Nepenthes attenboroughii or Attenborough's pitcher plant is a carnivorous plant.
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Nepenthes, a shop in New York City, is one of our accounts.
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It's inspired, apparently, by the waxy coating the interiors of Nepenthes pitcher plants.
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He's created award-winning horticultural displays and even published two Nepenthes (pitcher plant) cultivars, meaning a plant spawned through careful human selection.
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Abasi went to the cult men's wear brand Engineered Garments to work as a designer, and then ran the brand's Garment District store, Nepenthes.
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More recently, hip-hop luminaries have been directed there by the clerks of Nepenthes New York, an unmarked Japanese fashion boutique across the street that deals in glittering track pants and cashmere suits.
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The site is also home to several famous pitcher plant species, including Nepenthes rajah, Nepenthes burbidgeae, Nepenthes lowii, Nepenthes edwardsiana, Nepenthes fusca, and Nepenthes tentaculata.Clarke, C. M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Mount Pangulubao or Pangulubau () is a mountain near Lake Toba in Sumatra. Mount Pangulubao is notable for its large number of native tropical pitcher plant species. These include Nepenthes ampullaria, Nepenthes gymnamphora, Nepenthes mikei, Nepenthes ovata, Nepenthes rhombicaulis, Nepenthes spectabilis, and Nepenthes tobaica.Salmon, B.R. & R.G. Maulder 1995.
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Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31. The mountain is host to many caves, with passages linking to the massive Clearwater Cave system. Api Chamber, the second-largest chamber in Malaysia, was discovered on Mount Api during the Benarat 2005 Caving Expedition. Mount Api is notable for its pitcher plant diversity, which includes at least eight species: Nepenthes campanulata, Nepenthes faizaliana, Nepenthes hurrelliana, Nepenthes lowii, Nepenthes muluensis, Nepenthes tentaculata, Nepenthes veitchii, and Nepenthes vogelii.
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Nepenthes sumagaya Cheek. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).Mey, F.S. 2015. Nepenthes sumagaya, a new replacement name for Nepenthes amabilis.
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Nepenthes glabrata . Carnivorous Plant Database. Nepenthes glabrata (emended with a feminine suffix)Schlauer, J. 1994. NEPENTHES comments for Flora Malesiana.
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Nepenthes platychila was included in a 2002 report on the Nepenthes of the Hose Mountains under the placeholder name Nepenthes sp. 'B'.
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New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.New Nepenthes. WorldCat.
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The bulletin also originated the names Drosera henryana (a nomen nudum for the hybrid D. capensis × D. aliciae) and Sarracenia leucophylla var. pubescens (also a nomen nudum). The bulletin originated the cultivar name Nepenthes 'Fulgent Koto' and provided descriptions for the cultivars Nepenthes 'Aichi', Nepenthes 'Nagoya', Nepenthes 'Suzue Kondo', and Nepenthes 'Tokuyoshi Kondo'.
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"Die Gattung Nepenthes: Eine monographische Skizze" (lit. "The genus Nepenthes: A monographic sketch") is a German-language monograph by Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau on the tropical pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes. Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes.
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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 8(1): 10–12. Nepenthes × ventrata is one of the most common tissue cultured Nepenthes plants, although it is often mislabelled as Nepenthes alata.Catalano, M. 2009. Nepenthes. In: Growing Carnivores — an Italian perspective. Prague. pp. 50–57.
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Mulu's limestone karst and isolated mountain peaks are home to many unique and endangered plants and animals. The mountain has biological systems range from lowland dipterocarp forest to montane vegetations. The mountain is notable for its pitcher plant diversity. Five species have been recorded from Mount Mulu: Nepenthes hurrelliana, Nepenthes lowii, Nepenthes muluensis, Nepenthes tentaculata, and Nepenthes vogelii.
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2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes glandulifera was included in a 2002 report on the Nepenthes of the Hose Mountains under the placeholder name Nepenthes sp. 'A'.
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NEPENTHES comments for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.Nepenthes hamata J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton.
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Mey, F.S. 2011. Nepenthes robcantleyi aka "Nepenthes black truncata". Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, December 27, 2011.
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Nepenthes clipeata Survival Project. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(4): 116–120.Rice, B. 2005. Nepenthes clipeata conservation.
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Nepenthes aristolochioides and Nepenthes klossii. Two of Indonesia's most remarkable plants. Carniflora Australis 7(1): 27–30.
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Nepenthes tenax (; from Latin: tenax "tenacious") is a lowland species of tropical pitcher plant native to northern Queensland, Australia. It is the third Nepenthes species recorded from the continent and its second endemic species. Nepenthes tenax is closely related to the two other Australian Nepenthes species: N. mirabilis and N. rowaniae. Nepenthes tenax grows to a height of around 100 cm with pitchers rarely exceeding 15 cm.
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Nepenthes 'Helen' from the Borneo Exotics display at the 2011 Chelsea Flower Show Nepenthes 'Ted Payne' This list of Nepenthes cultivars is a comprehensive catalog of all cultivars of the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes, as recognised by the International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS).Registered Cultivar Names: Nepenthes . International Carnivorous Plant Society. The ICPS has been the International Registration Authority (IRA) for carnivorous plant cultivars since 1998.
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Nepenthes spectabilis occurs sympatrically with many other Nepenthes species and a number of natural hybrids have been recorded.
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Rivista delle specie del genere Nepenthes. Malesia 3: 1–15. William E. Dixon (1888),Dixon, W.E. 1888. Nepenthes notes.
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Exciting conservation news: the Rare Nepenthes Collection project! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 39(3): 67.Nepenthes aristolochioides. Ark of Life.
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Nepenthes gracillima (; from the Latin superlative of gracilis "slender") is a highland Nepenthes pitcher plant species, native to Peninsular Malaysia.
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Nepenthes madagascariensis (; from Madagascar) is one of two Nepenthes pitcher plant species native to Madagascar, the other being N. masoalensis.
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Nepenthes rajah has appeared on the covers of several popular Nepenthes publications, including Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu (Kurata, 1976) and Nepenthes of Borneo (Clarke, 1997), both published in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. On April 6, 1996, Malaysia issued a series of four postage stamps depicting some of its more famous Nepenthes species. Two 30¢ stamps, featuring N. macfarlanei and N. sanguinea, as well as two 50¢ stamps, depicting N. lowii and N. rajah, were released.Ellis 2000.
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Nepenthes leonardoi is a tropical pitcher plant known from a single locality in central Palawan, the Philippines.McPherson, S. 2011. An expedition to Palawan, Philippines, and another new Nepenthes species: Nepenthes leonardoi. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 40(1): 28–34.
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Nepenthes ramos located in the field. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, 5 January 2015. Gronemeyer, T. (2014). Nepenthes ramos am Naturstandort.
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McPherson, S.R. 2011. The Discovery of Nepenthes attenboroughii. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 174–202.
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Nepenthes leonardoi was discovered on November 18, 2010, by Greg Bourke, Jehson Cervancia, Mark Jaunzems, and Stewart McPherson. The species was initially known under the placeholder name "Nepenthes sp. Palawan".New Species - Nepenthes sp. "Palawan". Redfern Natural History Productions.
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Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes kerrii M. Catal. et T. Kruetr. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 32.
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Suska, Menyelamatkan Nepenthes. Kompas, January 8, 2007.Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia .
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Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes kerrii M. Catal. et T. Kruetr. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 32.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes thai has no known natural hybrids. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(4): 116–120. The species Nepenthes robcantleyi,Cheek, M. 2011. Nepenthes robcantleyi sp. nov. (Nepenthaceae) from Mindanao, Philippines.
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Mey, F.S. 2013. Terrestrial shrew remains in Nepenthes attenboroughii [VIDEO]. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, August 22, 2013.Rediscovery of Nepenthes paniculata.
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The genus name Nepenthes was first published in 1737 in Carl Linnaeus's Hortus Cliffortianus.Linnaeus, C. 1737. Nepenthes. Hortus Cliffortianus. Amsterdam. It references a passage in Homer's Odyssey, in which the potion "Nepenthes pharmakon" is given to Helen by an Egyptian queen.
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Nepenthes jacquelineae is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. Due to its unique pitcher morphology, it is considered to be one of the most spectacular Nepenthes species native to the island.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Danser placed Nepenthes rajah in the clade Regiae. The taxonomy of Nepenthes has been revised several times during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 34.Catalano, M. 2010. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 36.
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In April 2014, the botanic garden opened a new section, the House of Nepenthes ('), containing 55 species and 47 hybrid species of nepenthes.
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Nordic Journal of Botany 29(6): 677–681. the natural hybrid Nepenthes × cantleyi and the cultivar Nepenthes 'Cantley's Red' are named after him.
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Nepenthes aristolochioides was finally described by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their monograph, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", published in the May 1997 issue of the botanical journal Blumea.Nepenthes aristolochioides M.Jebb & Cheek. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).Schlauer, J. Nepenthes aristolochioides.
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Nepenthes Northiana, Hook. f.. Gartenflora 33: 51–52. Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau described N. spuria in his 1895 monograph, "Die Gattung Nepenthes".
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Nepenthes mirabilis (Loureiro) Druce from Borneo. Malayan Nature Journal 46(2): 75–84.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).
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McPherson, S.R. 2011. Discovery of a new population of Nepenthes pitopangii. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 506–515.
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Wistuba, A. 2002. Nepenthes tenuis rediscovery!!! Carnivorous Plant Mailing List.Wistuba, A. 2002. Nepenthes tenuis - a (small) sensation:-). Terraforums, December 12, 2002. Wistuba, A. 2002.
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Introduction to the pitcher plants (Nepenthes) of Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010(2): 106–117. Nepenthes chang has no known natural hybrids.
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It grows at higher elevations than any other Bornean Nepenthes species, occurring at elevations of over . Nepenthes villosa is characterised by its highly developed and intricate peristome, which distinguishes it from the closely related N. edwardsiana and N. macrophylla.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo.
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In 2010, the Rare Nepenthes Collection was established with the aim of conserving N. rigidifolia and three other critically endangered Nepenthes species: N. aristolochioides, N. clipeata, and N. khasiana.Ziemer, B. 2010. Exciting conservation news: the Rare Nepenthes Collection project! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 39(3): 67.
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Two New Species of Nepenthes from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(3): 77–85.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56. Odoardo Beccari (1886),Beccari, O. 1886. Rivista delle specie del genere Nepenthes.
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Amazing Species: Nepenthes rigidifolia . IUCN Red List. Nepenthes rigidifolia grows terrestrially in lower montane forest and scrub. Young plants have been observed growing as lithophytes.
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Nepenthes kongkandana is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Songkhla Province in southern Thailand. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.McPherson, S.R. 2009.
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Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Nepenthes lowii has also formed a dependent relationship, but with vertebrates instead of insects.
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In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 330–345.McPherson, S.R. 2011. Comparison of the highland Palaweño Nepenthes. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 364–381.Exploration of Mount Anipahan and Mount Kiamo . [video] Redfern Natural History Productions.
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Ch'ien C. Lee is a photographer and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes. Lee has described several new Nepenthes species, including N. baramensisClarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233.
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Nepenthes thorelii is known with certainty only from Vietnam, where the type specimen was collected.Mey, F.S., L.H. Truong, D.V. Dai & A.S. Robinson 2011. Nepenthes thorelii, an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh, Vietnam. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One.
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It has an altitudinal distribution of approximately 600 to 800 m. Nepenthes clipeata is perhaps the most endangered of all Nepenthes species, with only an estimated 15 plants remaining in the wild as of 1995Simpson, R.B. 1995. Nepenthes and conservation. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 12: 111-118.
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Nepenthes villosa was formally described in 1852 by Joseph Dalton Hooker. The description was published in Icones plantarum and accompanied by an illustration.Hooker, J.D. 1852. Nepenthes Villosa.
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Mey, F.S. 2013. Nepenthes samar and N. viridis: two new taxa and the emergence of two Nepenthes taxonomy schools? Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, October 23, 2013.
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Nepenthes of Borneo is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Other Nepenthes native to this mountain include N. albomarginata, N. ampullaria, N. rafflesiana, and N. reinwardtiana.Lee, C.C. 2011.
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Nepenthes eymae was discovered in central Sulawesi by Dutch botanist Pierre Joseph Eyma in 1938.D'Amato, P. 1993. Nepenthes eymai. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 22(1–2): 21.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.McPherson, S.R. 2011. Observations of Nepenthes philippinensis and related taxa. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 382–395.
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Infaunal mosquito larvae in the pitcher fluid of Nepenthes rajah Accumulation of prey, such as in this Nepenthes rafflesiana pitcher, may attract nepenthexenes. Recently drowned insects, such as this large beetle caught by Nepenthes ovata, constitute basal species in the pitcher food web and are consumed by the infauna. Moth caught by an upper pitcher of Nepenthes neoguineensis No infaunal organisms have been recorded from the pitchers of Nepenthes aristolochioides. It is thought that the structure of the traps may serve to disorientate emerging adults and so infaunal species may avoid colonising them.
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Mountain treeshrews have a mutualistic relationship with several pitcher plants species such as Nepenthes lowii, Nepenthes macrophylla, and Nepenthes rajah. They defecate into the plants' pitchers while visiting them to feed on sweet, fruity secretions from glands on the pitcher lids.Greenwood, M., Clarke, C., Lee, C.C., Gunsalam, A., Clarke, R. H. (2011). A unique resource mutualism between the giant Bornean pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, and members of a small mammal community.
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Nepenthes kurata was named in his honour.Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. Kurata has described a number of new Nepenthes species, including N. campanulata,Kurata, S. 1973.
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Nepenthes lamii Jebb & Cheek, an emended description resulting from the separation of a two-species complex, and the introduction of Nepenthes monticola, a new species of highland pitcher plant from New Guinea. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 522–555. N. sp.
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Nepenthes × kinabaluensis (centre) dwarfs its smaller parent species, N. villosa (left). This list of Nepenthes natural hybrids is a comprehensive listing of all recorded natural hybrids involving species of the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes. Hybrids that are not endemic to a given region are marked with an asterisk.
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Christopher C. Wilcock (born 1946) is a taxonomist specialising in the carnivorous pitcher plant genus Nepenthes. Together with J. H. Adam, Wilcock has described several Nepenthes taxa, including the species N. faizalianaAdam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1991. A new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sarawak. Blumea 36(1): 123–125.
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Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, 9 September 1994. Nepenthes danseri most commonly inhabits open scrub or bare soils on ultramafic rock.
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Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines.
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The nomen novum (replacement name) Nepenthes sumagaya was published in the Autumn 2014 issue of Planta Carnivora.Cheek, M. 2014. Nomen novum Nepenthes. Planta Carnivora 36(2): 44–45.
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Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines.
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. Nepenthes lowii growing amongst ridge-top vegetation on Mount Murud, Sarawak Nepenthes lowii grows in nutrient-deficient soilsCollins, N.M. 1980. The distribution of soil macrofauna on the west ridge of Gunung (Mount) Mulu, Sarawak. Oecologia 44(2): 263–275.
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Mey, F.S. 2011. Nepenthes bokorensis: Location A. 2011 update. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, August 28, 2011.Mey, F.S. 2011. Nepenthes bokorensis: Location B. 2011 update. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, August 28, 2011.Mey, F.S. 2011. Nepenthes bokorensis: Location C. 2011 update. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, August 29, 2011.
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Jumaat Haji Adam (born 1956) is a botanist and taxonomist specialising in the carnivorous pitcher plant genus Nepenthes. Adam has described numerous Nepenthes taxa, mostly with C. C. Wilcock, including the species N. faizalianaAdam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1991. A new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sarawak. Blumea 36(1): 123–125.
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The most significant of these works are the monographs Nepenthes of Borneo (1997) and Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia (2001).Clarke, C. 2002. Twelve years of ecological research on Nepenthes in Southeast Asia - some personal highlights. Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Hiroshima University, Tokyo: 1–7.
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This small bat has been found roosting above the digestive fluid in the pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes hemsleyana (previously known as Nepenthes baramensis and informally as Nepenthes rafflesiana var. elongata), which grows in the peat swamps and heath forests of Borneo.Youngsteadt, E. 2011. Carnivorous plant feasts on bat dung .
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Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276. and was treated as a distinct species in the book Trubus Info Kit: Nepenthes. Untung, O. (ed.) 2006. Trubus Info Kit: Nepenthes.
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Nepenthes stenophylla. Carnivorous Plant Database. Nepenthes fallax has a separate conservation status of Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000.
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Nepenthes graciliflora is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippines.Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111.
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Nepenthes rafflesiana has only been recorded from the west coast of Sumatra, between Indrapura and Barus.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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His best-known work is the 1976 guide Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu.Kurata, S. 1976. Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu.
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Nepenthes species recorded from Schouten Islands. # N. biakCheek, M., M. Jebb, B. Murphy & F. Mambor (2018). Nepenthes section Insignes in Indonesia, with two new species. Blumea 62(3): 174–178.
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Nepenthes campanulata is listed as Vulnerable on the 2014 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Nepenthes campanulata has no known natural hybrids.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World.
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Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes hurrelliana. Carnivorous Plant Database. Nepenthes hurrelliana is named after Andrew Hurrell, who studied the plant on Mount Murud in 1995Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008.
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A new natural hybrid of Nepenthes from Mt. Kinabalu (Sabah). Reinwardtia 11: 35–40. N. × sarawakiensis,Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1993. One new natural hybrid of Nepenthes from Mt. Mulu.
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Nepenthes decurrens was described by John Muirhead Macfarlane in 1925.Macfarlane, J.M. 1925. A new species of Nepenthes from Borneo (Nepenthes decurrens). Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew): 35–37. The description was based on Hewitt 100, a specimen collected by John Hewitt from the Baram River in Sarawak around September, 1907.
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Cultivated Nepenthes rajah, Nepenthes aristolochioides and other species Nepenthes may be cultivated in greenhouses. Easier species include N. alata, N. ventricosa, N. khasiana, and N. sanguinea. These four species are highlanders (N. alata has both lowland and highland forms), some easy lowlander species are N. rafflesiana, N. bicalcarata, N. mirabilis, and N. hirsuta.
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Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra . Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114. Nepenthes sumatrana was formally restored in Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek's 1997 revision, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", although the authors sunk N. longifolia in synonymy with N. sumatrana.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997.
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The species was originally described as Nepenthes pervillei in 1852, but was later placed in the monotypic genus Anurosperma as Anurosperma pervillei, based on the morphology of its seeds, which differ from the closely allied N. madagascariensis (and the other members of Nepenthes) in that they lack the 'tails' characteristic of the rest of the genus. However, the more recent taxonomic database of Jan Schlauer subsumes Anurosperma back into Nepenthes.Carnivorous Plant Database: Nepenthes pervillei Long considered one of the more "primitive" species of Nepenthes,Macfarlane, J.M. 1927. The Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Philippine Journal of Science 33(2): 127–140.
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The carnivorous nature of Nepenthes is supposedly a consequence of living in nutrient-poor soils; since the main method of nutrient absorption in most plants (the root) is insufficient in these soils, the plants have evolved other ways to gain nutrients. As a result, the roots of Nepenthes and most other carnivorous plants are slight and fragile; hence care must be taken when repotting. All Nepenthes are dioecious, meaning that each individual plant has only male or female characteristics. For Nepenthes pitchers being used as daytime roosting sleeping bags by small bats, see Nepenthes hemsleyana#Relationship with bats.
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Nepenthes dyak was later mentioned several more times in the botanical literature,Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.Beccari, O. 1896.
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Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.
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Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. A climbing stem with upper pitchers Nepenthes muluensis grows in nutrient- deficient soilsCollins, N.M. 1980.
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In 2009, Stewart McPherson reported that N. aristolochioides was known from three subpopulations in Kerinci Seblat National Park.McPherson, S. 2009. Nepenthes aristolochioides and Nepenthes klossii. Two of Indonesia's most remarkable plants.
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Jebb also authored the 1991 monograph "An account of Nepenthes in New Guinea".Jebb, M.H.P. 1991. An account of Nepenthes in New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 17(1): 7–54.
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Nepenthes sibuyanensis, a new Nepenthes from Sibuyan, a remote island of the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(1): 18–23. it was described as N. graciliflora by Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer.
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Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.
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Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Australia. # N. mirabilis × N. rowaniaeClarke, C.M. & R. Kruger 2005. Nepenthes rowanae (Nepenthaceae), a remarkable species from Cape York, Australia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(2): 36–41.
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Nepenthes 'LeeAnn Marie' is a cultivar of a manmade hybrid involving N. alata and N. ventricosa. It was bred by Bruce Lee Bednar in 1982.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes 'LeeAnn Marie' .
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Brittnacher, J. Evolution -- Nepenthes Phylogeny . International Carnivorous Plant Society.
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Wistuba, A. N.d. Strange hybrid with Nepenthes jacquelineae? Wistuba.com.
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Nepenthes × kinabaluensis Nepenthes × kinabaluensis is another impressive plant. The pitchers get large also, but do not compare to those of N. rajah or N. × alisaputrana. It is a well-known natural hybrid of what many consider to be the two most spectacular Nepenthes species of Borneo: N. rajah and N. villosa. Nepenthes × kinabaluensis is only found on Mount Kinabalu (hence the name) and nearby Mount Tambuyukon, where the two parent species are occur sympatrically.Clarke 1997, pp. 165–167.
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Nepenthephiles are organisms that are frequently found in Nepenthes pitchers, but which are not completely dependent on them at any stage of their lives. Most animals that coexist with Nepenthes fall into this category. Examples include Misumenops nepenthicola, a crab spider that feeds on flies caught by Nepenthes, and Geosesarma malayanum, a species of crab.
