Il prévoit d'adopter un texte par ordonnances, donc sans véritable débat parlementaire.
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In the French Fifth Republic, most ordonnances operate pursuant to article 38 of the French Constitution. The Council of Ministers first introduces a bill before Parliament authorizing it to issue ordonnances to implement its program. The bill specifies a limited period of time, as well as a topic for the proposed ordonnances. If the bill passes in Parliament, the French Cabinet can issue ordonnances on the given legal matter within the specified time period.
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Article 74-1 of the Constitution allows the Government to extend legislation applicable to Metropolitan France to overseas territories by ordonnances. These ordonnances lapse if they have not been ratified within 18 months by Parliament.
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He wrote Rituel d'Alet (Paris, 1666), condemned by Pope Clement IX, and Ordonnances et status synodaux (Paris, 1675).
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Christopher L. Miller, The French Atlantic triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade, p.20. His Ordonnances des Roi de France, V, p. 1311 declared that "as soon as a slave breathes the air of France, he breathes freedom"Ordonnances des Roi de France, V, p.1311, as quoted in Travers Twist.
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Before the time period has elapsed, the Cabinet must introduce before Parliament a bill of ratification for the ordonnances, otherwise these lapse at the end of the period. Until Parliament has voted the ratification bill, the ordonnances, similar to executive orders, can be challenged before the Council of State. If they are ratified, they become like ordinary statutes. There is, however, no obligation that they should be ratified, and they are then mere regulations. In fact, between 1960 and 1990, out of 158 ordonnances, only about 30 were ratified.
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There are royal edicts, arrets, addresses, declarations, reglements, lettres patentes, rapports, ordonnances, memoires, lois, and various other titled or untitled official documents.
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Legislation decreed the Secretaries-General are known as "Arrêtes" (Rulings), whereas those decreed by the Military Administration directly are entitled "Ordonnances" (Orders).
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Indeed, the ordonnances of 4 and 19 April 1945, created a generalized, national social security system similar to that described in Beveridge's plan.
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The use of ordonnances is uncontroversial when used for technical texts (such as the ordinances that converted all sums in French francs to euros in the various laws in force in France).Law 2000-517 authorized the government to adopt ordinances to convert sums from francs to eurosin various legislative texts. Ordonnances are also used to adopt and adapt European Directives into French law to avoid delayed adoption of a directive, which often happens, is criticized by the EU Commission and exposes France to fines. Ordonnances are also used to codify law into codes to rearrange them for the sake of clarity without substantially modifying them.
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The States also make delegated legislation known as Ordinances (Ordonnances) and Orders (Ordres) which do not require Royal Assent. Commencement orders are usually in the form of Ordinances.
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Les ordonnances - bilan au 31 décembre 2007, section I That can happen because even though the ratification bill has been brought before Parliament, it is not necessarily scheduled for examination and vote. If Parliament votes down the ratification bill, it does not go into effect. The Constitutional Council and the Council of State decided that ratification can be explicit (a vote on the ratification bill or a ratification amendment added to another bill) but also be performed implicitly by Parliament referring to an ordonnance as if it were a statute.Les ordonnances - bilan au 31 décembre 2007, section III CCécile Castaing, “La ratification implicite des ordonnances de codification. Haro sur « La grande illusion »”, Revue française de droit constitutionnel, no.
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J.S.G. Nypels (ed.), Pasinomie: collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, arrêtés et règlements généraux qui peuvent être invoqués en Belgique (Brussels, E. Bruylant, 1873), p. 145. On Google Books.
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The colonial government also issued promissory notes payable by the treasury, termed ordonnances de paiement which also circulated as currency. However, given the state of the French finances, the government relied increasingly on treasury bills to finance the wars. By 1760, the treasury notes totalled 30 million livres, and the amount of paper money circulating in the colony was fifteen times greater than in 1750. The new card money and the ordonnances de paiement were initially successful.
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S. Schama, p. 626Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, p. 440 By 2 September, between 520–1,000 people were taken into custody on the flimsiest of warrants. The exact number of those arrested will never be known.
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After New France fell, the card money and ordonnances were redeemed at only one-quarter of their face value. As a result, the habitants of Quebec were left with a deep distrust of paper money which lasted for generations.
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By this means the Estates General furnished the material for numerous ordonnances, though the king did not always adopt the propositions contained in the cahiers, and often modified them in forming them into an ordonnance. These latter were the ordonnances de reforme (reforming ordinances), treating of the most varied subjects, according to the demands of the cahiers. They were not, however, for the most part very well observed. The last of the type was the grande ordonnance of 1629 (Code Michau), drawn up in accordance with the cahiers of 1614 and with the observations of various assemblies of notables that followed them.
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The States also make delegated legislation known as Ordinances (Ordonnances) and Orders (Ordres) which do not require the Royal Assent. Commencement orders are usually in the form of Ordinances. Since 1948 Ordinances no longer have a one-year time limit, they are permanent.
