You'll find both chemical and non-chemical flea removal options on PetMD. 10.
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He can escalate his attacks using non-chemical weapons means, and he will, I think.
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But researchers have turned to non-chemical methods such as changing farming techniques, and focusing on pathogen and insect growth regulators instead.
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"We developed Ahimi over many years using a non-chemical process and natural ingredients," said David Benzaquen, CEO of Ocean Hugger Foods.
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And nowadays, experts recommend a combination of chemical and non-chemical approaches (such as cooking them to death with steam) to eradicate them.
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Sixty-one percent of pest-control users polled prefer to use natural, non-chemical alternatives, according to a recent Mintel Group research report.
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"The toll continues to increase as do the strikes in the Idlib region as well as non-chemical attacks in Hama," the group said.
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Non-chemical methods, like keeping food secure, repairing cracks where roaches get in, and vacuuming up large infestations, can also increase the chances of success.
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More recent research has determined that it's not all about nicotine, though—the addiction has several non-chemical components that make cigarettes so hard to quit.
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"The idea [is] that by using non-chemical means we can change the brain and how it functions," Dr. Andrew Leuchter, director of the Semel Institute's TMS clinical and research service, said.
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"I think it's a very interesting place where they are really doing a lot of good by showing Ethiopians what the green theory is, that you work with non-chemical things," he said.
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"It's a non-chemical way of dealing with mosquitoes, so from that perspective, you'd think it would have a lot of appeal," David O'Brochta, an entomologist at the University of Maryland, told Nature.
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Instead of promoting cheaper and proven solutions - such as using crop residues to improve soil and non-chemical means of pest control - Ecuador's government offers farmers free synthetic fertilisers and pesticides, he said.
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But while the blood suckers are unswayed by nationality or income, DeVries notes that poorer neighborhoods are hit hardest by them, since they're less able to devote the resources, which include chemical and non-chemical approaches, needed to control them.
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The phages are sprayed onto the food, taking advantage of infrastructure which may already be in use, and cost slightly more than food safety chemicals, but are considerably cheaper than other non-chemical protections like irradiation and high-pressure pasteurization.
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Best countertop cleaner overall:Clorox Scentiva Multi-Purpose SprayBest budget countertop cleaner:Pine-Sol All Purpose CleanerBest disinfecting wipes for countertops:Clorox Ultra Clean Disinfecting WipesBest cleaner for stone countertops:StoneTech Daily CleanerBest environmentally-friendly countertop cleaner:Seventh Generation Free & Clear All Purpose CleanerThe best drain cleaners you can buyBest drain cleaner for hair clogs:Whink Hair Clog BlasterBest drain cleaner for grease clogs:Green Gobbler Drain Clog DissolverBest non-chemical drain clog remover:CLR Power PlumberBest preventative drain cleaner:CLR Build-Up RemoverBest non-chemical hair clog preventer:TubShroom Strainer and Hair CatcherThe best stove-top cleaners you can buyStove-tops can get messy: food gets dropped and then burned onto the surface, pots boil over, hot grease flies everywhere.
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And the proof is in the pudding: Studies that have implemented IPM methods to root out an infestation, such as having management staff at a low-income apartment complex periodically set up gel roach baits, educating tenants on bed bug and cockroach tips, or systemically treating an entire building for bed bugs using non-chemical treatments alone or with insecticide, have found dramatic success in reducing or wholly wiping out infestations.
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Non‐chemical prophylactic measures are highly proficient for pest and disease prevention in all designs.
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Distillation and reverse osmosis are the most widely used two non-chemical methods of water softening.
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One of his pupils was a girl who became Sister Elizabeth Kenny, famous advocate of a non-chemical treatment of poliomyelitis.
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Additionally, Fox served as the Chairman of Planalytics, a weather analytics company., and Quantum Pest Management, a revolutionary, non-chemical, insect management technology.
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Walnut Husk Maggot . Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Some non-chemical controls also exist, such as removing and disposing of infested nuts. The walnut weevil (Conotrachelus retentus) grows to long as an adult.
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Further, individual soldiers were pulled from undeployed companies and inserted into both chemical and non-chemical units. The demand was high; if a soldier met the criteria for deployment he or she could be almost certain of individual deployment.
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James L. Barnard is a South African born engineer living in the United States who is known globally as the pioneer of biological nutrient remover, a non- chemical means of water treatment to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from used water.
