The term nonthermal plasma includes anisothermal plasmas and means that the different degrees of freedom of the plasma are not in thermal equilibrium.
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Wolff, Sidney C. (1983) "The magnetic Ap stars". The A-Type Stars: Problems and Perspectives. Monograph series on Nonthermal Phenomena in Stellar Atmospheres. NASA SP-463.
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Plasma synthesis has evolved to be one of the most popular gas-phase approaches for the production of quantum dots, especially those with covalent bonds. For example, silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) quantum dots have been synthesized by using nonthermal plasma. The size, shape, surface and composition of quantum dots can all be controlled in nonthermal plasma. Doping that seems quite challenging for quantum dots has also been realized in plasma synthesis.
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Gustavo V. Barbosa-Cánovas is an Uruguayan American Professor of Food Engineering and Director of the Center for Nonthermal Processing of Food at Washington State University. Barbosa-Cánovas is Editor-in-Chief of the Food Engineering Reviews journal, as well as Editor-in-Chief of the Springer Food Engineering Book Series and the CRC Food Preservation Technology Book Series. He has edited more than 35 books in Food Engineering and authored several books including Food Powders: Physical Properties, Processing, and Functionality; Food Plant Design; Preservation of Foods with Pulsed Electric Fields; Unit Operations in Food Engineering; Introduction to Food Process Engineering; Dehydration of Food; Nonthermal Preservation of Foods.
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When undesired residual stress is present from prior metalworking operations, the amount of residual stress may be reduced using several methods. These methods may be classified into thermal and mechanical (or nonthermal) methods. All the methods involve processing the part to be stress relieved as a whole.
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Barbosa-Cánovas has studied the processing of foods by nonthermal technologies such as pulsed electric fields, high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, ultraviolet, cold plasma. He has also studied: combined methods, food dehydration, food powders, physical properties of food; water activity, edible films. He has published over 400 peer-reviewed scientific articles, more than 100 book chapters, authored 12 books and edited more than 35 books. Some of his authored books are Food Powders: Physical Properties, Processing, and Functionality; Food Plant Design; Preservation of Foods with Pulsed Electric Fields; Unit Operations in Food Engineering; Introduction to Food Process Engineering; Dehydration of Food; Nonthermal Preservation of Foods, 3 Laboratory Manuals where some of them have been translated to Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic.
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As part of these book series he has edited a number of books (more than 35) and authored Food Powders: Physical Properties, Processing, and Functionality; Food Plant Design; Preservation of Foods with Pulsed Electric Fields; Unit Operations in Food Engineering; Introduction to Food Process Engineering; Dehydration of Food; Nonthermal Preservation of Foods.
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In 1956 Kurchatov gave his famous Harwell lecture showing nonthermal neutrons and the presence of m = 0 and m = 1 instabilities in a deuterium pinch.Kurchatov I V (1957) J. Nucl. Energy 4 193 In 1957 Pease and BraginskiiBraginskii S I 1957 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz 33 645Braginskii S I 1958 Sov. Phys.
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In the presence of magnetics fields, the study of such magnetized nonthermal weakly ionized gases involves resistive magnetohydrodynamics with low magnetic Reynolds number, a challenging field of plasma physics where calculations require dyadic tensors in a 7-dimensional phase space. When used in combination with a high Hall parameter, a critical value triggers the problematic electrothermal instability which limited these technological developments.
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Pulsed electric field processing is a type of nonthermal method for food preservation. Pulsed electric fields use short pulses of electricity to inactivate microbes. In addition, the use of PEF results in minimal detrimental effects on the quality of the food. Pulse electric fields kill microorganisms and provide better maintenance of the original colour, flavour, and nutritional value of the food as compared to heat treatments.
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After completing his doctorate in 1941, Nagchaudhuri returned to the Rajabazar Science College, University of Calcutta to join Saha's research group. In 1949, when the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) was established, Nagchaudhuri was affiliated with research at the institute, while continuing to teach at Science College, Calcutta University. After Saha's retirement in 1952, he was named Director of the SINP. Nagchaudhuri's research focused on nuclear isomers, induced radioactivity, Cherenkov radiation and nonthermal plasma.
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Dip coating have been utilized for example in the fabrication of bioceramic nanoparticles, biosensors, implants and hybrid coatings. For example, dip coating has been used to establish a simple yet fast nonthermal coating method to immobilize hydroxyapatite and TiO2 nanoparticles on polymethyl methacrylate. In another study, porous cellulose nanocrystals and poly(vinyl alcohol) CNC/PVA nanocomposite films with a thickness of 25−70 nm were deposited on glass substrates using dip coating.
