An observer stands at an outlook platform, looking out across the opencast mine.
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The Nochten Boulder Park, built on the land of a former opencast mine, with the Boxberg power station in the background.
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In Chile, the Chuquicamata opencast mine is the largest man-made hole in the world in terms of how much earth was dug out — about 300 billion cubic feet.
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The expansion of the Drmno opencast mine near the northeastern town of Kostolac by a third to 12 million tonnes of lignite a year will cost $123 million, said EPS.
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Immerath is one of the last to make way for the expansion of Garzweiler opencast mine, which is run by giant German energy provider RWE, supplying one third of Germany's overall power.
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During her career Rhodes has collaborated with women artists and filmmakers, including the American Mary Pat Leece, on Running Light (23), filmed in an opencast mine in rural West Virginia, which employed migrant workers, many of them illegally.
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Prior to nationalization in the year 1973, three underground mines were operational in Brajrajnagar. Post nationalization, the IB valley Opencast Mines were opened from 1984 onwards. At present IB Valley Area consists of three Opencast Mines namely Lajkura Opencast mine, Samleswari Opencast mine and Lilari Opencast mine. And all the underground mines are operational in Orient Colliery Area.
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Amalgamated Keshalpur and West Mudidih colliery is an operating mine with both an underground and an opencast mine. The opencast mine has a normative annual production capacity of 2.0 million tonnes per year and peak annual production capacity of 2.6 million tonnes per year. The underground mine has a normative annual production capacity of 0.19 million tonnes per year and peak annual production capacity of 0.247 million tonnes per year.
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The newly built village in 1920, now replaced by an opencast mine Rotowaro was once a small coal mining township approximately 10 km west of Huntly in the Waikato region of New Zealand. The town was built especially for miners houses, but was entirely removed in the 1980s to make way for a large opencast mine. The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "lake of glowing embers" for .
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The coal industry had peaked and the twentieth century brought about a slow, but terminal decline. The last large deep mine closed in 1961, then in 2000, the opencast mine at Blindwells closed.
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Sharda Opencast Mine is being expanded from 0.50 million tonnes per annum to 0.85 million tonnes per annum and the mining area from 242.847 ha to 871.205 ha. Highwall mining has been introduced here. Normal open cast methods cannot be used as it is uneconomical to develop the coal seam by such methods in a small, confined area. By using this successful technology for the first time in India, the abandoned Sharda opencast mine has been a landmark in the Indian mining industry.
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By the end of the day no coal had been able to leave the mine, and 18 people were arrested.Van der Zee, Bibi (26-04-10). “Coal protest shuts down rail route to opencast mine”. The Guardian online.
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Remains of P. antiquus around 300,000 years old were found in the Schöningen opencast mine at Schöningen 12 as early as the 1990s, including individual tusks and lamellas.Van Kolfschoten, T. (1993). Die Vertebraten des Interglazials von Schöningen 12B. Ethnographisch-Archaologische Zeitschrift, 34(4), 623-628.
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At 299 m below sea level, the deepest point of the Hambach open-pit mine forms the deepest artificial depression in North-Rhine Westphalia. The opencast mine annually produces a spoil amount of 250 to 300 million m³. The ratio of overburden to coal is 6.2:1.
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2015 (Spanish). It was the founding settlement of the state, and a symbol of its mineral rich hill is prominent in the state's coat of arms. Unfortunately, the hill has disappeared in the 2010s, as a result of the new opencast mine consuming its mass and site.
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The ironsand ore is mined at an opencast mine at Waikato North Head. The ironsand is then mixed to form a slurry and transported to the mill by an 18 kilometre long pipeline. Approximately, 1.2 million tonnes of ironsand ore are delivered to the mill annually.
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They were called, The Old Raw, The New Raw and the Tap Raw. These were built as mining expanded in the area, although today the mining has gone except for the opencast mine behind Skares. From 1872 to 1951 it was served by Skares railway station.
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Apedale is a village in Staffordshire, England. The population at the 2011 census can be found under the Holditch (Ward) of Newcastle-under-Lyme. The village is home to the Apedale Community Country Park. The park is unusual for the area as it was previously an opencast mine.
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Struga is a river of Saxony, Germany in northern Upper Lusatia. It is a right tributary of the Spree, which it joins in Neustadt (Spree). It passes through the lignite mining region north of the Nochten opencast mine and is canalized for its whole length. Its basin is marked by past and present mining activities.