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Buckeye rot is one of the most important diseases to control in Pennsylvania. Maryland is able to manage it through a combination of chemical and non-chemical treatment, whereas in Pennsylvania, Buckeye rot of tomato is controlled through a three-year crop rotation schedule.
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Thompson Learning, Inc. Pacific Grove, California. Chapter 9, Pages 211-216. Although the evolution of pesticide resistance is usually discussed as a result of pesticide use, it is important to keep in mind that pest populations can also adapt to non-chemical methods of control.
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Softened water (measured as residual sodium carbonate index) in which calcium and magnesium have been partly replaced by sodium is not suitable for irrigation use, as it tends to cause the development of alkali soils. Non-chemical devices are often used in place of traditional water softening for this application.
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Carcinogens can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic. Genotoxins cause irreversible genetic damage or mutations by binding to DNA. Genotoxins include chemical agents like N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) or non-chemical agents such as ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation. Certain viruses can also act as carcinogens by interacting with DNA.
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Bernstein, Barton J. "Why We Didn't Use Poison Gas in World War II ", American Heritage, August/September 1985, Vol. 36, Issue 5, accessed 16 October 2008. The CWS completed a variety of non-chemical warfare related tasks and missions during the war including producing incendiaries for flame throwers, flame tanks and other weapons.
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General arrangement of MWT apparatus Magnetic water treatment (also known as anti-scale magnetic treatment or AMT) is a method of supposedly reducing the effects of hard water by passing it through a magnetic field as a non-chemical alternative to water softening. Magnetic water treatment is regarded as unproven and unscientific.
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There are a range of cultural, chemical and non-chemical techniques for minimizing damage to the mango crop, for example the use of physical barriers to stop Drosicha mangiferae nymphs crawling up the stem of mango trees, by wrapping plastic sheets or sticky bands (sometimes impregnated with insecticide) around the tree stem.
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However, the ubiquitous use of fungicides has resulted in the fungus growing increasingly resistant. Thus, different, non-chemical approaches have been explored. People have tried to develop resistant Brassicaceae crops through breeding. However, this has proved challenging due to the difficulty of transferring genes from wild-type to cultivated strains, resulting in genetic bottlenecks.
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Lesions may enlarge and coalesce to kill the entire leaf. Symptoms are observed on all above-ground parts of the plant.Rice Blast at the Online Information Service for Non-Chemical Pest Management in the Tropics Lesions can be seen on the leaf collar, culm, culm nodes, and panicle neck node. Internodal infection of the culm occurs in a banded pattern.
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Metaire Louisiana construction using termite shield with termite barrier sealant at penetrations, seams, and underneath. A termite shield is a sheet metal fabrication used in light frame construction to reduce the movement of termites from the soil into wood framing members such as floor joists and studs. Although there are several types of non chemical termite barriers now in use, termite shields are the original.
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In its nascence, the BioHome focused on alternative, non-chemical sewage treatment methods utilizing non-edible plants of aquatic disposition. The aquatic and semi- aquatic plants were chosen based on their previously known abilities for waste treatment. Another usage for the plants used in the wastewater treatment included its implementation as compost, which was feasible as the plants grew as more sewage was introduced.
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Foilar- active herbicides control weed growth of already established, actively growing plants. Application of foliar-active herbicides requires farmers to avoid contact with the conifers. Non chemical methods of weed control include rotary mowing and flailing. Rotary mowing is designed to cut unwanted vegetation 5–7 cm (2–3 inches) above the surface of the soil while flailing cuts the vegetation near the soil surface.
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The novel's primary plot centers on a 5-year-old boy, Woody Swope, who is gravely ill, whose parents have refused to allow the one treatment that could save his life. Delaware is asked by Dr. Raoul Melendez-Lynch to discuss the treatment with Woody's parents. Mr. and Mrs. Swope are convinced that non-chemical holistic medicine is the only way to treat their son.
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Neurotransmission can also occur through electrical synapses. Due to the direct connection between excitable cells in the form of gap junctions, an action potential can be transmitted directly from one cell to the next in either direction. The free flow of ions between cells enables rapid non- chemical-mediated transmission. Rectifying channels ensure that action potentials move only in one direction through an electrical synapse.