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The species appears to be most closely related to N. attenboroughii, which grows on nearby Mount Victoria.McPherson, S. 2010. New giant Nepenthes species - Nepenthes palawanensis. Carnivorous Plants UK, February 28, 2010. Nepenthes palawanensis can be distinguished from N. attenboroughii by its pitchers, which are even larger, sometimes exceeding 35 cm in height,McPherson, S. 2010.
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Global distribution of Nepenthes This list of Nepenthes species is a comprehensive listing of all known species of the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes arranged according to their distribution. It is based on the 2009 monograph, Pitcher Plants of the Old World,McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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Clarke has described six species of Nepenthes: N. baramensis (now known as N. hemsleyanaScharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea, published online on 8 May 2013. ), N. benstonei, N. chaniana, N. izumiae, N. jacquelineae, and N. tenax.
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Phylogenetic comparisons of the chloroplast matK gene sequences between Nepenthes species and with related species support this conclusion, long genetic distance between Nepenthes and others, and abruptly diverging "pom-pom" grouping of the Nepenthes species . Fossilized pollen of Nepenthes-like plants living on the northern Tethys Sea from 65 to 35 million years ago indicates that then-warmer Europe may have been where the proto-Nepenthes developed, and then escaped to Asia and India as Africa collided with Europe and the ensuing climate change wiped out the ancestral species in the original habitat. About 20 million years ago, Borneo, Sumatra, and Sulawesi and possibly even the Philippines were connected to mainland Asia, providing a bridge for the colonization of most sites of Nepenthes species radiation. The extensive landbridges in the area 20,000 years ago during the ice age would have provided access to the remaining sites of Nepenthes populations in Oceania.
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Hence, the use of chemical fertilisers is usually not advised. Nepenthes rajah is a slow growing Nepenthes. Under optimal conditions, N. rajah can reach flowering size within 10 years of seed germination.
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Nepenthes mapuluensis is extremely rare in cultivation. It has been artificially crossed with N. ventricosa to produce the hybrid Nepenthes × mapulucosa Hort.Westphal in sched. (2000), although this name is a nomen nudum.
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Nepenthes hispida (; from Latin: hispidus "bristly") is a tropical pitcher plant species native to Borneo. It grows at elevations of 100 to 800 m in kerangas forest.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo.
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The tropical pitcher plant species Nepenthes murudensis is named after the mountain and is thought to be endemic to its summit area.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).
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Nepenthes distillatoria. Paxton's Magazine of Botany 4: 1–4. Nepenthes distillatoria was again illustrated in Johannes Burmann's Thesaurus Zeylanicus of 1737. The drawing depicts the end of a flowering stem with pitchers.
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N. bongso from Pieter Willem Korthals's "Over het geslacht Nepenthes" of 1839, generally regarded as the first monograph on the genus.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Julie F. Barcelona is married to Pieter B. Pelser. The pitcher plant species Nepenthes barcelonae was our.Cheek, M., D.N. Tandang & P.B. Pelser 2015. Nepenthes barcelonae (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines.
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Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25. Despite being a widespread plant, natural hybrids between N. gracilis and other species are quite rare. Nepenthes gracilis was formally described by Pieter Willem Korthals in his 1839 monograph, "Over het geslacht Nepenthes". Nepenthes abgracilis from the Philippines is named for its superficial similarity to this species.
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Prior to its description by Marcello Catalano in 2010, this taxon was also published under the informal name Nepenthes sp. Phanga Nga in Stewart McPherson's 2009 book, Pitcher Plants of the Old World. In the horticultural trade, this variety is popularly known as both Nepenthes globosa (; from Latin: globosus, "globular") and Nepenthes sp. Viking,Mey, F.S. 2011.
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Nepenthes macrophylla was known to grow on Mount Trusmadi for a long time prior to its description, although it was not initially considered a distinct species. Shortly after its discovery, it was lumped with ', a similar species from Kinabalu National Park. In his 1976 guide, Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu, botanist Shigeo Kurata wrote:Kurata, S. 1976. Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu.
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Prior to its description as a species in 2011, N. monticola was lumped with the closely related N. lamii.Wistuba, A. 2012. Nepenthes lamii - Nepenthes monticola. In: Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore. pp. 22–23.
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Flora Indiae Bataviae (Flora van Nederlandsch Indië) I—Nepenthes, pp. 1069–1077. and in 1886 Odoardo Beccari considered it a variety of N. maxima.Beccari, O. 1886. Nepenthes. In: Malesia, II (1884–1886), pp.
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Schlauer, J. 1994. NEPENTHES comments for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994. Nepenthes junghuhnii sensu Macfarlane has not been relocated in the wild since the collection of the type specimen.
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Suarez, W. (2013). The rediscovery of Nepenthes sp. Luzon. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, 18 April 2013. Prior to its formal description the species was known under the placeholder name "Nepenthes sp. Luzon".
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Nepenthes viridis, eine neue Nepenthes-Art von der Insel Dinagat, Philippinen. Das Taublatt 76: 4–21. as well as the ant plant Hydnophytum caminiferum. Wistuba, A., U. Zimmermann, D. Marwinski & T. Gronemeyer 2014.
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His main interests were plant geography and the flora of the Alps and the Balkans. Beck also revised the pitcher plant genus Nepenthes in his 1895 monograph, "Die Gattung Nepenthes". Beck, G. 1895.
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He was especially noted for his skill in drawing botanical specimens. The pitcher plant Nepenthes benstonei was named in his honour.Clarke, C.M. 1999. Nepenthes benstonei (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant from Peninsular Malaysia.
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Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes fallax. Carnivorous Plant Database.Schlauer, J. 1996.
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Nepenthes eustachya is known to hybridise with a number of other Nepenthes species with which it is sympatric. Nepenthes albomarginata and N. eustachya grow in mixed populations at a number of locations in the Padang Highlands and Tapanuli. Natural hybrids between them appear to be relatively common around the river Tjampo in West Sumatra. A young plant of N. albomarginata × N. eustachya pictured in Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia was observed by Charles Clarke in 1998 on Bukit Kambut in West Sumatra.
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Rappler, 26 August 2015. Nepenthes barcelonae Tandang & Cheek. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).. Nepenthes barcelonae inhabits stunted submontane forest at altitudes of 1500-1700 m a.s.l. in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Luzon, Philippines.
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"A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" was also reviewed by Zdeněk Žáček in a 1997 issue of Trifid. Žáček, Z. 1997. Recenze - A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Trifid 1997(3–4): 76–77.
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Mount Ilas Mapulu () is a limestone mountain near Berau, East Kalimantan, Borneo. It is the type locality of the pitcher plant species Nepenthes mapuluensis, which is named after it.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo.
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A > marvellous work of the Lord! [translated from French in Pitcher-Plants of > Borneo] Phyllamphora mirabilis was eventually transferred to the genus Nepenthes by Rafarin in 1869.Schlauer, J. Nepenthes mirabilis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. In a 1993 study of Nepenthes prey and pitcher infauna,Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993.
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Nepenthes macrophylla was once thought to be a subspecies of ', but differs from that species in several aspects of pitcher and leaf morphology.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307. Nepenthes ampullaria generally grows in damp, shady forest from sea-level to 2100 m altitude.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997.
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The recognition of this taxon as a new species—under the placeholder name "Nepenthes species 2"—was announced online in September 2012, Wistuba, A. 2012. Nepenthes-Neuigkeiten von Mindanao (Philippinen). G.F.P. Forum, September 2, 2012.
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Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. However, several of the taxonomic revisions made by Jebb and Cheek were reversed in Clarke's subsequent monograph, Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, published in 2001.
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Nepenthes × alisaputrana, a hybrid of two well-known Bornean pitcher plant species, is named in his honour.Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1992. A new natural hybrid of Nepenthes from Mt. Kinabalu (Sabah). Reinwardtia 11: 35–40.
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Nepenthes 'Alta May' is a cultivar of a manmade hybrid between N. distillatoria and N. ventricosa. It was bred by Bruce Lee Bednar and Orgel Clyde Bramblett in 1989.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes 'Alta May' .
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Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7. Nepenthes faizaliana bears an indumentum of white, stellate hairs on its stem and petioles.
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Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, p. 39.
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Nepenthes klossii is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to New Guinea.
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Nepenthes lamii is endemic to the higher peaks of central Papua province in West Papua, New Guinea, including Doorman Top (also known simply as Mount Doorman) and Mount Erica of the Hellwig Mountains. Sizable populations of this species have been found near Tembagapura, a mining town situated at around 1900 m in the Sudirman Range. Nepenthes lamii has an altitudinal distribution of 1460–3520 m above sea level. The uppermost altitudinal limit of this species represents the highest known elevation of any Nepenthes, although Nepenthes sp.
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Nepenthes rafflesiana, a species of pitcher plant, was described by William Jack in 1835. The name Nepenthes rafflesiana as used by Hugh Low in 1848 is a heterochresonym. Cheek and Jebb (2001) explain the situation thus: > Low, ... accidentally, or otherwise, had described what we know as N. > rafflesiana as Nepenthes × hookeriana and vice versa in his book "Sarawak, > its Inhabitants and Productions" (1848). Masters was the first author to > note this in the Gardeners' Chronicle..., where he gives the first full > description and illustration of Nepenthes × hookeriana.
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Nepenthes spathulata. Carnivorous Plant Database.Schlauer, J. 1995. Re: N.xiphioides + N.mikei. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 26, 1995. In 1997, the genus Nepenthes was revised in its entirety by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)". The authors kept N. spathulata as a valid species and designated Lieftinck 11 as its lectotype.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997.
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Blumea in which Jebb and Cheek's monograph was published "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" is a monograph by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek on the tropical pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes. It was published in the May 1997 issue of the botanical journal Blumea.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
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Nepenthes andamana type specimen (Catalano 013395) Nepenthes andamana was formally described by Marcello Catalano in his 2010 book, Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. The description was reviewed by Alastair Robinson, while Andreas Fleischmann provided the Latin translation. Catalano 013395 was designated as the holotype. This specimen was collected by Catalano in 2009 at sea level from Takua Pa, Phang Nga Province, Thailand.
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Nepenthes mikei was discovered on Mount Pangulubao in September 1989 by Bruce Salmon, Mike Hopkins, and Ricky Maulder, during a Nepenthes expedition to Sumatra. On this trip, the team also found two other undescribed Nepenthes taxa on the mountain: N. ovata and a plant they named N. xiphioides. The latter is now considered a heterotypic synonym of N. gymnamphora.McPherson, S.R. 2009.
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Nepenthes masoalensis is one of two tropical pitcher plant species from Madagascar, the other being N. madagascariensis. Nepenthes masoalensis is known only from eastern Madagascar; it occurs in the Masoala Peninsula and the Mount Ambato region. It has been recorded from Pandanus and Sphagnum swamps, mountain ridgetops, and xerophytic vegetation. Nepenthes masoalensis is a lowland species, growing at 0–400 m altitude.
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Nepenthes flava entered cultivation several years prior to being described and was known from at least 2004 under the placeholder name "Nepenthes spec. nov. Sumatra".Wistuba, A. 2004. Nepenthes spec. nov. Sumatra. Wistuba.com. [archived page from April 15, 2004] The species was formally described by Andreas Wistuba, Joachim Nerz and Andreas Fleischmann in an issue of Blumea published on July 4, 2007.
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Among these endemic species are nine mammals, seven lizards, two amphibians, three birds and 112 vascular plants, such as the Nepenthes argentii, Nepenthes sibuyanensis, Nepenthes armin, Sibuyan striped shrew rat, Sibuyan shrew, Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat, indigo-banded kingfisher, and the Romblon hawk-owl. In Tablas Island, at least two endemic bird species can be found: the Tablas drongo and Tablas fantail.
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Nepenthes burbidgeae , also known as the painted pitcher plantKurata, S. 1976. Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu. or Burbidge's Pitcher-Plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996.
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Two new Philippine Nepenthes. Kew Bulletin 53(4): 966. N. murudensis, N. negros,Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov.
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Nepenthes insignis from mainland Papua. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, November 3, 2013. Nepenthes insignis occurs in dense forest and on foothills. Plants usually grow epiphytically in thick layers of moss, especially in trees overhanging rivers.
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Nepenthes faizaliana is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the limestone cliffs of Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak, Borneo. It is thought to be most closely related to N. boschiana.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo.
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.Gronemeyer, T., A. Wistuba, V. Heinrich, S. McPherson, F. Mey & A. Amoroso 2010. Nepenthes hamiguitanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mindanao Island, Philippines.
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With only an estimated 15 plants remaining in the wild as of 1995, Nepenthes clipeata is the most endangered of all known tropical pitcher plants.Simpson, R.B. 1995. Nepenthes and conservation. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 12: 111–118.
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Nepenthes negros is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines, specifically the islands of Biliran and Negros.Cheek, M. & M. Jebb (2013). Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111.
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Nepenthes rafflesiana is very popular in cultivation; it is a lowland Nepenthes (enjoying hot, humid conditions most of the time, as found in tropical jungle lowlands) but can be grown as an intermediate, with cooler nights and less humidity. It is a comparatively hardy Nepenthes that is commonly recommended as a "first plant" to new Nepenthes growers. The plant should be grown in shaded conditions, diffuse sunlight, or in a large grow chamber under artificial lights. Watering and misting should be performed frequently, and preferably with distilled water, to avoid mineral build-up that is not only unsightly but that may damage the delicate roots of Nepenthes (and most other carnivorous plants).
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During this time, interest in Nepenthes had reached its peak. A note in The Gardeners' Chronicle of 1881 mentions the Veitch Nursery's N. bicalcarata as follows:[Anonymous] 1881. Messr's Veitch's Nepenthes House. The Gardeners' Chronicle n. ser.
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Nepenthes hamata remained very rare in cultivation until around 1996.Hansen, E. 2001. Where rocks sing, ants swim, and plants eat animals: finding members of the Nepenthes carnivorous plant family in Borneo. Discover 22(10): 60–68.
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Nepenthes × tsangoya (; after Peter Tsang) is a tropical pitcher plant. It reportedly represents the complex natural hybrid (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis. N. × tsangoya was mentioned as a natural hybrid in Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids (1995).
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Mount Kemul (also Kemoel, Kemal, Kongkemul, Kong Kemul) () is a mountain in East Kalimantan. It is the type locality of the pitcher plant species Nepenthes fusca and Nepenthes mollis.Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher- Plants of Borneo.
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A small rosette plant Nepenthes papuana occurs on both the north and south sides of the main central mountains of Papua Province.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
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Nepenthes bongso is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it has an altitudinal distribution of 1000–2700 m above sea level.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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New records and a new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sarawak. Sandakania 15: 93–101. N. jamban,Lee, C.C., Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. Two new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North Sumatra. Blumea 51(3): 561–568.
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Nepenthes vogelii is named in his honour. Some time prior to its description, N. vogelii entered cultivation through Ch'ien Lee's Malesiana Tropicals plant nursery under the name "Nepenthes spec. 4".Fleischmann, A. 2003. Drosera peruensis spec. nov.
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The discovery and recognition of this taxon as a new species was announced online in September 2012, under the placeholder name "Nepenthes species 1". Wistuba, A. 2012. Nepenthes-Neuigkeiten von Mindanao (Philippinen). G.F.P. Forum, September 2, 2012.
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The discovery and recognition of this taxon as a new species was announced online in September 2012, under the placeholder name "Nepenthes species 3". Wistuba, A. 2012. Nepenthes-Neuigkeiten von Mindanao (Philippinen). G.F.P. Forum, September 2, 2012.
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Carnivorous Plant Database. and of Nepenthes leonardoi in the March 2011 issue.McPherson, S., G. Bourke, J. Cervancia, M. Jaunzems, E. Gironella, A. Robinson & A. Fleischmann 2011. Nepenthes leonardoi (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Palawan, Philippines.
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The ICPS has set up the Nepenthes clipeata Survival Project (NcSP) to facilitate ex situ conservation of this species.Cantley, R., C.M. Clarke, J. Cokendolpher, B. Rice & A. Wistuba 2004. Nepenthes clipeata Survival Project. International Carnivorous Plant Society.
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McPherson, S.R. 2011. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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Sulawesi was described as N. nigra in McPherson's 2011 work, New Nepenthes.
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Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes gymnamphora. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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The real Nepenthes eymae?. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, December 10, 2011.
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Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Nepenthes insignis is listed as Least concern on the IUCN Red List.
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Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Nepenthes mirabilis has by far the widest distribution of any Nepenthes species and is known from the following countries and regions: Australia (Cape York Peninsula), Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands (Palau and Yap), China (Guangdong Province, Hainan,Nepenthes mirabilis. Flora of China. Yang G., Huang S., Xu S. & Gao Y. 2006. 海南岛野生猪笼草资源调查及其营养成分分析. [The investigation and study on the germplasm resources and growth of the wild common Nepenthes in Hainan.] Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 22(11): 440–442.
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Nepenthes edwardsiana is very rare in cultivation and little information has been published on its growing requirements. Generally speaking, it is an alpine plant that requires highland conditions to grow well.Lowrie, A. 1983. Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983\. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95. In 2004, professional horticulturist Robert Sacilotto wrote a summary of measured tolerances of highland Nepenthes species, based on experiments conducted between 1996 and 2001.Sacilotto, R. 2004. Experiments with highland Nepenthes seedlings: A Summary of Measured Tolerances. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33(1): 26–31.
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Nepenthes was formally published as a generic name in 1753 in Linnaeus's famous Species Plantarum, which established botanical nomenclature as it exists today. Nepenthes distillatoria is the type species of the genus. Nepenthes from Carolus Linnaeus's Species Plantarum of 1753 The name "monkey cups" was discussed in the May 1964 issue of National Geographic, in which Paul A. Zahl wrote: > The carriers called them "monkey cups," a name I had heard elsewhere in > reference to Nepenthes, but the implication that monkeys drink the pitcher > fluid seemed farfetched. I later proved it true.
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The species was mentioned as an undescribed taxon in Charles Clarke's 2001 monograph, Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, under the name "Nepenthes species B". Clarke considered it to be most closely allied to N. singalana, writing that "[f]urther research is required to determine whether or not this is simply an unusual variety of N. singalana, or whether it warrants description as a distinct species". Flowering-size specimens of N. izumiae, identified as N. singalana from Mount Talakmau, were already in cultivation before the species was formally published.Mansell, G. N.d. New Nepenthes: Nepenthes izumeae .
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Fifteen strains of bacterial endophytes have been isolated from Nepenthes mirabilis plants originating from Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia.Komathi, V., S.J. Bhore & K.I. Kandasamy N.d. Identification of bacterial endophytes isolated from eight Nepenthes species and their screening for cytokinin-like compounds. Unpublished. [sequences published on GenBank] (Upper pitcher of N. mirabilis from Kelantan pictured.) This list of Nepenthes endophytes is a listing of endophytes recorded from the internal tissues of Nepenthes pitcher plants; that is, organisms that live within the plants for at least part of their life cycles without causing apparent disease.
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Nepenthes veitchii (; after James Veitch, nurseryman of the Veitch Nurseries), or Veitch's pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a Nepenthes species from the island of Borneo.
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It was described in 1987 as N. edwardsiana subsp. macrophylla by Johannes Marabini.Marabini, J. 1987. Eine neue Unterart von Nepenthes edwardsiana Hook.fil. sowie Anmerkungen zur Taxonomie der Gattung Nepenthes L.. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 23: 423–429.
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The Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae) group, with two new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 151(1): 25–34. N. alzapan,Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes alzapan (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Phytotaxa 100(1): 57–60.
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The species was formally described by Pieter Willem Korthals in his 1839 monograph, "Over het geslacht Nepenthes". Nepenthes carunculata is considered a heterotypic synonym of N. bongso by most authorities.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World.
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Nunn, R. & C.N.A. Vu 2016. An account of the Nepenthes species of Vietnam. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 45(3): 93–101. Nepenthes smilesii can tolerate an extended dry season and is most common in open, sandy savannah and grassland.
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Das Taublatt published the formal descriptions of Heliamphora glabra, Heliamphora pulchella, Nepenthes mantalingajanensis, and Nepenthes viridis,Schlauer, J. N.d. Query results: Taublatt. Carnivorous Plant Database. Micheler, M., T. Gronemeyer, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, W. Suarez & V. Amoroso 2013.
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Phillipps & Lamb 1996, p. 18. During this time, interest in Nepenthes had reached its peak. The Garden reported that Nepenthes were being propagated by the thousands to keep up with European demand. However, dwindling interest in Nepenthes at the turn of the century saw the demise of the Veitch Nurseries and consequently the loss of several species and hybrids in cultivation, including N. northiana and N. rajah.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. the highest elevation of all Bornean Nepenthes species; only N. lamii from New Guinea is found at greater elevations.Robinson, A., J. Nerz, A. Wistuba, M. Mansur & S. McPherson 2011. Nepenthes lamii Jebb & Cheek, an emended description resulting from the separation of a two-species complex, and the introduction of Nepenthes monticola, a new species of highland pitcher plant from New Guinea.
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Nepenthes tobaica as described in Danser's 1940 description of N. densiflora is actually N. angasanensis. Specimens identified as N. tobaica in Rusjdi Tamin and Mitsuru Hotta's 1986 monograph on Sumatran Nepenthes actually represent both N. angasanensis and N. tobaica. Some plants sold in the horticultural trade under the name N. tobaica are likely to represent a manmade cross between N. khasiana and N. ventricosa.Catalano, M. 2009. Nepenthes.