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During the worldwide economic crisis in the 1920s, production was halted. A cable car built for the Großer Graben was decommission in 1921 and dismantled in 1922. In 1926 the opencast mine was closed due to exhaustion of the ore. In 1927, 25 miners and one foreman (Steiger) still worked underground, extracting iron ore.
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Part of Ffos Y Fran open cast mine, overlooking Dowlais, Penydarren and Gurnos, with the Breacon Beacons in the distance. In 2006, a large open cast coal mine, which will extract 10 million tonnes of coal over 15 years, was authorised just east of Dowlais as part of the Ffos-y-fran Opencast mine.
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The Garw line is disused, but still extant. During the early 1990s the Bridgend to Maesteg line was re-opened to passenger traffic and provides a service to Cardiff. Occasional steel trains run via the Margam to Tondu and Tondu to Bridgend branch lines. The Margam line is now used by the new Parc Slip opencast mine for coal.
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How to fill the opencast mine is still controversial. Some voices suggest taking water from the Rur and / or the Erft or even filling the open pit with a pipeline of Rhine water. However this happens, the filling of the open pit mine is expected to take several decades. Thus, a completion of this artificial water is not expected before the year 2100.
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An opencast mine was also located on the mountainside above the village. The Plymouth Ironworks closed in 1882 and the South Duffryn Colliery ceased production in 1940. Hoover washing machine factory After the war, new industries were attracted to the village. In 1945, the Kayser Bondor Factory opened making underwear, followed in 1948 by the establishment of the Hoover factory manufacturing washing machines.
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It produced coal from 1944, when agreement was reached to use the Taupiri Coal Co's sidings, but the branch wasn't reopened until 1946. The opencast mine closed in 1977 and was replaced by Huntly East Mine in 1978. Until 2013 the mine was producing about 450,000 tonnes of coal a year, some 95% of it going by rail to Glenbrook steel mill.
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Alverne Bolitho (b. 1961), a cousin of Mary Williams, inherited the property when she died and has developed it into a popular tourist attraction. Bolitho continued his father's work in the garden at the family home of Trewidden, two miles west of Penzance. In particular, he filled the old opencast mine with tree ferns (Dicksonia antarctica) newly imported from Australia.
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The area around the site of the castle and old farm was the site of a large opencast mine, however it is now restored to agricultural use. The name derives from the Gaelic achadh meaning field and cloiche meaning stone. The placenames 'Auchencloich' and 'Auchencloy' are found elsewhere in Scotland.Johnston, Page 21 A hamlet named Auchencloigh is located in the parish of Sorn.
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A mine across the river from Kupakupa was opened in 1879. On 12 September 1914 at the Ralph Mine in Huntly, a naked light caused an explosion that killed 43 coal miners. After the Pukemiro railway opened in 1915, mines opened at Pukemiro, Glen Afton, Rotowaro, Waikōkōwai and Renown. Open cast mining began west of Huntly during World War 2, and later an opencast mine at Kimihia.
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Between 2000 and 2010, the Internationale Bauausstellung Fürst-Pückler-Land is pursuing the goal of giving new momentum to the region and the former opencast mine of Klettwitz-Nord has also been integrated into that concept. The mine has been converted into a 'visitors' mine' and the conveyor bridge has been accessible since 1998. Various sound and light installations help make the facility an attraction for visitors.
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In 1972, a section of the line from to Waenavon was relaid by the National Coal Board for opencast mine workings. Coal traffic from Blaenavon continued until 8 October 1979 and the pit was closed in 1980 but the track remained down due to the prospect of its sale. A section from Big Pit, Blaenavon was subsequently sold to the Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway.
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In the area around the present-day iron ore was mined in earlier times. A Grube Himmelsfürst was first mentioned in 1530 in the records. In the immediate vicinity of the present day visitor mine the Großer Graben, an opencast mine, was mentioned for the first time in 1582. By the mid-19th century mining activity had reached a depth of about 40 metres.
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Cairnmount and Sourlie at the site of the opencast mine invasion took place. It was hauled by a powerful Foden Trucks tractor. Higgin's Cottage or Hygenshouse in 1774.McClure, page 53. The 'ruins' near Eglinton Mains in 2007 A 'plough-type' blade from the Rooter The Eaglesham lands, including the Polnoon estate,The Polnoon Estate. were sold in 1842 after 700 years of ownership by the Montgomeries.