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Sorex is a manufacturer of branded chemical and non- chemical products for professional pest management. In March 2007 Sorex was put up for sale with a price tag of about £100 million. In December 2010, BASF completed the acquisition of Cognis. In May 2015, BASF agreed to sell parts of its pharmaceutical ingredients business to Swiss drug manufacturer Siegfried Holding for a fee of €270 million, including assumed debt.
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United States: The Penn State Research Foundation; 2001. This invention uses a water-based method to separate the eggshell and protein membrane. The two products are processed in two streams to yield mm size particles of dry membrane and mm size particles of dried shell. Another non-chemical separation technique utilizes steam heat, mechanical abrasion, and a light vacuum to separate the hard eggshell from the protein-containing membranes.
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Large quantities of nitric acid posed particular problems. After the invasion, Red Dragon platoons were deployed to a variety of locations as far north as Tikrit. They were tasked for guard duty, infantry patrols, convoy escort, and other non-chemical duties. One platoon guarded a Tikrit bridge within a mile of Saddam Husseins “Spider hole.” Another platoon remained in Kuwait providing escort for visiting VIPs. From 2004-2010 companies were almost constantly rotated on deployments.
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However, their reproduction by the very chemically inactive gas argon makes them unlikely to be a strictly chemical bonding to receptors in the usual sense of a chemical bond. An indirect physical effect – such as a change in membrane volume – would therefore be needed to affect the ligand-gated ion channels of nerve cells. Trudell et al. have suggested non-chemical binding due to the attractive van der Waals force between proteins and inert gases.
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Hot tubs should also be periodically shocked, which means oxidizing or breaking down organic material left behind from the sanitizer, as well as non-filterable material such as soap films and perspiration. Sanitation can also be aided by a non-chemical ozonator. For aesthetic reasons, and for the sanitizer to work properly, water should be neither too alkaline nor too acidic (low pH). The hardness level of the water, measured as the amount of dissolved calcium, is also important.
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The cyclonic action further separates the heavier eggshell flakes from the lighter membrane flakes. This invention has been commercialized and can easily separate multiple metric tons per day, allowing for the production of valuable products including commercial volumes of natural eggshell membrane or NEM. Levi New invented a non-chemical and non- thermal separation technique that utilizes airflow to pull egg shells through a venturi. The material is subjected to pressure waves while passing through the venturi.
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A non-chemical vector control strategy involves genetic manipulation of malaria mosquitoes. Advances in genetic engineering technologies make it possible to introduce foreign DNA into the mosquito genome and either decrease the lifespan of the mosquito, or make it more resistant to the malaria parasite. Sterile insect technique is a genetic control method whereby large numbers of sterile male mosquitoes are reared and released. Mating with wild females reduces the wild population in the subsequent generation; repeated releases eventually eliminate the target population.
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Kahn serves as chairman of Zalul.Benjamin Kahn named Time Hero of the Environment (Retrieved October 23, 2013) Kahn is the founder and CEO of Atlantium Technologies, a water purification technology firm established in 2005 that developed a hydro-optic ultraviolet technology used as a non-chemical means to control biofouling. In 2017, Atlantium was chosen to install this system to prevent the clogging of piping at the Hoover Dam by quagga mussels. Kahn also serves as President of Coral World International Ltd.
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The unsafe toy is withdrawn from the EU market, with all member states' authorities being notified by means of the RAPEX alert system. The new Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC (TSD) requires a series of safety assessments, including the Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA). If the non-chemical requirements were already enforced in July 2011, the chemical requirements are to be enforced first on 20 July 2013. In 2009, the European Union adopted the new Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC (TSD).
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Their death was a result of infection by the entomopathogenic fungus, which consumes the aphid internally. After subsequent inoculations on other crops, the assertion was made that suppression could be achieved, leading to its routine use on the pest. A 2014 study in organic cropping systems suggests that non-chemical control using microbials and botanicals can reduce sub-soil pest populations in organic vegetable crops. Soil treatments of Beauveria bassiana, in conjunction with azadirachtin, neem oil reduced aphid populations by 62% after two applications.
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The specific objectives of this project involve determining the optimal design for a triple-layer, hermetically sealed, commercially available cowpea storage bag. Another goal is to increase the knowledge of farmers and rural-development groups on non- chemical cowpea storage methods, and to demonstrate the most effective cowpea storage methods for these groups. It is also important to the project to develop a local supply chain for PICS bags that makes the technology available to rural farmers, as well as providing development opportunities for local businesses.