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The Chancellor proposes promotions. According to the Prince's orders, the Chancellor proposes the projects of nomination and promotion ordonnances. The grantees must be received in the Order before wearing the decorations. The Grand-Master receives the Grand Crosses, Grand Officers and Commanders.
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Poujoulat, p. 428. Louis XVIII dealt another blow to Cardinal Maury's prestige and amour propre. On 28 March 1816, he issued a royal ordonnance, restoring the pre-revolutionary titles and structure of France's academies, and adding lists of members.Recueil général annoté des lois, decrets, ordonnances, etc.
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He submitted his comprehensive report to the Pope on 4 November 1536.Catalogue des actes de François Ier Tome IX (Paris: Imprimerie nationale 1907) [Collection des ordonnances des rois de France], p. 127. In 1546 Cardinal Trivulzio attended and played a prominent role in the Council of Trent.
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When constituted as an electoral college, it is officially called the States of Election. Legislation passed by the States is termed Laws (Loi), which take effect in the island by Order-in-Council. Minor and secondary legislation does not require the assent of the Queen-in-Council and are known as Ordinances (Ordonnances).
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Ordonnances have been extensively used as a form of rule by decree in periods where the government operated without a working Parliament: Vichy France, where the executive had dismissed Parliament and other democratic structures, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, until it could establish a legislature, and in the last days of the French Fourth RepublicLoi n°58-520 du 3 juin 1958 relative aux pleins pouvoirs and the early days of the French Fifth Republic, until the new constitution had come into force and legislative elections had been held (article 92 of the Constitution, now repealed). Certain legal texts enacted by the King in the medieval and ancien régime eras were called ordonnances, the best known of which today is the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts.
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Thus, the King would not withdraw the ordonnances. At 4 pm, Charles X received Colonel Komierowski, one of Marmont's chief aides. The colonel was carrying a note from Marmont to his Majesty: > Sire, it is no longer a riot, it is a revolution. It is urgent for Your > Majesty to take measures for pacification.
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New ordonnances were issued occasionally to either reinforce or reform previous ones. The ordonnance of 1363 attempted to create a standing army of 6,000 men-at-arms, although it was unlikely it achieved more than 3,000 in reality. In 1445, a more radical overhaul was attempted. 15 companies of the ordonnance were created, each of 100 lances.
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Such usage has, however, been criticized for the legal risks that it poses if the ratification act is never voted on. The use of ordonnances for controversial laws is generally criticised by the opposition as antidemocratic and demeaning to Parliament (Guillaume, 2005) in much the same way as the use of article 49-3 to force a bill to be voted.Bernard Rullier, Le Parlement sous la onzième législature 1997-2002, Revue française de droit constitutionnel, n° 54 2003/2, pp. 429 - 447, , : the former chief of staff of the Minister for relations with Parliament during the Jospin administration criticizes the use of ordonnances and Article 49-3 in 1995 by Alain Juppé, particularly to force a reform of Social Security without the intervention of Parliament, resulting in mass strikes.
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Huguenot control (purple) and influence (violet), 16th century In July 1566, Queen Jeanne d'Albret issued a set of twenty-three Ordonnances ecclésiastiques. These allowed only one synod a year, at the call of the Lieutenant General of the realm (who, at the time, was the Bishop of Oleron, Claude Régin). The subject of marriage was reserved to the Queen. Dancing was forbidden.
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On 6 April, the Committee of Public Safety, which was composed of only nine members, was installed on the proposal of Maximin Isnard, who was supported by Georges Danton. Danton was appointed a member of the Committee. On 27 April, the Convention decreed (on proposal of Danton) to send additional forces to the departments in revolt.Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens, p.
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The following scholastic year, 1826–1827, in Saint-Acheul, he began his career as teacher. This was soon to be interrupted, for already among the revolutionists of the boulevards and in the Chamber of Deputies, accusations had been formulated against the Jesuits. This agitation culminated on 16 June 1828, in the "Ordonnances de Charles X" which were to be enforced the following October.
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The executive cannot issue decrees in areas that the Constitution puts under the responsibility of legislation, issued by Parliament. Still, Parliament may, through a habilitation law, authorize the executive to issue ordinances (ordonnances), with legislative value, in precisely-defined areas.Constitution, article 38 Habilitation laws specify the scope of the ordinance. After the ordinance is issued, Parliament is asked whether it wants to ratify it.
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Fair Shares for All: Jacobin Egalitarianism in Practice by Jean-Pierre Gross, p. 37 He advocated a progressive tax and fraternity between the people of all the nations. On 27 April the Convention decreed (on proposal of Danton) to sent 20,000 additional forces to the departments in revolt.Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens, p. 325 Pétion called for the help of supporters of law and order.
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The ministers continued to protest, and as in the case of Servetus, the opinions of the Swiss churches were sought. The affair dragged on through 1554. Finally, on 22 January 1555, the council announced the decision of the Swiss churches: the original Ordonnances were to be kept and the Consistory was to regain its official powers.; The libertines' downfall began with the February 1555 elections.