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Nepenthes argentii (; after George Argent) is a highland Nepenthes pitcher plant native to Mount Guiting-Guiting on Sibuyan Island in the Philippines. It is possibly the smallest species in the genus and does not appear to have a climbing stage. Nepenthes argentii inhabits subalpine shrubbery "with a smooth wind-clipped canopy 30 cm tall on an ultrabasic ridge". It grows at an elevation of 1400–1900 m.
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The canopy is between 10 and 20 metres in height. The Upper montane forests can be divided into short facies, tall facies, and stunted summit facies. Small trees and shrubs such as Rhododendron and Vaccinium, and pitcher plants such as Nepenthes lowii, Nepenthes tentaculata, and Nepenthes muluensis are all endemic to Mount Mulu. There are also limestone forests which are mostly made up of calcareous plant species.
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A heavily mottled upper pitcher of N. hamiguitanensis The describing authors compared N. hamiguitanensis to N. micramphora, N. mindanaoensis, and N. peltata, which they described as "closely related species". Nepenthes micramphora is smaller in all respects and is mostly glabrous (apart from the inflorescence).Heinrich, V., S.R. McPherson, T. Gronemeyer & V.B. Amoroso 2009. Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae), a new species of Nepenthes L. from southern Mindanao, Philippines.
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More recently, N. nigra has joined this group of related taxa.Nerz, J., A. Wistuba, C.C. Lee, G. Bourke, U. Zimmermann & S. McPherson 2011. Nepenthes nigra, a new pitcher plant from Central Sulawesi. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One.
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The only other Bornean Nepenthes species with a similarly developed appendage are N. chaniana and N. pilosa.Clarke, C.M., C.C. Lee & S. McPherson 2006. Nepenthes chaniana (Nepenthaceae), a new species from north-western Borneo. Sabah Parks Journal 7: 53–66.
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Phytotaxa 464(1): 29–48. Like the type form of N. hamata, N. diabolica has been raised to flowering size in cultivation and used to make hybrids with other Nepenthes species.[Anonymous] 2013. Nepenthes Growers Newsletter 2(1): 3.
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The discovery and recognition of this taxon as a new species was announced online in September 2012, under the placeholder name "Nepenthes species 4". Wistuba, A. 2012. Nepenthes-Neuigkeiten von Mindanao (Philippinen) - Teil 2. G.F.P. Forum, September 3, 2012.
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More recently, N. nigra has joined this group of related taxa.Nerz, J., A. Wistuba, C.C. Lee, G. Bourke, U. Zimmermann & S. McPherson 2011. Nepenthes nigra, a new pitcher plant from Central Sulawesi. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One.
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Nepenthes tobaica is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. It is particularly abundant around Lake Toba, after which it is named. Nepenthes tobaica is closely related to N. angasanensis, N. gracilis, N. mikei, and N. reinwardtiana.Clarke, C.M. 2001.
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Nepenthes 'Amy Michelle' is a cultivar of a manmade hybrid between N. rafflesiana and a plant identified as N. thorelii. It was bred by Bruce Lee Bednar and Orgel Clyde Bramblett in 1989.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes 'Amy Michelle' .
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The discovery and recognition of this taxon as a new species was announced online in September 2012, under the placeholder name "Nepenthes species 5". Wistuba, A. 2012. Nepenthes-Neuigkeiten von Mindanao (Philippinen) - Teil 3. G.F.P. Forum, September 9, 2012.
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More recently, N. nigra has joined this group of related taxa.Nerz, J., A. Wistuba, C.C. Lee, G. Bourke, U. Zimmermann & S. McPherson 2011. Nepenthes nigra, a new pitcher plant from Central Sulawesi. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One.
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The pitchers of this hybrid are some of the largest of any Bornean Nepenthes species,Briggs, J.G.R. 1984. The discovery of Nepenthes × trusmadiensis—an impressive new pitcher-plant. Malaysian Naturalist 38(2): 13–15, 18–19.Briggs, J.G.R. 1988.
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International Plant Names Index (IPNI).Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes talangensis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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Nepenthes lamii. Carnivorous Plant Database.Nepenthes lamii M.Jebb & Cheek. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 39(3): 67.Nepenthes clipeata. Ark of Life.Bourke, G. 2010.
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Nepenthes naga lacks a conspicuous indumentum; most parts of the plant are glabrous.
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Two new Nepenthes species! Carnivorous Plants UK, August 28, 2011. Gronemeyer, T. 2011.
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Little variation has been observed within natural populations of Nepenthes rajah and, consequently, no forms or varieties have been described. Furthermore, N. rajah has no true nomenclatural synonyms,Clarke 1997, p. 120. unlike many other Nepenthes species, which exhibit greater variability.
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Nepenthes sp. Anipahan is an undescribed tropical pitcher plant known only from Mount Anipahan in central Palawan, the Philippines, where it grows in upper montane forest at 1200–1400 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2011. The Discovery of Nepenthes sp. 'Anipahan'.
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Eine neue Unterart von Nepenthes edwardsiana Hook.fil. sowie Anmerkungen zur Taxonomie der Gattung Nepenthes L.. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 23: 423–429. It was later elevated to species status by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997.
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15(1): 8–9. In 2004, professional horticulturist Robert Sacilotto published a summary of measured tolerances of highland Nepenthes species, based on experiments conducted between 1996 and 2001.Sacilotto, R. 2004. Experiments with highland Nepenthes seedlings: A Summary of Measured Tolerances.
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Bandura subsequently became the most commonly used name for the tropical pitcher plants, until Linnaeus coined Nepenthes in 1737. Nepenthes distillatoria was again described in 1683, this time by Swedish physician and naturalist Herman Niklas Grim.Grimm, H.N. 1683. Planta mirabilis destillatoria.
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It is considered one of the most spectacular of all Nepenthes, producing some of the largest pitchers and the most highly developed peristome ribs of any species in the genus.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Two years later, Hernawati and Akhriadi covered the species in their book, A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra, and assessed its conservation status.Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
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Nepenthes × trusmadiensis was discovered by Johannes Marabini and John Briggs in 1983. It was described the same year by Marabini. Briggs wrote the following account of its discovery:Briggs, J.G.R. 1984. The discovery of Nepenthes × trusmadiensis—an impressive new pitcher- plant.
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Nepenthes lamii is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to New Guinea, where it grows at an altitude of up to 3520 m above sea level, higher than any other Nepenthes species.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. Illustration of three of Bünnemeijer's original herbarium specimens of N. inermis Nepenthes inermis was first illustrated in an issue of De Tropische Natuur published in 1927.Danser, B.H. 1927.
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The Mystery of the Nepenthes, or Just How Did They Get There? Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 16(4): 115–118. Lower pitchers of N. burbidgeae growing in mossy forest Nepenthes burbidgeae is probably the rarest of the Nepenthes species native to Mount Kinabalu. Its typical habitat consists of mossy forest or montane forest, where it often grows in low scrub and exposed areas on the tops of steep ridges.
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In 1991, a study was carried out on the pitcher infauna of Nepenthes ampullaria, a species that is partially detritivorous. Nepenthes infauna are the organisms that inhabit the pitchers of Nepenthes plants. These include fly and midge larvae, spiders, mites, ants, and even a species of crab, Geosesarma malayanum. The most common and conspicuous predators found in pitchers are mosquito larvae, which consume large numbers of other larvae during their development.
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Matthew Hilary Peter Jebb (born 1958) is an Irish botanist and taxonomist specialising in the ant plant genera Squamellaria, Myrmecodia, Hydnophytum, Myrmephytum and Anthorrhiza, as well as the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes. Jebb has described several new Nepenthes species, all with Martin Cheek, including: N. argentii, N. aristolochioides, N. danseri, N. diatas, N. lamii, N. mira,Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 1998. Two New Philippine Nepenthes. Kew Bulletin 53(4): 966.
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Nepenthes diatas (; from Indonesian diatas "above, on top") is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows at an altitude of above sea level. Nepenthes diatas was formally described in 1997 by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their monograph "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", published in the botanical journal Blumea. However, the name N. diatas had already been in use since at least 1994.Jebb, M. 1994.
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Le Jardin 17: 72. Nepenthes northiana var. pulchra is not considered taxonomically valid today.
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Nepenthes bicalcarata varies little across its range. Consequently, no infraspecific taxa have been described.
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Nepenthes rigidifolia. Ark of Life.Bourke, G. 2010. Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(2): 5–6.
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Exciting conservation news: The Rare Nepenthes Collection project! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 39(3): 67.
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The Independent, 25 November 2014. Nepenthes zygon Jebb & Cheek. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
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James Brooke Joseph Dalton Hooker described Nepenthes rajah in 1859, naming it in honour of Sir James Brooke, the first White Rajah of Sarawak.Kurata 1976, p. 61. In the past, the Latin name was written as Nepenthes Rajah,Masters 1881.Reginald 1883.
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Nepenthes undulatifolia is a tropical pitcher plant known only from South East Sulawesi, where it grows at an elevation of around 1800 m above sea level. The specific epithet undulatifolia refers to the wavy laminar margins of this species.Wistuba, A. 2012. Nepenthes undulatifolia.
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2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes truncata is characterised by its heart-shaped (truncate) leaves and very large pitchers, which can reach up to 40 cm in height. Nepenthes robcantleyi was once considered a dark, highland form of this species.
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Nepenthes villosa usually occurs at ultrahighland elevations, , whereas N. edwardsiana is found between . Where their altitudinal distributions overlap, they are still identifiable as distinct species. Nepenthes macrophylla was originally described in 1987 as a subspecies of N. edwardsiana by Johannes Marabini.Marabini, J. 1987.
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Marthaler, O. 1996. An addition to Adrian Slack's comment on Nepenthes burbidgeae (improbable) cuttings. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 25(3): 94–95.Marthaler, O. 1996. An addition to Adrian Slack's comments on Nepenthes burbidgeae cuttings. Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society, Inc.
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Pollen of a number of species originally described under the genus Droseridites has been tentatively assigned to Nepenthes. In 1985, Wilfried Krutzsch transferred three species of the "D. echinosporus group", creating the new combinations Nepenthes echinatus, N. echinosporus, and N. major.Krutzsch, W. 1989.
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2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. The work was edited by Alastair Robinson and Andreas Fleischmann. The monograph was followed in 2011 by New Nepenthes: Volume One, a supplementary work covering the many Nepenthes taxa documented in the preceding few years.
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Sulawesi (later described as N. nigra),Nerz, J., A. Wistuba, C.C. Lee, G. Bourke, U. Zimmermann & S. McPherson 2011. Nepenthes nigra, a new pitcher plant from Central Sulawesi. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 468–491.
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Intermediate pitcher of Nepenthes bicalcarata with swollen tendril colonised by Colobopsis schmitzi. The brown scar tissue results from a wound, not from the ants' drilling. The ant makes its nest in the hollow tendrils of the pitcher plant Nepenthes bicalcarata.Clarke, C.M. 1997.
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Nepenthes × mirabilata (; a blend of mirabilis and alata) is a natural hybrid involving N. alata and N. mirabilis.Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157. N. × mirabilata was mentioned as a natural hybrid in Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids (1995).
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'Nepenthes of Indochina', my 2010 ICPS lecture now on Youtube. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, February 3, 2014. This variety was featured on the cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society, identified as "Nepenthes sp. from Thailand".
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An upper pitcher of N. × trusmadiensis Nepenthes lowii × N. macrophylla was discovered on Mount Trusmadi by Johannes Marabini and John Briggs in 1983. Later that year, it was described as N. × trusmadiensis by Marabini.Marabini, J. 1983. Eine neue Nepenthes-Hybride aus Borneo.
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Nationaal Herbarium Nederland. During this time, Kostermans made the first known collection of the rare pitcher plant Nepenthes campanulata, which grew on the "sand and limestone walls"Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
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Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
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Nepenthes gymnamphora. Carnivorous Plant Database. An early colour photograph of N. mikei was published by Mike Hopkins, Ricky Maulder, and Bruce Salmon, in a 1990 issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter, where the plant was identified simply as Nepenthes sp. 'New Species'.
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Nepenthes spectabilis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows at elevations of between 1400 and 2200 m above sea level. The specific epithet spectabilis is Latin for "visible" or "notable".Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers.
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Nepenthes 'Dwarf Peacock' is a cultivar of a complex manmade hybrid involving N. khasiana, N. ventricosa, and a plant identified as N. thorelii. It was bred by Bruce Lee Bednar and Orgel Clyde Bramblett in 1986.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes 'Dwarf Peacock' .
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Nepenthes campanulata produces short, cylindrical, climbing stems 20 to 50 cm tall and up to 4 mm thick. Leaves are coriaceous and sessile. The lamina is spathulate-lanceolate in morphology, up to 12 cm long,Lee, C.C. 2006. Species profile: Nepenthes campanulata. WildBorneo.
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Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Nepenthes × harryana is known from a ridge above the Upper Kolopis River and from two locations along the Kinabalu summit trail; several specimens grow between Pondok Lowii and Pondok Mempening.
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Robinson, A.S. 2009. Nepenthes attenboroughii in the press. CPUK Forum, August 19, 2009. In October 2012, however, a dead shrew was found in a pitcher of Nepenthes attenboroughii during a return expedition to Mount Victoria by Robinson and a group of naturalists.
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Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.Shelford, R. 1916. A Naturalist in Borneo.
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Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31.
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New records and a new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sarawak. Sandakania 15: 93–101.
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2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Nepenthes izumiae is also threatened by forest and shrub fires as well as land development.
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Tendrils are up to 60 cm long.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Moran, J.A., C. Clarke, M. Greenwood & L. Chin 2012. Tuning of color contrast signals to visual sensitivity maxima of tree shrews by three Bornean highland Nepenthes species. Plant Signaling & Behavior 7(10): 1267–1270. Nepenthes lowii is not the first Nepenthes species for which this has been proposed; as early as 1989 it was suggested that N. pervillei, a species from the Seychelles, benefits from bird excrement and may be moving away from carnivory.
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Nepenthes rigidifolia was discovered by Ch'ien Lee some time before 2001. The species was mentioned as an undescribed taxon in Charles Clarke's 2001 book, Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, under the name "Nepenthes species A". At the time, it was recorded as growing at an elevation of around 1600 m. In 2004, Ch'ien Lee informally named the species N. alpicola and later N. aptera. Cultivated plants were sold under both of these names.
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An intermediate pitcher of N. gymnamphora A lower pitcher of N. rhombicaulis × N. spectabilis Nepenthes rhombicaulis is very similar to N. gymnamphora in both morphology and growth habit. It is sympatric with this species on Mount Pangulubao. Nepenthes rhombicaulis also bears a close resemblance to N. hirsuta from Borneo. In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon.
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In Kirirom National Park, Cambodia (~700 m asl) Nepenthes smilesii has a widespread distribution throughout Indochina. It has been recorded from Cambodia, northeastern Thailand, southern Laos, and western Vietnam. The species occurs across a wide range of altitudes, being recorded from elevations of 16–1500 m above sea level, although it is more typically found at around 800 m. Nepenthes smilesii is notable among the Indochinese Nepenthes for experiencing extreme lows of temperature.
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Nepenthes northiana is very similar to N. mapuluensis, a species known from only a handful of limestone peaks in East Kalimantan, on the other side of Borneo.Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1990. A new Nepenthes from Mount Ilas Mapulu in Borneo. Blumea 35: 265–267.
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Nepenthes rafflesiana is one of the few other Nepenthes species reliably documented as having caught mammalian prey in its natural habitat. In Brunei, frogs, geckos and skinks have been found in the pitchers of this species.Moran 1991. The remains of mice have also been reported.
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It is closely allied to the N. alata group of species. The specific epithet viridis is Latin for "green" and refers to the plant's typical yellowish-green pitcher colouration, which is maintained irrespective of sun exposure. Wistuba, A. 2013. Neue Nepenthes-Art - Nepenthes viridis.
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Nepenthes micramphora is a climbing plant growing to a height of 2.5 m.Gronemeyer, T., A. Wistuba, V. Heinrich, S. McPherson, F. Mey & A. Amoroso 2010. Nepenthes hamiguitanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mindanao Island, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats.
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Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. attribute the earliest publication of the correct binomial—Nepenthes mirabilis—to George Claridge Druce in 1916,Druce, G. 1916. Nepenthes mirabilis. In: Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles Report 4: 637.
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Having studied all the Bornean Nepenthes herbarium material held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Smythies would later confirm that records of N. macfarlanei from the Kinabalu area were erroneous.Corner, E.J.H. 1996. Pitcher-plants (Nepenthes). In: K.M. Wong & A. Phillipps (eds.) Kinabalu: Summit of Borneo.
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By this time, Linnaeus's name Nepenthes had become established. Illustration of Bandura zeylanica (N. distillatoria) from Burmann's Thesaurus Zeylanicus of 1737 Nepenthes distillatoria was again illustrated in Johannes Burmann's Thesaurus Zeylanicus of 1737. The drawing depicts the end of a flowering stem with pitchers.
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Nepenthes suratensis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Surat Thani Province, Thailand, where it grows near sea level in coastal savannah and grassland. It is thought to be most closely related to N. andamana. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
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Nepenthes andamana is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Phang Nga Province, Thailand, where it grows near sea level in coastal savannah and grassland. It is thought to be most closely related to N. suratensis. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
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A climbing stem Nepenthes × trusmadiensis has petiolate leaves measuring up to 50 cm in length. The pitchers of this hybrid are some of the largest of any Bornean Nepenthes species,Briggs, J.G.R. 1988. Mountains of Malaysia: A Practical Guide and Manual. Longman Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
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Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov.
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Nepenthes 'Michael Lee' is a cultivar of a complex manmade hybrid involving N. alata, N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. khasiana, N. rafflesiana, and N. ventricosa. It was bred by Bruce Lee Bednar and Orgel Clyde Bramblett in 1986.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes 'Michael Lee'.
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Nepenthes sanguinea (; from Latin sanguineus "blood red") is a large and vigorous Nepenthes pitcher plant species, native to Peninsular Malaysia and southernmost Thailand, where it grows at 300–1800 metres (1000 to 6000 feet) altitude.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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Nepenthes klossii. WildBorneo.com.my. although it may also occur in grassland. At one location, N. klossii is sympatric with a miniature form of N. maxima at 1700 m and putative hybrids with this species have been recorded there.Evans, D.P. 2009. New Cultivars: Nepenthes maxima ‘Lake Poso’.
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Nepenthes klossii can be distinguished from N. aristolochioides on the basis of its much larger, petiolate laminae. Nepenthes eustachya from Sumatra exhibits considerable variability and occasionally produces hooded upper pitchers that superficially resemble those of N. klossii. However, these species are otherwise easy to distinguish.
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In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10. The natural hybrid Nepenthes × pangulubauensis is named after it.
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Nepenthes fallax. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 10 May 2006.
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A trip to Mount Trus Madi – the Nepenthes wonderland. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 43(1): 19–22.
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N. thai, a new species of Nepenthes from Thailand. International Carnivorous Plant Society forums.Holden, J. 2010.
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Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Unlike most major works on Nepenthes, it included no illustrations.
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Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
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Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu.
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A new conservation initiative: the Rare Nepenthes Collection project. Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(2): 5–6.
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Nepenthes pilosa is classified as Data Deficient on the 2014 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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One new natural hybrid of Nepenthes from Mt. Mulu. The Sarawak Museum Journal 43: 291–294.
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Lower pitcher of "Nepenthes northiana pulchra" in lateral view, from a 1903 article by R. Jarry-Desloges. A year later, R. Jarry-Desloges described the variety Nepenthes northiana var. pulchra.Desloges, J. 1909. Journal de la Societe Imperiale et Centrale d'Horticulture de France, Série IV, 10: 595.
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Nepenthes nigra is a tropical pitcher plant known from a number of mountains across Central Sulawesi, where it grows at elevations of 1500–2700 m above sea level. The specific epithet nigra refers to the dark colouration of the pitchers and stem.Wistuba, A. 2012. Nepenthes nigra.
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Nepenthes bicalcarata was formally described by Joseph Dalton Hooker in his 1873 monograph, "Nepenthaceae", based on specimens collected by Hugh Low and Odoardo Beccari near the Lawas River in Borneo. The type specimen, Low s.n., is deposited at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Schlauer, J. Nepenthes bicalcarata.
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Carnivorous Plant Database. Seven years later, Spencer Le Marchant Moore described Nepenthes dyak, based on a specimen (Teijsmann 10962) collected by Johannes Elias Teijsmann from Kapuas River near Sintang in western Borneo.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42 (1): 1–106.
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Nepenthes bicalcarata plants are the largest in the genus, climbing up to 20 m into the forest canopy. The cylindrical stem is thicker than that of any other Nepenthes species, measuring up to 3.5 cm in diameter. Internodes are up to 40 cm long.Clarke, C.M. 1997.
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Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. In 1997, Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek published their monograph "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", in which they referred to N. dubia plant material from Mount Talang (Kurata s.n. SING).
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. Nepenthes tobaica was formally described in 1928 by Dutch botanist B. H. Danser in his seminal monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies". At the time, the species was already known from numerous herbarium specimens.
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231–233, t. LV. Both of these species are now known to be absent from Sumatra. Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau, in his 1895 work "Die Gattung Nepenthes", was the first to publish N. sumatrana under its present binomial combination,Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes sumatrana .
