods of its age. These include a lower number of ankle bones, no labyrinthodont infolding of the dentin, the lack of an otic notch, and a generally small skull.
|
|
The synapomorphies that define Pipoidea are the absence of mentomeckelian bones, absence of lateral alae of the parasphenoid, fusion of the frontoparietals into an azygous element, greatly enlarged otic capsules, and a tadpole with paired spiracles and which lacks beaks and denticles. Later genetic work has supported Pipoidea as a monophyletic group.
|
|
This plexus gives off the lesser petrosal nerve. This nerve synapses in the otic ganglion and its postganglionic fibers form the inferior, parasympathetic root of the auriculotemporal nerve. The two roots re-unite and shortly after the "united" auriculotemporal branch gives off parotid branches, which serve as secretomotor fibers for the parotid gland.
|
|
DLX5 begins to express DLX5 protein in the facial and branchial arch mesenchyme, otic vesicles, and frontonasal ectoderm at around day 8.5-9. By day 12.5, DLX5 protein begins to be expressed in the brain, bones, and all remaining skeletal structures. Expression in the brain and skeleton begins to decrease by day 17.
|
|
The success declined further and the group decided to disband. Several group members had already indicated for a while that they were not comfortable with the music and style of the band.K-otic, 15 jaar na Starmaker, Aflevering 4 The last concert was given on January 26, 2003 in Bob's Saloon in Uitgeest.
|
|
The holotype of Fayella chickashaensis, FMNH UR 1004, comprises a brain case with part of basicraium, basipterygoid processes, and part of otic complex. It was found in the Chickasha Formation of Oklahoma.Olson, E. C., 1965, New Permian Vertebrates from the Chickasha Formation in Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey, c. 70, p. 1-70.
|
|
After only four singles and one album released, the group disbanded at the end of 2007. Before XYP, Bart was in another pop group called K-otic. While with that band they achieved nine top ten singles and three top forty albums. Emma Winterbourne has since married Bring Me The Horizon member, Jordan Fish.
|
|
They leave the glossopharngeal nerve by its tympanic branch and then pass via the tympanic plexus and the lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion. Here, the fibres synapse, and the postganglionic fibers pass by communicating branches to the auriculotemporal nerve, which conveys them to the parotid gland. They produce vasodilator and secretomotor effects.
|
|
However, during the final Sita and Rachel gained an equal number of votes and so it was decided to form the final group with the seven remaining candidates. In addition to the occupation, the band name K-otic was also chosen by the viewers. The names Stars Inc. and Young Guns are falling off.
|
|
They differentiated Anconastes from Actiobates by the presence of a quadratojugal contributing substantially to the ventral margin of the otic notch. More recent review work has refined the diagnostic features to a handful of the original features proposed by Berman et al. with the study of additional trematopid material and the description of new taxa.
|
|
Angela Borgia or Borja, (born in Rome c. 1486; Died in Sassuolo c. 1520–1522), was an Italian noblewoman. She was the illegitimate daughter of Guillem Ramon de Borja and Sanoguera (who was in Rome in the service of Pope Alexander VI, died in 1503), son of Otic de Borja y Montcada and his wife Violant Sanoguera.
|
|
Most clinical symptoms resulting from Babylonia japonica ingestion, as in the 1965 food-poisoning outbreak, seem to be mediated by ganglion-blockade of nicotinic ACh receptors at various sites; visual impairments and mydriasis due to ciliary ganglion blockade, dry mouth due to submaxillary and otic ganglion blockade, and constipation and abdominal distention due to intestinal intrinsic nerve blockade.
|
|
The shape of nasals are large, rectangular, and about three times as long as wide. It is placed near the lateral margin of the skull and about 50 mm behind the tip of the rostrum. Its plane is directed out and upward. The otic notch is deep, open fully posteriorly and separated from the supratemporal and squamosal.
|
|
Antipyrine and benzocaine ear drops is a medication for the treatment of ear pain caused by otitis media. It combines antipyrine, a NSAID, and benzocaine, a numbing agent in order to treat ear pain, alongside hydroxyquinoline sulfate, an antiseptic and preservative. It is sold as Auralgan, Aurodex, Auroto, among other brands, and is abbreviated as A/B otic drops.
|
|
Both the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani contain an extracellular fluid called perilymph. The scala media contains endolymph. A set of membranes called the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane develop to separate the cochlear duct from the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct, respectively. Parts of the otic vesicle in turn form the vestibulocochlear nerve.
|
|
Among cetaceans, whales are distinguished by an unusual longevity compared to other higher mammals. Some species, such as the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus), can reach over 200 years. Based on the annual rings of the bony otic capsule, the age of the oldest known specimen is a male determined to be 211 years at the time of death.
|
|
After U2 and Bon Jovi, K-otic was the most visited live act that year. The group also won a Top of the Pops Award in the category Top TV Music Act. Sita Vermeulen left the group at the end of 2001 to start a solo career. Already during Starmaker she was appointed by the makers to go solo.
|
|
K-otic (meaning: chaotic) are a Dutch pop group that originated from the television program Starmaker. The group originally consisted of Rachel Kramer, Bouchra Tjon Pon Fong, Anna Speller, Sita Vermeulen, Bart Voncken, Stefan de Roon and Martijn Terporten. Vermeulen left the group at the end of 2001. In 2003 the band was dissolved due to decreasing success.
|
|
Incumbent mayor Jerry N. Hruby Jerry N. Hruby was elected to his ninth term as mayor of Brecksville which begins on January 2, 2020. Mayor Hruby also serves as the city's Safety Director. In 2011 the Governor of Ohio appointed Hruby to the Ohio Turnpike and Infrastructure Commission (OTIC). He currently is serving as chairman of the commission.
|
|
Several homologies were discussed. Main cavities in the crocodilian skull are also present in Sphenosuchus, sometimes in a less clearly defined state. Certain pneumatic spaces in the Sphenosuchus skulls are not found in modern crocodiles but are of closer resemblance to cavities in the bird skull. The otic capsule of Sphenosuchus closely resembles those of birds and crocodiles.
|
|
The bone forms an ancestral component of the dermal roof and is typically thin compared to other skull bones. The squamosal bone lies ventral to the temporal series and otic notch, and is bordered anteriorly by the postorbital. Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates with the quadrate and pterygoid bones. The squamosal is bordered anteroventrally by the jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.
|
|
These features help Orthosuchus keep breathing when submerging in the aquatic system. The ears are protected by earflaps, which prevent water inflow to the otic recess when this animal is in water. Modern crocodiles also have earflaps to decreasing water entry. The shape of the skull, especially the snout, is similar to an Indian gharial, Gavialis gangeticus, who prey on small fish.
|
|
Subjective tinnitus is the most frequent type of tinnitus. It may have many possible causes, but most commonly it results from hearing loss. When the tinnitus is caused by disorders of the inner ear or auditory nerve it can be called otic (from the Greek word for ear). These otological or neurological conditions include those triggered by infections, drugs, or trauma.
|
|
Perryella is an extinct genus of dvinosaurian temnospondyl. The type and only species, P. olsoni, was named in 1987 from the Wellington Formation of Oklahoma, which is Early Permian in age. It is known from several skulls and partial remains of vertebrae and limbs. It has large orbits, or eye sockets, and large otic notches (rounded indentations at the back of the skull).
|
|
Michel aplasia is thought to result from failure of development of the otic placode, due to developmental arrest at the third week of gestation. The common cavity deformity, a confluence of illdefined cochlea and vestibular organ results from a disruption during the fourth and fifth week. An arrest in fifth or sixth week of gestation result in cochlear aplasia or cochlear hypoplasia respectively.
|
|
They later changed the name of the band to Reo Brothers, derived from the first letters of their first name, middle name and surname. 'R' for Reno, Ronjoseph, Raymart and Ralph, 'E' for Evasco, their mother's maiden name and 'O' for Otic, their surname. More people noticed the band as they went from gig to gig. On June 22, 2012, they met Reynaldo Fuentes.
|
|
Unlike the better-known embolomeres, the baphetid cheek and skull roof are sutured together. There is a strongly embayed spiracular ("otic") notch, but the stapes is distally broad, which seems to rule out a sensitive hearing apparatus. The palate is closed—a primitive character, but very different from the temnospondyls. The coronoids bear no teeth or denticles, while the dentary has a double tooth row.
|
|
The central part of the otic vesicle represents the membranous vestibule, and is subdivided by a constriction into a smaller ventral part, the saccule, and a larger dorsal and posterior part, the utricle. The dorsal component of the inner ear also consists of what will become the semicircular canals. The utricle and saccule communicate with each other by means of a Y-shaped canal.
|
|
The otic ganglion is a small parasympathetic ganglion located immediately below the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa and on the medial surface of the mandibular nerve. It is functionally associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve and innervates the parotid gland for salivation. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. The others are the ciliary ganglion, the submandibular ganglion and the pterygopalatine ganglion.