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In the mid-1980s, under the guidance of Nikolay Devyatkov the company "Istok" (Fryazino, Moscow oblast) has developed the first device for MM-wave therapy "Jav-1". The Committee on New Medical Technology of the Ministry of Health of the USSR recommended the "Jav-1" for serial production (1987)Instructions for use of therapeutic radiation treatment systems for millimeter-wave band nonthermal intensity of the "Jav-1". - Moscow: Ministry of Health of the USSR, 1987, the Committee on New Medical Technology. Minutes № 6 of 13.06.1987.
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This has been reduced now to a peak total flow of 17,370 liters/second, so the average spring has a peak output of about 250 liters/second. However, there are many very-high-flow nonthermal springs; there are 33 recognized "magnitude one springs" (having a flow in excess of 2800 liters/second) in Florida alone. Silver Springs, Florida has a flow of more than 23,000 liters/second. Some of the water is used for heating, being piped 34 kilometers to Borgarnes and 64 kilometers to Akranes.
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Non-contact normothermic (or nonthermal) wound therapy also called The Warm-Up Therapy System or wound therapy with infrared radiation is increasing the temperature of the wound bed, thereby promoting increased blood flow in the area around the wound. It is a temporary therapy (usually about 72 hours for each time usage) in which the dressing contains a special electronic warming card. The card heats to 100.4°F (38°C), bathing the wound in radiant heat. The closely sealed wound covering promotes a moist environment in the wound bed.
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Detection of lightning activity on Mars has been reported by Ruf et al. [2009]. The evidence is indirect and in the form of modulations of the nonthermal microwave spectrum at approximately the expected Schumann resonance frequencies. It has not been independently confirmed that these are associated with electrical discharges on Mars. In the event confirmation is made by direct, in situ observations, it would verify the suggestion of the possibility of charge separation and lightning strokes in the Martian dust storms made by Eden and Vonnegut [1973] and Renno et al. [2003].
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For moderate pressures, above 10,000 K the gas further dissociates into free electrons and ions. for the resulting plasma can similarly be computed for a mole of initial air, producing values between 2 and 4 for partially or singly ionized gas. Each dissociation absorbs a great deal of energy in a reversible process and this greatly reduces the thermodynamic temperature of hypersonic gas decelerated near the aerospace object. Ions or free radicals transported to the object surface by diffusion may release this extra (nonthermal) energy if the surface catalyzes the slower recombination process.
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Since it is difficult to fuel quasars for many billions of years, after a quasar finishes accreting the surrounding gas and dust, it becomes an ordinary galaxy. Radiation from quasars is partially "nonthermal" (i.e., not due to black-body radiation), and approximately 10% are observed to also have jets and lobes like those of radio galaxies that also carry significant (but poorly understood) amounts of energy in the form of particles moving at relativistic speeds. Extremely high energies might be explained by several mechanisms (see Fermi acceleration and Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration).
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Verteporfin (trade name Visudyne), a benzoporphyrin derivative, is a medication used as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy to eliminate the abnormal blood vessels in the eye associated with conditions such as the wet form of macular degeneration. Verteporfin accumulates in these abnormal blood vessels and, when stimulated by nonthermal red light with a wavelength of 689 nm in the presence of oxygen, produces highly reactive short-lived singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen radicals, resulting in local damage to the endothelium and blockage of the vessels.Verteporfin Verteporfin is also used off-label for the treatment of central serous retinopathy.
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In the case of Mars there have been terrestrial observations of radio emission spectra that have been associated with Schumann resonances. The reported radio emissions are not of the primary electromagnetic Schumann modes, but rather of secondary modulations of the nonthermal microwave emissions from the planet at approximately the expected Schumann frequencies, and have not been independently confirmed to be associated with lightning activity on Mars. There is the possibility that future lander missions could carry in situ instrumentation to perform the necessary measurements. Theoretical studies are primarily directed to parameterizing the problem for future planetary explorers.
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Barbosa-Cánovas worked for the University of Puerto Rico as an Assistant Professor between 1985 and 1990, during which he was granted two National Science Foundation (NSF) awards for research productivity. Next, he joined Washington State University (WSU) where he is now a Professor of Food Engineering and Director of the Center for Nonthermal Processing of Food (CNPF). He is also a Guest Professor at the College of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, China Agricultural University and Visiting Professor at Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico. He was International Consultant for the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and is a consultant to many major food firms and universities worldwide.
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One of the few people at NRL in radio astronomy with a classical astronomy background, she was consulted on a wide variety of topics. During Roman’s time at NRL, she provided astronomy consultation for the Project Vanguard satellite program, although she did not formally work on any of the rocket projects, introducing her to space astronomy. At the time, she was concerned that the science being done in the rocket projects was not of high quality, though she saw the potential of space astronomy. Roman’s radio astronomy work included mapping much of the Milky Way galaxy at a frequency of 440MHz, determining the spectral break in the nonthermal radio emission.