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In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51. Nepenthes vogelii is thought to be most closely related to N. fusca. It differs from that species in having much smaller pitchers and lacking appendages on the underside of the lid.
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Numerous large glands are present on the underside of the lid, concentrated near the two main lateral veins.Nerz, J., P. Mann, T. Alt & T. Smith 1998. Nepenthes sibuyanensis, a new Nepenthes from Sibuyan, a remote island of the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(1): 18–23.
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The book describes and illustrates 34 species in detail. A further two "undescribed and incompletely diagnosed taxa" are included: Nepenthes species A (later described as N. rigidifolia)Akhriadi, P., Hernawati & R. Tamin 2004. A new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sumatra. Reinwardtia 12(2): 141–144.
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Nepenthes 'Rouge' is a cultivar of a complex manmade hybrid involving N. maxima, N. mirabilis, N. northiana, N. rafflesiana, N. veitchii, and a plant identified as N. thorelii. It was bred by Bruce Lee Bednar and Orgel Clyde Bramblett in 1990.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes 'Rouge' .
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Nepenthes 'Vittata' is a cultivar of a complex manmade hybrid involving N. maxima, N. mirabilis, N. northiana, N. rafflesiana, N. veitchii, and a plant identified as N. thorelii. It was bred by Bruce Lee Bednar and Orgel Clyde Bramblett in 1990.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes 'Vittata' .
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Nepenthes 'Ted Payne' is a cultivar of a manmade hybrid involving N. maxima and N. northiana. This cultivar name is not established as it was published without a description, violating Article 24.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes 'Ted Payne' .
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Nepenthes 'Kalamity' is a cultivar of a complex manmade hybrid involving N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. khasiana, N. rafflesiana, N. ventricosa, and a plant identified as N. anamensis. It was bred by Bruce Lee Bednar and Orgel Clyde Bramblett in 1988.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes 'Kalamity' .
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Nepenthes murudensis is endemic to the summit area of Mount Murud in Sarawak, Borneo, and is the only Nepenthes species endemic to the Kelabit Highlands.Bourke, G. 2010. Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7. It has an altitudinal distribution of 2000–2423 m above sea level.
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Nepenthes surigaoensis is endemic to the Philippine island of Mindanao. It is presently known from only two locations: the Mount Masay massif of the Mabaho Range in northern Mindanao and a "minor peak" of the Pantaron Range in central Mindanao. Gronemeyer, T. 2009. Hochland Nepenthes auf Mindanao.
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Nepenthes attenboroughii (), or Attenborough's pitcher plant, is a montane species of carnivorous pitcher plant of the genus Nepenthes. It is named after the celebrated broadcaster and naturalist Sir David Attenborough,George, A. & K. Austen 2009. #AskAttenborough: Your questions answered. New Scientist, May 15, 2009.Smyth, C. 2009.
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Nepenthes northiana is endemic to the Kuching Division of Sarawak, particularly the hills around the village of Bau. The species has an altitudinal distribution of 0 to 500 m above sea level and is restricted to limestone substrates. Nepenthes northiana growing in large clumps on the limestone cliffs of Bau Nepenthes northiana generally grows in exposed sites on near-vertical limestone cliffs with permanent water seepage. Less commonly it occurs in secondary vegetation on small hills.
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Gronemeyer, T., W. Suarez, H. Nuytemans, M. Calaramo, A. Wistuba, F.S. Mey & V.B. Amoroso 2016. Two new Nepenthes species from the Philippines and an emended description of Nepenthes ramos. Plants 5(2): 23. The book includes accounts of the discovery of all newly described species, as well as new populations of N. attenboroughii, N. holdenii, N. philippinensis and related taxa, N. pitopangii (previously known from a single plant), and an undiagnosed Nepenthes taxon from the Cardamom Mountains of Cambodia.
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With regard to future volumes, McPherson writes: > Although this work addresses all new Nepenthes and novel observations > relating to the genus discovered since 2009, it is specifically titled > Volume One because continuing exploration is likely to reveal additional > Nepenthes species, as well as information that adds to our understanding of > the diversity, ecology and taxonomy of these complex and fascinating plants. > When sufficient observations have been made, it is my intent to publish > further New Nepenthes volumes as required.
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Mey, F.S. (2018). The Biak population of Nepenthes insignis is finally described as a new species: Nepenthes biak. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, 7 January 2018. Nepenthes biak is a member of section Insignes, which also includes 13 other species, mostly from the Philippines: N. aenigma, N. alzapan, N. barcelonae, N. bellii, N. burkei, N. insignis, N. merrilliana, N. northiana (a questionable outlier from Borneo), N. samar, N. sibuyanensis, N. surigaoensis, N. ventricosa, and N. sp.
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His interest in Nepenthes and his knowledge of possible pitcher plant sites have made him a regular member of expeditions in the country in recent years. He is the co-discoverer and co-describer of several new Nepenthes species, including N. attenboroughii,Robinson, A.S., A.S. Fleischmann, S.R. McPherson, V.B. Heinrich, E.P. Gironella & C.Q. Peña 2009. A spectacular new species of Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) pitcher plant from central Palawan, Philippines. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 159(2): 195–202.
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The taxon was also listed as an undescribed species, "Nepenthes sp. B", in Charles Clarke's Nepenthes of Borneo (1997) and Hugo Steiner's Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants (2002). In "Nepenthes of Gunung Murud", an article published in a 1996 issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter, John De Witte describes a hybrid "most probably between N. veitchii and N. stenophylla or N. fusca",De Witte, J. 1996. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 25(2): 41–45.
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Blumea 42(1): 1–106.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Carnivory and myrmecophytism—a contradiction? Studies on Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. and its ants. Tagungsband gtö 2000 13.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.Bourke, G. 2012. Nepenthes appendiculata. In: AIPC Special Issue 4: News of 2011.
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Abstract Nias, and Siberut.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Re: Nepenthes viridis, a new species from Dinagat/Philippines. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, October 23, 2013.
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Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.Hansen, E. 2001.
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Nepenthes mapuluensis has no known natural hybrids.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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Carnivorous Plant Database. Nepenthes mira has no known natural hybrids. No forms or varieties have been described.
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2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
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2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
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Nepenthes northiana has a reputation amongst Nepenthes growers for being difficult to cultivate.Shafer, J. 2003. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 32(2): 49–51. For some time it was speculated that a potting medium involving limestone was necessary to successfully cultivate the species, but this is apparently not the case.
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Clarke 1997, p. 122. Nepenthes rajah is noted for having very large nectar-secreting glands covering its pitchers. These are quite different from those of any other Nepenthes and are easily recognisable. The inner surface of the pitcher, in particular, is wholly glandular, with 300 to 800 glands/cm².
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Not all interactions between Nepenthes and fauna are beneficial to the plant. Nepenthes rajah is sometimes attacked by insects which feed on its leaves and damage substantial portions of the lamina. Also, monkeys and tarsiers are known to occasionally rip pitchers open to feed on their contents.Burbidge 1880.
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Nepenthes bicalcarata has been artificially crossed with N. hirsuta. A particularly robust-pitchered cultivar of this hybrid was named Nepenthes 'Hortulanus Otten', in honour of Karel Otten, former curator of the Botanic Garden in Ghent, Belgium.Cook, D., J.H. Hummer, A. Vogel, O. Gluch & C. Clayton 2004. New Cultivars.
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In 2004, professional horticulturist Robert Sacilotto published a summary of measured tolerances of six highland Nepenthes species, including N. villosa, based on experiments conducted between 1996 and 2001.Sacilotto, R. 2004. Experiments with highland Nepenthes seedlings: a summary of measured tolerances. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33(1): 26–31.
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Nepenthes × kuchingensis is a natural hybrid between N. ampullaria and N. mirabilis. Although it is named after the city of Kuching in Sarawak, this plant has a wide distribution across Borneo, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Thailand. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
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Nepenthes halmahera is a tropical pitcher plant native to the island of Halmahera, North Maluku, Indonesia. In 2015, it was considered confined to the Weda Bay Nickel Project concession area, growing in open areas on ultramafic substrates at altitudes of .Nepenthes halmahera Cheek. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
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It is known only from Mount Talang in Sumatra, to which N. talangensis is endemic. Nepenthes talangensis was only described as a distinct species in 1994.Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994. Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra . Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114.
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The book describes and illustrates 31 species in detail. A further two "undescribed and incompletely diagnosed taxa" are included: Nepenthes sp. A (possibly a form of N. fusca) and Nepenthes sp. B (later described as N. hurrelliana).Cheek, M., M. Jebb, C.C. Lee, A. Lamb & A. Phillipps. 2003.
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Zur taxonomischen Klassifizierung von Nepenthes dentata Kurata und Nepenthes hamatus Turnbull et Middleton. Das Taublatt 9: 4–7. and there was even speculation among growers that N. hamata represented a hybrid involving the "true" species, N. dentata. Schlauer considers N. dentata to be a heterotypic synonym of N. hamata.
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Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. Nepenthes abgracilis, N. cid and N. micramphora are united by aspects of pitcher and stem morphology as well as shared habitat preferences.
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A new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sarawak. Blumea 36(1): 123–125. of N. faizaliana, but the latter is now known to have a round lid (as opposed to narrowly triangular in N. fusca and "Nepenthes sp. A"), suggesting that these two taxa are not closely related.
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. In addition, N. thorelii has wholly ovoid lower pitchers, whereas those of N. bokorensis are only ovate in the basal third, becoming cylindrical above. Nepenthes bokorensis also appears to be closely related to N. kerrii of Thailand.
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With Matthew Jebb, Cheek revised the pitcher plant genus Nepenthes in two major monographs: a skeletal revision in 1997Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. and a more in-depth treatment of the Malesian species for Flora Malesiana in 2001.
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Nepenthes muluensis was first collected by botanist Mitsuru Hotta on March 18, 1964, on Mardi between the third and fourth camps on the western ridge of Mount Mulu, Sarawak. The holotype, M.Hotta 14791d, is deposited at the Botany Department of Kyoto University (KYO).Schlauer, J. 2006. Nepenthes muluensis.
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Nepenthes chaniana (Nepenthaceae), a new species from north-western Borneo. Sabah Parks Nature Journal 7: 53–66. N. gantungensis,McPherson, S., J. Cervancia, C. Lee, M. Jaunzems, A. Fleischmann, F. Mey, E. Gironella & A. Robinson 2010. Nepenthes gantungensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mount Gantung, Palawan, Philippines.
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Nepenthes chang is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Banthad Mountains of central Thailand, where it grows at elevations of 300–600 m above sea level. It is thought to be most closely related to N. kampotiana. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
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Nepenthes kerrii M. Catal. et T. Kruetr. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 32. N. kongkandana has persistent hairs covering the whole plant, and N. suratensis has a caducous indumentum up to 0.3 mm long covering the entire upper part of the plant.
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Individual specimens of a natural hybrid between N. smilesii and N. mirabilis have been recorded from Cambodia.Mey, F.S., L.H. Truong, D.V. Dai & A.S. Robinson 2011. Nepenthes thorelii, an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh, Vietnam. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One.
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Nepenthes 'Boca Rose' is a cultivar of a complex manmade hybrid involving N. maxima, N. mirabilis, N. northiana, N. rafflesiana, N. veitchii, and a plant identified as N. thorelii. It was bred by Bruce Lee Bednar and Orgel Clyde Bramblett in 1990.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes 'Boca Rose' .
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Nepenthes faizaliana was named after Muhammad Khairul Faizal, son of describing author J. H. Adam. In 1997, Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek reduced N. faizaliana to a heterotypic synonym of N. stenophylla in their monograph on the genus.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).
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Nepenthes pantaronensis is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines. It is known only from Mount Sumagaya and the Pantaron Mountain Range of central Mindanao, where it grows in lower and upper montane forest. On Mount Sumagaya it is sympatric with N. sumagayaCheek, M. 2014. Nomen novum Nepenthes.
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Nepenthes hamiguitanensis was formally described by Thomas Gronemeyer, Andreas Wistuba, Volker Heinrich, Stewart McPherson, François Mey, and Victor B. Amoroso, in the second volume of McPherson's Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats, published in July 2010.Nepenthes hamiguitanensis Gronem., Wistuba, V.B.Heinrich, S.McPherson, Mey & V.B.Amoroso. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
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McPherson, S., G. Bourke, J. Cervancia, M. Jaunzems, E. Gironella, A. Robinson & A. Fleischmann 2011. Nepenthes leonardoi (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Palawan, Philippines. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 4–19. It is not sympatric with other Nepenthes species and no natural hybrids involving it have been recorded.
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The name nepenthesin was coined in 1968 by Shigeru Nakayama and Shizuko Amagase. Alternative names for this enzyme include Nepenthes acid proteinase and Nepenthes aspartic proteinase. Two isozymes have been identified in Nepenthes: nepenthesin I and nepenthesin II. The production of large quantities of nepenthesin-1 through heterologous expression in Escherichia coli was described in 2014. The names cephalotusin, dionaeasin and droserasin have been proposed for similar aspartic endopeptidases originating from the carnivorous plant genera Cephalotus, Dionaea and Drosera, respectively.
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Nepenthes distillatoria was the second Nepenthes species to be described in print, after N. madagascariensis. In 1677, Danish physician Thomas Bartholin made brief mention of it under the name Miranda herba, Latin for "marvellous herb". Three years later, Dutch merchant Jacob Breyne referred to this species as Bandura zingalensium, after a local name for the plant. Bandura subsequently became the most commonly used name for the tropical pitcher plants, until Linnaeus coined Nepenthes in 1737.Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996.
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Roger A. Beaver is a biologist who has worked at University College of North Wales, Chiang Mai University, the University of Zambia and the University of the South Pacific. He has published several important papers on Nepenthes infauna, including "Fauna and food webs of pitcher plants in West Malaysia" (1979), "The communities living in Nepenthes pitcher plants: fauna and food webs" (1983), and "Geographical variation in food web structure in Nepenthes pitcher plants" (1985). The species Cryptoxilos beaveri was named in his honour.
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Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232. N. eymae,Kurata, S. 1984.
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Since Nepenthes cannot digest certain bacteria and fungi, the bactericides and fungicides allow plants to maximize nutrient uptake.
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Designated as Low s.n., the specimen is deposited at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Schlauer, J. 2006. Nepenthes edwardsiana.
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Nepenthes hurrelliana (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from Borneo. Sabah Parks Nature Journal 6: 117–124.
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Bourke, G. & R. Nunn 2012. Nepenthes. In: Australian Carnivorous Plants. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 148–167.
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Lee, C.C. 2004. New records and a new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sarawak. Sandakania 15: 93–101.
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Several insectivorous plant species are grown in the garden, including pitcher plants (Nepenthes and Sarracenia) and sundews (Drosera).
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As in most Nepenthes species, the seeds are filiform. They are pale brown and around 7 mm long.
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Two new Nepenthes species! Carnivorous Plants UK, August 28, 2011. Gronemeyer, T. 2011. Neue Nepenthesarten von den Philippinen.
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Examples of other Nepenthes species with a putative hybrid origin include N. hurrelliana, N. murudensis, and N. petiolata.
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The specific epithet northiana honours Marianne North, who first illustrated the species. Nepenthes northiana is one of the most famous Nepenthes, and its discovery in the latter half of the 19th century contributed to Sarawak's reputation as a land of spectacular exotic plants.Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. Pitcher Plants of Sarawak.
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Nepenthes rajah is a carnivorous pitcher plant species of the family Nepenthaceae. It is endemic to Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.Clarke 1997, p. 123. Nepenthes rajah grows exclusively on serpentine substrates, particularly in areas of seeping ground water where the soil is loose and permanently moist.
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Nepenthes ampullaria, unlike other members of its genus, has evolved away from carnivory and the plants are partly detritivores, collecting and digesting falling leaf litter in their pitchers.Moran, J.A., C.M. Clarke & B.J. Hawkins 2003. From carnivore to detritivore? Isotopic evidence for leaf litter utilization by the tropical pitcher plant Nepenthes ampullaria.
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In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant cladogram, showing part of "Clade 6", which includes N. reinwardtiana.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant cladogram, showing part of "Clade 6", which includes N. gracilis.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Nepenthes peltata was formally described by Shigeo Kurata in the January 2008 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society. The herbarium specimen Koshikawa 44 is the designated holotype, and is deposited at the herbarium of the Botany Department of Kyoto University (KYO) in Kyoto, Japan.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes peltata.
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Nepenthes peltata. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 94: 20–21. A small plant with several growth points Nepenthes peltata grows terrestrially in a wide range of habitats, including upper montane mossy forest, secondary vegetation, ridge tops, cliff sides, and landslides. Vegetation is often very stunted in the more exposed sites.
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Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. ); and N. neglecta (which Clarke suggests is a natural hybrid between N. gracilis and N. mirabilis). The monograph also provides brief descriptions of 16 selected natural hybrids.
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The species was formally described as Nepenthes amabilis by Andreas Wistuba, Thomas Gronemeyer, Marius Micheler, David Marwinski, Tobias Gieray, Fulgent Coritico, and Victor B. Amoroso, in a paper that was e-published on 6 June 2014.Nepenthes amabilis Wistuba, Gronem., Micheler, Marwinski, Gieray, Coritico & V.B.Amoroso. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
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Nepenthes palawanensis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sultan Peak on the island of Palawan in the Philippines, where it grows at elevations of 1100–1236 m above sea level. It was discovered in February 2010 by Jehson Cervancia and Stewart McPherson.New Species - Nepenthes palawanensis . Redfern Natural History Productions Ltd.
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Nepenthes talangensis was used in a 2009 study on the effect of prey capture on photosynthetic efficiency, published in the journal Annals of Botany.Pavlovič, A., L. Singerová, V. Demko & J. Hudák 2009. Feeding enhances photosynthetic efficiency in the carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes talangensis. Annals of Botany 104(2): 307–314.
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Nepenthes gymnamphora. Carnivorous Plant Database. Either way, the species bears little resemblance to N. ovata. Nepenthes ovata was formally described in 1994 by Joachim Nerz and Andreas Wistuba. The holotype, Nerz 1601, was collected on March 16, 1989, on the west ridge of Mount Pangulubao at an altitude of 1800 m.
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Nepenthes neoguineensis growing in a clay-based substrate Nepenthes neoguineensis is native to New Guinea and the nearby D'Entrecasteaux Islands, and may also occur on Misool (see N. sp. Misool).McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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A freshly opened upper pitcher in mossy forest on Mount Murud Nepenthes hurrelliana is endemic to Borneo, where it has been recorded from a number of mountains in northern Sarawak, southwestern Sabah, and Brunei.Lee, C.C. 2004. New records and a new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sarawak. Sandakania 15: 93–101.
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Nepenthes zygon is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines. The type specimen originates from a plant cultivated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, grown from seed collected in 1997 by Robert Cantley on Mount Pasian, Mindanao.Smith, L. 2014. Nepenthes zygon: New exotic carnivorous plant discovered... at Kew Gardens.
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Nepenthes clipeata holotype (Hallier 2344). Nepenthes clipeata is characterised by its peltate leaves, whereby the tendril joins the underside of the lamina before the apex. Pitchers are large and can be up to 30 cm high. They are globose at the base and slightly infundibulate (funnel- shaped) in the upper part.
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The only other Bornean Nepenthes species with a similarly developed appendage are N. burbidgeae and N. chaniana. B. H. Danser suggested that N. pilosa is most closely related to N. burbidgeaeDanser, B.H. 1935. Note on a few Nepenthes. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 13(3): 465–469.
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The only known population numbers several thousand individuals. Nepenthes leonardoi is exclusively terrestrial. Its typical habitat is upper montane forest (on the eastern ridge) and upper montane scrub (in the summit area of Schom-carp Peak). It is not sympatric with other Nepenthes species and no natural hybrids have been recorded.
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Cheek, M. 2011. Nepenthes robcantleyi sp. nov. (Nepenthaceae) from Mindanao, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 29(6): 677–681.
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Wistuba, A. 2012. Nepenthes epiphytica. In: AIPC Special Issue 4: News of 2011. Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore. p. 20.
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Cheek, M. 2011. Nepenthes robcantleyi sp. nov. (Nepenthaceae) from Mindanao, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 29(6): 677–681.
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Nepenthes villosa. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 84, t. 5080.Elliot, R.R. 1993. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 22(1–2): 22–25.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012.
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Do you want to tell me about a species I missed? The Carnivorous Plant FAQ.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes naquiyuddinii.
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Nepenthes sibuyanensis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sibuyan Island in the Philippines, after which it is named.
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Kurata, S. 1976. Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu.
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Cribbs, A.B. 1987. An aquatic fungus from pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis. Queensland Naturalist 28: 72–73.Schnell, D.E. 1992.
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Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.McPherson, S.R. 2009.
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Mey, F.S. 2014. Four new species of Nepenthes from the Philippines. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, 27 June 2014.
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Bourke, G. 2010. A new conservation initiative: the Rare Nepenthes Collection project. Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(2): 5–6.
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Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 1999. Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines. Kew Bulletin 54(4): 887–895. Schlauer, J. 2000.
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Nepenthes sumatrana is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Indonesian island of Sumatra, after which it is named.
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Ten Speed Press, Berkeley.Evans, D.P. 2009. New cultivars: Nepenthes maxima ‘Lake Poso’. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 38(1): 18–22.
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Akhriadi, P., Hernawati & R. Tamin 2004. A new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sumatra. Reinwardtia 12(2): 141–144.