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In Ghent in 1577, William was welcomed with a number of theatrical allegories represented by a young girl wearing orange, blue and white.Jean Rey, Histoire du drapeau, des couleurs et des insignes de la Monarchie française vol. 2, 1837, p. 516. The first explicit reference to a naval flag in these colours is found in the ordonnances of the Admiralty of Zeeland, dated 1587, i.e.
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Discouraged but not despairing, the party then sought out the king's chief minister, de Polignac – "Jeanne d'Arc en culottes". From Polignac they received even less satisfaction. He refused to see them, perhaps because he knew that discussions would be a waste of time. Like Marmont, he knew that Charles X considered the ordonnances vital to the safety and dignity of the throne of France.
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4 first edition, private printing, London, 1904, p.81 The origin of these claims is obscure, but they may have been manufactured to reconcile Helen’s social standing with the Fullers. The army pension records for Prospère’s widowed motherBulletin des lois du Royaume de France, IXᵉ Serie. Partie Supplementaire, Tome Quinzieme. Contenant les ordonnances d’intérèt local ou particulier publiées pendant le 1ᵉ semestre de 1839, Série 9, Vol.
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48Le Logographe, 1 aôut 1792; Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 2 août 1792Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglements, p. 330 On 3 August the mayor and 47 sections demanded the deposition of the king. On 4 August the government planned to evade; during the night volunteers from Marseille moved into the Cordeliers Convent. On 5 August Robespierre announced the uncovering of a plan for the king to escape to Château de Gaillon.
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In April 1662, Louis XIV issued an edict creating a new governing council named the "Sovereign Council."Superior Council, Édits, ordonnances royaux, et arrêts du Conseil d'État du Roi, concernant le Canada (Quebec: P.E. Desbarats, 1803), 639, Early Canadiana Online. The new Sovereign Council had a broad policy mandate. The edict creating the Council authorized it to spend public funds, regulate the fur trade, regulate trade between colonists and French merchants, and issue police measures.
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He was still in this post when he died suddenly in June 1876. He produced a three-volume Dictionnaire de la législation algérienne, code annoté et mantiel raisonné des lois, ordonnances, décrets, décisions et arrêtés publiés au « Bulletin officiel des actes du gouvernment ». In 1873, the town of Thénia was named Ménerville after him. The town retained the name until a few years after independence in 1962, when it reverted to its earlier Arabic name.
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Statuts et ordonnances touchant le stil et maniere de proceder & l'administration de justice devant, & par les courts & justices seculieres du païs de Liege (Liège, Gauthier Morberius, 1572). Online. In 1574, a letter from Pope Gregory XIII congratulating Groesbeeck on his conduct was published. In 1576, he became Prince-Abbot of Stavelot. Gregory made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of 21 February 1578, but he never traveled to Rome to receive the red hat or a titular church.
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For various reasons explained below, the Executive may sometimes want to pass primary legislation in a field reserved by statute. The ordonnances are the constitutional means to do so. Delegated legislation can be repealed through litigation before the Council of State (acting in their role of legislative review) if they violate general legal principles or constitutional rights, whereas primary legislation may be ruled unconstitutional only through judicial review before the Constitutional Council. Statutes are thus relatively more solid.
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French Royal Army at the Battle of Denain (1712) The first permanent army, paid with regular wages, instead of feudal levies, was established under Charles VII in the 1420 to 1430s. The Kings of France needed reliable troops during and after the Hundred Years' War. The units of troops were raised by issuing ordonnances to govern their length of service, composition and payment. The Compagnies d'ordonnance formed the core of the Gendarme Cavalry into the 16th century.
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The Executive must consult the Council of State on every ordonnance; the advice of the Council is compulsory but nonbinding. An ordonnance must be signed by the French President, the Prime Minister and relevant ministers. This proved in 1986 to be a source of tension, during a period of cohabitation when President François Mitterrand and Prime Minister Jacques Chirac were of opposite political opinions, and the President refused to sign ordonnances requested by the Prime Minister, forcing him to go through the normal parliamentary procedure,Jean V. Poulard, “The French Double Executive and the Experience of Cohabitation”, Political Science Quarterly, vol. 105, no. 2 (Summer 1990): 243-267 but it was then controversial at the time whether he had the right to refuse to sign them.Jean-Luc Parodilien, “Proportionnalisation périodique, cohabitation, atomisation partisane : un triple défi pour le régime semi-présidentiel de la Cinquième République”, Revue française de science politique, vol 47, no. 3-4 (1997): 292-312.Valérie Moureaud, “Le refus de signature des ordonnances en 1986 : un enjeu structurant en période de cohabitation ”, Revue d'étude politique des assistants parlementaires, no. 2.
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It is of particular importance that budget bills should be voted in a timely manner, since they authorize taxes and spending. For this reason, the Government can adopt the budget by ordonnances if Parliament has not been able to agree on it within 70 days after the proposal of the budget (Constitution, article 47). The same applies for social security budget bills, but with a 50-day period (Constitution, article 47-1). Neither of these procedures has ever been used.