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A view of the main lake at Pugneys Country Park from Sandal Castle. Pugneys Country Park is a park located on the A636 between Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England and Junction 39 of the M1 motorway. It is a Local Nature Reserve. The area was developed from a former opencast mine and a sand and gravel quarry and was opened to the public in 1985.
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The Sourlie OpenCast coal mine Cairnmount and Sourlie at the site of the opencast mine An opencast mine was established by Irvine Development Corporation (IDC) and the National Coal Board/British Coal at Sourlie in the 1983. Linnbed, Parrot, Turf and Wee coals were mined; stoops from the 'Hutch Longwall' method of coal extraction within old collieries were exposed during excavations.Prince, Page 15 All the suitable coals had been removed by 1986 and reclamation completed by 1987. The Draught Burn was diverted to accommodate this and the surviving 'Settling pond or lagoon' comes from the project.Prince, Page 31 Reclamation involved the creation of a feature on the restored Sourlie Hill, now known as confusingly as 'Cairnmount' (the original Cairnmount is located a short distance to the north-east), as part of the landscaping of the mine site, the large boulders for this project were found during the works.
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In addition to the complete flooding is also possible to build a pumped storage power plant. A patent from 1995 states that such a pumped storage plant in the Hambach opencast mine can be realized and can provide a multiple of the pumped storage capacity currently available in Germany. The increased use of renewable energy makes this option more important and is being followed with interest by the Mining Authority.
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Close House Mine is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Teesdale district of west County Durham, England. It is a working opencast mine located in Arngill Beck on the north-east flank of Close House Crags, in the Lunedale Forest. The site is surrounded on three sides by the Upper Teesdale SSSI. The mine is situated within the Lunedale fault system, at the southern limit of the Alston Block.
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According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 2,458. Crossgates has a long history of mining, both deep and opencast. In 2008 ATH Resources opened an opencast mine at Muir Dean to the south of the village, with the intention of removing 2,000,000 tons of coal. Planning permission for the mine was initially refused by Fife Council but the decision was later overturned by the Scottish Government.
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The groundwater is pumped out by wells and drainage measures around the opencast mine of Garzweiler. This extraction of the groundwater results in widespread mining damage as a result of subsidence. In some cases, the drainage even causes movements on the otherwise inactive geological faults which subdivide the Lower Rhine Bay. The "Rheindahlen Fault", which runs an east-west direction, has moved as a result of the drainage measures.
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The signalbox was to the south of the station mounted at the top of a deep cutting. From Holehouse the branchline ran east to Belston Junction. This section was closed and lifted in the 1960s, but re-laid as far as the Broomhill opencast mine site in 1998, it then fell out of use again and has been lifted.RailScot Retrieved : 2012-11-15 The station platforms have been demolished.
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Königsaue is also a middle palaeolithic find spot. It dates to about 80.000 BP, the Eemian (Ipswichian) interglacial. The site most probably was a seasonal hunting camp at the shore of lake Aschersleben that was completely drained at the beginning of the 18th century by an order of Friedrich II. It was discovered in 1963 by Dieter Mania during rescue excavations in the course of lignite mining (opencast mine Königsaue 1, 1918 – 1977) in a depth of 17 m.
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Like the previous archaeological finds in the Pleistocene deposits within the open pit in Schöningen, the bones, embedded in the mud layers of the silted lake, were preserved. The calcareous water of the lake brought in through streams from the nearby Elm, the airtight covering of the find layer by Mudden and the permanent location under the groundwater level , which was only artificially lowered by the Schöningen opencast mine, creating favorable preservation conditions for organic material.
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The mine lies in the Lower Harz mountains between Elbingerode and Rübeland (both villages in the borough of Oberharz am Brocken) on the B 27 federal road. It is located on the northeastern flank of the Bodenberg hill () at an elevation of about . North of the road, in the direction of the Galgenberg, is the limestone opencast mine of Fels-Werke. The Rübeland Railway runs past the site, parallel to the B 27, from which an industrial siding branches into Fels-Werke.
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In March 1988, the bank near Lemonroyd lock collapsed into St Aidan's opencast mine, which then flooded. A significant factor was the presence of excavations below the opencast workings where lower coal seams had previously been mined. The failure resulted in some of material, including the banks of the river and the canal, slipping into the workings, which then flooded to a depth of , creating a lake which covered . An act of Parliament was obtained to allow of new waterway to be constructed.
