The Trump Tower meeting is now ready for Ockham's razor: Those 20 minutes have resulted in more than a year of investigation, countless hours of testimony and tens of thousands of documents.
|
|
William of Ockham is famous as the source of "Ockham's razor," the principle that when presented with competing possible solutions to a problem, one should select the answer that makes the fewest assumptions.
|
|
"Ockham's Razor: Hypatia of Alexandria". ABC Radio. Retrieved July 10, 2014. but it is, in fact, known to have already been in use at least 500 years before Hypatia was born.
|
|
Hackett, pp. 9, 16, 19, 20-21. William of Ockham helped to fuse Latin, Greek and Islamic writing into a general theory of logic; "Ockham's Razor" was one of his oft-cited conclusions.Normore, p.
|
|
This in turn led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls and others.Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National Ockham's Razor, first broadcast 6 June 2010.
|
|
Al Seed, Big State, Circomedia, Dave Fish Theatre Company, Eva Magyar, Hoipolloi, Jonothan Pram, Laura Dannequin & Dan Canham, Matilda Leyser, Miren Theatre Company, Ockham's Razor Theatre Company, out of inc, Publick Transport, Sketty Productions, Tom Marshman.
|
|
Robyn Williams (born 30 January 1944) is a science journalist and broadcaster resident in Australia who has hosted the Science Show on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation since 1975, Ockham's Razor (created 1984) and In Conversation (created 1997).
|
|
Ockham’s Razor Theatre Company is a British aerial theatre company. Their critically acclaimed work combines circus and theatre, and they specialise in creating physical theatre on original pieces of aerial equipment and create stories from the vulnerability, trust and reliance that exists between people in the air. Ockham's Razor are produced by Turtle Key Arts.
|
|
Protestant view of grace and salvation was influenced very much by nominalism of William Ockham's razor. In Martin Luther's opinion Ockham was the only scholastic whose teaching was worth studying.Bouyer L., The spirit and forms of protestantism, p. 186-188 Rejection of traditional Metaphysics, and especially the universals, paved the way to modern empiricism.
|
|
American footballers tackling Worldwide, the British influence includes many different football codes, lawn bowls, lawn tennis and other sports. The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world's first lawn mower in 1830. This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals, playing fields, pitches, grass courts, etc.Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National Ockham's Razor, first broadcast 6 June 2010.
|
|
This, is turn, led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including lawn bowls, most football codes, lawn tennis and others.Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National Ockham's Razor, first broadcast 6 June 2010. National Bowling Associations were established in the late 1800s. In the then-Victorian Colony (now the state of Victoria, Australia), the (Royal) Victorian Bowling Association was formed in 1880.
|
|
Kepler Engelbrecht is a German software developer best known for his work on the award-winning RelentENGINE. He is specifically credited for the development of a spatial subdivision algorithm used for the dynamic ordering of geometry. This algorithm, known as Kepler's order, gives the RelentEngine the capacity to create vast, dynamically modifiable environments. Engelbrecht is also the bassist of the South African metal band Ockham's Razor.
|
|
For a book-length treatment of cladistic parsimony, see Elliott Sober's Reconstructing the Past: Parsimony, Evolution, and Inference (1988). For a discussion of both uses of Occam's razor in biology, see Sober's article "Let's Razor Ockham's Razor" (1990). Other methods for inferring evolutionary relationships use parsimony in a more traditional way. Likelihood methods for phylogeny use parsimony as they do for all likelihood tests, with hypotheses requiring few differing parameters (i.e.
|
|
He advances the argument that because biological systems are the products of (an ongoing) natural selection, the mechanisms are not necessarily optimal in an obvious sense. He cautions: "While Ockham's razor is a useful tool in the physical sciences, it can be a very dangerous implement in biology. It is thus very rash to use simplicity and elegance as a guide in biological research."Crick 1988, p. 146.
|
|
British professional historian J. P. Kenyon concurred (1974), but allowed that the matter could not now be settled with certainty. The author Stephen Knight suggested in The Killing of Justice Godfrey (1984) that Herbert murdered Godfrey on the orders of the "Peyton Gang". Alan Marshall's The Strange Death of Edmund Godfrey, Plots and Politics in Restoration London (1999) offers a comprehensive examination of Godfrey's life and death. Marshall follows the principal of Ockham's razor in concluding that Godfrey most likely killed himself.