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Catalogue des actes de François Ier Tome IX (Paris: Imprimerie nationale 1907) [Collection des ordonnances des rois de France], p. 126. The Cardinal was named Administrator of the diocese of Bayeux in 1531,He was named by King Francis and appointed Administrator by Pope Clement VII: Gallia christiana XI (Paris 1759), p. 387. Tirvulzio took possession by proxy on 16 November 1534 after the death of Bishop Pierre de Martigny some ten years earlier; he held the position until his death.
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Unsure of how the council would rule, he hinted in a sermon on 3 September 1553 that he might be dismissed by the authorities. The council decided to re-examine the Ordonnances and on 18 September it voted in support of Calvin—excommunication was within the jurisdiction of the Consistory. Berthelier applied for reinstatement to another Genevan administrative assembly, the Deux Cents (Two Hundred), in November. This body reversed the council's decision and stated that the final arbiter concerning excommunication should be the council.
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Quebec's legal system was established when New France was founded in 1663. In 1664, Louis XIV decreed in the charter creating the French East India Company that French colonial law would be primarily based on the Custom of Paris, which was the variant of civil law in force in the Paris region.Édit royal de mai 1664, Édits et Ordonnances (édition de 1854), tome 1, p. 40; cited in Le Droit Privé au Canada - Études comparatives / Private Law in Canada - A Comparative Study, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1975, Vol. I, para. 1.
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E. G. Lagemans (ed.), Recueil des traités et conventions conclus par le royaume des Pays-Bas avec les puissances étrangères, de puis 1813 jusqu'à nos jours, vol. 7 (The Hague, 1878), pp. 7-9. On 19 June the Belgian parliament passed a bill giving legal force to the treaty and empowering the Belgian government to issue government bonds at 3 per cent interest to raise the 18,750,000 Belgian francs necessary.Pasinomie: collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, arrêtés et règlements généraux qui peuvent être invoqués en Belgique (Brussels, 1873), 179-180.
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"Un oiseau rare à la commune de la Gombe", digitalcongo.net, 12 December 2008, accessed 17 July 2011; "Nommés par Ordonnances présidentielles: voici les nouveaux bourgmestres des 24 communes de la ville de Kinshasa" , La Conscience, 25 septembre 2008, accessed 17 July 2011. On March 8, 2011 (International Women's Day), he inaugurated a memorial in Gombe to Mpongo Love, a Congolese singer who died in 1990."RDC - Journée de la femme : Un mausolée érigé à la mémoire de Mpongo LOVE au cimetière de la Gombe" , Star du Congo, 19 March 2011, accessed 17 July 2011.
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The decisions made by the French President under art. 16 of the French Constitution, enabling him to take emergency measures in times where the existence of the Republic is at stake (a form of reserve powers) are not called ordonnances, but simply décisions. The introductory sentence of an ordonnance, as published in the Journal Officiel de la République Française, is: "The President of the Republic [...], after hearing the Council of State, after hearing the Council of Ministers, orders:". The word ordonnance comes from the same root as ordonner "to order".
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The French kings sought a solution to these problems by issuing ordinances (ordonnances) which established standing armies by which units were permanently embodied, based, and organized into formations of set size. Men in these units signed a contract which kept them in the service of the unit for periods of one year or longer. The first such French ordinance was issued by King Charles VII at the general parliament of Orléans in 1439, and was meant to raise a body of troops to crush the devastating incursions of the Armagnacs.
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From 1608 to 1664, the first colonists of New France followed the customary law () in effect for their province of origin in France. In 1664, the King of France decreed in Article 33 of the decree establishing the French West India Company () that the Custom of Paris would serve as the main source of law throughout New France. Later, authorities went on to add le droit français de la métropole, that is, French law. This included royal decrees and ordinances (ordonnances royales), canon law relating to marriages, and Roman law relating to obligations, e.g.
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Volume 1 Législation ottomane, ou Recueil des lois, règlements, ordonnances, traités, capitulations et autres documents officiels de l'Empire ottoman is a collection of Ottoman law published by Gregory Aristarchis (as Grégoire Aristarchi) and edited by Demetrius Nicolaides (as Démétrius Nicolaïdes). The volumes were published from 1873 to 1888. It was one of the first collections of the Ottoman Law in seven volumes in French,Sinan Kuneralp (2000) Ottoman diplomacy and the controversy over the interpretation of the Article 4 of the Turco-American Treaty of 1830. The Turkish Yearbook, vol. 31, pp.13, 14.
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French legislation follows a hierarchy of norms (hiérarchie des normes). Constitutional laws are superior to all other sources, then treaties, then parliamentary statutes (loi),Article 55 of the French Constitution, which states: "Treaties or agreements duly ratified or approved shall, upon publication, prevail over Acts of Parliament, subject, with respect to each agreement or treaty, to its application by the other party." then government regulations. Legislation enacted by orders (ordonnances) and regulations issued by the executive under Art. 38 of the constitution (Règlements autonomes) have the same status as parliamentary statutes.
