The increase varied by the particular benzodiazepine used, ranging from a low of 1.13 times that of nonusers for flurazepam, to 3.43 times that of nonusers for diazepam.
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Just 14% of nonusers believed it was safe to drive high.
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There were no differences in sleep complaints between nonusers and nondaily users.
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For men, it was 5.6 for nonusers, and 6.9 for daily users.
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Facebook tracks both its users and nonusers on other sites and apps.
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It won 45% of support, with 74% of users but just 34% of nonusers onboard.
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Given its power, it can cause an overdose just by touching it, especially among nonusers.
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It showed that 16.1 percent of cannabis users were obese versus 63 percent of nonusers.
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So, the researchers concluded, e-cigarette users appeared to have a harder time quitting than nonusers.
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The 35% of women who were not using contraception when they were interviewed were either not sexually active (17%), were pregnant, were postpartum or were looking to get pregnant (7.5%), nonusers of contraception who'd been sexually active (7.9%) or nonusers for other reasons, like nonsurgical sterility (2.7%).
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This proposal is also the only measure in the survey supported by a majority of nonusers (193%).
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While 56% of users said they'd be comfortable with a stoned driver, just 16% of nonusers agreed.
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The ads would link, he says, to those dark profiles of nonusers that supposedly to not exist.
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Overall, the study involved 5,639 pregnant pot users and 9,427 nonusers enrolled in Ontario's Better Outcomes Registry & Network.
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Pew research notes Facebook users report significantly higher levels of social support, emotional support, and companionship than nonusers.
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Of the 9,283 people who responded, 17.2 percent of cannabis users were obese, versus 25.3 percent of nonusers.
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It is precisely because of Twitter's wider social importance that even nonusers should demand fixes to how it works.
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Bidet users were far more likely to show fecal bacteria as well as contamination by other pathogens than nonusers were.
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At the end of the studies, however, there was little difference in total sleep time between Sleepio users and nonusers.
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A third of fake weed users had carried a weapon, compared with 12% of nonusers and about 19% of weed users.
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Nonusers used CPAP for no more than half an hour per night in the month prior to their 12-month checkup.
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But the posts clearly promote Ring's service and brand, and reach a wider or more targeted audience of potential nonusers on Facebook.
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Three-quarters of nonusers in the US thought driving under the influence of cannabis is unsafe, while 11% said they didn't know.
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A $63 price seemed to be ideal for a "mini-design" of one room, based on surveying of users and nonusers alike.
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Over all, compared with nonusers, users of hormonal contraception had a 40 percent increased risk of depression after six months of use.
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Those who use high-potency marijuana are almost five times more likely to develop psychosis compared to nonusers, according to the study.
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So for nonusers, there is an average of 55 cases per 503,000 women, whereas there are 68 for women using hormonal birth control.
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Garavan says the overall takeaway is unclear, as the study did not look into large cognitive or mental health differences between users and nonusers.
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Defying stereotypes of lazy stoners, however, current cannabis users are 13% more likely to be employed full time and are generally younger than nonusers.
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With its character limit and an interface that's inscrutable to nonusers, Twitter tends to penalize nuance and moderation, while rewarding hot takes and bombast.
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Researchers estimated that over 215.6 years, the absolute risk of chronic kidney disease was 213.9 percent among PPI users, versus 63 percent among nonusers.
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They said that the social network had collected digital information on Facebook users as well as nonusers on third-party websites without their knowledge.
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It's been a while since a new social app got big enough, quickly enough, to make nonusers feel they're missing out from an experience.
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The study suggested that smokers who used e-cigarettes not only tried to quit more often but were successful at quitting more often than nonusers.
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Last month, the U.S.C. researchers also reported in Pediatrics that adolescents who vape are six times more likely to smoke cigarettes in early adulthood as nonusers.
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That is, for every 100,000 women using hormonal birth control, there are 210 cases of breast cancer annually, compared with 21.45 cases a year among nonusers.
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Women who stayed on hormones for 10 or more years experienced a 38 percent increase in their relative risk of developing breast cancer, compared with nonusers.
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The company said it keeps certain data on nonusers for security purposes and to show outside developers how many people are using their app or website.
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Overall, 47% of Americans thought the possibility of legalization putting more stoned drivers on the road was a strong argument — 52% of nonusers and 36% of users agreed.
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For example, it took 13.83 milligrams of propofol, on average, for 225 nonusers to float into unconsciousness, compared with 44.81 milligrams needed, on average, by 25 cannabis users.
