Embryonic organ culture is an easier alternative to normal organ culture derived from adult animals. The following are four techniques employed for embryonic organ culture.
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It thus requires careful handling. The media used for a growing organ culture are generally the same as those used for tissue culture. The techniques for organ culture can be classified into (i) those employing a solid medium and (ii) those employing liquid medium.
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Media solidified with agar are also used for organ culture and these media consist of 7 parts 1% agar in BSS, 3 parts chick embryo extract and 3 parts of horse serum. Defined media with or without serum are also used with agar. The medium with agar provides the mechanical support for organ culture. It does not liquefy.
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Pearson, D., Shainberg, A., Malamed, S., and Sachs, H.: The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex in organ culture. Effects of metabolic inhibitors, biologic and pharmacologic agents. Endocrinology 94: 994-1003, 1975.
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The species is named for John P. Reinecke, a retired USDA entomologist who worked in Mississippi and developed insect organ culture techniques and detailed the anatomy of the hindgut of larval Lepidoptera.
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Organ culture is a development from tissue culture methods of research, the organ culture is able to accurately model functions of an organ in various states and conditions by the use of the actual in vitro organ itself. Parts of an organ or a whole organ can be cultured in vitro. The main objective is to maintain the architecture of the tissue and direct it towards normal development. In this technique, it is essential that the tissue is never disrupted or damaged.
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A research group at the National Institute of Health the same year was able to isolate another member of this new group of viruses using organ culture and named one of the samples OC43 (OC for organ culture). Like B814, 229E, and IBV, the novel cold virus OC43 had distinctive club-like spikes when observed with the electron microscope. The IBV-like novel cold viruses were soon shown to be also morphologically related to the mouse hepatitis virus. This new group of viruses were named coronaviruses after their distinctive morphological appearance.
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Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 119(1). 197-210 salt Niu, Wei, Zhou, Tian, Hao, et al. (2012) Wheat WRKY genes TaWRKY2 and TaWRKY19 regulate abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Plant, Cell & Environment. 35(6).
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Fell as a young woman. Honor Bridget Fell, DBE, FRS (22 May 1900 – 22 April 1986) was a British scientist and zoologist. Her contributions to science included the development of experimental methods in organ culture, tissue culture, and cell biology.
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Other ingredients include oil seeds such as flax, karale,Nikam, T.D. and Shitole, M.G., 1993. Regeneration of niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) CV Sahyadri from seedling explants. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, 32(3), pp.345-349. coconut, peanuts, almonds and cashew nuts.
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In vitro regeneration in Dierama erectum Hilliard. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 103(1) 23-31. Certain species have been used in traditional African medicine and spiritual practices. D. erectum is used as an enema by the Sotho people and as a treatment for stomach problems.
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Embryonic organs generally grow well on agar, but adult organ culture will not survive on this medium. The culture of adult organs or parts from adult animals is more difficult due to their greater requirement of oxygen. A variety of adult organs (e.g. the liver) have been cultured using special media with special apparatus (Towell’s II culture chamber).
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The recovery occurs within hours of the death of the donor. The entire eye, called the globe, may be surgically removed (enucleated), or only the cornea may be excised in-situ and placed in storage media. There is a wide variety of storage media used in eye banking. Commercial preparations as well as organ culture medium can preserve corneas.
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Integrated discrete Multiple Organ Culture (IdMOC) is an in vitro, cell culture based experimental model for the study of intercellular communication. In conventional in vitro systems, each cell type is studied in isolation ignoring critical interactions between organs or cell types. IdMOC technology is based on the concept that multiple organs signal or communicate via the systemic circulation (i.e., blood).
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This image shows the difference in process between organ culture and cell culture. In fragment cultures, the testis is removed and fragments of tissue are cultured in supplemental media containing different growth factors to induce spermatogenesis and form functional gametes. The development of this culture technique has taken place mainly with the use of animal models e.g. mice or rat testis tissue.
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CD68 immunostaining demonstrating giant cells and macrophages Osteoclasts were discovered in 1873. However, it wasn't until the development of the organ culture in the 1970’s that their origin and function could be deduced. Although there was a general consensus early on about the physiological function of osteoclasts, theories on their origins were heavily debated. Many believed osteoclasts and osteoblasts came from the same progenitor cell.
