Thirdly, the nonideal behavior of real engines, such as mechanical friction and losses in the combustion process causes further efficiency losses.
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D. P. Sankovich. On the Bose condensation in some model of a nonideal Bose gas, J. Math. Phys. 45, 4288 (2004). and is named after theoretical physicist Nikolay Bogoliubov.
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The realization of the nonideal radiation pattern of the design caused the diamond-shaped tower to fall out of favor in the 1940s in radio stations, replaced by the narrow uniform width lattice mast used today.
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Mattress model Mattress model was proposed as a phenomenological theory approach in 1984 by Mouritsen and Bloom.Mouritsen, O.G.; Bloom, M. Biophys. J. 1984, 46, 141-153. It is a two-component real solution theory based on the theory of nonideal solutions and hence allows for phase separation.
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However, by the time the synthesis method was finalized, the problems related to uranium hexafluoride were solved. Borohydrides are nonideal ligands for isotope separations, since there are isotopes of boron that occur naturally in high abundance: 10B (20%) and 11B (80%), while fluorine-19 is the only isotope of fluorine that occurs in nature in more than trace quantities.
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Rasmussen felt that Cochrane utilised a narrow account of the political, meaning that a range of feminist, post-colonial and post-humanist perspectives were ignored in the book. The second theme Garner identified was the divide between ideal and nonideal theory, which he understands as a way political theory may be used to contextualise animal ethics and further the debate.Garner 2012, p. 100.
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Fortov, V. E., Ternovoi, V. A., Zhernokletov, M.V., Mochalov, M. A., Mikhailov, A. L., et al. (2003). Pressure-produced ionization of nonideal plasma in a megabar range of dynamic pressures. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 97, 259-278. Celliers et al at the NIF pulsed laserCelliers, P. M., Millot, M., Brygoo, S., McWilliams, R. S., Fratanduono, D. R., Rygg, J. R., et al. (2018).
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The advancing contact angle is the maximum stable angle, whereas the receding contact angle is the minimum stable angle. Contact angle hysteresis occurs because many different thermodynamically stable contact angles are found on a nonideal solid. These varying thermodynamically stable contact angles are known as metastable states. Such motion of a phase boundary, involving advancing and receding contact angles, is known as dynamic wetting.
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Saddle azeotrope calculated with UNIFAC at 1 atm. Red lines are vapor compositions and blue lines are liquid compositions. Image is rotating to more clearly show the saddle-like shape of the vapor–liquid equilibria The UNIFAC method (UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients)Aage Fredenslund, Russell L. Jones and John M. Prausnitz, "Group-Contribution Estimation of Activity Coefficients in Nonideal Liquid Mixtures", AIChE Journal, vol. 21 (1975), p.
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Interactions between the components of the solution create properties unique to the solution, as most processes entail nonideal mixtures, where Raoult's law does not hold. Such interactions can result in a constant-boiling azeotrope which behaves as if it were a pure compound (i.e., boils at a single temperature instead of a range). At an azeotrope, the solution contains the given component in the same proportion as the vapor, so that evaporation does not change the purity, and distillation does not effect separation.
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The top trace deviates sufficiently that there is a point on the curve where its tangent is horizontal. Whenever a mixture has a positive deviation and has a point at which the tangent is horizontal, the composition at that point is a positive azeotrope. At that point the total vapor pressure is at a maximum. Likewise the bottom trace illustrates a nonideal mixture that has a negative deviation from Raoult's law, and at the composition where tangent to the trace is horizontal there is a negative azeotrope.
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He taught Ethics as a special Consultant for six years at the F.B.I. National Academy and has lectured widely (including the 2013 Auguste Comte Lectures at the London School of Economics). Simmons has served on the editorial staff of Philosophy & Public Affairs since 1982. He is the author of many books on Lockean theory. He is best known for his work on political obligation, legitimacy and authority, John Locke's moral and political philosophy, ideal and nonideal theory (in moral and political philosophy), and the territorial rights of states.
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Thus, the Law of Peoples is realistically utopian: it is an attempt to show "how reasonable citizens and peoples might live peacefully in a just world" (L.P., Preface, p.vi). It is typical of Rawls' approach that he focuses on ideal theory and does not discuss to any great extent non-ideal theory, which involves considering the proper response to injustice. However, in dealing with international relations the questions arising from the highly nonideal conditions of the real world with its great injustices and widespread social evils cannot be put aside.
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The adjacent diagram illustrates total vapor pressure of three hypothetical mixtures of constituents, X, and Y. The temperature throughout the plot is assumed to be constant. The center trace is a straight line, which is what Raoult's law predicts for an ideal mixture. In general solely mixtures of chemically similar solvents, such as n-hexane with n-heptane, form nearly ideal mixtures that come close to obeying Raoult's law. The top trace illustrates a nonideal mixture that has a positive deviation from Raoult's law, where the total combined vapor pressure of constituents, X and Y, is greater than what is predicted by Raoult's law.