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A total of 37.5 percent of e-cig users in the nonweighted results had begun smoking regular cigarettes, compared with 9 percent of the nonusers of e-cigs.
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And about 38% of these same teens had had intercourse with four or more people, compared with just 3% of the nonusers and 20% of the students using cannabis.
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Not only are women using hormonal birth control still 20 percent more likely to get breast cancer than nonusers, but the risk increases the longer a woman uses it.
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In his comments in the House hearing on Wednesday, Mr. Zuckerberg said Facebook tracked nonusers for security purposes — to ensure they could not scrape public data about Facebook users.
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But for a harm-reduction argument to be valid, policy makers need strong evidence that vaping improves smokers' health without creating a new set of risks — to both users and nonusers.
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Using accident police reports from the previous five years, the researchers found that overall, motor vehicle collision rates were similar for zolpidem users and nonusers when other factors were accounted for.
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They were more likely than nonusers to report being in very good or excellent health, to use alcohol moderately, to refrain from cigarette smoking, to exercise frequently and to have health insurance.
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Meanwhile, more than half of fake weed users had been in physical fights and a quarter drove while drinking, compared with nonusers (483% and 2%, respectively) and weed users (29% and 12%, respectively).
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The researchers concluded that hormone users over all experienced a 210 percent increase in the relative risk of breast cancer compared to nonusers, although the risk increased with age and varied by formulation.
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" In an emailed statement, a Facebook spokesperson claimed that the information stays anonymous for nonusers: "If you aren't a Facebook user, we can't identify you based on this information, or use it to learn who you are.
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After controlling for many health and behavioral variables, including a prior diagnosis of high blood pressure, they found that compared with nonusers, marijuana users had more than three times the risk of death from hypertension-related causes.
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And a recent study of New York's Citi Bike program in BMJ's journal Injury Prevention found that the city's addition of bike lanes, crucial to Citi Bike's success, increased lifespan even among nonusers because of the reduction in pollution.
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Researchers followed 10,482 people for an average of 13.9 years, comparing those who used P.P.I.s to nonusers and to those who used another type of heartburn medicines called H2 receptor antagonists (brand names Zantac, Tagamet and Pepcid, among others).
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Compared with nonusers, women who used talcum powder were at nearly twice the risk for having ovarian cancer, and those who used it regularly on their genitals and sanitary pads were at more than three times the relative risk.
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And in June, University of Pennsylvania scientists discovered that young people who used marijuana frequently were more likely than nonusers to have slightly lower scores on tests of memory, learning new information, and higher-level problem solving and information processing.
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Although cannabis users are often portrayed as burnouts, they are more likely to be employed full time than nonusers — 47% to 34% — and are 20% more likely to have kids in their home, possibly because they tend to be younger.
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Comparing cannabis users to nonusers, they found that patients who reported smoking or using edibles on a daily or weekly basis required 14% more fentanyl, 20% more midazolam and 220% more propofol to achieve optimum sedation for routine procedures, including colonoscopies.
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Compared to nonusers, cannabis users had about twice the risk of experiencing a serious complication known as diabetic ketoacidosis, which develops when blood sugar is elevated for too long and the body produces high levels of acids known as ketones.
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After controlling for age, sex, depression, diabetes, stroke, heart disease and the use of other medicines, they found that regular use of P.P.I.s increased the risk for dementia in men by 52 percent and in women by 42 percent, compared with nonusers.
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The authorities in a number of European countries contend that Facebook has unfairly used its leverage to collect details about the activities of both Facebook users and nonusers on millions of third-party sites that use tools like Facebook's "like" button and analytics service.
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Facebook, experts say, is only the latest in a long line of Silicon Valley companies to face European regulatory anger, though this time, the focus is likely to be on the reams of online data gathered, including information that Facebook collects on both its users and nonusers through third-party websites.
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Snus users had lower systolic blood pressure than tobacco nonusers in the unadjusted data.
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LIMDEP supports a list server based discussion group.List Server Anyone (users and interested nonusers) may subscribe to the list server. The list server is maintained at the University of Sydney.
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Cannabis-related deficits in real-world memory. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 27(2), 217–225. Cannabis users found it more difficult to perform an action at a certain time than nonusers. The results provide support for the cannabis-related deficits in prospective memory.