|
|
Manuscript illustration of William of Ockham Occam's razor, Ockham's razor, Ocham's razor () or law of parsimony () is the problem-solving principle that "entities should not be multiplied without necessity."Who sharpened Occam’s Razor? The idea is attributed to English Franciscan friar William of Ockham ( 1287–1347), a scholastic philosopher and theologian who used a preference for simplicity to defend the idea of divine miracles. It is variously paraphrased by statements like "the simplest explanation is most likely the right one".
|
|
Without patent, Budding and Ferrabee were shrewd enough to allow other companies to build copies of their mower under license, the most successful of these being Ransomes of Ipswich, which began making mowers as early as 1832. His machine was the catalyst for the preparation of modern-style sporting ovals, playing fields (pitches), grass courts, etc. This led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including for football, lawn bowls, lawn tennis and others.Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National Ockham's Razor, first broadcast 6 June 2010.
|
|
There are anecdotal objections to the use of metric units in carpentry and the building trades, on the basis that it is easier to remember an integer number of inches plus a fraction than a measurement in millimeters,Robyn Williams (February 8, 1998) "Trouble with the Metric System". Australian Radio National, Ockham's Razor. or that foot-inch measurements are more suitable when distances are frequently divided into halves, thirds and quarters, often in parallel. The metric system also lacks a parallel to the foot.
|
|
Berkeley's razor is a rule of reasoning proposed by the philosopher Karl Popper in his study of Berkeley's key scientific work De Motu. Berkeley's razor is considered by Popper to be similar to Ockham's razor but "more powerful". It represents an extreme, empiricist view of scientific observation that states that the scientific method provides us with no true insight into the nature of the world. Rather, the scientific method gives us a variety of partial explanations about regularities that hold in the world and that are gained through experiment.
|
|
John Punch, O.F.M. (or John Ponce or, in the Latinate form, Johannes Poncius)John Punch; Johannes Poncius (1603–1661) was an Irish Franciscan scholastic philosopher and theologian. Punch was ultimately responsible for the now classic formulation of Ockham's Razor, in the shape of the Latin phrase entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem, "entities are not to be multiplied unnecessarily."A. C. Crombie, Medieval and Early Modern Science II (1959 edition) pg. 30. His formulation was slightly different: Non sunt multiplicanda entia sine necessitate.Johannes Poncius’s commentary on John Duns Scotus's Opus Oxoniense, book III, dist.
|
|
3, q. 1, a. 1: > Whenever an affirmative proposition is apt to be verified for actually > existing things, if two things, howsoever they are present according to > arrangement and duration, cannot suffice for the verification of the > proposition while another thing is lacking, then one must posit that other > thing. In basic terms, he was arguing against Ockham's razor by stating that if an explanation does not satisfactorily determine the truth of a proposition, and you are sure that the explanation so far is true, some other explanation must be required.
|
|
As discussed in the previous section, it is not always clear what is meant by the "best explanation." Ockham's razor, which counsels choosing the simplest available explanation, thus plays an important role in some versions of this approach. To return to the example of the chicken, would it be simpler to suppose that the farmer cares about it and will continue taking care of it indefinitely or that the farmer is fattening it up for slaughter? Philosophers have tried to make this heuristic principle more precise in terms of theoretical parsimony or other measures.
|
|
Williams emigrated to Australia and joined the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) Science Unit in 1972 where, after several years in background production and interviewing, in 1975 he began hosting the Science Show, a one-hour science- based radio interview show. Ockham's Razor (15-minute format) followed in 1984, with Williams introducing a leading scientist or personality who then expounds from a prepared text on a topic of their choice, with a view to making a subject simple and accessible to the public, hence the title relating to the famous statement on parsimony by William of Ockham. In Conversation (15-minute format) commenced in 1997, with Williams interviewing the personality.
|
|
High blood pressure can be due to pheochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism, hypercortisolism, hyperthyroidism, renal artery stenosis, various kidney diseases, and familial or genetic syndromes. Dyslipidemia can be due to hypothyroidism, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, certain types of liver or kidney disease, and genetic dyslipidemias. However, in the absence of other secondary causes, and in the presence of new onset or worsening of adiposopathic metabolic diseases with an increase in body fat, then by applying the principles of Ockham's Razor (pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate), wherein among competing theories with similar predictions, the simpler one is better, then adiposopathy is the simplest explanation why increased body fat leads to metabolic diseases.