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Bolitho continued his father's work in the garden at the family home of Trewidden, two miles west of Penzance. In particular, he filled the old opencast mine with tree ferns (Dicksonia antarctica) newly imported from Australia. This is now known as the Tree Fern Dell, which has been described as the best stand of tree ferns in the northern hemisphere. Following the death of her husband in 1955, Bolitho's daughter, Mary Williams, returned to Trewidden and took over the garden.
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The open pit mine was put into operation in 1978. Every year about 0.3 cubic kilometres are moved, so that coal and soil with a volume of about 18.6 km³ will be mined by the time the coal runs out in 2040. By April 2009, the overburden, which was hitherto incurred in Hambach is now transported by conveyor belt in the now exhausted Bergheim mine to fill this in again. Now it is tilted exclusively on the western edge of the opencast mine and on the Sophienhöhe.
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The installation was carried out between 1988 and 1991 in the Klettwitz-Nord opencast mine. The F60 began operation in March 1991. Between its commission and its shutting down in June 1992, it moved around of overburden. After the German reunification, the mine became the responsibility of the Lausitzer und Mitteldeutsche Bergbau-Verwaltungsgesellschaft (Lusatian and Middle-German Mining Administrative Society, LMBV), which closed the mine on the orders of the German federal government and renovated it economically and in a way not harmful to the environment.
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Pantyffynnon, as it heads towards the opencast mine near Gwaun-cae-Gurwen Originally developed by the Llanelly Railway and Dock Company, which by 1840 had reached Pantyffynnon. Here the railway branched, with the Amman Valley developed for commercial purposes to transport extracted coal to North Dock, Llanelli. The eventual plan was to develop the line as far as Clydach on the Morriston Loop, but this never happened. Taken over by the Great Western Railway on amalgamation in 1923, its stock was converted to standard GWR rural practices.
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That took place in the Schöningen Research Museum, which was directly connected to the excavations and is about 300 meters away from the site. The fossils of at least ten P. antiquus have been found in the Schöningen opencast mine since the excavations began in the 1980s. These were individual finds of ribs, tusks or vertebrae that had to be hurriedly recovered from the approaching bucket wheel excavator during rescue excavations. The P. antiquus discovered in 2017 is the only almost completely preserved skeleton.
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Coal mining has dropped the water level of Lake Ostrowskie by almost two meters in the Kuyavia–Pomerania and the lakes in the Powidz Landscape Park. According to Poznań's University of Agriculture, the water drainage in the Kleczew brown coal mining areas has formed craters in the area. In April 2008, five thousand people demonstrated in Kruszwica to protect cultural heritage and the nature reserve at Lake Gopło, against the Tomisławice opencast mine, which was due to open in 2009. This was the first protest of its kind in the country's history.
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South of neighbouring Mulkwitz it is joined by Breiter Graben which carries water pumped from Nochten opencast mine, and which at the junction carries more water than Struga. From there on, Struga is considered a river proper, and not a stream any more. It then continues towards Neustadt in Landkreis Bautzen, where most of its water is led into basins, while the remainder flows north of Neustadt village into the river Spree. The water from the basins is mostly led towards Vattenfall's mine water purification plant in Schwarze Pumpe.
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There were three 17.5 MW gas turbines with a total rating of 52.5 MW, they delivered 0.392 GWh in the year 1980/1. Until its closure, the Tower Colliery in Hirwaun supplied much of the coal for Aberthaw. Until 2017 coal came from the Ffos-y- fran Land Reclamation Scheme in Merthyr Tydfil. Other sources included: the Aberpergwm drift and opencast mines in the Neath Valley; and the Cwmgwrach Colliery via the Onllwyn Washery and the Tower Opencast mine based at the site of the original Tower Colliery.
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Freight workings continued for some years afterwards. In 1967 trains were frequently diverted onto the Loop Line between Longport and Kidsgrove via the Pinnox branch during the electrification of the West Coast Main Line, the upgrading of which involved construction of a new line avoiding Harecastle tunnel. The section from Etruria to Waterloo Road remained open for oil traffic from Century Oils in Hanley; this traffic ceased on 31 July 1969. The northern part of the route remained open until 1976 to transport coal from an opencast mine at Park Farm, near Goldenhill.