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However, by the 1920s there were as many unregistered opium users as registered opium users. The imbalance between the number of registered and unregistered opium smokers demonstrated that the policy was ineffective at keeping nonusers from taking up smoking. Opium dens were common place throughout Southeast Asia. They were establishments where opium was sold and smoked and were frequented by locals and foreigners who were looking to access opium.
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Alvergne et al. argue in “Fertility, parental investment, and the early adoption of modern contraception in rural Ethiopia” that an increase in usage of family planning increases birth spacing which consequently decreases infant mortality, although it had no observed effect on overall child mortality, possibly due to a recent overall decrease childhood death rates among both contraception users and nonusers. Additionally, increasing condom use in Africa would decrease rates of HIV transmission.
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What's more, there were significant differences among current Twitter users, nonusers, and dropouts with regard to personality traits and privacy concerns about Twitter. Young people especially highschool and college students are an important part of SNS users. A recent study examined college students' privacy concerns and impacts on their Twitter usage behaviors. Regression analyses concluded that Control and Boundary Rules of Private Information on Twitter significantly predict daily minutes spent on Twitter accounts.
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The MFT-MBA is based on MBA core curriculum. Unlike tests that are not aligned to anything but their own curriculum, the MFT-MBA emphasizes content validity. In order to display normativity and ensure a consensus of what best reflects core curriculum, the content is constructed using results of a national curriculum survey. According to ETS, content experts from a diverse representation of higher education institutions (including Major Field Test users and nonusers) participate in this survey.
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No evidence has been identified to suggest Mirena affects bone mineral density (BMD). Two small studies, limited to studying BMD in the forearm, show no decrease in BMD. One of the studies showed at seven years of use, similar BMD at the midshaft of the ulna and at the distal radius as nonusers matched by age and BMI. In addition, BMD measurements were similar to the expected values for women in the same age group as the participants.
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Researchers looked at data from 15 previously published controlled studies involving 704 long-term cannabis users and 484 nonusers. The results showed long-term cannabis use was only marginally harmful on the memory and learning. Other functions such as reaction time, attention, language, reasoning ability, perceptual and motor skills were unaffected. The observed effects on memory and learning, they said, showed long-term cannabis use caused "selective memory defects", but that the impact was "of a very small magnitude".
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Thus far, the evidence specifically implicating snus in pancreatic cancer is only suggestive. Notably, the probability of developing pancreatic cancer from cigarettes is higher than the suggested chance of developing pancreatic cancer from snus. The effect of Swedish snus on blood pressure has been studied at Umeå University in a randomly selected population sample of 4,305 Swedish men between the ages of 25 and 74. In the study, published in November 2008, the researchers found no elevation of blood pressure in snus users who had never been smokers compared to tobacco nonusers.
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A diagram showing a copper IUD in place in uterus. The copper IUD's primary mechanism of action is to prevent fertilization. p. S28: > Conclusions > Active substances released from the IUD or IUS, together with products > derived from the inflammatory reaction present in the luminal fluids of the > genital tract, are toxic for spermatozoa and oocytes, preventing the > encounter of healthy gametes and the formation of viable embryos. The > current data do not indicate that embryos are formed in IUD users at a rate > comparable to that of nonusers.
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In the DHS less than 10% of FP nonusers cited a religious reason for their non-use. Using data from the PDHS 2006-7, approximately 35% of FP users received their FP services from the public sector, 12% from NGOs and private providers and the overwhelming 52% bought their methods over the counter from shops, making FP services largely subject to market forces. The government spends on average around Rs. 4 billion (US$42 million) a year on FP but nearly 90% of this goes towards salaries and overheads and commodities account for 7-14% of these funds.
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The > current data do not indicate that embryos are formed in IUD users at a rate > comparable to that of nonusers. The common belief that the usual mechanism > of action of IUDs in women is destruction of embryos in the uterus is not > supported by empirical evidence. The bulk of the data indicate that > interference with the reproductive process after fertilization has taken > place is exceptional in the presence of a T-Cu or LNG-IUD and that the usual > mechanism by which they prevent pregnancy in women is by preventing > fertilization. p. 199: > Mechanisms of action > Thus, both clinical and experimental evidence suggests that IUDs can prevent > and disrupt implantation.
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The European Commission Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER), however, considers that, even in the case when children bite off pieces from erasers and swallow them, it is unlikely that this exposure leads to health consequences. Phthalates are also found in medications, where they are used as inactive ingredients in producing enteric coatings. It is not known how many medications are made using phthalates, but some include omeprazole, didanosine, mesalamine, and theophylline. A recent study found that urinary concentrations of monobutyl phthalate, the DBP metabolite, of Asacol (a particular formulation of mesalamine) users was 50 times higher than the mean of nonusers.