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If Parliament votes "no" to ratification, the ordinance is cancelled. Most of the time, ratification is made implicitly or explicitly through a Parliament act that deals with the subject concerned, rather than by the ratification act itself.On the legal régime of ordinances and explicit and implicit ratification, see Les ordonnances : bilan au 31 décembre 2006 by the legal service of the French Senate. The use of ordinances is normally reserved for urgent matters, or for technical, uncontroversial texts (such as the ordinances that converted all sums in French Francs to Euros in the various laws in force in France).
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In supporting Calvin's proposals for reforms, the council of Geneva passed the Ordonnances ecclésiastiques (Ecclesiastical Ordinances) on 20 November 1541. The ordinances defined four orders of ministerial function: pastors to preach and to administer the sacraments; doctors to instruct believers in the faith; elders to provide discipline; and deacons to care for the poor and needy. They also called for the creation of the Consistoire (Consistory), an ecclesiastical court composed of the elders and the ministers. The city government retained the power to summon persons before the court, and the Consistory could judge only ecclesiastical matters having no civil jurisdiction.
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In 1789, on the eve of the French Revolution, the Maréchaussée numbered 3,660 men divided into small detachments called brigades. By law dated 16 February 1791, this force was renamed the Gendarmerie Nationale, though at first its personnel remained unchanged. Later many of them died under the guillotine, especially the members of the nobility. The new designation "Gendarmerie" was derived from the term gens d'armes (gentlemen/people at arms) who were originally heavy cavalry regiments (called at first Ordonnances royales) which were part of the King's household, the equivalent of the English "Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms".
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The Ordinance of 21 July 1824 authorized and approved the constitution of a company called Compagnie du chemin de fer de Saint-Étienne à la Loire for the implementation and operation of the line. The company was formed for 99 years, unless renewed. .A. Cerclet, Code des chemins de fer: ou Recueil complet des lois, ordonnances, ..., 1 partie, Paris, Mathias, 1845, pages 1-14. The capital was one million francs, represented by 200 shares of 5000 francs plus eight bonus shares given to the author of the project, Louis-Antoine Beaunier, who became the director of the company. .
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The Council's purview concerned all matters pertaining to government and royal administration, both in times of war and of peace. In his council, the king received ambassadors, signed treaties, appointed administrators and gave them instructions (called, from the 12th century on, mandements), elaborated on the laws of the realm (called ordonnances). The council also served as a supreme court and rendered royal justice on those matters that the king reserved for himself (so-called "justice retenue") or decided to discuss personally. Council meetings, initially irregular, took on a regular schedule which became daily from the middle of the 15th century.
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After the 1986 Assembly elections, Mitterrand was forced to nominate as a Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, the leader of Rally for the Republic (RPR), the largest party in the majority coalition. Throughout the cohabitation between Mitterrand and Chirac, the President focused on his foreign duties and allowed Chirac to control internal affairs. Since Mitterrand was distanced from these policies, Chirac began to reverse many of Mitterrand's reforms by lowering taxes and privatising many national enterprises. There were however tense moments, such as when Mitterrand refused to sign ordonnances, slowing down reforms by requiring Chirac to pass his bills through Parliament.
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French rule came to an end with the conquest of Quebec by the British in 1760. The value of the card money and the ordonnances de paiement plummeted, since their value had come from the promise by the French government that they could be redeemed for coinage. Under the Treaty of Paris, 1763, the French government agreed to continue to redeem the paper money, and three years later introduced a series of government debentures to replace the paper money. However, the state of France's government finances was poor, and by 1771 the debentures were essentially worthless.
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The Drapery Court, which was a kind of commercial court, should not be confused with the Drapers' Guild.Roger De Peuter, ‘’Brussel in de achttiende eeuw’’, Brussels, 1999, passim. While most of the judges who belonged to this tribunal had nothing to do with the trade of clothiers, they were, indeed, chosen among the Noble Houses, not able to exercise any profession or trade, and among the members of the Guilds belonging to various corporations. Antoine André de Cuyper, Coutumes du pays et duché de Brabant, Commission royale pour la publication des anciennes lois et ordonnances de la Belgique, Brussels, 1869 p.
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In 1214 Philip Augustus attached the forest to the royal domain and dictated the first ordonnances to guide its maintenance by foresters called sergents du roi, under the governor of royal châteaux of Villers-Cotterêts and of Vivières. The period of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) marked depredations on the woodlands. In 1346, the Valois King Philip VI of France promulgated the first codified forestry law, the ordonnance de Brunoy, which gave birth to the designated Maître des Eaux et Forêts, a member of the Maison du Roi. The kingdom's first Maître des Eaux et Forêts was installed at the château de Villers-Cotterêts in the Forest of Retz.