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The church circumference was reinforced by a concrete ring and the church was gripped by a steel framework construction on the inner as well as outer sides. The preparation work lasted seven years, as it was also necessary to demolish all houses in the transfer path and fill in the former opencast mine. 53 transport trucks were set on special rails, which were inserted under all statically important points of the building. These transport trucks worked using computer controlled hydraulics, as were four booms used to pull the church.
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In February 2014, the association meeting of the ZGB debated a possible subsidy for the Schöppenstedt–Schöningen section. The decision was made to have the estimated annual costs of at least €140,000 checked by an expertand and then to decide whether the route should be subsidised or closed. By 2009, parts of the line between Helmstedt and Schöningen had already been dismantled to allow the expansion of the opencast mine. In Schöningen both platform tracks are still present, the station building is empty and the associated buildings are abandoned.
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View of mine and plant, 2007 Fraser's Pit of Macraes Mine in 2008 Macraes Mine in East Otago is New Zealand's largest gold mine, and consists of a large scale opencast mine opened in 1990, and a newer underground mine, opened in 2008.Macraes Mine at Oceana Gold It is situated close to the settlement of Macraes Flat and is owned by OceanaGold Corporation. Gold production averaged 193,000 Troy ounces/year for 2008 through 2010. Ore grades have been declining, to 1.26 grams/tonne in 2010, but recoveries have improved slightly to 81% of the gold contained in the ore, in 2010.
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After the Second World War, there was a further intensification of the dismantling. The Mächeln opencast mine, founded in 1949 by merging several existing abbeys (including Pauline, Elisabeth, Emma, and Elise II), charred mainly the western Geisel Valley, while the opencast mining Großkayna, founded 1949 (from the Grube Rheinland) and Kayna-Süd. Founded in 1948, in the excavation operation encountered large open-pit open-cast mining in Großkayna to a depth of in the open-cast mining area Mücheln up to (natural upper edge at about above sea level).Meinolf Hellmund: Exkursion: Ehemaliges Geiseltalrevier, südwestlich von Halle (Saale).
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In the late 1990s, the old pit mine was converted to a recreation area, flooding the deepest part of the mine with water. The remains of the pit mine were flooded to create recreational and natural areas. In the 1990s, the embankments of the Mücheln opencast mine were moved; around 26 million cubic meters of earth mass were flattened and support the embankment. The completion of these measures began on June 30, 2003 with the flooding of the remaining hole to the Geiseltalsee, which on April 26, 2011, has a water level at above sea level.
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Ystrad Mynach railway station was on the Rhymney Railway opened in 1858. It consisted of staggered platforms on the main line, as well as a separate platform on the Dowlais line. Nearby Penallta Junction gave access to the Great Western Railway and the Aberdare Valley, opened 1 April 1871 and the Cylla branch opened on 1 August 1906 to access the new Powell Duffryn owned Penallta Colliery. The latter line closed in 1991 and has since been lifted, but the former is still in use (for freight only) as far as Cwmbargoed to serve the coal washery and associated opencast mine at Ffos-Y- Fran.
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The first evidence of mining is from bell-shaped pits and monastic mine workings discovered in the 20th Century during tunnelling. Ashington developed from a small hamlet in the 1840s when the Duke of Portland built housing to encourage people escaping the Great Famine of Ireland to come and work at his nearby collieries. As in many other parts of Britain, "deep pit" coal mining in the area declined during the 1980s and 1990s leaving just one colliery, Ellington which closed in January 2005. In 2006 plans for an opencast mine on the outskirts of the town were put forward, although many people objected to it.
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In March 2010, the Perth-based coal company Bathurst Resources announced it was buying L&M; Coal Holdings' hard-coking coal exploration assets and mining permit areas in the Buller District of the West Coast. In June 2010, Bathurst Resources announced plans to develop an opencast coking and thermal coal mine for exporting in 2011 in a joint venture with Christchurch-based company L&M.; The proposal had an exploration target of between 17 and 23 million tonnes of coal in the Denniston area. In early September 2010, Bathurst Resources confirmed plans for a US$57 million hard coking coal opencast mine on the Denniston plateau above Westport.
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Following a Greenpeace protest against lignite mining in the Lausitz in September 2013, a petition of 112,157 signatures in support was handed to the Lausitz authorities. Daniela Setton, an energy policy speaker from the Alliance, commented that it was the most successful collection of signatures against a new German opencast mine ever. In July 2014 the Alliance co-authored and co-published a report on the top 30 most polluting coal-fired power plants in Europe and called for their decommissioning. In July 2016, the Alliance, together with BUND, the Heinrich Böll Foundation, and the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation released a report on the aftermath of lignite mining in Germany.