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Looking into a source of radio waves at close range, such as the waveguide of a working radio transmitter, can cause damage to the lens of the eye by heating. A strong enough beam of radio waves can penetrate the eye and heat the lens enough to cause cataracts. Since the heating effect is in principle no different from other sources of heat, most research into possible health hazards of exposure to radio waves has focused on "nonthermal" effects; whether radio waves have any effect on tissues besides that caused by heating. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as having "inadequate evidence" for its effects on humans and animals.
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9 Sagittarii is a binary system with the longest known period for a pair of class O stars at 9.1 years. The orbit is eccentric and the separation between the stars varies from 11 AU to 27 AU. The large separation means that the stellar winds of the two stars do not impact strongly and so the pair are not a strong source of x-rays. Lack of x-rays, low orbital velocities, and similar spectral types merging to a combined spectrum of O4V, mean that 9 Sgr was only confirmed to be a binary in 2012. Earlier clues such as nonthermal radio emission and periodic spectral line profile variations had prompted the detail search for a companion.
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He specialized in theoretical astrophysics and radio astronomy, as well as the Sun's corona, supernovae, and cosmic rays and their origins. He showed, in 1946, that the radio-wave radiation from the Sun emanates from the ionized layers of its corona, and he developed a mathematical method for discriminating between thermal and nonthermal radio waves in the Milky Way. He is noted especially for his suggestion that the radiation from the Crab Nebula is due to synchrotron radiation, in which unusually energetic electrons twist through magnetic fields at speeds close to that of light. Shklovsky proposed that cosmic rays from supernova explosions within 300 light years of the sun could have been responsible for some of the mass extinctions of life on earth.
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A world effort was triggered in the 1960s to study magnetohydrodynamic converters in order to bring MHD power conversion to market with commercial power plants of a new kind, converting the kinetic energy of a high velocity plasma into electricity with no moving parts at a high efficiency. Research was also conducted in the field of supersonic and hypersonic aerodynamics to study plasma interaction with magnetic fields to eventually achieve passive and even active flow control around vehicles or projectiles, in order to soften and mitigate shock waves, lower thermal transfer and reduce drag. Such ionized gases used in "plasma technology" ("technological" or "engineered" plasmas) are usually weakly ionized gases in the sense that only a tiny fraction of the gas molecules are ionized. These kinds of weakly ionized gases are also nonthermal "cold" plasmas.
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But Evgeny Velikhov first discovered theoretically in 1962 and experimentally in 1963 that an ionization instability, later called the Velikhov instability or electrothermal instability, quickly arises in any MHD converter using magnetized nonthermal plasmas with hot electrons, when a critical Hall parameter is reached, hence depending on the degree of ionization and the magnetic field. Such an instability greatly degrades the performance of nonequilibrium MHD generators. The prospects about this technology, which initially predicted awesome efficiencies, crippled MHD programs all over the world as no solution to mitigate the instability was found at that time. Consequently, without implementing solutions to master the electrothermal instability, practical MHD generators had to limit the Hall parameter or use moderately heated thermal plasmas instead of cold plasmas with hot electrons, which severely lowers efficiency.
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The plasma could be a coronal cloud of a central object or a transient plasma, where the energy source is unknown, but could be related to the idea of a close binary. In the Crab Nebula X-ray spectrum there are three features that differ greatly from Scorpius X-1: its spectrum is much harder, its source diameter is in light-years (ly)s, not astronomical units (AU), and its radio and optical synchrotron emission are strong. Its overall X-ray luminosity rivals the optical emission and could be that of a nonthermal plasma. However, the Crab Nebula appears as an X-ray source that is a central freely expanding ball of dilute plasma, where the energy content is 100 times the total energy content of the large visible and radio portion, obtained from the unknown source.
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The efficiency of the direct energy conversion in MHD power generation increases with the magnetic field strength and the plasma conductivity, which depends directly on the plasma temperature, and more precisely on the electron temperature. As very hot plasmas can only be used in pulsed MHD generators (for example using shock tubes) due to the fast thermal material erosion, it was envisaged to use nonthermal plasmas as working fluids in steady MHD generators, where only free electrons are heated a lot (10,000–20,000 kelvins) while the main gas (neutral atoms and ions) remains at a much lower temperature, typically 2500 kelvins. The goal was to preserve the materials of the generator (walls and electrodes) while improving the limited conductivity of such poor conductors to the same level as a plasma in thermodynamic equilibrium; i.e. completely heated to more than 10,000 kelvins, a temperature that no material could stand.
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