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Georges Bénézé (1888–1978) was a French philosopher with a scientific background, which enabled him to temper the French critics of Einstein's Relativity theory during the 1920s. Bénézé was a disciple and editor of French philosopher Alain. Having completed his higher education as a student of the École normale supérieure (Paris), he taught Hegel's philosophy in a number of provincial lycées, most notably in Poitiers where Jean Hyppolite was a student, then became Professor of Lycée Henri-IV starting in 1936. A regular contributor to L'Œuvre, a collaborationist paper of Vichy France, Bénézé was sentenced to Indignité nationale by virtue of the 1944 Ordonnances, and then fired from public employment.
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On 17 September 1394, Charles VI suddenly published an ordinance in which he declared, in substance, that for a long time he had been taking note of the many complaints provoked by the excesses and misdemeanors which the Jews committed against Christians; and that the prosecutors, having made several investigations, had discovered many violations by the Jews of the agreement they had made with him. Therefore, he decreed as an irrevocable law and statute that thenceforth no Jew should dwell in his domains ("Ordonnances", vii. 675). According to the Religieux de St. Denis, the king signed this decree at the insistence of the queen ("Chron. de Charles VI." ii. 119).
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The first Christian standing army since the fall of the Western Roman Empire to be paid with regular wages, instead of feudal levies, was established under King Charles VII of France in the 1430s while the Hundred Years' War was still raging. As he realized that France needed professional reliable troops for ongoing and future conflicts, units were raised by issuing "ordonnances" to govern their length of service, composition and payment. These Compagnies d'ordonnance formed the core of the French Gendarmes that dominated European battlefields in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. They were stationed throughout France and summoned into larger armies when needed.
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231-234 If Saint- Vallier presented Jansenist ideas, it was in certain aspects of his writing and in his austerity and deep orthodoxy, but he was certainly not a Jansenist. In the beginning of the 18th century the Bishop wrote 3 books; the Ritual, the Catechism and the ‘Statuts et ordonnances’. Because of his quarrels with the Jesuits, the Superior of the order decided to attack Saint-Vallier’s authority by writing a long critic of those three books seeing them as a "lapse into Arianism, Pelagianism, Jansenism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism". Father Bouvart based his accusations on different passages of the works of the Bishop, for example this extract from the Catechism.
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On 17 September 1394, Charles suddenly published an ordinance in which he declared, in substance, that for a long time he had been taking note of the many complaints provoked by the excesses and misdemeanors of the Jews against Christians, and that the prosecutors had made several investigations and discovered that the Jews broke the agreement with the king on many occasions. Therefore, he decreed, as an irrevocable law and statute, that no Jew should dwell in his domains ("Ordonnances", vii. 675). According to the Religieux de St. Denis, the king signed this decree at the insistence of the queen ("Chron. de Charles VI." ii. 119).
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In 1611 he advised Henri IV to renew the tradition of Antiquity by issuing fine medals to celebrate public and private events of his reign, a propaganda program that was adopted with some consistency by Louis XIV. His request of 10 January 1613, when he was the intendant des Médailles et Antiques du roy, for permission to make coin-medals (monnaies-médailles) of copper to the nominal value of six deniers was forwarded to the Cour des Monnaies. A similar request was dated 30 January 1616.Site des ordonnances... Rascas de Bagarris had broader responsibilities: he drew up the earliest surviving inventory of the royal collection of paintings, ca 1625.
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Jean-Baptiste Duvergier is best known for starting the Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglements, avis du Conseil-d’État published by A. Guyot et Scribe. The first volume appeared in 1824, and new volumes continued to be published by the company long after Duvergier had died. Duvergier also co-authored a Collection des constitutions, chartes et lois fondamentales des peuples de l’Europe et des deux Amériques avec des précis offrant l’histoire des libertés et des institutions politiques chez les nations modernes (1823). He published his views on the relationship between workers and employers in an article titled Des caractères distinctifs du louage d'ouvrage et du mandat salarié in the Revue de Législation et de Jurisprudence (April–September 1837).
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A projet de loi is the equivalent of a UK bill or a French projet de loi, and a law is the equivalent of a UK act of parliament or a French loi. A draft law passed by the States can have no legal effect until formally approved by Her Majesty in Council and promulgated by means of an order in council. Laws are given the Royal Sanction at regular meetings of the Privy Council in London, after which they are returned to the islands for formal registration at the Royal Court. The States also make delegated legislation known as Ordinances (Ordonnances) and Orders (ordres) which do not require the Royal Assent.
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In 1257 or 1258 ("Ordonnances", i. 85), wishing, as he says, to provide for his safety of soul and peace of conscience, Louis issued a mandate for the restitution in his name of the amount of usurious interest which had been collected on the confiscated property, the restitution to be made either to those who had paid it or to their heirs. Later, after having discussed the subject with his son-in-law, King Theobald II of Navarre and Count of Champagne, Louis decided on 13 September 1268 to arrest Jews and seize their property. But an order which followed close upon this last (1269) shows that on this occasion also Louis reconsidered the matter.