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The newest railway in Peru is a standard gauge line opened in 1959 by the Southern Peru Copper Corporation from its opencast mine at Toquepala to the port of Ilo () with a later branch largely in tunnel to its workings at Cuajone. There were a number of other lines, all now closed, mostly for mineral or agricultural traffic, running inland from the coast north of Lima and in Pisco Province. There were also lines serving nitrate deposits in the Tarapacá Region, ceded to Chile in 1883. Some railway exhibits, including a working gauge pleasure line, are to be seen in the Parque de la Amistad in the Surco district of Lima.
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Up to 50 million solar modules with a capacity of 10 gigawatts could be installed - as a floating solar park, as has already been realised in other parts of the world. According to Meyer Burger CEO Gunter Erfurt, the construction of a state-of-the-art plant for cell and module production is currently being evaluated. In an interview with Radio Rur, Uwe Rau replied that such an idea was feasible, as a major advantage of the Hambach opencast mine was the power transmission lines already in place due to the power plants, which could thus continue to be used. RWE Power AG announced in May 2020 that photovoltaic projects for the Sophienhöhe are conceivable.
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As of July 2011, another application, to mine coal in an area adjacent to Birkland Lane near Hedley Hall Farm (to the south-east of the site of Blackburn Fell Drift) has been submitted to Gateshead Council's planning department. Although Liberal Democrat councillor Jonathan Wallace immediately voiced concerns, this application has a greater likelihood of being approved than the proposed Skon's Park site, as this area has a much smaller population, does not lie near the Gibside Estate and an opencast mine was operating nearby relatively recently. Concrete cap on Lodge Shaft Discarded ventilation ducting Hollinside Shaft in 2014 RJB Mining sign warning against unauthorised vehicles and fly-tipping at the entrance to the former colliery site.
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Kimihia railway branch line can be faintly seen in the 1941 aerial photo, which follows the same route as the line open from 1946 to 2017, as shown on the 2018 Topomap. The lake was largely drained to allow for opencast coal mining Powers to construct the mine branch were given in 1885. Initially it was a 1 mi 76 ch (3.1 km) branch around the southern shore of Lake Kimihia to the Taupiri Reserve Colliery Co. mine, which was opened on 1 August 1887 and named the Taupiri Branch. That mine closed due to a fire in 1910. State Coal Mines started an opencast mine in 1943 to extract the coal left by the previous mine.
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Derbyshire County Council acquired the section of canal between Chesterfield and Staveley and secured derelict land grants to enable dredging and towpath maintenance to take place. A campaign to ensure that once all the coal had been extracted from the opencast mine, the canal would be reinstated was successful. Two lowered bridges had been rebuilt by June 2001, and Cow Lane Bridge followed in May 2002. Four more locks were restored, with the section from Chesterfield being reopened to navigation in 2002. In a separate development, a private owner of a length of the canal near Boiley Farm, Killamarsh, obtained a Derelict Land Grant to enable him to restore around of the channel in 1992.
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By the time the final load left Astley colliery in December 2002, 43 million tonnes had been delivered to Ferrybridge in this way. Experiments were made with trains of four pans, which allowed copper pipes to be carried on top of the coal for delivery to Goole, but this was short-lived. Coal carrying came to an abrupt halt in 2003 when the St Aidan's opencast mine was exhausted and the coal from Kellingley colliery was found to have levels of sulphur content high above the acceptable limit. During 2008, three of the trains were used on the River Don, to transport 250,000 tonnes of limestone from a quarry at Cadeby to Hexthorpe.
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Whistle Inn The station is situated on the trackbed of the London and North Western Railway's Brynmawr and Blaenavon Railway which closed to passengers on 5 May 1941 and to goods on 23 June 1954. In September 1971, a section of the line between and Blaenavon Furnace Sidings was relaid by the National Coal Board for opencast mine workings. The relaid section came into use in March 1972 and carried approximately 1000 tons of coal per day until June 1975 when the mine workings ceased and the line was clipped out of use on 18 August. The Private Siding Agreement concluded by the Coal Board for the reinstatement of the section was not terminated until 30 April 1980, after which the track was removed.