|
|
White (1939) elaborated on biological implications. He noted that the presence of an otic notch reduces jaw strength by lowering the amount of surface area jaw muscles can attach to within the cranium. In addition, the skull would have been more fragile due to the presence of such a large incision. As a whole, he found it unlikely that Seymouria was capable of tackling large, active prey.
|
|
The skull is small, less than in length, and the otic capsule (a hollow region of bone encapsulating the inner ear) is very large in comparison to the rest of the skull. The skull of Quasicaecilia superficially resembles those of extant but unrelated caecilians, hence the genus name. Quasicaecilia was assigned to the new family Brachystelechidae in 1991 along with the genera Batropetes and Carrolla.
|
|
In mice the protein contains 469 amino acids, and is coded by 1906 base-pair DNA. In mice the protein is first formed at day 9.5 in the otic vesicle dorsal wall epithelium, and also in the endolymphatic duct. This is before any minerals are deposited. Four days later it also appears in the non-sensory epithelium of the utricle and saccule and semicircular canals.
|
|
Seymouria baylorensis and Seymouria sanjuanensis can be distinguished from each other based on several differences in the shape and connections between the different bones of the skull. For example, the downturned flange of bone above the otic notch (sometimes termed the "tabular horn" or "otic process") is much more well- developed in S. baylorensis than in S. sanjuanensis; it acquires a triangular shape (when seen from the side) as it extends downwards more extensively towards the rear of the skull. In S. sanjuanensis, the postfrontal bone contacts the parietal bone by means of an obtuse, wedge-like suture, while the connection between the two bones is completely straight in S. baylorensis. alt= Some authors have argued that the postparietals of S. baylorensis were smaller than those of S. sanjuanensis, but some specimens of S. sanjuanensis (for example, the "Tambach lovers") also had small postparietals.
|
|
There are major differences seen between choristoderes and gharials and other crocodilians, however, particularly in the skull. The orbits are found well forward on the skull, and the rear of the skull is bulbous, hugely expanded and consists of complex bony arches surrounding empty space. These spaces probably contained massive jaw muscles. Other hypotheses for the spaces, such as an otic sensory organ housing, have been tossed around with little support.
|
|
Above these paroccipital processes lie the otic notches as well as the tabular bones. The paroccipital processes also point backwards to some extent, forming horns which in some rhinesuchids are slightly longer than those of the tabulars. When seen from below, the most prominent portion of the braincase is the parasphenoid bone. The rear corners of the parasphenoid have small 'pockets' bordered by ridges (known as crista muscularis).
|
|
Sensory epithelial cells and neurons are derived from the proneurosensory domain. This domain can be further sub-categorized into the neurogenic sub-domain and prosensory sub-domain. Prosensory sub- domain eventually gives rise to the support cells and hair cells while the neurogenic sub-domain gives rise to the auditory neuron and vestibular neuron. The middle part of the otic vesicle develops into the ductus and saccus endolymphaticus.
|
|
Brigande JV, Amy EK, Gao X, Iten LE, and Fekete DM. Molecular genetics of pattern formation in the inner ear: Do compartment boundaries play a role? PNAS 2000 97 (22) 11700-11706; doi:10.1073/pnas.97.22.11700 The anterior end of the otic vesicle gradually elongates as a tube and coils upon itself forming the beginnings of the cochlear duct. The vestibular extremity subsequently constricts to form the canalis reuniens.
|
|
The preganglionic parasympathetic fibres originate in the inferior salivatory nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerve. They leave the glossopharyngeal nerve by its tympanic branch and then pass via the tympanic plexus and the lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion. Here, the fibers synapse and the postganglionic fibers pass by communicating branches to the auriculotemporal nerve, which conveys them to the parotid gland. They produce vasodilator and secretomotor effects.
|
|
Batropetes is distinguished from Carrolla, another brachystelechid microsaur, by the presence of three cusps on the premaxillary and anterior dentary teeth. In Carrolla, there are only two cusps. Additional diagnostic features seen in Batropetes include a supraoccipital bone that is not fused to the otic capsule, the presence of a retroarticular process (a projection at the back of the lower jaw), and two proximal bones in the tarsus.
|
|
The song was written by Daniel Gibson, adapted by Belinda, and co-adapted and produced by Mauri Stern. It is a Spanish version of the song "I Don't Understand You", by the band K-Otic. According to an interview, the Spanish duo performed in a concert in Mexico in the Acapulco Festival in March 2004, where they meet to Belinda. From there followed the idea of recording a duet.
|
|
Thus, temnospondyls possessed a hearing system supposedly ancestral to that of living amphibians and reptiles. Frogs and all other living tetrapods have a rod-like bone called the stapes that aids in hearing by transferring vibrations from the ear drum —or homologous tympanum— to the inner ear. Temnospondyls also have a stapes, which projects into the otic cavity. The stapes likely evolved from the hyomandibula of lobe-finned fishes.
|
|
These can be both congenital or develop over time with the thinning of the otic capsule by the persistent pulsations of the intracranial pressures against the bones of the skull. Finally, disease conditions—for example cholesteatoma—can result in a labyrinthine fistula. Traumatic events, with excessive pressure changes to the inner ear such as in scuba diving, head trauma, or an extremely loud noise can lead to rupture and leakage.
|
|
The Canadian development facility specializes in the development and testing of pulmonary and nasal drug delivery systems and ophthalmic, otic, and dermal products. In May 2020, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Rubicon Research committed Rs 2 crore for the fight against COVID-19. This included a donation of Rs 1.9 crore worth of Hydroxychloroquine (1.5 million tablets) to the Government of Maharashtra to help frontline workers and high-risk patients.
|
|
Super Typhoon Haiyan hit Tacloban, Philippines on November 8, 2013. There was widespread devastation from the storm surge in Tacloban City with many buildings and trees destroyed, and cars piled up. The low-lying areas on the eastern side of Tacloban city were the hardest hit, with some areas completely washed away.Typhoon Haiyan: Hundreds feared dead in Philippines The Otic family survived from the super typhoon but the devastation left the family penniless.
|
|
K-otic (เค-โอติค) is a Thai pop boy band consisting of five members; two of which are Thai Japanese mixed and one who is Korean. The band debuted with the single, "Ya Wai Chai" in March 2007, releasing the premier album later in October. The group disbanded in 2012 due to Jongbae's mandatory military service and Poppy's architectural studies. Their final song, Friends, was released to commemorate their five years together.
|
|
A study of a mouse knockout model tracked the extent to which the absence of noggin affected embryological development. The focus of the study was the formation of the ear and its role in conductive hearing loss. The inner ear underwent multiple deformations affecting the cochlear duct, semicircular canal, and otic capsule portions. Noggin's involvement in the malformations was also shown to be indirect, through its interaction with the notochord and neural axis.
|
|
This would have given Proterogyrinus the ability to walk and hunt on land. However, the presence of lateral line grooves and otic notches which likely held spiracles show that they were probably more well-adapted for the water. The tail was long and tall, and was likely a powerful method of locomotion. The eyes were positioned high on the skull, supporting the idea that Proterogyrinus had an active lifestyle near the surface of the water.
|
|
A prominent feature is the forward sloping of the quadrate and quadratojugal bones at the back of the skull. The sloping bones open up a space called the otic recess, which is positioned behind the lower temporal fossa, a hole on the side of the skull behind the eye sockets. Members of Bathyotica also lack a postfrontal bone. In 2012, the genus Parringtonia was redescribed and found to be closely related to Erpetosuchus.
|
|
Subsequent work addressed several technical problems in assessing cell differentiation. For these experiments, Reddick used White Plymouth Rock chicken embryos. One of the questions she addressed was whether nerve cells in the post-otic chick medulla became syncytial during development. To try to get single developing nerve cells with long processes visible in one plane of focus under the microscope, Reddick used a “smear” technique of flattening tissue before fixing and staining it.
|
|
Finafloxacin is commercially available as a 0.3% otic (meaning "for the ear") suspension for topical administration in the United States. The suspension should be warmed gently in the hands for 1–2 minutes before administration to prevent dizziness, and shaken before use. It is necessary to remain still for 1 minute, with the affected ear facing up while lying on one's side, after administration to allow finafloxacin to penetrate the ear canal and reach the site of infection.
|
|
Restoration of Acanthostega In the tetrapod and higher clades from the lower-middle Famennian there are several defining changes on the basis of anatomy of Ichthyostega, Tulerpeton, and Acanthostega. In the cranium, there is a stapes derived from the hyomandibular of fishes; a single bilateral pair of nasal bones, and a fenestra ovalis in the otic capsule of the braincase.Lebedev, O. A., & Coates, M. I. (1995). The postcranial skeleton of the Devonian tetrapod Tulerpeton curtum Lebedev.