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Ahava is one of several Israeli cosmetics companies researching nanotechnology applications. The company has established an R&D; program to research nanoemulsion and nanosuspension with mud nanoparticles. Ahava operates its own laboratory for cell and organ culture. It is the coordinator of SkinTreat (FP-7) and a partner in nanoReTox (FP-7) founded by Cellage, a European research consortium the specializes in skin cellular Ageing (FP-5).
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The following are general steps in organ culture on plasma clots. #Prepare a plasma clot by mixing 15 drops of plasma with five drops of embryo extract in a watch glass. #Place a watch glass on a pad of cotton wool in a petri dish; cotton wool is kept moist to prevent excessive evaporation from the dish. #Place a small, carefully dissected piece of tissue on top of the plasma clots in watch glass.
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In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses.
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Later on an important center focused on nutrition and gut pathophysiology was established by Bertil Linquist in Lund, Sweden. This was the first place in which glucose-galactose malabsorption was reported. Pediatric gastroenterology centers in London contributed greatly to this field and hepatology by helping and recognizing multiple doctors with their investigations. An example is Tom Macdonald, who concentrated his immunological research on gastroenterological diseases in children and the use of a fetal intestinal organ culture model.
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This enabled scientists to study living differentiated cells in environments that resembled the behaviour of organs in the animal body. The transition from histological examination of fixed, stained tissues to observation of living cells attracted great enthusiasm when the techniques were first developed, although their utility was somewhat controversial among scientists during the early days. The most remarkable and fundamental method on cell culture is cell hybridization. An organ culture is an excellent experimental system to study the responses of organized, functional cells to environmental factors.
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Fell served as director until 1970 when she was succeeded by Michael Abercrombie. During that time, she also maintained an active research program in tissue and organ culture. Although the laboratory was never well-funded—Fell described the funding situation at one point as "something of a nightmare"—it developed an international reputation for tissue culture, cell biology, and radiobiology, and attracted large numbers of visiting scientists; in one tabulation, visitors from 32 different countries were recorded. During the 1930s Fell took particular interest in finding positions for scientists arriving as refugees from continental Europe.
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Essays in Honor of Harald Vogel. Ithaca: Westfield Center, 2006. containing research by Bolt, Porter, and many former Vogel students and colleagues. To remain in close proximity to the sources of his academic research and performance, focused primarily on the organ culture of northern Europe, Johnson remained in Europe and was enrolled at Oxford University (Christ Church College) from 1978—studying with Denis Arnold, Anthony Baines, John Caldwell, Simon Preston, and Alan Tyson, receiving the Doctor of Philosophy in Music in 1984, with a dissertation on 16th- and 17th-century organ tablatures.
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Electron microscopic image of human coronavirus OC43 (Betacoronavirus 1) In 1967, Kenneth McIntosh and co-workers at the National Institute of Health, Bethesda, reported the structure of common cold viruses they collected from fellow workers during 1965-1966. They found six of their samples had common characters with B814. Two samples (designated OC38 and OC43, as the number of specimen in organ culture) were particularly virulent and caused encephalitis in experimental mice. They compared the structure of one of their samples numbered 501 (OC43 ) with those of 229E, IBV and influenza virus.
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Oxidative stress and physiological, epigenetic and genetic variability in plant tissue culture: implications for micropropagators and genetic engineers. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 64(2-3):145-157 In general, the main symptom of hyperhydricity is translucent characteristics signified by a shortage of chlorophyll and high water content. Specifically, the presence of a thin or absent cuticular layer, reduced number of palisade cells, irregular stomata, less developed cell wall and large intracellular spaces in the mesophyll cell layer have been described as some of the anatomic changes associated with hyperhydricity.
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This will generally depend on the stage of development of the embryo. For instance, young embryos would require a complex medium with high sucrose concentrations, while more mature embryos can usually develop on a simple medium with low levels of sucrose. The temperature and light requirement is generally species specific and thus its usually regulated to be the within the same temperature requirement as that of its parent with embryos of cool-season crops requiring lower temperatures than those of warm-season crops. Both plant and animal cells, tissues and organ culture is possible in artificial nutrient medium in controlled laboratory conditions.
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Leo Renier is a former Roman Catholic priest and Belgian musician, living in the Philippines since 1969, responsible for the preservation of the Spanish Historical Organs in the Philippines and the revival of its organ culture. He is the moving spirit behind the performance of Baroque music in a country, which eventually may lead to the discovery of Philippine Baroque music. He is the founder of the Las Piñas Boys Choir (1969) and of the International Bamboo Organ Festival, held every year since 1976 at the St. Joseph’s Church of Las Piñas City, Metro Manila, a former school director of St. Joseph's Academy until 1994.