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The Picton tunnel was constructed as part of the original main southern railway line. The remaining three were a part of the Zig Zag railway line. The four tunnels formed the base for the Royal Australian Air Force's No. 1 Central Reserve. The headquarters for No 1CR were based at the combined RAAF-Army depot at Marangaroo, several kilometres from the Marangaroo tunnel. No. 1 CR acted as a central depot for chemical and non chemical stocks and as a replenishment centre for NSW.
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Rose growers recommend the use of fungicides some of which may have health implications for the gardener.Fungicides: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Costa and Bezerra Many cultivated roses are now bred to have resistance to rust diseases. In wild roses, Phragmidium infections are one of a normal range of pests and diseases which are part of the normal ecological pressures affecting all species. Non-chemical controls include pruning out the spring infections as soon as possible along with collecting and destroying fallen leaves to prevent overwintering.
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Floral color change can also be a result of an increase or decrease in pH. Hydrangea is a model genus for this particular chemical change in flowers. Floral pigments in Hydrangea are affected by the presence of aluminum ions in the soil, causing changes in flower color from red, pink, blue, light purple or dark purple. There has been one non-chemical example found within Caesalpinioideae, a single sub-family of Fabaceae where the folding of petals cause changes to the color patterns of the flowers.
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1997 Jan-Feb;73:16-8 To attract attention to themselves and to symbolize the mystery and art of their profession these chemists displayed show globes with solutions of colored chemicals. Apothecaries and physicians were usually considered more conservative in their practice before the 18th century and often restricted themselves to non-chemical drugs using material of largely botanical origins. Most historians today feel the show globe began as a symbol of the chemist's shop. Eventually the apothecaries began to use chemical remedies, and also adopted the globe as their symbol.
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Solubilization is distinct from dissolution because the resulting fluid is a colloidal dispersion involving an association colloid. This suspension is distinct from a true solution, and the amount of the solubilizate in the micellar system can be different (often higher) than the regular solubility of the solubilizate in the solvent. In non-chemical literature and in everyday language, the term "solubilization" is sometimes used in a broader meaning as "to bring to a solution or (non-sedimenting) suspension" by any means, e.g., leaching by a reaction with an acid.
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This realignment transferred most of the previous responsibilities to other installations. The only remaining mission for the Depot was the secure storage of the chemical agents already there. Responsibility for the Depot shifted from Tooele, to the US Army Material Command headquartered at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The empty bunkers and warehouses which used to store the non- chemical munitions and other supplies as well as repair and manufacturing facilities were turned over to the Pueblo Depot Activity Development Authority who currently offer these properties for civilian lease purposes.
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A simulation of two virtual chemicals reacting and diffusing on a Torus using the Gray–Scott model Reaction–diffusion systems are mathematical models which correspond to several physical phenomena. The most common is the change in space and time of the concentration of one or more chemical substances: local chemical reactions in which the substances are transformed into each other, and diffusion which causes the substances to spread out over a surface in space. Reaction–diffusion systems are naturally applied in chemistry. However, the system can also describe dynamical processes of non-chemical nature.
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The simplest form of non- chemical control is to wipe and wash affected plant parts with lukewarm water and soap, insecticidal soap or dish soap, one tablespoon per gallon of water; strong soaps or detergents may damage the plant. This can also be sprayed if the plant is large but is much less effective than when combined with physical removal. After allowing the soap to sit for a while the sooty mold is rinsed off with a hose/ water. Sooty mold will regrow, unless the underlying reason for its growth is eliminated.
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Soil solarization is a non-chemical environmentally friendly method for controlling pests using solar power to increase the soil temperature to levels at which many soil-borne plant pathogens will be killed or greatly weakened. Soil solarization is used in warm climates on a relatively small scale in gardens and organic farms. Soil solarization weakens and kills fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and insect and mite pests along with weeds in the soil by mulching the soil and covering it with a tarp, usually with a transparent polyethylene cover to trap solar energy. Soil solarization is dependent upon time, temperature, and soil moisture.