|
|
The band mastered some songs until they created their playlist for gigs, events and competitions. They were later discovered by Bia Ong, a friend and previous employer of Bichachi. Bia Ong is a retired musician, a member of the Biatles band, a band that did renditions of The Beatles songs and other prominent bands of that era in Tacloban during the 1970s through the 1990s. He mentored and trained the Otic siblings and gave them support.
|
|
Colosteids had elongated bodies, with an estimated 40 vertebrae, not including the tail. The skull is flat and composed of many separate bones, like that of other stegocephalians. Colosteids lacked otic notches at the back of the head, unlike temnospondyls and other "labyrinthodonts". However, they did possess large mandibular and palatal fangs (on the lower jaw and the roof of the mouth) in addition to smaller marginal teeth (at the edge of the mouth), like "labyrinthodonts".
|
|
Kamikaze (), stylized as kəmikəze, was a Thai record label owned by RS Public Company Limited. It was founded in 2007, and was originally managed by RS producer Sudhipong Vatanajang. The label focused on young artists and catered to a target audience aged 10 to 17 years, as part of RS's restructuring plan to have multiple sublabels focusing on specific audience segments. Some if its best known early artists include Four–Mod, Faye Fang Kaew, Neko Jump and K-Otic.
|
|
However, an otic notch can now be considered a feature of this taxa. Also present are interpterygoid , and a pair of palatal tusks within the vomer which lay medially to the internal naris. Palatal tusk pairs can also be found the ectopterygoid and the palatine. As for the lower jaw, if the animal catches prey it is able to get it to the denticulate palate because compression of the mandibles is not lateral along their length.
|
|
The salivatory nuclei are the superior salivatory nucleus, and the inferior salivatory nucleus that innervate the salivary glands. They are located in the pontine tegmentum in the brainstem. They both are examples of cranial nerve nuclei. The superior salivatory nucleus innervates the submandibular gland and the sublingual gland and is part of the facial nerve The inferior salivatory nucleus innervates the parotid gland by way of the otic ganglion and forms the parasympathetic component of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
|
|
P. micromeros is considerably smaller than modern kiwis, weighing around 234.1 – 377g (the smallest living kiwi, Apteryx owenii, weighs at least 800 g), and its more gracile otic process may indicate a shorter bill. It bears distinctively slender hindlimbs, more comparable in terms of proportion to flying birds like the banded rail than to extant kiwis, and it is speculated to have been capable of powered flight, or to have evolved relatively recently from flying ancestors.
|
|
Starmaker-groep heet K-otic, De Telegraaf (11 May 2001) The debut album Bulletproof was released immediately after the end of Starmaker and came in first place a week after the last broadcast in the Album Top 100 . It was by far the best - selling album of 2001 in the Netherlands for Alessandro Safina 's Insieme a te and Not that Kind by Anastacia.Jaaroverzichten - Album 2001, dutchcharts.nl In the 2000-2009 decade overview, the CD finished in 18th Place.
|
|
Iratusaurus is an extinct genus of dissorophoid temnospondyl within the family Dissorophidae. It was described by Gubin (1980) on the basis of a fragmentary posterior skull. It is estimated to have been comparably large to Kamacops, another Russian dissorophid, but little more can be said about it, and it is rarely mentioned in comparative descriptions and has never been tested in a phylogenetic analysis. Distinguishing features include a large, triangular otic notch and a median crest on the postparietals.
|
|
He noted that both colosteids and adelospondyls possessed a prefrontal bone which contacted the front edge of the orbit, and a postorbital bone which contacted the parietal near the back of the head. In addition, he noted that both groups combined traditionally "labyrinthodont" features (such as the presence of lateral lines) with "lepospondyl" features (such as the lack of otic notches). However, Hook's hypothesis did not receive further discussion until Ruta et al. (2003) and Ruta & Coates (2007).
|
|
Discovered in the P-G Basin of central India. Originally Parotosuchus rajareddyi, its vertebrate fauna and constriction of its otic notch considered it to be a member of the Mastodonsauridae, with a new combination known as S. rajareddyi. Tabular and postparietal are posteriorly extended, and the postorbital is relatively smaller than the postparietal. However, because most fossils found belonging to this species are scattered fragments, better material is needed before confidently classifying S. rajareddyi as a new species.
|
|
Otosclerosis is a condition where one or more foci of irregularly laid spongy bone replace part of normally dense enchondral layer of bony otic capsule in the bony labyrinth. This condition affects one of the ossicles (the stapes) resulting in hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo or a combination of symptoms. The term otosclerosis is something of a misnomer. Much of the clinical course is characterized by lucent rather than sclerotic bony changes, so the disease is also known as otospongiosis.
|
|
These nurses must work under a supervising physician trained in hyperbarics who is available during the treatment in case of emergency. Hyperbaric nurses either join the patient inside the multiplace hyperbaric oxygen chamber or operate the machine from outside of the monoplace hyperbaric oxygen chamber, monitoring for adverse reactions to the treatment. Patients can experience adverse reactions to the hyperbaric oxygen therapy such as oxygen toxicity, hypoglycemia, anxiety, otic barotrauma, or pneumothorax. The nurse must know how to handle each adverse event appropriately.
|
|
Air vibrations could not set up pulsations through the skull as in a proper auditory organ. The spiracle was retained as the otic notch, eventually closed in by the tympanum, a thin, tight membrane. The hyomandibula of fish migrated upwards from its jaw supporting position, and was reduced in size to form the stapes. Situated between the tympanum and braincase in an air-filled cavity, the stapes was now capable of transmitting vibrations from the exterior of the head to the interior.
|
|
Rhinesuchidae is a family of tetrapods that lived primarily in the Permian period. They belonged to the broad group Temnospondyli, a successful and diverse collection of semiaquatic tetrapods which modern amphibians are probably descended from. Rhinesuchids can be differentiated from other temnospondyls by details of their skulls, most notably the interior structure of their otic notches at the back of the skull. They were among the earliest- diverging members of the Stereospondyli, a subgroup of temnospondyls with flat heads and aquatic habits.
|
|
In the mouse embryo, dpr2 mRNA is located across all the embryo 7.5 days post conception (dpc) however its location changes at 8.5-dpc where it is observed at the prospective somites and by 10-dpc, neural tube, otic vesicle and gut; because Dapper2 and Nodal are expressed in the same region, this suggests that Dapper antagonizes mesoderm induction signals derived from Nodal. Somehow the reduction of activin receptors would lead to the decrease in activity of different TGFb pathways.
|
|
Benzocaine, sold under the brand name Orajel amongst others, is an ester local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever or in cough drops. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter anesthetic ointments such as products for oral ulcers. It is also combined with antipyrine to form A/B otic drops to relieve ear pain and remove earwax. In the US, products containing benzocaine for oral application are contraindicated in children younger than two years old.
|
|
They were more rhomboidal than the circular orbits of other seymouriamorphs, with an acute front edge. Several authors have noted that a few specimens of Seymouria possessed indistinct grooves present in bones surrounding the orbits and in front of the otic notch. These grooves were likely remnants of a lateral line system, a web of pressure-sensing organs useful for aquatic animals, including the presumed larval stage of Seymouria. Many specimens do not retain any remnant of their lateral lines, not even juveniles.
|
|
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical sympathetic ganglion reach the gland as periarterial nerve plexuses around the external carotid artery and their function is mainly vasoconstriction. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave the brain stem from inferior salivatory nucleus in the glossopharyngeal nerve and then through its tympanic and then the lesser petrosal branch pass into the otic ganglion. There, they synapse with postganglionic fibers which reach the gland by hitch-hiking via the auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve.
|
|
Rotaurisaurus is an extinct genus of amphibian-grade tetrapod from the family Lapillopsidae. This genus is known only from an incomplete crushed skull and associated left jaw, together given the designation UTGD (University of Tasmania Geological Department) 87795. The generic name, Rotaurisaurus, is a combination of Latin words translating to "circle-eared lizard". This references the shape of its otic notches, which acquire a circular form due to being partially enclosed by the tabular bones at the back of the skull.
|
|
The ramus separates the interpterygoid vacuities, two large holes in the palate. In many temnospondyls, the palatine and ectopterygoid bones also touch the vacuities, but in Arachana and rhinesuchids, the palatine ramus excludes these bones from the vacuity margins. Arachana also has characteristics of a more derived group of stereospondyls called lydekkerinids. In both Arachana and lydekkerinids, the otic notch in the back of the skull is shallow and is not touched by the supratemporal bone as is otherwise the case in temnospondyls.