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Nepenthes neoguineensis is a tropical pitcher plant native to the island of New Guinea, after which it is named.
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Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 1999. Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines. Kew Bulletin 54(4): 887–895. Schlauer, J. 2000.
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Nepenthes lingulata is more distantly related to the Sumatran species N. densiflora, N. diatas, N. singalana, and N. spathulata.
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The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012.
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Some carnivorous plants, such as pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes, obtain nourishment from the feces of commensal animals.
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Schlauer, J. 2000. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 29(2): 53.Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 1999. Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines.
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Nepenthes attenboroughii: a new species of giant pitcher plant from the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 38(4): 100–101.
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We could find no young plants, but took > cuttings, which the natives said would grow. [...] We at last reached a > narrow, rocky ridge, covered with brushwood, but with thousands of plants of > the beautiful Nepenthes Lowii growing among them. [...] We sent our men on > next morning to wait for us at the cave, while we stayed behind to collect > specimens of the Nepenthes Lowii and the Nepenthes Villosa. The former is, > in my opinion, the loveliest of them all, and its shape is most elegant.
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Nepenthes danseri (; after B. H. Danser, botanist) is a species of tropical pitcher plant. It is known only from the northern coast of Waigeo Island; plants from Halmahera, the largest of the Maluku Islands, are now recognised as belonging to a separate species, N. halmahera. Nepenthes danseri was formally described in 1997 by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their monograph "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", published in the botanical journal Blumea. However, the name N. danseri had already been in use since at least 1994.
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In Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, Charles Clarke mentions an undescribed taxon from Aceh that is intermediate in appearance between N. lavicola and N. spectabilis. It is unlikely to be of hybridogenic origin as it is not sympatric with any other Nepenthes species. Nepenthes rigidifolia also bears a superficial resemblance to N. spectabilis, particularly in the colouration of its pitchers. Apart from its markedly different upper pitchers, N. spectabilis differs from the former in having thin leaves, an unbranched spur, and an apical tendril insertion.
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Clarke, C.M. 1998. Initial colonisation and prey capture in Nepenthes bicalcarata (Nepenthaceae) pitchers in Brunei. Sandakania 12: 27–36.Clarke, C.M. 1998. The aquatic arthropod community of the pitcher plant, Nepenthes bicalcarata (Nepenthaceae) in Brunei. Sandakania 11: 55–60. and by Clarke and Roger Kitching (1993 and 1995),Clarke, C.M. & R.L. Kitching 1993.
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Malesia, III (1886–1890): Rivista delle specie del genere Nepenthes, p. 1–15. but is now considered conspecific with N. bicalcarta. Nepenthes bicalcarata was introduced to Europe in 1879 by British explorer Frederick William Burbidge, who collected plants for the famous Veitch Nursery. These were cultivated to larger size and distributed in 1881.
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Nepenthes merrilliana produces the largest pitchers in the Insignes group and, unlike N. sibuyanensis, has two-flowered pedicels. Furthermore, its pitchers bear a pair of well developed fringed wings. Nepenthes sibuyanensis has also been compared to N. insignis. The former produces one-flowered pedicels, whereas those of N. insignis are two-flowered.
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Clarke, C.M. 1998. Initial colonisation and prey capture in Nepenthes bicalcarata (Nepenthaceae) pitchers in Brunei. Sandakania 12: 27–36.Clarke, C.M. 1998. The aquatic arthropod community of the pitcher plant, Nepenthes bicalcarata (Nepenthaceae) in Brunei. Sandakania 11: 55–60. and by Clarke and Kitching in 1993 and 1995,Clarke, C.M. & R.L. Kitching 1993.
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Global distribution of Nepenthes The genus Nepenthes is mostly found within the Malay Archipelago, with the greatest biodiversity found on Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippines, especially in the Borneo montane rain forests. The full range of the genus includes Madagascar (N. madagascariensis and N. masoalensis), the Seychelles (N. pervillei), Sri Lanka (N.
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Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 19: 449–452. Briggs returned to Mount Trusmadi in 1984, but found only one small group of plants. Nepenthes × trusmadiensis has petiolate leaves measuring up to 50 cm in length. The pitchers of this hybrid are some of the largest of any Bornean Nepenthes species,Briggs, J.G.R. 1984.
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Geologists say that the eruption in April 2005 is connected to the devastating December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The pitcher plant Nepenthes talangensis is named after the mountain and is thought to be endemic to its upper slopes.Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994. Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra .
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Nepenthes suratensis is endemic to coastal regions of Surat Thani Province, Thailand, where it is known from several localities near the town of Kanchanadit. It grows terrestrially in sandy soil and is only found in lowland areas, at altitudes of 0–200 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2011. New Nepenthes: Volume One.
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Nepenthes rowaniae (; after Ellis Rowan, Australian naturalist and illustrator) is a species of pitcher plant endemic to the Cape York Peninsula, Australia. It is closely related to N. mirabilis and was once considered an extreme form of this species.Clarke, C.M. & R. Kruger 2005. Nepenthes rowanae (Nepenthaceae), a remarkable species from Cape York, Australia.
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Nepenthes bellii was formally described by Katsuhiko Kondo in the November–December 1969 issue of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.Nepenthes bellii K.Kondo. International Plant Names Index (IPNI). The designated holotype, Kondo 11514, was collected on April 14, 1968, from a "[s]wimming pool between Hayangobon & Carrascar"Schlauer, J. Nepenthes bellii.
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Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. As for the majority of studied highland Nepenthes (but not lowlanders), this value differed significantly (P < 0.001) from that of distilled water, leading the authors to categorise N. eymae as a viscoelastic species.
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Nepenthes eymae belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. platychila, N. stenophylla, and N. vogelii.Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan.
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Nepenthes eustachya is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows from sea level to an elevation of 1600 m. The specific epithet eustachya, formed from the Greek words eu (true) and stachys (spike), refers to the racemose structure of the inflorescence.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is part of the resultant cladogram, showing "Clade 3", which comprises N. densiflora and three other related species.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is part of the resultant cladogram, showing "Clade 3", which comprises N. diatas and three other related species.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is part of the resultant cladogram, showing "Clade 3", which comprises N. singalana and three other related species.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Nepenthes anamensis is a heterotypic synonym of N. smilesii. Its conservation status appears as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List. Nepenthes smilesii was referred to as N. anamensis throughout most of the 20th century. Further confusion resulted from the erroneous labelling of N. smilesii plants as N. thorelii in the horticultural trade.
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Nepenthes faizaliana belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. eymae, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. platychila, N. stenophylla, and N. vogelii.Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan.
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Nepenthes madagascariensis was the first Nepenthes species to be scientifically described; Étienne de Flacourt recorded it in 1658 under the name Amramatico. He published a description of the plant in his seminal work Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagascar. It reads:de Flacourt, É. 1658. Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagascar.
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Nepenthes klossii belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. maxima, N. platychila, N. stenophylla, and N. vogelii.Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan.
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'Old world' pitcher plants (genus: Nepenthes) are typically characterized as having reduced and symmetrical pitchers with a comprehensive waxy coating on the surface of the inner pitcher wall.Bauer, Ulrike, et al. "Form Follows Function: Morphological Diversification And Alternative Trapping Strategies In Carnivorous Nepenthes Pitcher Plants."Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25.1 (2012): 90–102.
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Masters, M.T. 1884. New garden plants. Nepenthes cincta (Mast.), n. sp.. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 21(540): 576–577.
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Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.Steiner, H. 2002. Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants.
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McPherson, S.R. 2009. Nepenthes micramphora V.Heinrich, S.McPherson, Gronemeyer & Amoroso. In: S.R. McPherson Pitcher Plants of the Old World. Volume 2.
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Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.Steiner, H. 2002. Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants.
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The pitchers of Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle 27(1): 241–242 & 260. and Elmer Drew Merrill (1921).Merrill, E.D. 1921.
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Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines. Kew Bulletin 54(4): 887–895. Schlauer, J. 2000. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 29(2): 53.
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An isotype is held at the National Herbarium of Singapore (SING).Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Nepenthes rajah Nepenthales (Nepenthales Bercht. & J.Presl) is an order of carnivorous flowering plants in the Cronquist system of plant classification.
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The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872(16): 540–542.Masters, M.T. 1881. New garden plants. Nepenthes Mastersiana×, Hort. Veitch.
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The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(415): 748–749.Masters, M.T. 1882. New garden plants. Nepenthes rubro-maculata×, Hort. Veitch.
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The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(423): 143.Dixon, W.E. 1889. Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 6(144): 354.
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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(4): 115.Rice, B. 2007. What is the Nepenthes clipeata Survival Program? The Carnivorous Plant FAQ.
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An upper pitcher of N. maxima from Sulawesi Nepenthes maxima, a species native to Sulawesi, New Guinea, and the Maluku Islands, was once thought to extend to Borneo as well. Some authors even wrote that it was widespread on the island.Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.
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Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo. [video] The 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Tokyo, Japan. (video by Irmgard & Siegfried R. H. Hartmeyer) Nepenthes fusca is also thought to be closely related to Sulawesi's N. eymae, and N. maxima, which is widespread in Sulawesi, New Guinea, and the Maluku Islands.
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Nepenthes glabrata is endemic to Central Sulawesi, where it grows terrestrially in open, high forest. It has an altitudinal distribution of 1600 to 2100 m above sea level. At one location, N. glabrata has been found growing alongside N. maxima and Drosera burmannii at 1600 m.Evans, D.P. 2009. New Cultivars: Nepenthes maxima ‘Lake Poso’.
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Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes suratensis M. Catal. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 36. The lamina shape is also distinct, being linear to lanceolate. Both N. kerrii and N. kongkandana have obovate laminae, whereas those of N. bokorensis are wider (up to 8 cm versus up to 3.5 cm).
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Nepenthes longifolia () is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows at elevations of between 300 and 1100 m above sea level. The specific epithet longifolia, formed from the Latin words longus (long) and folius (leaf), refers to the exceptionally large leaves of this species.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Nepenthes spectabilis is endemic to the Indonesian provinces of North Sumatra and Aceh. Its natural range stretches from the Lake Toba region in the south to Mount Kemiri in the north. It has an altitudinal distribution of 1400–2200 m above sea level. Nepenthes spectabilis grows in mossy forest and stunted upper montane forest.
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In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51. Nepenthes faizaliana appears to be most closely related to N. boschiana. These two species differ in the extent of their indumentums; that of N. faizaliana is well developed and conspicuous, while mature plants of N. boschiana are virtually glabrous.
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Nepenthes distillatoria is endemic to Sri Lanka and is the only Nepenthes species recorded from the island. It grows in waterlogged open scrub, along road embankments and other cleared areas, and in forest. N. distillatoria occurs from sea level to 700 m altitude. Due to its isolation, N. distillatoria has no known natural hybrids.
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Botanists Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek had intended to elevate N. macrophylla to species status since at least 1994Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994. and did so upon the publication of their 1997 monograph "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" in the botanical journal Blumea.
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Nepenthes krabiensis Nepenthes krabiensis is a tropical pitcher plant native to southern Thailand, where it grows at 600–700 m above sea level. It is closely related to N. rosea. The specific epithet krabiensis is derived from the name of Krabi Province, to which it is apparently endemic, and the Latin ending -ensis, meaning "from".
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Nepenthes × merrilliata (; a blend of merrilliana and alata) is a natural hybrid involving N. alata and N. merrilliana. Like its two parent species, it is endemic to the Philippines, but limited by the natural range of N. merrilliana to SamarRobinson, A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012.
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After graduating from university in 2006 at the age of 23, I > began three years of intense research focusing on Nepenthes and Cephalotus, > and spent a cumulative total of eighteen months in the field. Over the last > three years, I climbed over one hundred mountains across Southeast Asia in > search of species of Nepenthes. Many of these journeys were relatively > simple, lasting just a few days or less. Others required more extensive > effort, and in a few cases, I spent more than one week to find a single > Nepenthes taxon.
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In 1996, J. H. Adam and C. C. Wilcock described Nepenthes curtisii subsp. zakriana. Ten years later, Adam and Hafiza A. Hamid elevated it to species status as Nepenthes zakriana (, not ). The authors described the taxon as a Sabah endemic growing at elevations of 1200 to 1500 m. Adam and Hafiza wrote that N. zakriana "consistently differed from Nepenthes fusca by prominent raised midribs, extended beyond apex forming an apical glandular appendages on lower lid surface of both upper and lower pitchers; and basal half portion of the midrib developed in nail-shaped glandular crest".
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Offshoots from an old climbing stem bearing lower pitchers Nepenthes angasanensis and N. mikei are more easily distinguished by their differing ecology. While N. angasanensis is generally found growing terrestrially or epiphytically in shady mossy forest, N. mikei is always terrestrial and favours more exposed sites where it receives strong sunlight. Nepenthes angasanensis also typically produces longer stems, with regular offshoots from the leaf axils, although these have been observed in N. mikei as well. Nepenthes tobaica differs from N. mikei in a number of floral and vegetative features.
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In addition, the mouth of N. inermis × N. talangensis is raised towards the back as opposed to being horizontal. Nepenthes inermis × N. talangensis has been the subject of taxonomic confusion in the past. In a 1973 article on the Nepenthes of Borneo, Singapore, and Sumatra, Shigeo Kurata incorrectly identified specimens of this hybrid as belonging to N. dubia. In 1997, Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek published their monograph "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", in which they referred to N. dubia plant material from Mount Talang (Kurata s.n. SING).
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This taxon is a nomen illegitimum and is now considered synonymous with N. northiana.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes northiana. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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Nepenthes pitopangii appears to be closely related to N. glabrata, from which it differs most obviously in its upper pitcher morphology.
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The beautiful Nepenthes kampotiana x bokorensis. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, 5 October 2016. Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Thailand.
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"New Nepenthes", Stewart McPherson's new release. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, January 4, 2012.Lee, C.C. 2012. New Pitcher Plant Discoveries.
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Lauffenburger, A. 1995. Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids. OmnisTerra. The known ranges of the parent species only overlap in Mindanao, the Philippines.
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Nevertheless, the species remained undescribed until 2002.Schuiteman, A. & E.F. de Vogel 2002. Nepenthes vogelii (Nepenthaceae): a new species from Sarawak.
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N. robcantleyi,Cheek, M. 2011. Nepenthes robcantleyi sp. nov. (Nepenthaceae) from Mindanao, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 29(6): 677–681.
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N. samar,Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes samar (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Samar, Philippines. Blumea 58(1): 82–84.
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2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes danseri has no known natural hybrids. No forms or varieties have been described.
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Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes copelandii has no known natural hybrids.
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Nepenthes vogelii is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo. It is thought to be most closely related to N. fusca.
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Schlauer, J. N.d.. Nepenthes ovata. Carnivorous Plant Database. Many authors consider the latter to be conspecific with N. gymnamphora.McPherson, S.R. 2009.
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Nepenthes inermis. Carnivorous Plant Database. The conservation status of N. inermis is listed as Least concern on the IUCN Red List.
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Phyllocnistis nepenthae is a moth of the family Gracillariidae, known from Sumatra, Indonesia. The hostplant for the species is Nepenthes tobaica.
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Cheek, M. & M. Jebb (2013). Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Blumea, published online on October 24, 2013.
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Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes lingulata grows in upper montane mossy forest.
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A new natural hybrid of Nepenthes from Mt. Kinabalu (Sabah). Reinwardtia 11: 35–40. and N. × sarawakiensis.Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1993.
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Schlauer, J. 2006. Nepenthes fallax. Carnivorous Plant Database. Danser placed N. klossii in the Regiae clade together with 14 other species.
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The first subgeneric division of the Nepenthes was made by Joseph Dalton Hooker in his 1873 monograph, "Nepenthaceae". Hooker distinguished N. pervillei from all other taxa based on its seeds, which lack the appendages typical of most Nepenthes. He placed it in the monotypic section Anourosperma. All other species were subsumed in the second section, Eunepenthes.
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Nepenthes rajah was first collected by Hugh Low on Mount Kinabalu in 1858. It was described the following year by Joseph Dalton Hooker, who named it after James Brooke, the first White Rajah of Sarawak. The description was published in The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London: > Nepenthes Rajah, H. f. (Frutex, 4-pedalis, Low).
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Cheers 1992. Nepenthes × kinabaluensis was first collected near Kambarangoh by Lilian Gibbs in 1910 and later mentioned by Macfarlane as "Nepenthes sp." in 1914.Kurata 1976, p. 64. Although Macfarlane did not formally name the plant, he noted that "[a]ll available morphological details suggest that this is a hybrid between N. villosa and N. rajah".
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Pitchers of Nepenthes rajah collect faecal droppings from both diurnal and nocturnal small mammals and emit fruity odour. Journal of Tropical Ecology 27(4): 347–353. Greenwood, M., C. Clarke, C.C. Lee, A. Gunsalam & R.H. Clarke 2011. A unique resource mutualism between the giant Bornean pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, and members of a small mammal community.
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Nepenthebionts are animals which are specialised to live inside Nepenthes pitchers and are totally dependent on them at least at some stage of their lives. Many species of mosquito larvae fall into this category. Examples include Culex rajah and Toxorhynchites rajah, which are named after Nepenthes rajah, as well as the related species Culex jenseni and Uranotaenia moultoni.
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New Nepenthes: Volume One is a reference work by Stewart McPherson on the pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes. It was published in 2011 by Redfern Natural History Productions and focuses on discoveries made since the release of McPherson's 2009 monograph, Pitcher Plants of the Old World. The book was edited by Alastair Robinson.McPherson, S.R. 2011.
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Nepenthes viridis was discovered in 2007 by Thomas Gronemeyer and Volker Heinrich. An account of this and other discoveries appeared in a 2008 issue of the German-language periodical, Das Taublatt, where the plant was treated as a green form of N. alata. Gronemeyer, T. 2008. Nepenthes auf den Philippinen – ein Reisebericht. Das Taublatt 60: 15–27.
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Nepenthes micramphora is a tropical pitcher plant known only from Mount Hamiguitan on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. It is a highland plant growing at elevations of 1100–1635 m. Nepenthes micramphora is closely allied to N. abgracilis and N. cid, both also from Mindanao, and together these species comprise the informal "N. micramphora group".
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Cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society. Insectivorous Plant Society. The name Nepenthes globosa appeared in print in an article by Shigeo Kurata in the July 2007 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society. The same issue also featured an article by Masahiro Tada that referred to the plant as "Nepenthes Viking".
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Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. But in a 2012 revision of the Nepenthes of Mount Tahan, which included a reappraisal of the taxonomically confused N. alba and N. gracillima, Clarke and Ch'ien Lee concluded that Kiew's concept of N. gracillima had encompassed N. alba, N. benstonei, and N. gracillima.
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Nepenthes jacquelineae was discovered in July 2000 by Charles Clarke and Troy Davis. The plants were found north of Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, growing at an elevation of around 1700 m. The formal description of N. jacquelineae was published in Clarke's 2001 monograph, Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Two collections of plant material were made on July 13, 2000.
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In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51. Nepenthes eymae is very closely allied to the extremely polymorphic N. maxima, which is widespread across Sulawesi, New Guinea, and the Maluku Islands. It differs from this species in its wingless, infundibular and relatively small upper pitchers, ovate lower pitchers, and hastate lid.
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Local and regional-scale food web structure in Nepenthes alata pitchers. Biotropica 30(1): 82–91. In 1997, N. eustachya was once again elevated to species rank by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek, who noted a number of differences between the two taxa. Charles Clarke supported this interpretation in his 2001 monograph, Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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The description was published in Lecomte's Notulae systematicae. Since then, one infraspecific taxon of N. thorelii has appeared in print; Nepenthes thorelii f. rubra was mentioned by Leo C. Song in a 1979 article published in the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter,Song, L.C. 1979. Nepenthes crosses made at California State University, Fullerton. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 8(1): 13.
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Nepenthes smilesii appears most closely allied to N. kongkandana and may be difficult to distinguish from that species. It differs primarily in the shape of its laminae, which are linear to lanceolate with an acute apex, as opposed to obovate with an acuminate apex in the latter. Nepenthes smilesii also differs in having shorter tendrils and a narrower peristome.
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Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013.
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Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013.
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Nepenthes erucoides is an ultramaficolous tropical pitcher plant endemic to Mount Redondo, the highest peak on the Philippine island of Dinagat, where it occurs from 800 m to the summit at 929 m.Robinson, A.S., S.G. Zamudio & R.B. Caballero (2019). Nepenthes erucoides (Nepenthaceae), an ultramaficolous micro-endemic from Dinagat Islands Province, northern Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 423(1): 21–32.
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Nepenthes negros belongs to the informal "N. alata group", which also includes N. alata, N. ceciliae, N. copelandii, N. extincta, N. graciliflora, N. hamiguitanensis, N. kitanglad, N. kurata, N. leyte, N. mindanaoensis, N. ramos, N. saranganiensis, and N. ultra.Cheek, M. & M. Jebb (2013). Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species.
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These field studies on Mount Hamiguitan also included observations of N. micramphora, N. justinaeGronemeyer, T., W. Suarez, H. Nuytemans, M. Calaramo, A. Wistuba, F.S. Mey & V.B. Amoroso 2016. Two new Nepenthes species from the Philippines and an emended description of Nepenthes ramos. Plants 5(2): 23. (then regarded as a form of N. mindanaoensis), and N. peltata.
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Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013.