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The rules were confirmed, without change, in August 1643 and were maintained until the Revolution: Daniel Roche, (tr. Arthur Goldhammer) , France in the Enlightenment (1993) 1998 Cambridge, Mass, and London, 1998. The reduplicative term"Par un pléonasme, qui paraît presque volontaire, ils s'appelaient marchands-merciers, mercatores- mercatores" (Verlet 1958:10) literally means a merchant of merchandise, but in the 18th century took the connotation of a merchant of objets d'art. Earliest references to this Corps de la Ville de Paris can be found at the close of the 16th century,Saint-Joanny, Régistre des délibérations et ordonnances des marchands-merciers de Paris 1596-1696 (Paris) 1878, noted in Verlet 1958:10 note 1.
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As spiritual director of Mme de Maintenon, for whom he wrote Lettres de direction, Godet used his influence to have Mme Guyon removed from Saint-Cyr. A staunch opponent of quietism, he signed with Cardinal Louis-Antoine de Noailles and Bossuet the Declaratio condemning Fénelon's Maximes des saints (1697) He then wrote (1698) several ordonnances, or pastoral letters, against the mysticism of Molinos, Fénelon, and Mme Guyon. He also did much to destroy Jansenism in France, refuted the cas de conscience (1703), commanded obedience to the papal constitution of Pope Clement XI (1705), and severely censured Gaspard Juénin's Institutions théologiques (1708). His zeal and charity as well as his orthodoxy, were set forth in an epitaph written by his successor, Monstiers de Mérinville.
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In French politics, an ordonnance (, "order") is a statutory instrument issued by the Council of Ministers in an area of law normally reserved for primary legislation enacted by the French Parliament. They function as temporary statutes pending ratification by the Parliament; failing ratification they function as mere executive regulations. Ordonnances should not be confused with décrets issued by the prime minister (an order-in-council) or president, or with ministerial orders (arrêtés); these are issued either in matters where the Constitution allows primary legislation from the Council or as secondary legislation implementing a statute. Hierarchy of French legal norms In the French justice system, the word can also refer to a summary ruling made by a single judge for simple cases.
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This plan was both ill-considered and wildly ambitious; not only were there not enough troops, but there were also nowhere near enough provisions. The Garde Royale was mostly loyal for the moment, but the attached line units were wavering: a small but growing number of troops were deserting; some merely slipping away, others leaving, not caring who saw them. In Paris, a committee of the Bourbon opposition, composed of banker-and-kingmaker Jacques Laffitte, Casimir Perier, Generals Étienne Gérard and Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau, among others, had drawn up and signed a petition in which they asked for the ordonnances to be withdrawn. The petition was critical "not of the King, but his ministers", thereby countering the conviction of Charles X that his liberal opponents were enemies of his dynasty.
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Corps de droit ottoman; recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d'études sur le droit coutumier de l'Empire ottoman ("Ottoman Body of Law: Compendium the Most Important Codes, Laws, Regulations, and Acts of Domestic Law, and Studies of Customary Law, of the Ottoman Empire") is a 1905-1906 seven-volume French- language collection of Ottoman Empire law edited by George Young (1872-1952), published by Clarendon Press in the United Kingdom. D. G. Hogarth of The English Historical Review wrote that the author's main concern was constituent legislation and that the work "is not intended to be a complete publication of either the civil or the criminal code in use."Hogarth, p. 187. Part I, Volumes I-III, were published in 1905, while Part II, Volumes IV-VI, were published in 1906.
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After its northern part (the counties Cernăuți, Storojineț and Hotin, as well as parts of the counties Rădăuți and Dorohoi) was ceded to the USSR on June 28, 1940, Ținutul Suceava was restructured on September 16, 1940, when Baia county became a part of the region, and abolished only a few days latter, on September 22, 1940. Ținutul Suceava had two governors: Gheorghe Alexianu (August 14, 1938 – February 1, 1939) and Gheorghe Flondor (February 1, 1939 – September 22, 1940). Alexianu's mandate was marked by the suppression of ethnic minority and Jewish rights.Philippe Henri Blasen: Suceava Region, Upper Land, Greater Bukovina or just Bukovina? Carol II’s Administrative Reform in North-Eastern Romania (1938-1940), in: Anuarul Institutului de Istorie „A. D. Xenopol”, supplement, 2015; Philippe Henri Blasen: Terrorisme légionnaire et ordonnances antisémites. La Région Suceava d’octobre 1938 à septembre 1940, in: Archiva Moldaviae 2018.