|
|
This combination of otic cavity grooves and ridges is unique to rhinesuchids. The lamella and stapedial groove are unknown in any other groups, although they are present in practically every rhinesuchid (except Broomistega, which lacks a lamella). The tympanic crest is present in most rhinesuchids but absent in a few, and it is additionally present in lydekkerinids. The oblique ridge/crest and falciform crest are present in most other sterospondyls (although the former is less well-developed), while the 'membrane' ledge is present in practically every stereospondylomorph.
|
|
The large, round head and shortened vertebral column are features Gerobatrachus shares in common with frogs and the early salamander Karaurus.Science Daily, "Ancient Amphibian: Debate Over Origin Of Frogs And Salamanders Settled With Discovery Of Missing Link" Accessed 22 May 2008. Gerobatrachus also has a large embayment at the back of the skull called an otic notch, which is seen other amphibamids and in frogs and supports the tympanum, an eardrum-like structure used in hearing. Many finer details of the skull link Gerobatrachus with modern amphibians.
|
|
Sita's career started in 2001 when she entered in the Dutch television show Starmaker, which was a casting show intended to create a band. During the show, Sita became a member of a band which was called K-otic. Due to the popularity of the show, the band scored a few hits. In December 2001, Sita left the band to pursue a solo career, releasing Happy, her first solo single, which topped the Dutch charts and also became a minor hit in some other European countries.
|
|
The gill opening was closed off from below, the remaining opening was small and hole-like, and is termed a spiracle. The spiracle is still found in all cartilaginous fish except requiem sharks, hammerhead sharks, and chimaeras, and is found in some primitive bony fishes (coelacanth, sturgeon, paddlefish and bichirs). It is also seen as an otic notch in the skull of the extinct labyrinthodonts, and is thought to be associated with the ear opening in amniotes and frogs.Romer, A.S. (1949): The Vertebrate Body.
|
|
At the beginning of April 2002, K-otic went into the studio for the second album, Indestructible . The first single Falling was released at the end of May 2002 and again became a Top 40 hit, just like the successor I Surrender, which will be released in August. The album was sold a lot less than its predecessor, but was nevertheless awarded a gold record. The performance on September 28 in Tivoli in Utrecht was one of the few the group gave that year.
|
|
Material referred to the taxon comes from the Archer City, Nocona, and Petrolia Formations and was collected between 1934 and 1952 by parties led by A.S. Romer, L.I. Price, and R.V Witter. Schoch & Milner (2014) separated the former 'Acheloma whitei' from P. pricei, distinguishing it by the shorter and more rounded external naris and an otic notch that was not slit-like. They restricted P. pricei to the specimens from the Archer City Formation and P. whitei to the specimens from the Petrolia Formation.
|
|
This strongly suggests that it was ideally suited for catching fish, and the animal was probably a fast-moving predator. Several thickened bony ridges ran along the dorsal midline of the snout and between the eyes, and several paleontologists have suggested that they helped the skull to withstand stress when the animal bit prey. Crassigyrinus had large eyes, suggesting that it was either nocturnal, or lived in very murky water. It possessed large otic (spiracular) notches, probably accommodating a spiracle rather than a tympanic membrane.
|
|
The most common adverse effect is otic barotrauma, trauma to the inner ear due to pressure not being released on descent. Since hyperbaric oxygen therapy is usually administered daily for a set number of treatments, adverse effects must be prevented in order for the patient to receive all prescribed treatments. The hyperbaric nurse will collaborate with the patient's physician to determine if hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the right treatment. The nurse must know all approved indications that warrant hyperbaric oxygen therapy treatments, along with contraindications to the treatment.
|
|
Intasuchus has a long, flattened skull that narrows slightly toward the front. Prominent ridges run along the skull surface from the eye sockets to the nostril openings. The otic notch at the back of the skull is relatively narrow in comparison to other temnospondyls, although it extends as a groove along the sides of the skull table. Intasuchus has large teeth on the roof of its mouth, with a large row between two openings of the palate called choanae, tusks on the palatine bones, and small teeth extending along the ectopterygoid.
|
|
Fossil It possesses some characteristics of reptilians and amphibians, combining a reptile-like skeleton with a more primitive, seymouriamorph-like skull. Diadectes has been classified as belonging to the sister group of the amniotes. Skull of Diadectes tenuitectes at the Harvard Museum of Natural History Among its primitive features, Diadectes has a large otic notch (a feature found in all labyrinthodonts, but not in reptiles) with an ossified tympanum. At the same time, its teeth show advanced specialisations for an herbivorous diet that are not found in any other type of early Permian animal.
|
|
It was in 2005 when Ronjoseph made drums from tin cans covered with chips packaging bags. He fixed it up and started learning to play the drums on his own. After learning to play the drums, he then mastered playing the guitar and passed the skills to his other three siblings, Ralph, Reno and Raymart.Interview with Ronjoseph during the ADB Benefit Concert Ad They started playing OPM songs and songs inspired by their father's (Reynaldo Otic) collection of 1950s to 1970s songs of The Beatles, Bee Gees, Cliff Richard etc.
|
|
It was 2 days after the typhoon that Raymart got the chance to communicate with their other siblings residing in Manila via a social networking site. Their siblings in Manila immediately decided to bring the whole family to Manila. The Otic family had to walk for more than an hour to reach the bus terminal from which they were fetched by their brother-in-law, a bus driver of Philtranco Bus Company. They only brought their guitars, some clothes and subsisted only on biscuits, a gallon of water and candies on their entire trip.
|
|
The walls of the otic notch cavity (sometimes referred to as a tympanic cavity) are mainly made up of the ascending branch of the pterygoid bones. Nevertheless, the inside edge of each cavity is formed by a tabular bone. The tabular bones are a pair of triangular bones along the rear edge of the skull which form pointed structures known as tabular horns. The upper part of the outer wall of the cavity is also formed partly from the squamosal bones, which mostly occupy the flat upper face of the skull.
|
|
This ridge was positioned further back than the other ridges (near the intersection of the pterygoid, quadrate, and squamosal bones) and extends down along the rear face of the cheek. The inner edge of the outer wall of the cavity was formed by a ledge which most studies simply label 'membrane'. This convention exists as a result of the old and likely incorrect hypothesis that otic notches housed eardrums. Under this hypothesis, the inner ledge may have attached to a membrane stretching along the inner cavity of the ear.
|
|
The jugal is a large element extending from the anterior border of the orbit back at least as far as the ear opening. The upper side of the quadrate is thin, with plate-like bone extending up and forward as if to connect with the skull just above the otic notch. The septomaxillae are small, triangular elements, fully twice as long as wide, and form nearly the entire posterior border of the naris. It extends back between the nasals and the maxilla, but are apparently separated from the lachrymals by a considerable space.
|
|
Restoration The hypothetical last common ancestor of archosaurs is thought to have shared many features with Erythrosuchus, many of which are found in the braincase. For example, the inner part of the otic capsule (the skeletal structure surrounding the inner ear) is not entirely ossified, or completely formed of bone. Neither is the channel for the perilymphatic duct, which is a tube that leaves the lagena. The lagena is the portion of the inner ear responsible for hearing, and is known as the cochlea in mammals (although in mammals it is coiled rather than straight).
|
|
With very similar features to Cyclotosaurus, Subcyclotosaurus is another good example of mastodonsaurid. Its skull is characterized by the small tabular without any trace of a "horn", but with a round lappet that approaches the squamosal flange lateral to the tympanic membrane, failing to meet it by about its own width. The occiput between the otic notches is proportionately wide, a reflection of the small size of the skull. The skull is otherwise of normal mastodonsaurid structure, being specifically more similar to Parotosuchus than to any other genera of this family.
|
|
In 2013, Maddin et al. created a computer-generated tomography of a partially preserved, three-dimensional A. pannonicum neurocranium which deposited during the Pliocene in Hungary. The structure of this specimen is in line with what is known of older Albanerpeton neurocrania, and therefore a good reference for what the neurocranium of the whole genus is like. Features of the reconstructed skull consist of a robust, box-like unit composed of coossification of the parasphenoid, otic capsules, and occipital elements with no trace of fusion or sutural points of contact among these components.
|
|
The somatosensory root (superior) originates from branches of the mandibular nerve (cranial nerve V), which pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing. Then they form the somatosensory (superior) root of the auriculotemporal nerve. The two roots re-unite, and shortly after the branching of secretomotor fibers to the parotid gland (parotid branches), the auriculotemporal nerve comprises exclusively somatosensory fibers, which ascend to the superficial temporal region. There, it supplies the auricle, external acoustic meatus, outer side of the tympanic membrane and the skin in the temporal region (superficial temporal branches).
|
|
Sita Maria Vermeulen (born 8 June 1980), known by the mononym Sita, is a Dutch pop singer. She rose to fame in the early 2000s as part of the pop group K-otic. After leaving the band in 2001, she had a brief solo career before turning to television, where she was featured primarily on children's television and was a candidate on Sterren Dansen Op Het IJs, the Dutch adaption of Dancing on Ice as well as the Dutch version of Dancing With The Stars. Since 2009, she has been hosting the Dutch Disney Channel.