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Nepenthes gantungensis was formally described by McPherson, Cervancia, Lee, Jaunzems, François Mey, and Alastair Robinson, in the second volume of McPherson's Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats, published in July 2010.Nepenthes gantungensis S.McPherson, Cervancia, Chi.C.Lee, Jaunzems, Mey & A.S.Rob.. International Plant Names Index (IPNI). The specific epithet gantungensis refers to Mount Gantung, the only locality from which it is known.
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He likewise considered N. singalana to be a form of N. sanguinea ("Kaum als Form von N. sanguinea abzutrennen ist: Nepenthes singalana").
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Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102.
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The species is restricted to ultramafic soils.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
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About 170 species of Nepenthes are currently recognised as valid. This number is increasing, with several new species being described each year.
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Burbidge, F.W. 1897. Note on Nepenthes. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 21(2): 256–262. Odoardo Beccari (1886),Beccari, O. 1886.
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Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu. and has not been challenged since.
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Nepenthes burbidgeae × N. fusca has been known since at least the early 1980s, when it was found during an expedition to Sabah.
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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(2): 36-41.Lowrie, A. 2013. Nepenthes rowaniae F.M.Bailey. In: Carnivorous Plants of Australia Magnum Opus - Volume Three.
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Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes pectinata. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006.
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Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes sumatrana. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006.
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NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, 9 September 1994. No forms or varieties of N. diatas have been described.
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Schlauer, J. 1996. N.stenophylla, once again. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, May 31, 1996. Nepenthes faizaliana also bears a resemblance to N. fusca.
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Margret Bunzel-Drüke: ″Projekt Taurus – En økologisk erstatning for uroksen.″ Translated into Danish by Karsten Thomsen. Lohne: ABU 2004; Århus: Nepenthes, 2005.
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New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Danser's work is still referenced by specialists in the field.Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction.
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In 2009 this species was described as a cultivar from the area around Lake Poso in Central Sulawesi: Nepenthes maxima 'Lake Poso'.
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Giant rat-eating nepenthes plant named after David Attenborough. Times Online, August 18, 2009. who is a keen enthusiast of the genus.
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The Discovery of Nepenthes attenboroughii. In: Pitcher Plants of the Old World. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1320–1333.
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.Steiner, H. 2002. Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants.
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Auf der Suche nach Nahrung in die Todesfalle. Über die merkwürdigen Ernährungsgewohnheiten der fleischfressenden Kannenpflanze Nepenthes albomarginata. Forschung Frankfurt 2002(3): 74–77.
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Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
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Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
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Clarke describes it as "primarily an ecological monograph".Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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The species is completely dependent on N. bicalcarata for food and domicile.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(3): 75–77. It may form natural hybrids with N. paniculata.Rediscovery of Nepenthes paniculata. [video] Redfern Natural History Productions.
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Nepenthes glabrata is a climbing plant growing to a height of 13 m.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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A third specimen, Nepenthes Team NP 384, is also deposited at the herbarium. The species is named after Charles Clarke's wife, Jacqueline Clarke.
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It is designated as E.Modigliani s.n. and is specimen FI-HB 7485 at the Herbarium Beccarianum in Florence, Italy.Schlauer, J. 2006. Nepenthes beccariana.
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In an interview with The Hoopoe, McPherson explained his reasons for writing the book and the extensive field work that it involved:Pitcher Plants of the Old World – An Interview with Stewart McPherson. The Hoopoe, August 10, 2009. > I prepared Pitcher Plants of the Old World in response to the lack of > available information on dozens of species of Nepenthes. Since many species > of Nepenthes are not in cultivation, and also because there is often > confusion concerning those that are, I resolved to study and photograph each > species of Nepenthes and Cephalotus in the wild, in order to document each > adequately.
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An absence of evidence of intermediate species, fossil or living (i.e. a missing link), does not allow forming a phylogenetical timeline for the development of the distinctive traits of modern Nepenthes, which include its relatively rare strict dioecy and carnivorous pitchers. Although Nepenthes is distantly related to several modern genera, among these, even the carnivorous relatives [the sundews (Drosera), Venus flytrap (Dionea muscipula), waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda), and dewy pine (Drosophyllum)], all lack those traits. Among known Nepenthes, no protomodern characteristics or large variations are found, which suggests that all extant species radiated from a single close ancestor bearing all the modern traits.
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Nepenthes faizaliana also bears a resemblance to N. fusca. In their description of the former, J. H. Adam and C. C. Wilcock distinguished these taxa on the basis of inflorescence structure, the size of the glandular region on the inner surface of upper pitchers, and the development and characteristics of the indumentum. Nepenthes fusca also differs in having a very narrow pitcher lid, as opposed to the orbicular lid of N. faizaliana. Nepenthes platychila, another closely allied species, differs from N. fusca in having a much wider peristome and lid, and lacking appendages on its lower lid surface.
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More generally, N. bellii appears to fall under B. H. Danser's classical Insignes group, which also includes N. burkei, N. insignis, N. merrilliana, and N. ventricosa, among others, with N. sibuyanensis, N. barcelonae and N. aenigma being recent additions. Nepenthes bellii was also compared to N. micramphora in the formal description of the latter, in which the authors noted that the stem, laminae and inflorescence of N. micramphora match those of N. bellii "almost exactly".Heinrich, V., S.R. McPherson, T. Gronemeyer & V.B. Amoroso 2009. Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae), a new species of Nepenthes L. from southern Mindanao, Philippines.
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During the dry season, this substrate can become very hot and dry, hardening considerably as a result. Nepenthes kerrii is not sympatric with any other Nepenthes species in the wild and no natural hybrids involving it have been recorded. In Pitcher Plants of the Old World, Stewart McPherson writes that populations of N. kerrii "are extremely inaccessible and not threatened at present".
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Nepenthes hamiguitanensis—which would be described in McPherson's next book, Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats—is treated here as a natural hybrid between N. micramphora and N. peltata.Gronemeyer, T., A. Wistuba, V. Heinrich, S. McPherson, F. Mey & A. Amoroso 2010. Nepenthes hamiguitanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mindanao Island, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats.
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Wistuba, A. 2012. Nepenthes- Neuigkeiten von Mindanao (Philippinen) - Teil 2. G.F.P. Forum, September 3, 2012. Wistuba, A. 2012. Nepenthes-Neuigkeiten von Mindanao (Philippinen) - Teil 3. G.F.P. Forum, September 9, 2012. This followed field work by a team comprising Tobias Gieray, Thomas Gronemeyer, Marius Micheler, David Marwinski, and Andreas Wistuba, though only the last three studied N. viridis in situ that year.
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The taxonomy presented in Nepenthes of Borneo almost wholly agrees with that of Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek's 1997 monograph, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)". Clarke makes only two major revisions: restoring N. faizaliana as a distinct species and sinking N. borneensis in synonymy with N. boschiana.Kurata, S. 2002. Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference: 111–116.
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The plant, called Utricaria vegetabilis zeylanensium, is undoubtedly N. distillatoria. Cantharifera as illustrated in Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinensis, Volume 5, published in 1747, although probably drawn in the late 17th century. The vine on the right is not a Nepenthes, but a species of Flagellaria. Around the same time, German botanist Georg Eberhard Rumphius discovered two new Nepenthes species in the Malay Archipelago.
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Nepenthes mantalingajanensis shows affinities to members of the N. villosa complex of species, which are localised on ultramafic soils in the north of Borneo and in the highlands of Palawan and Mindanao. The N. villosa complex is thought to have originated from a common ancestor in Borneo.Kurata, S. 2008. Nepenthes peltata (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from the Philippines.
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In 1936, Hermann Harms once again split the two species. In Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu, published in 1976, Shigeo Kurata supported this interpretation based on field observations and reference to the type descriptions. Nepenthes macrophylla was originally described in 1987 as a subspecies of N. edwardsiana by Johannes Marabini. It was later elevated to species status by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek.
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Experiments with highland Nepenthes seedlings: a summary of measured tolerances. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33(1): 26–31. Sacilotto found N. fusca to be tolerant of a wide range of conditions; with the exception of plants not treated with fungicides, no test groups showed a survival rate of less than 75%. Nepenthes fusca was found to tolerate temperatures in the range of .
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Carnivorous Plant Database. Hotta described the species in 1966, naming it after Mount Mulu, to which it was thought to be endemic. The description did not cover the lower pitchers of this species, which were unknown at the time. Nepenthes muluensis was the first Nepenthes species to be described in 26 years (after N. densiflora in 1940)Danser, B.H. 1940.
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Nepenthes benstonei is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is known with certainty only from the summits of low hills in Kelantan and northern Terengganu, and from Mount Tahan in Taman Negara, Pahang. The species has a relatively wide altitudinal range of 150 to 1350 m above sea level. Nepenthes benstonei grows terrestrially among open, secondary vegetation, where it is exposed to direct sunlight.
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The androphore is around 4 mm long and 1 mm in diameter. Nepenthes rigidifolia is one of the few Nepenthes species known to occasionally produce multiple inflorescences concurrently on a single stem. This unusual reproductive habit has also been observed in N. alba, N. ampullaria, N. attenboroughii, N. benstonei, N. philippinensis, N. sanguinea, and N. thai.Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2009.
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The first known collection of N. chang was made by Arthur Francis George Kerr in 1929. This specimen, Kerr 17727, was collected at an elevation of around 600 m from Khao Kuap, Trat Province, Thailand. It is deposited at the Bangkok Herbarium (BK). Nepenthes chang was formally described by Marcello Catalano in his 2010 book, Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio.
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An upper pitcher of N. × pyriformis Nepenthes inermis is known to hybridise with N. talangensis on the upper slopes of Mount Talang, where the two species grow sympatrically. N. talangensis was only described as a distinct species in 1994.Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994. Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra . Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114.
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Nepenthes izumiae may also bear a resemblance to N. bongso and N. ovata, but both of these species have entirely infundibular upper pitchers and often have spathulate laminae with glabrous margins. Nepenthes spathulata could also be confused with N. izumiae, but it can be distinguished on the basis of its wider laminae and pitchers, the latter typically also being lighter in colouration.
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Nepenthes vieillardii (; after Eugène Vieillard, collector of plants from New Caledonia and Tahiti between 1861 and 1867) is a species of pitcher plant endemic to the island of New Caledonia. Its distribution is the most easterly of any Nepenthes species. Its natural habitat is shrublands or forests, to about altitude. Tripteroides caledonicus mosquitoes breed in the pitchers of this species.
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The upper altitudinal limit of N. longifolia is given as 1200 m in a comparison table on page 158 of Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, but appears as 1100 m elsewhere in the book, and this latter value is the one included in subsequent works on the genus.McPherson, S.R. 2011. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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They are by far the largest of the traps produced by this species, reaching 30 cm in height and 15 cm in width. As in many Nepenthes species, the wings are reduced to ribs in aerial pitchers. The mouth has a distinctive raised section at the front, a feature also exhibited by the related N. rafflesiana. Nepenthes sumatrana has a racemose inflorescence.
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Nepenthes lamii was formally described by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their 1997 monograph, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)". The authors distinguished it from N. vieillardii on the basis of a number of features of pitcher and indumentum morphology. They selected the holotype and isotype specimens from the Lam 1637 series; both are deposited at Herbarium Bogoriense.Schlauer, J. N.d.
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Nepenthes eustachya was probably first collected in February 1856 by Johannes Elias Teijsmann on the Sumatran coast near the port town of Sibolga. This specimen, Teijsmann 529, was designated as the lectotype of N. eustachya by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their 1997 monograph.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
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In the wild, N. ovata occurs sympatrically with a number of different Nepenthes species. At least five natural hybrids involving N. ovata has been recorded, four of which are found on Mount Pangulubao. Nepenthes ovata × N. spectabilis is known to occur along the summit trail of Mount Pangulubao. This hybrid produces pitchers roughly intermediate in appearance between its parent species.
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Botanical illustration of N. kurata from Cheek and Jebb's type description. This taxon was subsequently synonymised with N. ramos. Nepenthes kurata was described in 2013 as a species known only from Mount Malindang in Misamis Occidental Province, Mindanao, where it was recorded at 1400 m altitude. This would make it one of the most westerly known Nepenthes species in Mindanao.
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The dense reddish-brown indumentum of N. hurrelliana is one of the most conspicuous of any Nepenthes species. The upper surface of the lid has rusty-brown hairs, while the lower surface only bears them along its margins. Unusually for Nepenthes, hairs are present even on the upper surface of the lamina and on the glandular crest of the lid.
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Nepenthes distillatoria (; New Latin, from Latin: destillo "to distill", -oria, adjectival ending; "something from which a liquid is distilled", i.e., pitcher) is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sri Lanka. It was the second Nepenthes species to be described in print and the first to be formally named under the Linnaean system of taxonomy. It is therefore the type species of the genus.
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Nepenthes hamiguitanensis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to a single peak on the Philippine island of Mindanao, where it grows at elevations of 1200–1600 m above sea level. Once thought to be a natural hybrid between N. micramphora and N. peltata, this plant is now considered a species of possible hybridogenic origin.McPherson, S.R. 2010. Four new species of Nepenthes.
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Nepenthes attenboroughii was discovered by Alastair Robinson, Stewart R. McPherson and Volker B. Heinrich in June 2007, during a 2 month research expedition to catalogue the different species of pitcher plant found across the Philippine Archipelago.European botanists find new Palawan plant. Manila Bulletin, October 16, 2007. The expedition was initiated after missionaries reported seeing giant Nepenthes on the mountain in 2000.
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Nepenthes pitopangii is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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It has also been compared to N. truncata.Macfarlane, J.M. 1927. The Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Philippine Journal of Science 33(2): 127–140.
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Kurata, S. 2008. Nepenthes peltata (Nepenthaceae), a New Species of Pitcher Plant from the Philippines. Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society 59(1): 12–17.
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Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur. and SingaporeGreen, S. 1967. Notes on the distribution of Nepenthes species in Singapore. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 22: 53–65.
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Nepenthes naquiyuddinii was described in 2006 by J. H. Adam and Hafiza A. Hamid.Fong, L.F. 2007. New pitcher species . The Star, May 11, 2007.
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Phanga Nga (later described as N. mirabilis var. globosa),Catalano, M. 2010. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 40. N. sp.
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The work represented the first revision of the entire genus since John Muirhead Macfarlane's 1908 monograph.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. The species produces attractive funnel-shaped pitchers up to 25 cm high.
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. This interpretation has been followed by subsequent authors.Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae.
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A unique resource mutualism between the giant Bornean pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, and members of a small mammal community. PLoS ONE 6(6): e21114.
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Natural hybrids with N. kampotiana have been recorded.Mey, F.S. 2016. The beautiful Nepenthes kampotiana x bokorensis. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, 5 October 2016.
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2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. The infraspecific taxon Nepenthes carunculata var. robusta was described in 1994 by Joachim Nerz and Andreas Wistuba.
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Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp.
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N. jacquelineae, N. jamban,Lee, C.C., Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. Two new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North Sumatra. Blumea 51(3): 561–568.
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42 (1): 1–106.Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies.
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Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013.
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Nepenthes insignis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to New Guinea and surrounding islands. The specific epithet insignis is Latin for "distinguished" or "remarkable".
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Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. It was rediscovered in 1997, several hundred kilometres from the type locality.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.Nunn, R. & C.N.A. Vu 2016. An account of the Nepenthes species of Vietnam. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 45(3): 93–101.
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However, in his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N. hamiguitanensis as N. micramphora × N. peltata.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes hamiguitanensis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N. gantungensis as a heterotypic synonym of N. deaniana.Schlauer, J. Nepenthes gantungensis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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Nepenthes palawanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Sultan Peak, Palawan Island, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2.
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Nepenthes rafflesiana cultivated in England as illustrated in The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, 1872. Nepenthes rafflesiana was discovered by Dr. William Jack in 1819. In a letter from Singapore published in Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Jack wrote the following account: > It is impossible to conceive anything more beautiful than the approach to > Singapore, through the Archipelago of islands that lie at the extremity of > the Straits of Malacca. Seas of glass wind among innumerable islets, clothed > in all the luxuriance of tropical vegetation and basking in the full > brilliance of a tropical sky... I have just arrived in time to explore the > woods before they yield to the axe, and have made many interesting > discoveries, particularly of two new and splendid species of pitcher-plant > [Nepenthes rafflesiana and Nepenthes ampullaria], far surpassing any yet > known in Europe.
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Nepenthes erucoides co-localizes with N. mindanaoensis (with which it hybridizes) and N. bellii (in zones of dense, protective vegetation). Nepenthes truncata occurs within the extent of the elfin forest below the 800 meter elevation band, N. merrilliana occurring regionally at elevations below 600 meters. The caterpillar-like emerging growths of this Nepenthes account for the species name erucoides The specific epithet erucoides, formed from the Latin eruca (caterpillar) and Greek -oides (resembling), refers to the densely hairy developing leaves, but particularly the tendrils, which are said to resemble the "exuberantly hairy caterpillars of certain erebid macromoths from the subfamily Arctiinae, such as those of the genus Arctia". The description describes this species as having perhaps the densest indumentum of any Nepenthes in its emerging foliage, but notes that this hair is rapidly dropped as the leaves develop.
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New Cultivars. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 17(1): 20. Two further cultivars of manmade hybrids involving N. bicalcarata have been named. These are Nepenthes 'Bella' ((N.
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Nepenthes burbidgeae appeared as an unnamed species in Burbidge's 1880 book The Gardens of the Sun.Burbidge, F.W. 1880. The Gardens of the Sun. Murray, London.
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Bohart, R.M. 1956. Insects Micronesia 12(1): 1–85.Mogi, M. 2010. Unusual life history traits of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) inhabiting Nepenthes pitchers.
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Nepenthes edwardsiana is most closely related to N. macrophylla and N. villosa. There has been much taxonomic confusion surrounding the status of these three taxa.
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Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 3: Mt. Trusmadi and Mt. Alab. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 109: 6–15.
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Nepenthes fusca was found to respond well to a quarter-strength fertilizer that was applied to the pitchers. Ants were also an effective food source.
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Nepenthes papuana is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to New Guinea. The specific epithet papuana is derived from Papua, an alternative name for the island.
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The Pinnacle Karst of Gunung Api, Mulu, Sarawak. Cave and Karst Science 22(3): 123–126.Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park.
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Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Charles Clarke suggests that it may occur in mossy forest. Nepenthes mollis has no known natural hybrids.McPherson, S.R. 2009.
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Nepenthes mollis has no nomenclatural or taxonomic synonyms. Its conservation status is listed as Data Deficient on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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These activities have already depleted populations of this species on the mountain and it is thought to be the most endangered highland Nepenthes of Borneo.
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Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu. Tendrils of Cuscuta, a parasitic plant, are guided by airborne chemicals, and only twine around suitable hosts.
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Nepenthes kerrii was formally described by Marcello Catalano and Trongtham Kruetreepradit in Catalano's 2010 book, Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. The description was reviewed by Alastair Robinson, while Andreas Fleischmann provided the Latin translation. Kerr 14127 was designated as the holotype. Contrary to McPherson's interpretation, Catalano and Kruetreepradit excluded the Langkawi taxon from their circumscription of N. kerrii and identified N. kongkandana as its closest relative.
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Nepenthes spathulata is also known to grow terrestrially in high altitude peat swamp forest near Lake Kerinci, at an altitude of 1100 m. At this location, N. spathulata grows alongside N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. mirabilis, N. reinwardtiana, and N. tobaica. At least three natural hybrids of N. spathulata have been recorded there. The Nepenthes species and hybrids at this site exhibit high levels of introgression.
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At the time, however, no experimental data existed to support such a hypothesis. A series of observations and experiments carried out in Brunei by Charles Clarke (published in 1992 and 1998),Clarke, C.M. 1992. The ecology of metazoan communities in Nepenthes pitcher plants in Borneo, with special reference to the community of Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. Ph.D. thesis, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales.
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The plant is widespread in north-western Borneo and can also be found in parts of Kalimantan. Nepenthes veitchii usually grows as an epiphyte, though the form from Bario seems to be strictly terrestrial and has not been observed to climb trees. Frederick William Burbidge described the growth habit of N. veitchii in The Gardeners' Chronicle as follows:Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes.
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Nepenthes sp.. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, XLII. It was finally described in 1976 by Shigeo Kurata as N. × kinabaluensis. The name was published in Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu, but it is a nomen nudum, as it had an inadequate description and lacked information on the type specimen. The name was subsequently republished by Kurata in 1984Kurata, S. 1984. Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society 35: 65.
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In their review for the journal Phytotaxa, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz and Michael F. Fay wrote: > This is to date the only publication dealing with the genus Nepenthes > throughout its geographical range. He [McPherson] humbly refers the reader > to other taxonomic works, but these are all regional treatments. The level > of information provided on all the species of Nepenthes is outstanding and > has no precedent.
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At present, N. peltata has only been recorded from the upper slopes of Mount Hamiguitan on the Philippine island of Mindanao. Much of the surrounding region has not been explored for Nepenthes, therefore this species may yet be found in other parts of southern Mindanao. Nepenthes peltata has an altitudinal distribution that stretches from 865 m above sea level to the summit at 1635 m.McPherson, S. 2009.
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While N. peltata tolerates shady conditions, it grows best under direct sunlight. Like many of its close relatives, N. peltata is restricted to ultramafic substrates. On Mount Hamiguitan, it grows together with N. alata (sensu lato), N. justinaeGronemeyer, T., W. Suarez, H. Nuytemans, M. Calaramo, A. Wistuba, F.S. Mey & V.B. Amoroso 2016. Two new Nepenthes species from the Philippines and an emended description of Nepenthes ramos.