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Exploding cigar pellets advertisement from January 1917 edition of Popular Mechanics An exploding cigar is a variety of cigar that explodes shortly after being lit. Such cigars are normally packed with a minute chemical explosive charge near the lighting end or with a non-chemical device that ruptures the cigar when exposed to heat. The customary intended purpose of exploding cigars is as a practical joke, rather than to cause lasting physical harm to the smoker of the cigar. Nevertheless, the high risk of unintended injuries from their use caused a decline in their manufacture and sale.
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Later the company took on non-chemical industry freight work. In 2004 the company gained a safety certificate to operate in the Netherlands, and in Switzerland. In 2005 the founder companies increased the capital of the company by €4 million to €5 million to enable the purchase of multi-system electric locomotives. Safety certificate for operations in Belgium was acquired (by the subsidiary Rail4chem Benelux BV) in January 2006, and for operations in France in February 2006, On 20 February 2008 it was announced that the business was to be sold to the French company Veolia Cargo for an undisclosed sum.
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Near infrared fluorescence (NIR) detection is a method that can reveal what kinds of chemicals are present in a sample based on their physical properties. By hitting a sample with near infrared light, chemical bonds in the sample vibrate and re-release the light energy at a wavelength characteristic for a specific molecule or chemical bond. It is not yet known if the differences between GMOs and conventional plants are large enough to detect with NIR imaging. Although the technique would require advanced machinery and data processing tools, a non-chemical approach could have some advantages such as lower costs and enhanced speed and mobility.
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This process is called Primary Succession as a succession of plants colonize the rock from lichen, to mosses, to diamorpha and larger plants, then gradually accumulating enough soil to support shrubs and trees.Arabia Mountain National Heritage Area Interpretive Panel, C-1 Physical Weathering: Not only does plant matter such as moss erode the rock and help to build soil levels in the pits, but the stone is also weathered by non-chemical factors. Wind, freeze-thaw cycles, and even lightning strikes cause the rock to fragment and breakdown. Cracks can form, giving another foothold to plant life, and the rock is broken into particles that add to the shallow soil.
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According to Adams, the large-scale switch to a non-chemical device occurred in approximately 1915 in the aftermath of a death caused by a homemade exploding cigar rigged with dynamite. Though exploding cigars were not normally rigged with dynamite but with explosive caps using a less powerful incendiary, following the incident, a number of U.S. states banned the product altogether. The replacement for chemical explosives was a metal spring mechanism, bound with cord—as the victim puffed away, the cord burned through, causing the device to spring open, thus rupturing the cigar's end. However, the decline in the use and advertisement of the exploding cigar was neither complete, nor permanent, and they can be obtained worldwide.
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Although pesticides can normally be used to take care of insects on crops, in an aquaponic system the use of pesticides would threaten the fish ecosystem. On the other hand, if the fish acquire parasites or diseases, therapeutants cannot be used as the plants would absorb them. In order to maintain the symbiotic relationship between the plants and the fish, non-chemical methods such as traps, physical barriers and biological control (such as parasitic wasps/ladybugs to control white flies/aphids) should be used to control pests. The most effective organic pesticide is Neem oil, but only in small quantity to minimize spill over fish's water.. Commercialization of aquaponics is often stalled by bottlenecks in pest and disease management.
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Habitats can be damaged when there is not enough terrestrial product as well as by non-chemical products, such as large rocks from the mines that are discarded in the surrounding landscape with no concern for impacts on natural habitat. Concentrations of heavy metals are known to decrease with distance from the mine, and effects on biodiversity tend to follow the same pattern. Impacts can vary greatly depending on mobility and bioavailability of the contaminant: less-mobile molecules will stay inert in the environment while highly mobile molecules will easily move into another compartment or be taken up by organisms. For example, speciation of metals in sediments could modify their bioavailability, and thus their toxicity for aquatic organisms.
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Kolkwitz is known for work with Maximilian Marsson (1845–1909) in the development of the "saprobic system" as a biological determination of water quality and levels of organic waste (pollution) in rivers and streams. Their methodology was a non-chemical analysis that was based on patterns of abundance and distribution of various biological species. They examined the biological patterns of approximately 800 species of water plants and invertebrates in their studies, and produced a saprobic index of four zones defining levels of water quality. The term "polysaprobic" was used for river environments with a large amount of decaying organic matter; "oligosaprobic" described locations with the least amount of organic waste, while alpha- and beta-"mesosaprobic" defined moderately polluted habitats.