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There are two main challenges in realizing mixed-signal ICs. The first challenging task, specific to RFICs, is to fabricate good on-chip passive elements such as high-Q inductors. The second challenging task, applicable to any mixed-signal IC and the subject of this chapter, is to minimize noise coupling between various parts of the system to avoid any malfunctioning of the system. In other words, for successful system-on-chip integration of mixed-signal systems, the noise coupling caused by nonideal isolation must be minimized so that sensitive analog circuits and noisy digital circuits can effectively coexist, and the system operates correctly.
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In nonideal fluid dynamics, the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, also known as the Hagen–Poiseuille law, Poiseuille law or Poiseuille equation, is a physical law that gives the pressure drop in an incompressible and Newtonian fluid in laminar flow flowing through a long cylindrical pipe of constant cross section. It can be successfully applied to air flow in lung alveoli, or the flow through a drinking straw or through a hypodermic needle. It was experimentally derived independently by Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille in 1838 and Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen,István Szabó, ;;Geschichte der mechanischen Prinzipien und ihrer wichtigsten Anwendungen, Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1979. and published by Poiseuille in 1840–41 and 1846.
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In other cases, infinitesimal elements are used to model the network, in a distributed-element model. These ideal electrical elements represent real, physical electrical or electronic components but they do not exist physically and they are assumed to have ideal properties, while actual electrical components have less than ideal properties, a degree of uncertainty in their values and some degree of nonlinearity. To model the nonideal behavior of a real circuit component may require a combination of multiple ideal electrical elements in order to approximate its function. For example, an inductor circuit element is assumed to have inductance but no resistance or capacitance, while a real inductor, a coil of wire, has some resistance in addition to its inductance.
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Apart from this, she also published multiple articles and has edited a collection titled Feminist Ethics and Social and Political Philosophy: Theorizing the Non-Ideal, as well as co-edited a volume called Jewish Locations: Traversing Racialized Landscapes Tessman's second monograph titled Moral Failure: On the Impossible Demands of Morality focuses on exposing the difficulties of moral life and how inevitable some moral failures may be. This book goes into different literatures from scholarship on Holocaust testimony to ideal and nonideal theory. This work also includes feminist care ethics, as well as debates about moral demandingness. In her work, Tessman tries to make sense of how moral requirements that are contradicting can carry moral authority.
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An injection-locked oscillator (ILO) is usually based on cross- coupled LC oscillator. It has been employed for frequency division or jitter reduction in PLL, with the input of pure sinusoidal waveform. It was employed in continuous mode clock and data recovery (CDR) or clock recovery to perform clock restoration from the aid of either preceding pulse generation circuit to convert non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data to pseudo-return-to-zero (PRZ) format or nonideal retiming circuit residing at the transmitter side to couple the clock signal into the data.[54] T. Gabara, "An 0.25 μm CMOS injection locked 5.6 Gbit/s clock and data recovery cell," in Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Design 1999, pp.
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In his book, Legal Pluralism in Contemporary Ethiopia (2010), Weldemariam, following the tack taken by professor Andreas Eshete (PhD, Yale), defends multination federalism in line with the nonideal theory of John Rawls under unfavorable conditions. He contends that legal pluralism is an important federalist policy in a pluralist society such as Ethiopia. He does so by telling the story of the suppression of the diverse customary and religious laws in the country's recent past as part of the larger history of ethnic homogenization and state centralization. Since 1957, customary and religious laws had been alienated from the state legal system by virtue of the great influx of Western transplants providing the setting for competition between legal universalism and legal pluralism.
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The first part of the argument, Garner observes, assumes that marginal humans are considered to have an equal interest in (or an equal right to) life; this is a claim which Garner challenges, reaching what he considers a more nuanced position than Cochrane's. Nonetheless, the ideal theory which Garner endorses—the enhanced sentience position—is close to Cochrane's interest-based rights position. Garner himself identifies differences between his thought and Cochrane's in their respective use of the argument from marginal cases and the fact that Garner offers a nonideal theory, while Cochrane does not. Garner also questions the extent to which Cochrane is right that his reliance on interest rights is new, suggesting that Feinberg, James Rachels and Steve Sapontzis all used the language of interest rights.
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An open contact of approximately 1.5 mm shown between two posterior teeth. The shred of meat, at right, was recovered from the open contact more than 8 hours after the patient had last eaten meat, even though the patient claimed to have brushed his teeth twice since eating the meat the night before, thus exhibiting the importance of maintaining cleanliness of open contacts with an oral hygiene protocol incorporating the use of dental floss. An open contact is a term used in dentistry to describe the space between adjacent teeth when the teeth are neither touching nor a sufficient distance from each other to potentially allow the space to naturally remain free of debris. Open contacts can exist naturally, such as when teeth erupt into a nonideal occlusion or when they shift as a result of tooth loss.
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