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Prior to this it was placed within N. bongso and some of the older literature identifies this hybrid as N. bongso × N. inermis. Nepenthes inermis × N. talangensis has been the subject of taxonomic confusion in the past. In an article published in 1973 on the Nepenthes of Borneo, Singapore, and Sumatra, botanist Shigeo Kurata incorrectly identified specimens of this hybrid as belonging to N. dubia.
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At the time, however, no experimental data existed to support such a hypothesis. A series of observations and experiments carried out in Brunei by Charles Clarke in 1992 and 1998,Clarke, C.M. 1992. The ecology of metazoan communities in Nepenthes pitcher plants in Borneo, with special reference to the community of Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. Ph.D. thesis, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales. 269 pp.
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On Mount Hamiguitan, N. micramphora is sympatric with N. alata (sensu lato), N. justinaeGronemeyer, T., W. Suarez, H. Nuytemans, M. Calaramo, A. Wistuba, F.S. Mey & V.B. Amoroso 2016. Two new Nepenthes species from the Philippines and an emended description of Nepenthes ramos. Plants 5(2): 23. (previously identified as N. mindanaoensis), and N. peltata, and grows in the same altitudinal range as N. hamiguitanensis.
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Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu. The only accessible location from which this hybrid is known is the Kinabalu summit trail, between Layang-Layang and the helipad, where it grows at about 2900 m in a clearing dominated by Dacrydium gibbsiae and Leptospermum recurvum trees. Nepenthes × kinabaluensis has an altitudinal distribution of 2420 to 3030 m.
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In his 1997 monograph, Nepenthes of Borneo, Charles Clarke lists the undescribed taxon "Nepenthes sp. A", which has been recorded from Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak. It bears a close resemblance to N. fusca and may be conspecific with it, although its colouration is unusual for the species. The pitchers of this plant match J. H. Adam and C. C. Wilcock's descriptionAdam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1991.
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Nepenthes mantalingajanensis was first collected on Mount Mantalingajan in 1992, during a botanical expedition to the summit of the mountain by botanists G. C. G. Argent and E. M. Romero.Robinson, A.S., A.S. Fleischmann, S.R. McPherson, V.B. Heinrich, E.P. Gironella & C.Q. Peña 2009. A spectacular new species of Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) pitcher plant from central Palawan, Philippines. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 159(2): 195–202.
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Prior to this it was placed within N. bongso and some of the older literature identifies this hybrid as N. bongso × N. inermis. Nepenthes inermis × N. talangensis has been the subject of taxonomic confusion in the past. In an article published in 1973 on the Nepenthes of Borneo, Singapore, and Sumatra, Shigeo Kurata incorrectly identified specimens of this hybrid as belonging to N. dubia.
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N. vogelii produces much smaller and more colourful pitchers than the closely related N. fusca Nepenthes vogelii belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. platychila, and N. stenophylla.Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan.
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Growing Nepenthes in a Completely Inorganic Substrate. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 29(2): 50–53. Where the species does occur it is common and may form dense clumps, such as those growing beside the road from Sibolga to Tarutung in North Sumatra. Nepenthes eustachya grows in close proximity to a number of other lowland species, including N. albomarginata, N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. longifolia, and N. sumatrana.
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Upper pitchers were first reported in 1993 Nepenthes rhombicaulis was first collected by Shigeo Kurata on March 29, 1972, on Mount Pangulubao at an altitude of between 1700 and 1900 m above sea level. The species was mentioned by name in a 1972 issueKurata, S. 1972. Biology of Nepenthes. The Heredity 26(10): 43–51. (volume 26, number 10, page 44) of The Heredity.
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It sets a > higher standard for carnivorous plant publications and fills a significant > gap in published information on a centre of diversity for a large (both in > stature and number of taxa) carnivorous plant. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia was also reviewed by Ivo Koudela in a 2002 issue of Trifid. Koudela, I. 2002. Recenze - Charles Clarke: "Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia".
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Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Arnold, London. This would tend to support the status of N. murudensis as a species, since populations of this taxon appear to be stabilised as well as highly homogeneous, and it is one of the most abundant Nepenthes on the summit ridge of Mount Murud. Examples of other Nepenthes species with a putative hybrid origin include N. hamiguitanensis, N. hurrelliana, and N. petiolata.
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The carnivorous plant Nepenthes deaniana has pitcher elements that are obconic in shape to capture insects.M.R. Cheek and M.H.P. Jebb (1999) Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines. Kew Bulletin 54(4): 887–895. The hypanthium of the western USA plant Heuchera rubescens has one subspecies with an obconic structure, while several other subspecies have alternative hypantium geometries, so that the obconic characteristic is a subspecies determinant and diagnostic.
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Benedictus Hubertus Danser (May 24, 1891, Schiedam – October 18, 1943, Groningen), often abbreviated B. H. Danser, was a Dutch taxonomist and botanist. Danser specialised in the plant families Loranthaceae, Nepenthaceae, and Polygonaceae. In 1928, Danser published an exhaustive revision of the genus Nepenthes, recognising 65 species in "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies". While nowadays more than 140 species of Nepenthes are known,McPherson, S.R. 2011.
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Nepenthes macrophylla is most closely related to ' and '. In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N. macrophylla as a possible synonym of N. villosa. Nepenthes macrophylla differs from both of these species in the structure of its peristome. Although highly developed, the peristome ribs and teeth of N. macrophylla are considerably shorter and more widely spaced than those of either N. edwardsiana or N. villosa.
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Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore. A fourth special issue was published in 2012 to cover the many carnivorous plant taxa described the previous year. This issue is also available in English. Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore. Nepenthes rosea was formally described as a new species in the December 2014 issue of AIPC Magazine, Catalano, M. 2014. Nepenthes rosea, una nuova specie dalla Thailandia peninsulare. AIPC Magazine 36: 24–31.
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Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes sp. Misool is not currently threatened in the wild.
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Rembold, K. 2009. Life in Nepenthes Pitchers. In: McPherson, S.R. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 121–141.
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Carnivorous Plant Database. A duplicate specimen is held at the New York Botanical Garden.Specimen Details: Nepenthes burbidgei Hook. f. ex Burb.. The New York Botanical Garden.
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Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Their smells can range from sweet to musty or fungus-like.
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Carnivorous Plants in the tropics. They bear reduced fringed wings or ribs. Nepenthes mapuluensis has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 7 cm long.
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It grows in highland habitats at elevations of 1700 to 2400 m above sea level.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Although labelled as "new species?", the specimen was largely overlooked for over 30 years.
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However, the description was invalid as it lacked a Latin diagnosis.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
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In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N. junghuhnii (sensu Macfarlane) as a possible synonym of N. bongso.Schlauer, J. Nepenthes junghuhnii. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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Fully-grown timber trees are found inside the forest beyond the coast. There are also pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp.), which managed to survive the coastal habitat.
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Nepenthes mikei may be difficult to find on Mount Pangulubao,Clarke, C.[M.] 1997. Another nice trip to Sumatra. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10.
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It is restricted to Mount Trus Madi, where both of its parent species are sympatric.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Nepenthes × trusmadiensis is restricted to the summit ridge of Mount Trus Madi and has been recorded from elevations of 2500 to 2600 m above sea level.
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Nepenthes saranganiensis (; "from Sarangani") is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippine island of Mindanao.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. The authors retained this synonymy in their 2001 monograph, "Nepenthaceae".
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It is quite rare outside Brunei, despite its parent species being more widespread throughout Borneo.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. to 2000 m above sea level.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
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Volume 1. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 176–180. Examples include the pitcher plants Nepenthes campanulata and Heliamphora exappendiculata, many Pinguicula and several Utricularia species.
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Nepenthes attenboroughii is assessed as Critically Endangered by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) on account of its restricted distribution and the threat posed by plant poachers.
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Incorporating ecological context: a revised protocol for the preservation of Nepenthes pitcher plant specimens (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 56(3): 225–228. Davies, E. 2012. David Attenborough's life lessons.
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Nepenthes reinwardtiana is a tropical pitcher plant native to Borneo and SumatraMcPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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Highlighting Nepenthes variation within a species. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, July 3, 2014. but generally grow to 25 cm in height by 6 cm in width.
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Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Nepenthes glandulifera is not known to form natural hybrids with any other species.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World.
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Although intended to become scientific names, they were never published with an adequate description and are thus considered nomina nuda.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes rigidifolia. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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Nepenthes wilkiei was described by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in 1998. This taxon was subsequently found to be conspecific with N. philippinensis.Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 1999.
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Nepenthes ovata is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. The specific epithet ovata is Latin for "ovate" and refers to the shape of the lower pitchers.
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Putative natural hybrids between N. mirabilis and N. thorelii have been recorded.Mey, F.S. 2012. Virtual Nepenthes herbarium on "Europeana". Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, December 19, 2012.
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Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Nepenthes distillatoria was again described in 1683, this time by Swedish physician and naturalist Herman Niklas Grim.
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Rembold, K., E. Fischer, B.F. Striffler & W. Barthlott 2012. Crab spider association with the Malagasy pitcher plant Nepenthes madagascariensis. African Journal of Ecology 51(1): 188–191.
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Nepenthes geoffrayi is a heterotypic synonym of N. kampotiana. In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N. kampotiana as a heterotypic synonym of N. smilesii.
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Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(39): 14138–14143.Moran, J.A., B.J. Hawkins, B.E. Gowen & S.L. Robbins 2010. Ion fluxes across the pitcher walls of three Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species: flux rates and gland distribution patterns reflect nitrogen sequestration strategies. Journal of Experimental Botany 61(5): 1365–1374.
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Natural habitat of N. bicalcarata Nepenthes bicalcarata is endemic to Borneo. It is most common in the peat swamp forests of the western coast of the island, which stretch across Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan, and Brunei. There it often grows in the shade of the ubiquitous dipterocarp Shorea albida. Nepenthes bicalcarata also occurs in kerangas forest and has even been recorded from white sand heath forests in Sarawak and East Kalimantan.
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Nepenthes viridis is closely allied to the N. alata group of species, which includes N. alata, N. ceciliae, N. copelandii, N. extincta, N. graciliflora, N. hamiguitanensis, N. kitanglad, N. kurata, N. leyte, N. mindanaoensis, N. negros, N. ramos, N. saranganiensis, and N. ultra.Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23.
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N. jamban (left) and N. lingulata (right) in Sumatran upper montane forest This list of Nepenthes species is a comprehensive listing of all known species of the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes. It includes 177 recognised extant species, 2 incompletely diagnosed taxa, and 3 nothospecies. Three possible extinct species are also covered. The official IUCN conservation status of each species is taken from the latest edition of the IUCN Red List.
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The species entered cultivation in 1998, prior to receiving a formal description; plants in cultivation were generally referred to as Nepenthes spec. Palawan 1. Nepenthes mantalingajanensis was formally described by Joachim Nerz and Andreas Wistuba in a 2007 issue of Das Taublatt. The herbarium specimen J.Nerz & A.Wistuba P001 is the designated holotype, and is deposited at the herbarium of the Institut für Biologie I at the University of Tübingen (TUB).
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The first known collection of N. suratensis was made by Arthur Francis George Kerr in 1927. This specimen, Kerr 13136, was collected at sea level from Kanchanadit, Surat Thani Province, Thailand. It is deposited at the Bangkok Herbarium (BK). The holotype and earliest known specimen of N. suratensis (Kerr 13136) Nepenthes suratensis was formally described by Marcello Catalano in his 2010 book, Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio.
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Extensive field work in the region has established the species's present range "with a high degree of confidence" and a wider distribution across Thailand is therefore unlikely. Nepenthes suratensis is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species on account of the surveyed subpopulation's predicted decline of ≥80% over the next three years as a result of planned urban development. Nepenthes suratensis has no known natural hybrids.
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Nepenthes ramispina (; from Latin ramus "branch" and spina "spine, spur") is a highland Nepenthes pitcher plant species, native to Peninsular Malaysia. It was once regarded as being similar to N. gracillima, but studies of the two species in nature have shown that they are readily distinguishable in isolation, N. gracillima being far more readily confused with N. macfarlanei in its rosette stage.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World.
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Nepenthes dubia produces thick, mucilaginous pitcher liquid similar to that found in related species such as N. inermis. The pitchers of N. inermis function not only as pitfall traps but also as flypaper traps, with the sticky inner walls trapping flying insects above the surface of the fluid. A similar trapping method may be employed by N. dubia. Nepenthes like N. jamban also use this method with mucilaginous pitcher fluid.
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Nepenthes ultra is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippine island of Luzon, where it grows at low altitude on ultramafic soils (hence the name). Nepenthes ultra belongs to the informal "N. alata group", which also includes N. alata, N. ceciliae, N. copelandii, N. extincta, N. graciliflora, N. hamiguitanensis, N. kitanglad, N. kurata, N. leyte, N. mindanaoensis, N. negros, N. ramos, and N. saranganiensis.Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013.
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Notes on Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). II. Lectotypification of names based on material represented in the Herbarium Beccarianum. Webbia 55: 1–5. In Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, Charles Clarke agreed that N. beccariana appears to be distinct from both N. mirabilis and N. sumatrana, but noted that if N. beccariana is found to be conspecific with N. longifolia, the latter taxon would become a heterotypic synonym of the former.
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Nepenthes nebularum shows close affinities to N. robcantleyi and N. truncata, and the describing authors suggested that N. robcantleyi might represent a natural hybrid between N. nebularum and N. truncata. Nepenthes nebularum is distinguished from N. robcantleyi by its smaller stature, predominantly epiphytic (rarely lithophytic) habit, a complete absence of bracts on the inflorescence, and the presence of a dense woolly indumentum on the petiole wings, tendrils, and pitchers.
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. Similarly, in Pitcher-Plants of Borneo (1996), Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb treated plants from Mount Alab, Crocker Range, as N. pilosa, following the interpretation of J. R. Turnbull and A. T. Middleton in an unpublished mimeograph reportTurnbull, J.R. & A.T. Middleton 1981. A preliminary review of the Sabah species of Nepenthes, including a regional list and some selected localities.
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In 1989 and 1990 he lived in Brunei, studying the ecology of Nepenthes. In between travels, Clarke has taught Ecology and Biometrics at James Cook University in Queensland, and worked as a horticultural consultant in Hong Kong. He now works at the Cairn's Botanic Garden. Clarke has written five books and guides on Nepenthes, which present a synthesis of the research performed on his travels around the Malay Archipelago.
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Following Clarke's interpretation, Kurata excluded N. pyriformis from his list of Nepenthes species the following year.Kurata, S. 2002. Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference: 111–116.
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Nepenthes viridis Micheler, Gronem., Wistuba, Marwinski, W.Suarez & V.B.Amoroso. International Plant Names Index (IPNI). The specimen is deposited at the Central Mindanao University Herbarium (CMUH), Musuan, Bukidnon, the Philippines.
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Clarke, C.M. 2002. Nepenthes of Borneo. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 65: 19. It was first published in 1997 by Natural History Publications (Borneo), and reprinted in 2006.
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Colobopsis schmitzi inhabits the hollow tendrils of the plant Nepenthes bicalcarata. It is only found in association with N. bicalcarata, which is endemic to the island of Borneo.
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Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa, a popular plant?. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, December 24, 2011. after the resemblance the pitchers bear to the prow of a Viking ship.
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IUCN 2009. Nepenthes. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. IUCN. Unofficial assessments based on the IUCN criteria are also included, but are presented in italics.
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American Journal of Botany 78(6, supplement): 200–201. This high number is thought to reflect paleopolyploidy (likely 8x or 16x).Cytology of Nepenthes. LMU Department für Biologie.
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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 29(2): 53. In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats this species as a heterotypic synonym of N. deaniana.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes mira.
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Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. The specific epithet mikei honours Mike Hopkins, who co- discovered the species with the describing authors.
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Nepenthes platychila (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from Sarawak, Borneo. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 54: 257-261.Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. Pitcher Plants of Sarawak.
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The Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Philippine Journal of Science 33(2): 127–140.Co, L. & W. Suarez 2012. Nepenthaceae. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.Heinrich, V.B. 2009.
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Nepenthes hispida grows in shady kerangas forest on steep sandstone ridges and is often sympatric with Eugeissona palms. The species occurs at elevations of 100 to 800 m.
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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 29(2): 53. In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N. hispida as a heterotypic synonym of N. hirsuta.Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes hispida.
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European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb (2013). Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Blumea, published online on October 24, 2013.
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Nepenthes kongkandana (pictured) differs from N. kerrii in the shape of its lower pitchers, which are tubular or slightly ventricose as opposed to narrowly ovate Nepenthes kerrii appears to be most closely related to N. kongkandana. It is also similar to the Indochinese endemics N. andamana, N. bokorensis, and N. suratensis. Nepenthes kerrii can be distinguished from all of these species, with the exception of N. kongkandana, on the basis of its laminae, which are obovate as opposed to linear to lanceolate. It also differs in having a persistent indumentum restricted to the leaf axils. In contrast, N. andamana and N. suratensis have a caducous indumentum on the upper parts of the plant,Catalano, M. 2010.
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Plant introductions credited to Thomas Lobb (illustrated in The Plant Hunters by Toby and Will Musgrave and Chris Gardner) show the route of his travels. They were introduced to Britain via cultivation at the Veitch nursery include: Phalaenopsis amabilis (1846), an epiphytic moth orchid from rainforests across Java, Philippines, New Guinea and Northern Australia; Nepenthes sanguinea (c.1847), a blood red marked climbing pitcher plant from cloud forest in Malaysia; Nepenthes albomarginata, a Nepenthes pitcher plant from Borneo; Aerides rosea (1850), a fox-brush orchid from India, Vietnam and China; Aerides multiflora, an orchid from India; Vanda caerulea (c.1850) a blue epiphytic orchid from Burma, Thailand and India; Vanda tricolor (c.
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Charaxes (Polyura) nepenthes is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It was described by Henley Grose-Smith in 1883. It is found in the Indomalayan realm.Seitz, A., 1912-1927.
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Nepenthes bicalcarata plays host to an unusual species of ant that makes its nest in the plant's hollow tendrils.Shelford, R. 1916. A Naturalist in Borneo. T. Fisher Unwin, London.
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Nepenthes sibuyanensis is a weak climber. The stem can attain a length of 1.5 mMann, P. 1998. A trip to the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(1): 6–11.
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Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Other natural hybrids named by Kurata include N. × ferrugineomarginata, N. × kinabaluensis, and N. × kuchingensis.
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T. Fisher Unwin, London.Cresswell, J.E. 2000. Resource input and the community structure of larval infaunas of an eastern tropical pitcher plant Nepenthes bicalcarata. Ecological Entomology 25(3): 362–366.
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Nepenthes lowii , or Low's pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo.
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The discovery of Nepenthes × trusmadiensis—an impressive new pitcher-plant. Malaysian Naturalist 38(2): 13–15 & 18–19.Briggs, J.G.R. 1988. Mountains of Malaysia—a practical guide and manual.
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Palawan Council for Sustainable Development. Nepenthes palawanensis forms natural hybrids with a taxon resembling N. philippinensis.McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines.
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The peristome is usually dark purple. The inner pitcher surface is white to light green. The stem and lamina are green throughout. Nepenthes adnata varies little across its range.
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Dr. Joachim Nerz (born 1964) is a taxonomist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genera Heliamphora and Nepenthes. Nerz has described several new species, mostly with Andreas Wistuba.
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Nepenthes bokorensis, a new species of Nepenthaceae from Cambodia. Carniflora Australis 7(1): 6–15. N. kerrii has a persistent indumentum restricted to the leaf axils,Catalano, M. 2010.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Dariana 2010. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes dan pohon inang di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara. M.Sc. thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan.
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Taxonomist Jan Schlauer considers this plant conspecific with N. curtisii, which in turn is treated as a junior synonym of N. maxima.Schlauer, J. 2006. Nepenthes spectabilis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. In the wild, N. neoguineensis occurs sympatrically with N. ampullaria and N. maxima.
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McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes rhombicaulis grows terrestrially in dense, shady montane forest.
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At higher altitudes, the species has also been recorded from sediment bars along rivers.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
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Rybka, V., R. Rybková & R. Cantley 2005. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(2): 47–50.Cantley, R., C.M. Clarke, J. Cokendolpher, B. Rice & A. Wistuba 2005. Nepenthes clipeata Survival Project.
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Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. and is the sole recognised species in the genus Nepenthes of which the pitchers are unknown.
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Carniflora Australis published the formal description of Nepenthes bokorensis in its March 2009 issueMey, F.S. 2009. Carniflora Australis 7(1): 6–15.Schlauer, J. N.d. Query results: Carniflora Australis.
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The pitcher plant species Nepenthes lowii can be found on the slopes of this mountain.Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Nepenthes kampotiana is a tropical pitcher plant native to southern Cambodia, eastern Thailand, and at least southern coastal Vietnam.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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Seeds were collected in 2014 and the species was successfully introduced into cultivation.Mey, F.S. 2015. Nepenthes holdenii is now in cultivation! Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, 28 August 2015.
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There are also differences in pitcher morphology,McPherson, S.R. 2010. Four new species of Nepenthes. Carnivorous Plants UK, October 11, 2010. including a more pronounced peristome in N. gantungensis.
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In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 346–363.Cullen, D. & B. Quinn 2012. Exploring Mount Victoria, Central Palawan – revisiting the habitat of N. attenboroughii.