|
|
Dvinosaurs are one of several new clades of Temnospondyl amphibians named in the phylogenetic review of the group by Yates and Warren 2000. They represent a group of primitive semi-aquatic to completely aquatic amphibians, and are known from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Triassic, being most common in the Permian period. Their distinguishing characteristics are a reduction of the otic notch; the loss of a flange on the rear side of the pterygoid; and 28 or more presacral vertebrae. Trimerorhachidae is the most basal family of dvinosaurs.
|
|
The axons of these neurons branch from the glossopharyngeal nerve at the level of the inferior ganglion and form the tympanic nerve along with the preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the inferior salivatory nucleus. The tympanic nerve then travels through the inferior tympanic canaliculus to the tympanic cavity forming the tympanic plexus. From here the sensory axons provide innervation of the middle ear and internal surface of the tympanic membrane. The parasympathetic axons branch from the tympanic plexus as the lesser petrosal nerve on their way to the otic ganglion.
|
|
Chowdhury (1965) did not formally place D. elegans within the Metoposauridae. Subsequent authors proposed that D. elegans might represent a juvenile of a specific taxon, but uncertainty resulted from interpretations of the absence an otic notch and a tabular horn, features seen in larger metoposaurids. Joseph Gregory suggested that it specifically represented a juvenile of Metoposaurus but indicated a preference to maintain the name in a form restricted to the holotype and to designate it as a nomen vanum. Beth Davidow-Henry re-appraised the holotype in light of new material of small metoposaurids.
|
|
The proportions of the skull resemble those of most others of Cyclotosaurus, the preorbital length being 66% of the total mid-line length. The extremes amongst Cyclotosaurus being 61% in the small Cyclotosaurus ebrachensis, and 71% in Parotosuchus helgolandicus. The skull is characterized by the small tabular without any trace of a "horn", but with a round lappet that approaches the squamosal flange lateral to the tympanic membrane, failing to meet it by about its own width. The occiput between the otic notches is proportionately wide, a reflection of the small size of the skull.
|
|
He allied it with the enigmatic Australian temnospondyl Lapillopsis, and formulated a new family (Lapillopsidae) to contain the two genera. Rotaurisaurus possessed unusually shaped tabular bones, which typically formed triangular horn-like structures along the rear edge of the skull. In Rotaurisaurus, these bones bent outwards to enclose the adjacent otic notches at the back of the head. Other unique features include the presence of a longitudinal ridge on the outer surface of each quadratojugal bone (which was situated near the skull joint), and a raised rim of bone behind the orbits (eye holes).
|
|
Both Rhynchonkos and caecilians possess a primitive combination of palatal bones, including the ectopterygoid. The two taxa also have rows of teeth on the palate in addition to the marginal rows on the maxilla and premaxilla. Carroll and Currie also mentioned that Rhynchonkos and caecilians have a pleurosphenoid that joins the otic-occipital portion of the braincase with the sphenethmoid, a characteristic which they considered unique among amphibians. The adjacent tooth rows on the coronoid and the dentary of Rhynchonkos were also considered a characteristic that linked it with caecilians.
|
|
For her dissertation work at Radcliffe, Reddick studied neurodevelopment of the chick medulla. For these experiments, she used embryos from Plymouth Rock chickens. The goal of her experiments was to understand how much of that area of the brain was already determined and how much was dependent on interactions with surrounding developing tissues, such as notochord, somites, and ectoderm. The results of these experiments supported the hypothesis that while some aspects of the post-otic medulla in chick have already been determined, there needs to be a continuous interaction with surrounding developing tissues.
|
|
The positioning of the stapes and the shape of the otic region suggests that the tympani of temnospondyls and frogs are homologous, but the tympani of these amphibians are no longer considered homologous with the hearing systems of reptiles, birds, and mammals. Therefore, ear structures in temnospondyls were not ancestral to those of all other tetrapods. The ability of the tympanum and stapes to effectively transmit vibrations is called impedance matching. Early tetrapods like temnospondyls have thick stapes with poor impedance matching, so it is now thought that they were not used for hearing.
|
|
Zatracheidids are one of several temnospondyl groups that are speculated to have undergone metamorphosis from young to adult. Both Zatrachys and Acanthostomatops are known from ontogenetic series, but that of Acanthostomatops is more complete and is the only one that would definitively capture metamorphosis. Spikes developed during metamorphosis, and as zatrachydids continued growing as adults, the pits and grooves on their skulls grew more extensive and the otic notch at the back of the skull grew wider. These notches likely supported membranes called tympana, which serve as ear drums in living amphibians.
|
|
The visceral motor fibers pass through this plexus and merge to become the lesser petrosal nerve. The lesser petrosal nerve re-enters and travels through the temporal bone to emerge in the middle cranial fossa just lateral to the greater petrosal nerve. It then proceeds anteriorly to exit the skull via the foramen ovale along with the mandibular nerve component of CN V (V3). Extra-cranial course and final innervations Upon exiting the skull, the lesser petrosal nerve synapses in the otic ganglion, which is suspended from the mandibular nerve immediately below the foramen ovale.
|
|
From 1835, he worked at the universities of Zurich, Freiburg and Tübingen, returning to Heidelberg in 1852 as a professor of anatomy and physiology. Following his retirement, he was replaced at Heidelberg by Carl Gegenbaur (1826-1903). Heidelberg University Library (biography) The auricular branch of the vagus nerve was nicknamed "Arnold's nerve" after he described the reflex of coughing when the ear is stimulated.Arnold's nerve cough @ Who Named It Other eponyms that contain his name are "Arnold's ganglion" (otic ganglion) and "Arnold's canal" (a passage of the petrous portion of the temporal bone for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve.
|
|
Partial growth series of both Cacops morrisi and Cacops woehri are known. Overall changes to the shape of the skull are minimal, indicating that the shallower skull of C. woehri is a valid feature for differentiating between the taxa throughout ontogeny. Of the two, the ontogeny of C. morrisi is better known due to more complete material. Ontogenetic changes in C. morrisi include the development of more rugose ornamentation and more even distribution of ornamentation across the skull, loss of a lateral exposure of the ectopterygoid (the 'LEE'), the posterior closure of the otic embayment, and a flatter posterior skull roof.
|
|
It was October 2008 when Roger David Gabero Bichachi, an employee of the City Mayor's Office of Tacloban and a member of PGBI (Philippine Guardians Brotherhood Inc) Tacloban Chapter saw them jam with their friends, singing and playing their improvised instruments. Bichachi then invited them to his birthday party to sing some songs of The Beatles with Ronjoseph as lead vocalist and acoustic guitar player. Bichachi was so impressed with the Otic siblings, he then pledged to help with the band formation. He bought them their musical instruments and requested the band to play for his other parties and events.
|
|
Cascada's entry for Germany, "Glorious", was the subject of investigation by NDR following allegations that it was too similar to the 2012 winner, "Euphoria" by Loreen. NDR spokeswoman Iris Bents played down the allegations, stating that "Every year there are attempts to create scandals around the Eurovision Song Contest and the participants." Following an independent audit, "Glorious" was found not to have plagiarized "Euphoria". Allegations of plagiarism against the winning Danish entry surfaced after Eric van Tijn, a notable Dutch music producer, mentioned the opening flute solo's similarity to "I Surrender", a 2002 song by the Dutch band K-Otic.
|
|
The suspensorium (jaw joint) is shifted forwards, which has the effect of twisting the quadrate bones forwards and closing up the squamosal embayments (large emarginations along the rear of the skull also known as "otic notches"). The arrangement of the cranial bones is generally similar to that of other early temnospondyls. The nasal bones (on the upper surface of the snout) are long, while the frontal and parietal bones (at the rear of the skull) are wide, which are traits related to the skull proportions. The lacrimal bones (on the side of the snout) are isolated, contacting neither the nares nor the orbits.
|
|
Cellceutix is pursuing other clinical applications of brilacidin and related anti-infective HDP-mimetic compounds, including their prophylactic use on implanted medical devices, having already entered into a material transfer agreement with a division of a large U.S. pharmaceutical company. An active clinical trial, brilacidin for oral mucositis is detailed below. In pre-clinical research, a mouthwash formulation of brilacidin was well tolerated and efficacious for oral mucositis, significantly reducing the number of days with ulcerations and significantly reducing the mucositis scores in a dose dependent manner. Pre- clinical research has shown potential for brilacidin for ocular, Otic, and diabetic foot ulcers.