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In 1842, a petition totaling about sixty signatures was presented to Mgr Ignace Bourget, Bishop of Montreal who agreed to the demand, and in the same year he signed a canonical decree officiating the creation of the parish of Saint-Bruno. François-Pierre Bruneau was honored with the choice of the titular saint, Saint Bruno. In line with the Durham Report's recommendation to modernize municipal structures in 1840 (culminating in the abolition of the seigneury system in 1854) and the Acte pour abroger certaines ordonnances et pour faire de meilleures dispositions pour l'établissement d'autorités locales et municipales dans le Bas-Canada (Act to abrogate certain ordinances and to make better dispositions to establish local and municipal authorities in Lower-Canada), on 1 July 1845 the Legislative Assembly created more than 325 municipal corporations in eastern Canada of which Saint-Bruno, then with a population of 800, was a part.
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In 1619 he printed the statutes and procedures of the Great Council of Mechelen, the highest court of appeal in the Spanish Netherlands, Ordonnances, statuts, stil, et manière de procéder faictes, & décretées par le roy nostre sire, pour le grand conseil, and in the 1630s a number of sentences and decisions of the same court. In 1620 a performance poetry competition was held in Mechelen between a number of chambers of rhetoric (civic drama guilds). Jaye printed the competing poems and rebuses under the title De Schadt-kiste der Philosophen ende Poeten.Marc Van Vaeck, "De Schadt-Kiste Der Philosophen Ende Poeten (Mechelen 1621): een blazoenfeest aan de vooravond van het einde van het Bestand", De zeventiende eeuw 8 (1992): 75–83 It is not clear when he was appointed printer to the city, but he was using that title on his imprints from the later 1630s.
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Partial plan by Jaillot (1713), showing rue du Cloitre- Saint-Benoit. In a judicial act of 1243 it was known as rue André Machel after its owner. It was later renamed rue de l'Encloître Saint-Benoist Le dit des rues de Paris by Guillot de Paris; avec préface, notes et glossaire, par Edgar Mareuse then rue du Cloître Saint-Benoît since it served église Saint-Benoît- le-Bétourné. Around 1280-1300 it was mentioned in Le Dit des rues de Paris by Guillot de Paris as en Cloistre Saint-Beneoit le bestourné. A decree of 1855 prescribed the construction of rue des Écoles, including the demolition of rue du Cloître-Saint-Benoît Adolphe Alphand (ed.), Adrien Deville et Émile Hochereau, Ville de Paris : Recueil des lettres patentes, ordonnances royales, décrets et arrêtés préfectoraux concernant les voies publiques, Paris, Imprimerie nouvelle (association ouvrière), 1886, « Décret du 11 août 1855 », p.
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It was with his increasingly professional army, including its gendarme heavy cavalry, that the French king ultimately defeated the English in the Hundred Years War and then sought to assert his authority over the semi-independent great duchies of France. When the Burgundian duke Charles the Bold wished to establish an army to stand up to this royal French threat, he emulated the French ordonnance army, raising his own force of gendarmes in ordonnance companies starting informally in 1470, officially establishing these by means of an ordonnance issued in 1471, and refining the companies in further ordonnances issued in 1472, 1473 and 1476. These created twelve ordonnance companies, for a total of 1,200 gendarmes.Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, 171 Like French companies, the Burgundian gendarmes d'ordonnance companies were also composed of 100 lances, and were similarly raised and garrisoned, but were organized differently, being split into four squadrons (escadres), each of four chambres of six lances each.
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In 1775, at the age of 34, Bertrand de Boucheporn became the third intendant of Corsica, the island which had been ceded to France by the Republic of Genoa via the Treaty of Versailles, in 1768. He spent "ten fruitful years (1775–85) on the island."P.M. Jones – Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 1774–1791 – Cambridge University Press, 1995 – page 125 By his ordonnances he was supportive to the island's development of forestry, agriculture and the industry and he established a plan for enlarging the bridges to enhance transport capabilities and commerce. He also reformed the island's tax system with a new territorial tax replacing all other taxes attached to land's ownership.Discours prononcé par Monsieur de Boucheporn, Intendant de Corse, à l'ouverture des États de l'Ile – Bastia, 26 mai 1785 – pages 10 – 12 Willingly taking into account the islanders' national feelings, he endeavored to reconcile a country still deeply marked by the recent paolist revolts.
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Modern edition of the book. Introduction The introduction is divided in two chapters: “Characteristics of the 16th and 17th centuries from the literary perspective” and “Notes on Richelieu’s life”. The first chapters describes in general terms the changes in the literary scene between the 16th and 17th centuries in France, highlighting the characteristics of the schools of Clément Marot, Ronsard, Malherbes, Corneille, Balzac and Voltaire. The second chapters provides a quick biographic summary of Richelieu from his early years until his entrance in the courtly circles, his work as a writer and his political career. Richelieus works, literarily analized In this chapter, Rückoldt describes the circumstances under which Richelieu wrote the following works and provide a summary of all of them: Ordonnances sinodales, Harangue of 1615, Les quatre points principaux de la foy de l’Englise, Instruction du Chrestien, Harangue a la Reine of 1620, A letter to the bishop Du Bellay, Richelieu's letters published by Avendel, Perfection du Chrestien, Memoires, Diary, A manuscript on the Italian wars, Testament politique.
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