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In the next segment petroglyphs and snakes are observed in Monument Valley in Southwestern United States, and time is spent in Las Vegas, where gamblers are scrutinized at their slot machines and poker tables. Here Mettler also interviews a sex toy salesman who promises clients a "non-chemical induced illusion of their fantasy" with his orgasmatron (sex chair) and other devices. In the third segment, Mettler interviews the Swiss scientist who discovered LSD, Albert Hofmann, who bemoans the fact that Timothy Leary's "flamboyant ... overly simplifi[cation]" of the drug made doing serious research on it "impossible". Hofmann also explains his theory of "horizontal genetics" which suggests that human individuality does not exist.
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A milled printed circuit board Printed circuit board milling (also: isolation milling) is the process of removing areas of copper from a sheet of printed circuit board material to recreate the pads, signal traces and structures according to patterns from a digital circuit board plan known as a layout file. Similar to the more common and well known chemical PCB etch process, the PCB milling process is subtractive: material is removed to create the electrical isolation and ground planes required. However, unlike the chemical etch process, PCB milling is typically a non-chemical process and as such it can be completed in a typical office or lab environment without exposure to hazardous chemicals. High quality circuit boards can be produced using either process.
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His work demonstrating this suggestion was not heeded by contemporaries because many zoologists believed that such small animals are physically incapable of conveying information through solid substrates. Only with the advent of accessible signal processing technology decades later did the work by other pioneering individuals and groups, such as the Slovenian zoologist Matija Gogala, establish the basis of biotremology. It remains a relatively understudied discipline, at least compared to bioacoustics, partly because most of animal- produced signals are undetectable to non-augmented human senses. Nevertheless, several instances of practical utilization of the knowledge obtained are already in use or are being actively developed, such as mating disruption using vibrational noise for non-chemical pest control and detection of concealed arthropod pests (such as wood-boring insects).
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Advanced Space Propulsion Investigation Committee (ASPIC) was a research group of specialists, including Y.Minami, and T.Musha, which was organized under the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences in 1994. The purpose of which was to study all kinds of non-chemical space propulsion systems instead of the conventional rocket for the use of space missions to the nearby Earth, the Moon, and the outer solar system, including plasma propulsion, laser propulsion, nuclear propulsion, solar sail and field propulsion systems which utilize a strain on space, zero-point energy in a vacuum, electro-gravitic effect, non-Newtonian gravitic effect predicted from the Einstein Theory of Gravity, and the terrestrial magnetism. The research report was published by the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences in March 1996.
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A non-chemical analogy is illustrative: one can describe the characteristics of a real animal, the narwhal, in terms of the characteristics of two mythical creatures: the unicorn, a creature with a single horn on its head, and the leviathan, a large, whale-like creature. The narwhal is not a creature that goes back and forth between being a unicorn and being a leviathan, nor do the unicorn and leviathan have any physical existence outside the collective human imagination. Nevertheless, describing the narwhal in terms of these imaginary creatures provides a reasonably good description of its physical characteristics. Due to confusion with the physical meaning of the word resonance, as no entities actually physically "resonate", it has been suggested that the term resonance be abandoned in favor of delocalization and resonance energy abandoned in favor of delocalization energy.
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In Mexico, effective and affordable chemical and non-chemical strategies were so successful that the Mexican DDT manufacturing plant ceased production due to lack of demand. A review of fourteen studies in sub-Saharan Africa, covering insecticide-treated nets, residual spraying, chemoprophylaxis for children, chemoprophylaxis or intermittent treatment for pregnant women, a hypothetical vaccine and changing front–line drug treatment, found decision making limited by the lack of information on the costs and effects of many interventions, the small number of cost-effectiveness analyses, the lack of evidence on the costs and effects of packages of measures and the problems in generalizing or comparing studies that relate to specific settings and use different methodologies and outcome measures. The two cost-effectiveness estimates of DDT residual spraying examined were not found to provide an accurate estimate of the cost-effectiveness of DDT spraying; the resulting estimates may not be good predictors of cost- effectiveness in current programs. However, a study in Thailand found the cost per malaria case prevented of DDT spraying (US$1.87) to be 21% greater than the cost per case prevented of lambda-cyhalothrin–treated nets (US$1.54), casting some doubt on the assumption that DDT was the most cost-effective measure.
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