|
|
However, the osteoderms of Parringtonia are comparable to a number of other small archosaurs and cannot diagnose it as an erpetosuchid alone. Since Parringtonia lacks all of the autapomorphies or unique characteristics of Erpetosuchus including an otic notch at the back of the skull and a large antorbital fenestra set in a deep fossa on the snout, its classification as an erpetosuchid was tentative at first. Parringtonia was redescribed in 2012 by Nesbitt & Butler and included in a phylogenetic analysis along with Erpetosuchus. The analysis confirmed that Parringtonia and Erpetosuchus were sister taxa in their own clade, which was designated Erpetosuchidae.
|
|
The pterygopalatine ganglion (aka Meckel's ganglion, nasal ganglion, SPG or sphenopalatine ganglion) is a parasympathetic ganglion found in the pterygopalatine fossa. It is largely innervated by the greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve); and its axons project to the lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa. The flow of blood to the nasal mucosa, in particular the venous plexus of the conchae, is regulated by the pterygopalatine ganglion and heats or cools the air in the nose. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck, the others being the submandibular ganglion, otic ganglion, and ciliary ganglion.
|
|
The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles. The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth, and contains structures which are key to several senses: the semicircular canals, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the utricle and saccule, which enable balance when stationary; and the cochlea, which enables hearing. The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids sound localisation. The ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch and six small swellings that develop in the early embryo called otic placodes, which are derived from ectoderm.
|
|
The tabular also has a second downturned flange visible from the rear of the skull; this flange (known as an occipital flange) connected to the braincase and partially obscured the space between the braincase and the side of the skull. The development of the otic and occipital flanges is greater in Seymouria (particularly S. baylorensis) than in any other seymouriamorph. The sensory apparatus of the skull also deserves mention for an array of unique features. The orbits (eye sockets) were about midway down the length of the skull, although they were a bit closer to the snout in juveniles.
|
|
I. Otic labyrinth). Biološki vestnik 38: 1–16 As this animal stays neotenic throughout its long life span, it is only occasionally exposed to normal adult hearing in air, which is probably also possible for Proteus as in most salamanders. Hence, it would be of adaptive value in caves, with no vision available, to profit from underwater hearing by recognizing particular sounds and eventual localization of prey or other sound sources, i.e. acoustical orientation in general. The ethological experiments indicate that the best hearing sensitivity of Proteus is between 10 Hz and up to 15,000 Hz.Bulog B. & Schlegel P. (2000).
|
|
In 1911, Paul Miller discovered the remains of various dissorophid bones in New Mexico that were attributed to a new species, Aspidosaurus novomexicanus. The skull closely resembled that of a specimen of Cacops aspidephorus found in Texas but the arrangement of ridges in the otic region was different. The teeth found were slender and conical and all of an approximately equal size. The vertebral column, pelvis and limb bones were also similar but the new specimen was distinguished from Cacops by the armour, the single row of vertical plates that were originally attached to the neural spines of the vertebrae.
|
|
Lapillopsis was differentiated from the closely related Rotaurisaurus from Australia by several features: (1) a deep, semi-elliptical otic notch; (2) an abbreviated posterior skull table; (3) a broad shallow sulcus extending from the posterolateral corner of the quadratojugal to the posterior orbital margin; (4) a broadly flared anterior end of the cultriform process; (5) pterygoid-palatine separation, resulting in an ectopterygoid framing the interpterygoid vacuity; (6) jugal terminating at anterior orbital margin. The skull and mandible are particularly well-known, permitting a more or less complete reconstruction. Postcranial material consists largely of the pectoral and forelimb regions and a few vertebrae.
|
|
In traditional schemes, the family Diplomystidae is the basal, primitive sister group to all other catfishes (Siluroidei). This is well supported by morphological evidence. Almost all molecular estimates of catfish phylogeny, by contrast, find Diplomystidae sister to Siluroidei, with Loricarioidei (the armoured catfish and relatives) the most basal group; though this may be an artifact of rapid evolution in loricarioids. Diplomystids retain more plesiomorphic characteristics than any other siluriforms, recent or fossil, including aspects of the maxillary bones, barbels, nares, otic capsule, anterior pterygoid bones, Weberian complex centra, caudal skeleton, and fin rays, and pectoral girdle.
|
|
Otic was son of Escrivà Galceran de Borja and his wife Isabel de Moncada, Moncada Ot daughter of his second wife, Constança Diec. Her mother was Isabel de Montcada. She was also a niece of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, later Pope Alexander VI . She is not to be confused with her sister Angela Borgia and Castellverd; born of the marriage by her father with Violant Castellverd Sanç, who married Rodrigo Rois de Corella, becoming the Countess of Cocentaina or with a third figure of the same name (and not last), Angela Borgia and Moncada Llançol and that, too, in 1506 settled its Llançol Lluís married.
|
|
The diagnostic features of the genus Leptorophus are a long triangular skull, anterior parts of nasal and vomer elongated, a very close prefrontal and postfrontal, elongated narial openings, a maxilla extended posteriorly, quadrate condyles posterior to occipital condyles, and a vomer with long posteromedial process. The autopamorphic features of the genus Schoenfelderpeton are an overall broad skull with an enlarged otic notch, a wider posterior skull table, supratemporal anteriorly pointed, possible subdivided postfrontal, very short humerus, represented only by midshaft ossification. These diagnostics of Schoenfelderpeton indicated it is the most neotenic of the branchiosaurids. There are several potential branchiosaurids that are as of yet too inadequately characterized to classify.
|
|
Unlike in other theropods but similar to Majungasaurus, the crista prootica, which is typically a ridge along the otic capsule bone in the ear, more so juts outward as a stump. Abelisaurid tibiae; G is Rajasaurus Rajasaurus had a low horn on its forehead that is primarily made of nasal bone more than frontal, unlike the horn on Majungasaurus. The horn in life was probably the same size as the fossilized horn, unlike in Carnotaurus where in life the horn was extended by a thickened layer skin. Though Rajasaurus did have a thickened layer of skin, it probably did not add to the overall length of the horn.
|
|
The portion of the squamosal which forms the cavity wall is separated by the portion outside of the cavity by a pronounced boundary known as a falciform crest. The outer wall of the cavity has a long and pronounced groove, known as a stapedial groove, which extends lengthwise along the wall. The lower edge of the groove is formed by a ridge/crest known as an oblique ridge, although it has also been called a crista obliqua, otic flange, or simply an oblique crest. The upper edge of the stapedial groove is formed by another ridge/crest bordering the squamosal bone, which Eltink et al.
|
|
Towards the back of the mouth, there were the multi-pronged pterygoid bones on each side of the skull. Each pterygoid had several branches, including the posterior branch which stretches back and to the side of the skull, the short medial branch which extends inwards and connects to the parasphenoid bone, an ascending branch which projects upwards to form the otic notch, and finally the anterior branch which extends forward along the palatine and ectopterygoid. The pterygoids of most rhinesuchids have very long anterior branches. In most members of this family, the anterior branch reaches as far forward as the vomers, although Australerpeton has relatively short anterior branches.
|
|
The short, triangular shape of the skull of Solenodonsaurus distinguishes it from most aquatic forms, which have either long and narrow or broad and parabolic heads. Solenodonsaurus was once believed to have had an impedance matching hearing system like those of modern tetrapods, with an eardrum-like membrane called a tympanum that covered a notch in the squamosal bone at the back of the skull. Evidence for a tympanum is seen in a ridge that runs along the squamosal notch, which may have been an attachment point for the membrane. However, since the otic notch is very small, the presence of a tympanum is now considered unlikely.
|
|
Heaton's originally classified the diadectomorphs as amphibians, outside of and sister to Amniota. However, subsequent studies have argued for a close relationship between diadectomorphs and synapsids, with many cladistic analyses placing them as sister taxa. This grouping is based on a variety of shared characters, including the possession of an otic trough, having similar atlas-axis complexes, the possession of small posttemporal fenestrae, the possession of a small parietal foramen, the structure and position of the septomaxillae, and the possession of a tall, broad, and flat illium. Most recently, a study of the inner ear morphology of diadectomorphs using X-ray microcomputed tomography by Klembara et al.
|
|
While the early amniotes resembled their amphibian ancestors in many respects, a key difference was the lack of an otic notch at the back margin of the skull roof. In their ancestors, this notch held a spiracle, an unnecessary structure in an animal without an aquatic larval stage.Lombard, R. E. & Bolt, J. R. (1979): Evolution of the tetrapod ear: an analysis and reinterpretation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society No 11: pp 19–76 Abstract There are three main lines of amniotes, which may be distinguished by the structure of the skull and in particular the number of temporal fenestrae (openings) behind each eye.