|
|
The phrase Occam's razor did not appear until a few centuries after William of Ockham's death in 1347. Libert Froidmont, in his On Christian Philosophy of the Soul, takes credit for the phrase, speaking of "novacula occami". Ockham did not invent this principle, but the "razor"—and its association with him—may be due to the frequency and effectiveness with which he used it.Roger Ariew, Ockham's Razor: A Historical and Philosophical Analysis of Ockham's Principle of Parsimony, 1976 Ockham stated the principle in various ways, but the most popular version, "Entities are not to be multiplied without necessity" () was formulated by the Irish Franciscan philosopher John Punch in his 1639 commentary on the works of Duns Scotus.
|
|
Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler all considered themselves Christian. St.Thomas Aquinas, the Church's "model theologian", argued that reason is in harmony with faith, and that reason can contribute to a deeper understanding of revelation, and so encouraged intellectual development. The Church's priest-scientists, many of whom were Jesuits, have been among the leading lights in astronomy, genetics, geomagnetism, meteorology, seismology, and solar physics, becoming some of the "fathers" of these sciences. Examples include important churchmen such as the Augustinian abbot Gregor Mendel (pioneer in the study of genetics), the monk William of Ockham who developed Ockham's Razor, Roger Bacon (a Franciscan friar who was one of the early advocates of the scientific method), and Belgian priest Georges Lemaître (the first to propose the Big Bang theory).
|
|
The fictional friar, William of Baskerville, alludes both to the fictional sleuth Sherlock Holmes and to William of Ockham. The name itself is derived from William of Ockham and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's book The Hound of the Baskervilles. Another view is that Eco has created Brother William as a combination of Roger Bacon, William of Ockham and Sherlock Holmes. (William himself notes that Bacon was a mentor of his and cites his ideas several times in the course of the book.) William of Ockham, who lived during the time of the novel, first put forward the principle known as "Ockham's Razor", which is often summarised as the dictum that one should always accept as most likely the simplest explanation that accounts for all the facts.
|
|
The Suitcase Royale, Banana Bag and Bodice, Kieran Hurley, Kate Tempest, Ockham's Razor, Richard Allen, Jo Bannon, Benji Bower, Lucy Cassidy, Laura Dannequin, Sam Halmarack, Kathy Hinde, Tom Marshman, Sleepdogs, Tom Wainwright, Jeremiah Krage and Heidi Dorschler, Sleepwalk Collective, Jo Hellier, Stand+Stare, Jenna Watt, Andy Field, Tumbling Hat Theatre, Hannah Sullivan, Stephen Voake & Troy Orchard, James Wheale, Chris. Dugrenier, Amy Louise Webber, Carrie Rhys Davies, Il Pixel Rosso, Ridiculusmus, Ontroerend Goed, John Moran, Beady Eye, Berlin Nevada, Ella Good & Nicki Kent, Neon Neon and National Theatre Wales, Hannah Jane Walker and Chris Thorpe, Paper Cinema, Made in China, Chris Goode and Company, SkaGeN, Clod Ensemble, Jane Packman Company, Rik Lander, Belarus Free Theatre, The Beautiful Machine, Bodies in Flight, Heatsick.
|
|
Accordingly, he wrote, there is no reason to believe that there is an entity called "humanity" that resides inside, say, Socrates, and nothing further is explained by making this claim. This is in accord with the analytical method that has since come to be called Ockham's razor, the principle that the explanation of any phenomenon should make as few assumptions as possible. Critics argue that conceptualist approaches answer only the psychological question of universals. If the same concept is correctly and non-arbitrarily applied to two individuals, there must be some resemblance or shared property between the two individuals that justifies their falling under the same concept and that is just the metaphysical problem that universals were brought in to address, the starting-point of the whole problem (MacLeod & Rubenstein, 2006, §3d).
|
|
The company was formed in 2004 by Alex Harvey, Tina Koch and Charlotte Mooney. With their unique physical skills the company have performed a number of shows that "combine circus and visual theatre to make work that is arresting and entertaining". The company’s name derives from a philosophy of William of Ockham known as Ockham's Razor that states that the simplest theory should always be chosen – this reflects the way in which the company work as they aim to always keep their work understandable and easy for the audience to relate to. Rather than portray the circus performer as a superhuman character capable of impressive feats, they create works that draw on the human and the real, where the characters go through recognisable experiences, emotions and conflicts which the audience can identify with and relate to.
|
|