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Hormonal contraceptives may produce a slight increase in the risk of breast cancer diagnosis among current and recent users, but this appears to be a short-term effect. In 1996 the largest collaborative reanalysis of individual data on over 150,000 women in 54 studies of breast cancer found a relative risk (RR) of 1.24 of breast cancer diagnosis among current combined oral contraceptive pill users; 10 or more years after stopping, no difference was seen. Further, the cancers diagnosed in women who had ever used hormonal contraceptives were less advanced than those in nonusers, raising the possibility that the small excess among users was due to increased detection. The relative risk of breast cancer diagnosis associated with current and recent use of hormonal contraceptives did not appear to vary with family history of breast cancer.
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Shared presence combined with depth of information provides shared meaning (Miranda and Saunders, 2003).Miranda and Saunders (2003) Internet usage is generally not associated with decline in social contact. For example, Katz, Rice, Aspden (2001) found that Internet users were more likely to communicate with others through other media (especially telephone) more than do nonusers, and Internet use was associated with greater levels of social interaction (although this was more widely dispersed). Thy claim, that “Internet use does not appear to weaken the fabric of neighborhoods and communities.” Ellison, Steinfield and Lampe (2007) claim that online interactions do not necessarily remove people from their offline world, but support relationships, especially when life changes move them away from each other. They say, that Internet “seems well- suited to social software applications because it enables users to maintain such ties cheaply and easily”.
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A new 4th generation progestin, drospirenone, used in some oral contraceptives may further heighten the risk of gallstone disease and cholecystectomy; however, the increased risk is quite modest and not likely to be clinically meaningful. A retrospective (historical) cohort study was performed on a very large data base including 1980 and 1981 Medicaid billing data from the states of Michigan and Minnesota in which 138,943 users of OCs were compared with 341,478 nonusers. Oral contraceptives were shown as risk factors for gallbladder disease, although the risk is of sufficient magnitude to be of potential clinical importance only in young women. The 1984 Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study suggests that, in the long-term, oral contraceptives are not associated with any increased risk of gallbladder disease, although there is an acceleration of the disease in those women susceptible to it.
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Research results are mixed, with a meta-analysis of papers and reports up to April 2006 suggesting a relative increased rate of heart disease of 1.63 compared to nonusers. Professor Peter Weissberg, Medical Director of the British Heart Foundation said, "However, the increased risk is small, and many patients with chronic debilitating pain may well feel that this small risk is worth taking to relieve their symptoms". Only aspirin was found not to increase the risk of heart disease; however, this is known to have a higher rate of gastric ulceration than diclofenac. In Britain the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) said in June 2013 that the drug should not be used by people with serious underlying heart conditionspeople who had suffered heart failure, heart disease or a stroke were advised to stop using it completely.
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In 2013, comparative effectiveness research from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs on the experience of more than a million Veterans found no increased risks for either lung cancer (original article in Journal of Hypertension) or prostate cancer. The researchers concluded: "In this large nationwide cohort of United States Veterans, we found no evidence to support any concern of increased risk of lung cancer among new users of ARBs compared with nonusers. Our findings were consistent with a protective effect of ARBs." In May 2013, a senior regulator at the Food & Drug Administration, Medical Team Leader Thomas A. Marciniak, revealed publicly that contrary to the FDA's official conclusion that there was no increased cancer risk, after a patient- by-patient examination of the available FDA data he had concluded that there was a lung-cancer risk increase of about 24% in ARB patients, compared with patients taking a placebo or other drugs.
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FY 1998 Oklahoma maternal and child health block grant annual report, July 1999 A Massachusetts social services program designed to provide cost-effective family-centered respite care for children with complex medical needs found that for families participating for more than one year, the number of hospitalizations decreased by 75%, physician visits decreased by 64%, and antibiotics use decreased by 71%.Mausner S, 1995 An evaluation of the Iowa Respite Child Care Project for families parenting a child with developmental disabilities found that when respite care is used by the families, there is a statistically significant decrease in foster care placement.Cowen, Perle Slavik, 1996 A 1999 study of Vermont’s then 10-year-old respite care program for families with children or adolescents with serious emotional disturbance found that participating families experience fewer out- of home placements than nonusers and were more optimistic about their future capabilities to take care of their children.
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