|
|
His further research carried out in many institutes worldwide proved that Bulgarian yogurt helps in the treatment of various diseases and conditions like infections, otic-rhino- laryngeal diseases, tuberculosis, stomach and intestine conditions, ulcers, some gynecologic diseases, fatigue, etc. These prophylactic and curative properties of Bulgarian yogurt are due to the rich vitamin content including B1, B2, C, A, D, E, PP, B12, as well as lactose, proteins, and other important stimulating substances. Yogurt in its original variety can be produced only in Bulgaria and in some neighboring regions on the Balkan peninsula. In other natural climatic conditions the bacteria quickly degenerate, lose their qualities and die.
|
|
The evolutionary explanation for this contradiction known as Bystrow's Paradox is that temnospondyls had both internal gills and external gills, with external gills only present in larvae and internal gills that are homologous with Osteichthyes (bony fish) gills that later become modern amphibian gills. Thus, Rhineceps larvae likely had external gills and adult Rhineceps had internal gills, although this is difficult to confirm given the lack of evidence for metamorphosis in stereospondyls including Rhineceps. Rhineceps as a temnospondyl, possesses diagnostic temnospondyl traits including wide vomers, large and round interpterygoid vacuities, otic notches, contact between post- pareital and exoccipital skull bones, and a stapes that articulates with the parasphenoid.Rainer R. Schoch. 2013.
|
|
The Stanocephalosaurus have at least 100 straight and conical teeth on the premaxilla and maxilla combined, gradually increasing in size towards the front. Other skull regions previously inaccessible or too poorly preserved on the Stanocephalosaurus have been observed with X-ray micro-CT scans, including the otic capsule, delta groove of the exoccipital, as well as parts of the arterial and nervous system. Air pockets around the stapes of Stanocephalosaurus have been hypothesized to act as resonance chambers, meaning that the spoon-shaped inner ear bone could be related to underwater hearing. This trait is possibly associated with early tetrapod evolution, and can act as a link to Anuran tympanum evolution.
|
|
The large palatal roof component of the vomer in Thrinaxodon is just dorsal to the choana, or interior nasal passages. The pterygoid bones extend in the upper jaw and enclose small interpterygoid vacuities that are present on each side of the cultriform processes of the parasphenoids. The parasphenoid and basisphenoid are fused, except for the most anterior/dorsal end of the fused bones, in which there is a slight separation in the trabecular attachment of the basisphenoid. The skull of specimen AMNH 5630 in the American Museum of Natural History, from South Africa The otic region is defined by the regions surrounding the temporal fenestrae.
|
|
This school with 1.500 students is especially aimed at the training in the area of Tourism, Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Food Engineering. Campus 5 In Campus 5, in Leiria, there are other structures of the Institute: the Institute for Research, Development and Advanced Studies (INDEA), the Training Centre for the Courses of Technology Specialization (FOR.CET) with around 900 students, the Centre of New Opportunities (CNO), a Transfer Technology and Information Center (OTIC) and an E-Learning Unit (UED). These are units with specific aims that encompass the investigation and post-graduate training, the post-secondary training, the e-learning, the knowledge transfer, among others.
|
|
The skull of Cacops has several features associated with predatory behavior. In particular, transverse flanges on the pterygoid that extend below the level of the marginal tooth row have been interpreted to be adaptive for capturing and holding struggling prey; this feature is also seen in the trematopids. Like many other terrestrial tetrapods, Cacops exhibits evidence of a tympanic membrane in the form of a large, smooth, unornamented flange in the otic notch that bears faint striations inferred to have been the sites of attachment. Among modern amniotes, sensory perception requires a specialized middle ear that collects airborne sounds through a tympanic membrane and delivers the vibrations to the inner ear via multiple structures, including the stapes.
|
|
The quadrate bone of the jaw joint is vertical, rather than slanted as in basal reptiliomorphs such as seymouriamorphs and embolomeres.A color-coded diagram of the skull of Westlothiana lizziaeThe bones of the skull roof (the upper part of the skull, behind the eyes) were characteristic in several ways. They were loosely attached to those of the cheek region (namely the squamosal bones), as with amniotes and most reptiliomorphs, except for basal groups in which this area retains a large otic notch rather than contact. The skull roof was primarily composed of the characteristically large and wide parietal bones, which extended to the outer edge of the skull roof, an area known as the temporal region of the skull.
|
|
The Ohio Turnpike, officially the James W. Shocknessy Ohio Turnpike, is a , limited-access toll highway in the U.S. state of Ohio, serving as a primary corridor to Chicago and Pittsburgh. The road runs east–west in the northern section of the state, with the western end at the Indiana–Ohio border near Bryan where it meets the Indiana Toll Road, and the eastern end at the Ohio–Pennsylvania border near Petersburg, where it meets the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The road is owned and maintained by the Ohio Turnpike and Infrastructure Commission (OTIC), headquartered in Berea. Built from 1949 to 1955, construction for the roadway was completed a year prior to the Interstate Highway System.
|
|
Specimen of Dendrerpeton acadianum from the Prehistoric Gallery of the Inner Mongolia Museum in China The length of the skull can range from 84mm to 104mm for midline length. to Through the analysis of the middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum, it could be determined that this taxa has a tympanic ear that is not there as a means of support for the palatoquadrate, but rather the positioning of the stapes indicates that it is used for the movement of sound. This morphology demonstrates Dendrerpeton having a hearing system that mimics that of anurans. This was contrary to what was previously thought, which was that it had a "squamosal embayment" rather than an otic notch.
|
|
Cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) are a type of neural crest cells that migrate to the circumpharyngeal ridge (an arc-shape ridge above the pharyngeal arches) and then into the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches and the cardiac outflow tract (OFT).Kuratani S. C. and Kirby M. L. "Migration and distribution of circumpharyngeal crest cells in the chick embryo: formation of the circumpharyngeal ridge and E/C8+ crest cells in the vertebrate head region." Anat. Rec. October 1992 234(2) p263 - 268 They extend from the otic placodes (the structure in developing embryos that will later form the ears) to the third somites (clusters of mesoderm that will become skeletal muscle, vertebrae and dermis).
|
|
This type of skull is very similar to that of Mastodonsaurus, which is also triangular in shape. The Stanocephalosaurus has at least 100 straight and conical teeth on the premaxilla and maxilla combined, gradually increasing in size towards the front. While there is a lot of known information about Stanocephalosaurus, some of the skull regions which were previously inaccessible or too poorly preserved on Stanocephalosaurus have been observed with X-ray micro-CT scans, including the otic capsule, delta groove of the exoccipital, as well as parts of the arterial and nervous system. Air pockets around the stapes of Stanocephalosaurus have been hypothesized to act as resonance chambers, meaning that the spoon-shaped inner ear bone could be related to underwater hearing.
|
|
Regarding its skull structure, the features that distinguish Biseridens from other anomodonts include having an intertemporal region that is wider than the interorbital region, and a temporal fenestra larger than the orbits. Additionally, the mandibular fenestra is absent from the lower jaw, the transverse flange of the pterygoid extends laterally, and there is contact between the tabular and opisthotic, or the posterior part of the otic capsule. There is a concavity on the posterior region of the postorbital bone as well as a lateral process on the postorbital that fails to reach the zygomatic arch. Characteristic of other basal therapsids, the prominent maxilla constitutes the majority of the snout and the nasal bones are the longest bones of the skull roof.
|
|
Due to its highly generalized post-cranial morphology, Limnoscelis has long been thought to be morphologically similar to a hypothetical ancestor of all amniotes, although its occurrences are too recent to be this ancestor itself. Limnoscelis possessed several reptilian cranial homologies, including the closure of the otic notch and the development of a pterygoid flange on the palatal surface, while retaining a generalized amphibian-like postcranial morphology. Furthermore, it was noted that Limnoscelis shared many features with early Pelycosaurs like Ophiacodon, particularly in its post-cranial skeleton. Others disagreed, citing differences in the postorbital bone, and arguing that a hypothetical ancestor of all amniotes should be small enough to efficiently produce the amniotic egg, with Limnoscelis having been too big to have been this ancestor.
|
|
After arising in the tympanic plexus, the lesser petrosal nerve passes forward and then through the hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve on the anterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone into the middle cranial fossa. It travels across the floor of the middle cranial fossa, then exits the skull via canaliculus innominatus to reach the infratemporal fossa. The fibres synapse in the otic ganglion, and post-ganglionic fibres then travel briefly with the auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of V3) before entering the body of the parotid gland. The lesser petrosal nerve will distribute its parasympathetic post-ganglionic (GVE) fibers to the parotid gland via the intraparotid plexus (or parotid plexus), the branches from the facial nerve in the parotid gland.
|
|
The braincase is where Protoavis comes close to being as avian as Chatterjee has maintained. The otic capsule is allegedly organized in avian fashion, with three distinct foramina arranged as such: fenestra ovalis, fenestra pseudorotunda, and the caudal tympanic recess, with a bony metotic strut positioned between the fenestra pseudorotunda and caudal tympanic recess. The claim that the full complement of tympanic recesses seen in ornithurines, are similarly observed in Protoavis is questionable, as the preservation of the braincase is not adequate to permit concrete observations on the matter. Chatterjee omits in his 1987 account of the braincase, the presence of a substantial post-temporal fenestra, which in all Aves (including Archaeopteryx), is reduced or absent altogether, and the lack of a pneumatic sinus on the paroccipital.