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As a result of the ongoing excavations in the Schöningen opencast mine, it is known that there were a great variety of animals present 300,000 years ago during the Reinsdorf warm period, a special characteristic of the Holstein warm period. Around 20 species of large mammals lived there in the vicinity of a former shallow lake, including lions, bears, saber-toothed cats, rhinos, giant deer, aurochs, steppe bison, wild horses and other ungulates. About 100 meters from the place where the P. antiquus was found, footprints from a herd of elephants with adult and younger animals were discovered in the sediments of the former lake, which is unique in Germany. The herd ran parallel to the lake shore and left prints up to in diameter.
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EWS Class 66 joins the Amman Valley railway branch at Pantyffynnon, as it heads towards the opencast mine near Gwaun-cae-Gurwen The old Amman Valley branch line through Ammanford and Gwaun-cae-Gurwen which joined here to the other side of the current platform was closed in its entirety along with the yard after the closure of Abernant Colliery in 1988. The railway shed (closed 1964) and turntable are also gone, with nothing to reveal their former existence. The junction was reinstated for freight services only in 2006 as EWS requested that part of the line be reinstated to serve the opencast site at Tairgwaith Colliery. The Amman Valley Railway Society has also been attempting to reinstate the Amman valley line as a heritage railway, although EWS plans prevent this in the short term.
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In archaeology, Schöningen is famous for the Schöningen Spears, four ancient wooden spears found in an opencast mine near the town (Bamford & Henderson 2003). The spears are about 400,000 years old (Klein. 2005. p114), making them the world's oldest human-made wooden artifacts, as well as the oldest weapons, ever found. Three of them were probably manufactured as projectile weapons, because the weight and tapered point is at the front of the spear making it fly straight in flight, similar to the design of a modern javelin. The fourth spear is shorter with points at both ends and is thought to be a thrusting spear or a throwing stick (Bamford & Henderson 2003). They were found in combination with the remains of about 20 wild horses, whose bones contain numerous butchery marks, including one pelvis that still had a spear sticking out of it.
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The Ministry of Environment gave the green light to deep mining in mid-November, albeit with 22 conditions that would make mining method environmentally acceptable in the Czechoslovak Army Mine. According to Ministry spokesman, Matyáš Vitík, the Ministry addressed 16 different professional organisations with the competency to say whether deep mining would have any effect on the environment. “The overwhelming majority of them responded that it wouldn’t be necessary to do an EIA [Environmental Impact Assessment]”, said Vitík."Ministry stipulates 22 conditions for deep mining near Horní Jiřetín", Mostecký deník, 16 November 2013 Vitík added, however, that the Ministry was not able to permit or prohibit deep mining, but only set conditions regarding the environment. “Protection of the environment, including the health and lives of the population, is guaranteed.” Residents in Horní Jiřetín, however, are afraid that deep mines in the adjacent slopes of the opencast mine may cause further landslides.
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Thanks to the excavations carried out at the end of 19th and during the 20th century, it was possible to recreate the topographic and architectural history of the area - consisting of three levels of galleries - in which the catacombs lie. The area used to be a pozzolan mine; it was abandoned at the end of the 2nd century and then used by Romans as a place for pagan burial: simple graves for slaves and freedmen have been discovered, as well as monumental tombs, particularly in the so-called piazzola ("little square"), a circular compartment that had been an opencast mine, in which walls three mausoleums were dug. The presence, in these mausoleums and particularly in the so-called Mausoleum of Innocentiores, of typically Christian iconographies, such as the anchor and the fish, suggests that the mausoleums were used, at a later stage, also for the sepulture of Christians. Beside the piazzola, the dig of the cemetery galleries was started in this period.
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Blackamoor Hill High Marley Hill stands on the brow of the hill to the west of the village, about halfway between Byermoor and Marley Hill itself. It consists of three cottages beside the road, a large house which is accessed via School House Lane, Longfield Farm, a pallet works which occupies the former High Marley Hill School buildings, and several buildings surrounding a large radio antenna, which sits on top of Blackamoor Hill. There was an anti-aircraft battery near High Marley Hill during World War II, and a drift mine which closed in the 1960s, as did the nearby Byermoor Colliery. The 1951 OS map shows an opencast mine in the field beside the road, near the farm (marked on the map as Longfield House) and there is an embankment which runs parallel to School House Lane, from the site of the drift to the remains of a large retaining wall.
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