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It was a real innovation as the grand organ was connected to the small one and both could be played together and also separately. In 2010 the Manufactory had another successful project: the organ built for Zamárdi Church was finished. It is a French baroque styled instrument, and it is considered to be is unique in Hungary. The project was made in cooperation with Bertrand Cattiaux’s French organ workshop. János Pálúr, organist of Fasor Calvanist Church, Budapest said about the organ: “… this is a real professional premier […] the organ of Zamárdi opens a new era in the Hungarian organ culture, church music, high education and concert life”.
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Fell became the new director of the laboratory and served in that position from 1928 to 1970, while also maintaining an active research program in tissue and organ culture throughout her directorship. Fell was succeeded as director by Michael Abercrombie in 1970, but returned to Strangeways as a scientist in 1979 and continued work until shortly before her death in 1986. A rare example of a woman in a senior management position at the time, Fell is noted for her work supporting scientific careers for women at Strangeways during her tenure as director. The laboratory was never well-funded, and Fell described the funding situation as "something of a nightmare".
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It was not realized at the time that these three different viruses were related. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s using two different methods in the United Kingdom and the United States. E.C. Kendall, Malcolm Bynoe, and David Tyrrell working at the Common Cold Unit of the British Medical Research Council collected a unique common cold virus designated B814 in 1961. The virus could not be cultivated using standard techniques which had successfully cultivated rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and other known common cold viruses. In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe successfully cultivated the novel virus by serially passing it through organ culture of human embryonic trachea.
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1018-1034 In vitro exposure of mammalian ovarian tissue to GDF9 promotes primary follicle progression.Hreinsson, J., Scott, J., Rasmussen, C., Swahn, M., Hsueh, A. and Hovatta, O. (2002). Growth Differentiation Factor-9 Promotes the Growth, Development, and Survival of Human Ovarian Follicles in Organ Culture. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(1), pp.316-321Nilsson, E. (2002). Growth and Differentiation Factor-9 Stimulates Progression of Early Primary but Not Primordial Rat Ovarian Follicle Development. Biology of Reproduction, 67(3), pp.1018-1024 GDF9 stimulates growth of preantral follicles by preventing granulosa cell apoptosis.Orisaka, M., Orisaka, S., Jiang, J., Craig, J., Wang, Y., Kotsuji, F. and Tsang, B. (2006).
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Requirements for animal cell and tissue culture are the same as described for plant cell, tissue and organ culture (In Vitro Culture Techniques: The Biotechnological Principles). Desirable requirements are (i) air conditioning of a room, (ii) hot room with temperature recorder, (iii) microscope room for carrying out microscopic work where different types of microscopes should be installed, (iv) dark room, (v) service room, (vi) sterilization room for sterilization of glassware and culture media, and (vii) preparation room for media preparation, etc. In addition the storage areas should be such where following should be kept properly : (i) liquids-ambient (4-20°C), (ii) glassware-shelving, (iii) plastics-shelving, (iv) small items-drawers, (v) specialized equipments- cupboard, slow turnover, (vi) chemicals-sidled containers.
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Dennis Brown is Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. He is the director of the Program in Membrane Biology at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH),Massachusetts General Hospital and is the Associate Director of the MGH Center for Systems Biology. He is a member of the MGH Executive Committee on Research (ECOR), the central body for research governance at MGH. He was born in Grimsby, England where he attended Wintringham Grammar School, and continued his education at the University of East Anglia where he received a bachelor's degree in Biological Sciences with first class honours, and then stayed on to complete his PhD under Michael Balls, studying the hormonal control of glycogen metabolism in long-term amphibian organ culture.
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Foxtail millet Prasad focuses his studies on crop science and his laboratory at NIPGR is involved in the studies related to salt and drought stress as well as abiotic stress in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and genetic studies of tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV). His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and ResearchGate, an online repository of scientific articles has listed 219 of them. He edited the book, The Foxtail Millet Genome, and has contributed chapters to books published by others. Prasad is a former member of the editorial boards of journals such as Scientific Reports, The Plant Cell and Molecular Biology Reports and sits on the editorial boards of BMC Plant Biology, PLoS ONE, Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, Plant Cell Reports, Tissue and Organ Culture, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, Plant Breeding, and Journal of Genetics.
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