|
|
The parietal foramen, a small hole at the top of the skull behind the eyes, is oval-shaped rather than circular as in most other temnospondyls. A space in the squamosal bone called the otic notch extends far into the skull, as in other lydekkerinids and a similar group of Triassic temnospondyls called rhinesuchids. However, the notch in Cryobatrachus is unusual in that it is crescent- rather than oval-shaped and that it ends in a sharp point rather than a rounded margin. Cryobatrachus can be distinguished from another group of Triassic temnospondyls called capitosaurians in that its quadratojugal bones (which make up the back of the upper jaws) end at the level of the tabular horns (which project from the back of the skull roof).
|
|
Terrestrial temnospondyls have larger, thicker limbs, and some even have claws. One unusual terrestrial temnospondyl, Fayella, has relatively long limbs for its body, and probably lived as an active runner able to chase prey. Xenotosaurus africanus, showing the skull roof bones common in all temnospondyls Homologues of most of the bones of temnospondyls are also seen in other early tetrapods, aside from a few bones in the skull, such as interfrontals, internasals, and interparietals, that have developed in some temnospondyl taxa. Most temnospondyls have tabular horns in the backs of their skulls, rounded projections of bone separated from the rest of the skull by indentations called otic notches; in some temnospondyls, such as Zatrachys, they are pointed and very prominent.
|
|
Chatterjee argues that the temporal region displays a streptostylic quadrate with orbital process for attachment of the M. protractor pterygoidei et quadrati, with associated confluence of the orbits with the temporal fenestrae, thus facilitating prokinesis. He further asserts that the braincase of Protoavis bears a number of characters seen in Ornithurae, including the structure of the otic capsule, the widespread pneumatization of the braincase elements, a full complement of tympanic recesses, and the presence of an epiotic. Of this material, only the quadrate and orbital roof, in addition to limited portions of the braincase are preserved with enough fidelity to permit any definitive interpretation. The quadrates of TTU P 9200 and TTU P 9201 are not particularly alike; a fact not easily explained away if the material is conspecific, as Chatterjee insists.
|
|
Schoch & Milner (2014) provide nine characters in their diagnosis of Acheloma: (1) toothed crest on the vomer extending medial to the internal naris; (2) constricted otic notch with nearly horizontal ventral margin; (3) preorbital region twice as long as the skull table; (4) naris twice as long as the orbit; (5) posterior skull table wide and posterolaterally expanded; (6) skull margin widens at level of and posterior to orbit; (7) palatine and ectopterygoid with tall fangs; (8) large intervomerine fenestra; and (9) choana elongate and curved with a Y-shaped contour. Acheloma cumminsi and A. dunni are distinguished by the purported absence of lateral exposures of the palatine (LEP) and the ectopterygoid (LEE) in A. cumminsi, but these exposures were subsequently identified following re-examination of the holotype of this taxon.
|
|
Mazz grew up in Maasbree, Netherlands. Growing up with music such as the Beatles, Rolling Stones, Tom Petty and Thin Lizzy mainly caused by his parents' influence, and later, on the verge of the crossover from 1980s glamrock and 1990s grunge, getting a taste of those both worlds mainly through (according to his own biography) sneaking his way to his sisters' record shelf. Since all this music was in English, at a young age he had developed an interest in lyrics and through reading lyrics at the same time learned his English. In 2001, Mazz (at the time still known as Martijn Terporten) was picked to join a TV show called Starmaker in the Netherlands which was a pioneer of reality talent shows, through the TV show he ended up in a pop group called K-otic.
|
|
The parotid salivary glands appear early in the sixth week of the prenatal development and are the first major salivary glands formed. The epithelial buds of these glands are located on the inner part of the cheek, near the labial commissures of the primitive mouth (from ectodermal lining near angles of the stomodeum in the 1st/2nd pharyngeal arches; the stomodeum itself is created from the rupturing of the oropharyngeal membrane at about 26 days.) These buds grow posteriorly toward the otic placodes of the ears and branch to form solid cords with rounded terminal ends near the developing facial nerve. Later, at around 10 weeks of prenatal development, these cords are canalized and form ducts, with the largest becoming the parotid duct for the parotid gland. The rounded terminal ends of the cords form the acini of the glands.
|
|
Phonerpeton is represented only by relatively small specimens compared to the much larger Acheloma. Dilkes (1990) diagnosed Phonerpeton by the semilunar curvature of the squamosal, doming of the parietals along the midline, a closed basicranial joint with a clear suture between the pterygoid and the basipterygoid process of the parasphenoid (the basicranial joint), an unossified sphenethmoid, long and slender mid-dorsal ribs, a radius with a semicircular cross section, and a ridge along the anterolateral edge of the ulna. He differentiated it from Acheloma by the large and posteriorly open otic notch, a posterodorsal process of the quadrate consisting of two sheets of bone separated by a poorly ossified region, a semilunar curvature of the squamosal, and an unfused basicranial joint. Schoch & Milner (2014) retained only the absence of a slit- like notch (which is found in Acheloma) in the diagnosis.
|
|
University Of Technology And Applied Sciences (UTAS) is a public college operated by the Ministry of Manpower of Oman. It was the first Higher Education institution in Oman. Currently, it is the second largest higher education institution in Oman (after SQU) catering for over 10000 students studying in various programs. Before being renamed and upgraded as such in 2001, UTAS was known as Oman Technical Industrial College (OTIC), established in 1984 at the initiative of His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said to educate the citizens of Oman by implementing high-quality programs in various fields. There are six other Colleges of Technology which were established in 1993 except the ones in Shinas and Ibri, which were started in 2005 and 2008, respectively. HCT is the only college under the Ministry of Manpower that offers programs at the Bachelor's degree + Master’s degree level while the other Colleges of Technology offer programs only up to the Higher Diploma level.
|
|
Like all zatracheidids, Zatrachys is easily recognized by the presence of a large opening in the snout, the internarial fontanelle or fenestra. Of the three genera of zatracheidids, that of Zatrachys is the largest, extending as far back as to fully divide the nasals and to partially divide the frontals, a unique feature (autapomorphy). Other features that distinguish this genus are the presence of prominent spiky projections from the posterior skull (maxilla and quadratojugal), bosses and ridges on the lower jaw, a supratemporal that borders the otic notch, long and slender tabular horns and short postparietal horns, contact between the palatine and the vomer to fully enclose the choana on the palate, and a U-shaped skull profile intermediate to that of Acanthostomatops (broad and parabolic) and Dasyceps (elongate). Although there are numerous reports of postcranial material attributed to Zatrachys, all of this was referred to species that are now reassigned to other temnospondyl taxa (e.g.
|
|
Schoch & Milner (2014) listed seven features in the diagnosis of Ecolsonia: (1) tabular and squamosal frame otic fenestra; (2) prefrontal and postfrontal separated (shared with most other trematopids); (3) preorbital region of equal length to posterior skull table; (4) vomer with a posteromedial process meeting the pterygoid (shared with other trematopids); (5) a supratemporal that is twice as long as it is wide; (6) triangular patch of denticles on the parasphenoid (shared with other trematopids); and (7) basipterygoid region unsutured (shared with some other trematopids). Trematopid synapomorphies include the posterior process of the vomer, the denticles on the parasphenoid, and the supinator process of the humerus. A large number of small scales were also found with some specimens of Ecolsonia that probably covered the entire body, a feature similar to that seen in the trematopid Anconastes; these are distinct from the osteoderms of dissorophids that are only associated with the vertebral column.
|
|
Trematopids have typically been identified by the presence of a noticeably enlarged naris that is often sub-divided in Permian forms such as Acheloma. They are also among the largest of the dissorophoids, with some specimens of Acheloma exceeding 18 cm in skull length and thus being rivaled only by middle Permian dissorophids such as Anakamacops. Schoch & Milner (2014) diagnosed trematopids by the following features: (1) greatly expanded naris replacing much of the lacrimal; (2) medially situated narial flange meeting antorbital bar; (3) otic notch with a ventral margin sloping at less than 45-degrees in large individuals; (4) a medial inflection of the rim of the adductor fossa; (5) a pterygoid-vomer contact; (6) a triangular patch of denticles on the basal plate of the parasphenoid; and (7) a humerus with a supinator process. Milner (2018) further refined this based on his restudy of Mordex, including only characters 1, 3, and 5 from Schoch & Milner (2014), noting that some typical trematopid features are either not known or are not present in the primitive Mattauschia and Mordex.
|
|