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Nepenthes kerrii exhibits modified seed morphology, whereby the seed wings are significantly reduced. This is thought to be an adaptation to the species's island habitat; the lack of prominent seed wings likely serves to prevent strong winds from blowing them into the sea. An indumentum of brown hairs (0.1 mm long) is present on the leaf axils and inflorescence. Like all pyrophytic Nepenthes from Indochina, N. kerrii has a well-developed rootstock.
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He died in Berlin, aged 52. He was longtime editor of Adolf Engler's "Das Pflanzenreich", and was the author of several chapters on various plant families in Engler and Prantl's "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien", including the chapters on Bromeliaceae (1930) and Nepenthaceae (1936). In the latter he revised the pitcher plant genus Nepenthes, dividing it into three subgenera: Anurosperma, Eunepenthes and Mesonepenthes (see Taxonomy of Nepenthes). Furthermore, he was interested in the genus Passiflora.
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The leaves are characteristically peltate, whereby the tendril joins the lamina on the underside, before the apex. This characteristic is more pronounced in N. rajah than in any other Nepenthes species, with the exception of N. clipeata. However, it is not unique to these two taxa, as mature plants of many Nepenthes species display slightly peltate leaves. The tendrils are inserted ≤5 cm below the leaf apex and reach a length of approximately 50 cm.
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The colour of the pitcher varies from yellow to scarlet. Nepenthes × kinabaluensis seems to produce upper pitchers more readily than either of its parents. In all respects N. × kinabaluensis is intermediate between the two parent species and it is easy to distinguish from all other Nepenthes of Borneo. However, it has been confused once before, when the hybrid was labelled as N. rajah in Letts Guide to Carnivorous Plants of the World (Cheers, 1992).
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Another morphological feature of N. rajah is the peltate leaf attachment of the lamina and tendril, which is present in only a few other species. Nepenthes rajah traps vertebrates and even small mammals, with drowned rats having been observed in the pitcher-shaped traps.Phillipps 1988, p. 55. It is one of only three Nepenthes species documented as having caught mammalian prey in the wild, the others being N. rafflesiana and N. attenboroughii.
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One of the first collections of N. spathulata was made by Maurits Anne Lieftinck. The specimen Lieftinck 11 was collected in January 1935 on Mount Tanggamus near Lampung, Sumatra, at an altitude of 2000 m. Nepenthes spathulata was formally described by B. H. Danser later that same year, the first of two Nepenthes species described by the Dutch botanist following the publication of his 1928 monograph, "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies".Danser, B.H. 1928.
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Lower pitcher of N. × kinabaluensis Nepenthes × kinabaluensis is the natural hybrid between N. rajah and N. villosa. It was first collected near Kambarangoh on Mount Kinabalu by Lilian Gibbs in 1910 and later mentioned by John Muirhead Macfarlane as "Nepenthes sp." in 1914. Although Macfarlane did not formally name the plant, he noted that "[a]ll available morphological details suggest that this is a hybrid between N. villosa and N. rajah".Macfarlane, J.M. 1914.
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Nepenthes sibuyanensis occurs relatively sparsely on open slopes dominated by high grasses, small shrubs, and the fern Dipteris conjugata. Pitchers usually develop embedded in the substrate and are rarely exposed to direct sunlight. Nepenthes sibuyanensis exhibits modified seed morphology owing to its exposed, isolated habitat. The absence of seed wings in this species prevents strong winds carrying them away from suitable habitats and allows for dispersion by water (particularly rainfall and small streams).
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An upper pitcher of a plant matching the description of N. oblanceolata, which is sometimes regarded as a synonym of N. maxima rosette plant of N. oblanceolata from near Wamena, Baliem Valley, New Guinea Male inflorescence Infructescence Nepenthes maxima (; from Latin: maximus "greatest"), the great pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a carnivorous pitcher plant species of the genus Nepenthes.
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Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(4): 115. Rice praised the publication's habitat photographs and wrote that the "[c]ontent that really makes this book interesting and different from other carnivorous plant books is its emphasis on the context of Nepenthes in its natural habitat". Nepenthes of Borneo was also reviewed by Miroslav Holub and Zdeněk Žáček in a 1998 issue of Trifid Holub, M. & Z. Žáček 1998. Recenze - Nová kniha o láčkovkách Bornea v knihovně Darwiniany.
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Nepenthes hamata is endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, where it has been recorded primarily from the eastern portion of Central Sulawesi province (including large parts of the East Peninsula). The species has a known altitudinal distribution of 1400–2500 m above sea level. Nepenthes hamata may grow terrestrially or as an epiphyte. It is found in lower and upper montane mossy forest and among scrub vegetation on mountain ridges and summits.
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Organisms that spend at least part of their lives within the pitchers of Nepenthes species are often called Nepenthes infauna. The most common infaunal species, often representing the top trophic level of the infaunal ecosystem, are many species of mosquito larvae. Other infaunal species include fly and midge larvae, spiders, mites, ants, and even a species of crab (Geosesarma malayanum). Many of these species specialise to one pitcher plant species and are found nowhere else.
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As such, P. mirabilis is the basionym of this most cosmopolitan of tropical pitcher plant species. Loureiro's description of a moving lid was repeated by Jean Louis Marie Poiret in 1797. Poiret described two of the four Nepenthes species known at the time: N. madagascariensis and N. distillatoria. He gave the former its current name and called the latter Nepente de l'Inde, or simply "Nepenthes of India", although this species is absent from the mainland.
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From 1918 he worked closely with the Forest Research Institute at Buitenzorg (now Bogor), Java. In 1925, Endert accompanied a plant collecting expedition to central Borneo (Midden-Oost- Borneo-Expeditie), during which he collected Nepenthes fusca and Nepenthes mollis for the first time. In 1938 he was stationed at Makassar in southwestern Sulawesi, tasked with the supervision of the forests. In 1941 he was appointed Secretary of the Committee for Economic Plants.
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Otherwise, N. benstonei lacks remarkable characteristics and is distinguished from related species on the basis of its stem, leaves, peristome, lid, indumentum, and glands of the digestive zone. Nepenthes benstonei appears to be related to N. sanguinea, which is also native to Peninsular Malaysia. It can be distinguished on the basis of its significantly larger leaves, which are often sub-petiolate and differ in shape. Nepenthes benstonei also has longer tendrils and a denser indumentum.
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The lamina is green with a red midrib. Nepenthes dubia × N. izumiae differs most obviously from N. dubia in having an ovate lid that is never reflexed beyond 180 degrees. This hybrid is listed as N. dubia × N. singalana in Charles Clarke's Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, since N. izumiae is very closely related to N. singalana and was only described as a distinct species in 2003.Clarke, C.M., T. Davis & R. Tamin 2003.
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It shows a fragment of a climbing stem and an upper pitcher. Nepenthes tenuis was formally described as a species in 1994 by Joachim Nerz and Andreas Wistuba, based on a single specimen deposited by Meijer at the Leiden herbarium and a black and white photograph from 1957 showing the freshly collected plant.Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994. Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra . Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114.
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In addition to the herbarium specimens of N. eymae mentioned here, a number of others have appeared in the literature. Most authors regard N. eymae as a distinct species and it has been treated as such in all major monographs on the genus, including Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek's "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" (1997)Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
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In addition, the leaves of N. papuana are very densely ciliate, much more so than in N. neoguineensis. The wings are less developed in the upper pitchers of N. papuana and the fringe elements are more closely spaced. Based on the structure of its inflorescence, it has been suggested that N. neoguineensis belongs to a group of relatively primitive Nepenthes species, which includes N. distillatoria and N. pervillei.Nerz, J. Nepenthes neoguineensis. Joachim-Nerz.de.
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Some of the latter, such as the Nepenthes peltata and Nepenthes micramphora, are endemic to the area. The mountain has a protected forest area of approximately 2,000 hectares. This woodland is noted for its unique pygmy forest of century old trees in ultramafic soil, with many endangered, endemic and rare species of flora and fauna. The Mount Hamiguitan range, with an area of , was declared a national park and a wildlife sanctuary in 2003.
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Giant Nepenthes Trip: Mt. Victoria Philippines. Leilani Nepenthes - Photo Archives. Yet another visit almost two months later, in December 2012, allowed the botanist to assess and document the rate of digestion on video. It was found that the corpse of the shrew had, in the intervening weeks, progressed from a wholly intact state to mere skeletal remains, with only scant viscera and a matte of hair at the bottom of the pitcher still apparent.
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Nepenthes sp. Misool is an undescribed tropical pitcher plant found on the island of Misool in the Raja Ampat archipelago of Indonesia.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World.
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Nepenthes adrianii is generally considered to be a heterotypic synonym of N. spathulata.Rice, B.A. 2006. Do you want to tell me about a species I missed? The Carnivorous Plant FAQ.
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Nepenthes barcelonae, a new species from the ventricosa complex from Luzon, Philippines. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, 17 August 2015.Panela, S. 2015. New pitcher plant species discovered in Luzon.
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Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. Under this new classification, most populations previously regarded as N. alata now fall under N. graciliflora.
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Nepenthes fusca , or the dusky pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo.
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Nepenthes muluensis , or the Mulu pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo.
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Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229. and the 1936 work of Hermann Harms, "Nepenthaceae".Harms, H. 1936. Nepenthaceae.
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Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994. is therefore the correct name for this species.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
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Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes junghuhnii. Carnivorous Plant Database. Herbarium specimens informally named N. junghuhnii by Macfarlane were collected by Junghuhn in the Batak region of North Sumatra, near Lake Toba.
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Taxonomist Jan Schlauer reviewed Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia in the March 2002 issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter.Schlauer, J. 2002. Book review. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 31(1): 9.
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Nepenthes hamiguitanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mindanao Island, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1296–1305.
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The New York Botanical Garden. Nepenthes surigaoensis was formally described by Elmer in the March 27, 1915 issue of Leaflets of Philippine Botany.Nepenthes surigaoensis Elmer. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
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Nepenthes gantungensis is a tropical pitcher plant known from a single peak on the Philippine island of Palawan, where it grows at elevations of 1600–1784 m above sea level.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1332–1339.McPherson, S. 2010. Nepenthes palawanensis: another new species of giant pitcher plant from the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 39(3): 89–90.
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The type specimen of N. burbidgeae, Burbidge s.n., was collected on the Marai Parai plateau of Mount Kinabalu and is deposited at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Schlauer, J. 2006. Nepenthes burbidgeae.
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Nepenthes argentii on Sibuyan Island. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(2): 47–50. The inflorescence bears a very dense indumentum of adpressed, stellate hairs. The staminal column is covered in short hairs.
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Nepenthes rafflesiana (; after Stamford Raffles), or Raffles' pitcher- plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a species of tropical pitcher plant.
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The reflectors are convergent with those of a Bornean pitcher plant, Nepenthes hemsleyana, that attracts bats to its pitchers as roosting sites and uses bat guano as a source of nutrition.
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Abstract Hong Kong, and Macau), D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Java, Laos, Louisiade Archipelago, Maluku Islands, Myanmar, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines (Dinagat and Mindanao), Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, and Vietnam.Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes mirabilis.
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Nepenthes stenophylla , or the narrow-leaved pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo.
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Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. More rarely, N. fusca grows terrestrially in exposed sites near montane forest or along logging roads.
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Identification and typification of Nepenthes blancoi, with N. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(2): 151–156. N. abgracilis,Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013.
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Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Blumea, published online on October 24, 2013. Cheek and Jebb also raised N. macrophylla to species rank.
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Nepenthes palawanensis: another new species of giant pitcher plant from the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 39(3): 89–90. and with a capacity of 1.5–2 litres of water.[Anonymous] 2010.
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Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. It is known only from a restricted geographical range and is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
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Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102.
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Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Prior to the rediscovery of N. tenuis in the wild, this was the only known photograph of the species.
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Philippines: Volcanoes Nepenthes and more. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, October 28, 2009. The species has a wide altitudinal distribution of 1100–2400 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011.
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Nepenthes naga, a new species of Nepenthaceae from Bukit Barisan of Sumatra . Reinwardtia 12(5): 339–342. They distinguished it on the basis of its dichotomous lid appendage and frilled lid.
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It is of putative hybrid origin: its two original parent species are thought to be N. reinwardtiana and N. tentaculata.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Pitcher of Nepenthes distillatoria. A: Honey-gland from attractive surface of lid. B: Digestive fluid from interior of pitcher, in pocket-like depression of epidermis, opening downwards. C: Transverse section same.
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The specific type locality was not included in the species description to prevent pressures upon wild populations by hobbyists. Four species of Nepenthes have been described from the northern Visayas and Luzon (at the time of the species description), of which two are found on Luzon; the closely allied Nepenthes ventricosa, which is widespread across the island, and Nepenthes alzapan. Under Criterion B2ab(iii) of IUCN 2014, the species was assessed informally as Critically Endangered by the authors - it occurred in a single location, with an area of occupancy and extent of occurrence less than 10km². It is additionally threatened by poaching, and the encroachment of habitat degradation, namely in the form of slash-and-burn agriculture and illegal logging operations, which were present at lower elevations.
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Nepenthes cabanae is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Mt. Malimumu, Pantaron Range, Central Mindanao, Philippines, bringing the total number of Nepenthes species in this mountain range to eight. Nepenthes cabanae was assessed as closest to N. surigaoensis. However, N. cabanae has sessile leaf attachment clasping up to half of the stem running down the internode unevenly, with four longitudinal nerves running parallel with the midvein, subcylindrical lower and intermediate pitchers, and short triangular peristome margin teeth approximately 0.3-0.5 mm in length but not projecting beyond margin; compared with N. surigaoensis with strongly decurrent leaf attachment, 3-4 longitudinal nerves in parallel with midvein, wholly cylindrical or ellipsoidal lower and intermediate pitchers, and distinct peristome margin teeth projecting beyond the margin.
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The base of a severed climbing stem of N. aristolochioides: the result of plant poaching in Kerinci Seblat National Park Nepenthes aristolochioides is listed as Critically Endangered on the 2013 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as its known distribution was restricted to two mountains (Mount Kerinci and Mount Tujuh) at the time of the assessment. Despite the fact that all known populations of the species lie within Kerinci Seblat National Park, it is severely threatened by over-collection, because its unique pitcher morphology makes it particularly sought-after. In 2010, the Rare Nepenthes Collection was established with the aim of conserving 4 of the most endangered Nepenthes species: N. aristolochioides, N. clipeata, N. khasiana, and N. rigidifolia.Ziemer, B. 2010.
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The nurseries were most famous for their orchids, although they also introduced several famous plants from other families, such as Nepenthes rajah and Nepenthes northiana. The pitcher plant species N. veitchii is named in honour of the Veitch dynasty. The Chelsea business ceased to trade in 1914, whilst the Exeter business continued under Peter Veitch and later his daughter Mildred. She in turn sold the firm in 1969, when it was bought by St Bridget Nurseries.
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Daily guided tours are organised to the "Nepenthes Garden" where these plants are located. The "Nepenthes rajah Nature Trail" is subject to a fee and operates daily from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm. Almost all other natural populations of this species occur in remote parts of Kinabalu National Park, which are off-limits to tourists. Visitors to the park can also see N. rajah on display in the nursery adjoining the "Mountain Garden" at Kinabalu Park Headquarters.
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Nepenthes gracilis habitat in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia One of the most widespread Nepenthes species, N. gracilis is native to Borneo, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, central Sulawesi, and southernmost Thailand. It has also been recorded from many smaller islands, including Bangka, Batu Islands, Belitung, Hidayat, S., J. Hidayat, Hamzah, E. Suhandi, Tatang & Ajidin 2003. Analisis vegetasi dua jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga di Padang Pinang Anyang, Pulau Belitung. [Vegetation analysis of two insectivorous plants in Padang Pinang Anyang, Belitung Island.
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The formal descriptions of N. dentata by Kurata and N. hamatus by Turnbull and Middleton were published almost concurrently, leading to uncertainty over which name held nomenclatural priority. A similar situation surrounded the publication of N. eymae / N. infundibuliformis and N. glabrata / N. rubromaculata, which were described by the same three authors.D'Amato, P. 1993. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 22(1–2): 21. Nepenthes hamata (emended with a feminine suffix to match the gender of Nepenthes)Schlauer, J. 1994.
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A stunted tree growing in the "Bonsai Forest" of Mount Hamiguitan Nepenthes micramphora has only been recorded from the highland slopes of Mount Hamiguitan, Davao Oriental, in the extreme southeast of Mindanao island in the Philippines. Much of the surrounding region has not been explored for Nepenthes, and this species may therefore be present in other parts of southern Mindanao. Its altitudinal distribution extends from 1100 m above sea level to the summit at 1635 m.
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Nepenthes micramphora is smaller in all respects and can be distinguished on the basis of its pitchers, which differ markedly in shape, size, peristome width, and tendril length. It also produces a greater abundance of pitchers on its rosettes — up to 7 live traps have been recorded at any one time. Nepenthes gracilis also bears a superficial resemblance to N. micramphora in the size and shape of its leaves, but this species is absent from the Philippines.
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These include Nepenthes sibuyanensis; Nepenthes argentii; Heterospathe sibuyanensis Becc. (Bil-is), Agamyla sibuyanensis (Sibuyan lipstick plant); Myrmephytum beccarii Elmer (Sibuyan ant plant); Begonia gitingensis Elmer (Guiting-guiting begonia). A total of 130 species of birds have been recorded in the park, of which 102 are either known or presumed to be breeding residents. There are also nine (9) native non-flying terrestrial mammal species, nine fruit bats species, of which one is endemic, and nine (9) lizards and geckos.
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A new Nepenthes from Sumatra. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 16: 268–271. and the first since the end of World War II. At this time the genus was experiencing a revival in global interest, thanks largely to the work of Shigeo Kurata. Nepenthes muluensis has been misidentified at least once in the literature; Bertram Evelyn Smythies identified specimens of N. muluensis as belonging to N. gracillima, a species endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.
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Nepenthes benstonei also superficially resembles N. macrovulgaris from Borneo. It differs in producing multiple inflorescences, which are longer than those of N. macrovulgaris and bear one- or two-flowered partial peduncles, as opposed to exclusively two-flowered in the latter. The waxy coating of its leaves also separates these species. Nepenthes benstonei has also been compared to N. albomarginata, although the presence of a white band below the peristome, which gives the latter its name, makes identification easy.
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As in N. dubia, the stem and tendrils are purplish-red. The lamina is green with a red midrib. Nepenthes dubia × N. izumiae differs most obviously from N. dubia in having an ovate lid that is never reflexed beyond 180 degrees. This hybrid is listed as N. dubia × N. singalana in Charles Clarke's 2001 monograph, Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, because at the time of its publication it was uncertain whether N. izumiae represented a distinct species.
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In an article published in 1973 on the Nepenthes of Borneo, Singapore, and Sumatra, botanist Shigeo Kurata incorrectly identified specimens of a natural cross between N. inermis and N. talangensis as belonging to N. dubia. Kurata would later describe this hybrid as a new species, N. pyriformis. Kurata, S. 2001. スマトラ島およびミンダナオ島産ウツボカズラの２新種(英文). [Two new species of Nepenthes from Sumatra (Indonesia) and Mindanao (Philippines).
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Seedling growing on cliff face Nepenthes sumatrana is endemic to the Indonesian provinces of North Sumatra and West Sumatra. It is best known from the hills around Sibolga, where it was first collected. The species has a patchy distribution and the full extent of its geographical range is uncertain. Specimens collected near Sawahlunto and named Nepenthes spinosa by Tamin and Hotta appear to be conspecific with N. sumatrana, although trips to the area in 1995Clarke, C.[M.
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The hook-shaped basal appendage of N. ovata (as seen in this upper pitcher) distinguishes it from its closest relatives Nepenthes ovata is closely related to a number of other Sumatran highland species, including N. bongso, N. densiflora, and N. singalana. Its distinguishing feature is the glandular appendage on the underside of the lid. This structure is usually hook-shaped, but may vary considerably in morphology. Nepenthes ovata is thought to be most closesly related to N. bongso.
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Nepenthes thorelii was rediscovered within a military zone in Tây Ninh Province, Vietnam, in August 2011. The so-called Sữa Đá population was found by a team including François Mey, Alastair Robinson and Luu Hong Truong, curator of the VNM Herbarium in Ho Chi Minh City, and was estimated to number fewer than 100 individuals. The discovery was announced online by Alastair Robinson on August 6, 2011:Nepenthes thorelii - a resolution. CPUK Forum, August 6, 2011.
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Nepenthes flava is thought to be closely related to both N. inermis and N. jacquelineae. However, it cannot be a natural hybrid between these species as it does not occur sympatrically with them. The pitchers of N. flava bear a close resemblance to those of N. jacquelineae. Nepenthes flava differs from this species in that its upper pitchers are markedly smaller and have a peristome that is significantly narrower, bears distinct ribs, and has an undulate margin.
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Das Taublatt 60(1): 28–33. This was supported by Stewart McPherson in his 2009 monograph, Pitcher Plants of the Old World, which included an extensive morphological description of the species. Nepenthes surigaoensis has in the past been mistaken for a hybrid. In Yasuhiro Fukatsu's "The List of Nepenthes species and Hybrids", published in 1999, N. surigaoensis was said to represent a cross between N. alata and possibly N. merrilliana (a hybrid that has been called N. × merrilliata).
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Nepenthes leonardoi, described in 2011, is another closely allied taxon. This species cannot be reliably distinguished from N. gantungensis on the basis of pitcher morphology, but may produce much darker traps, some appearing almost completely black. It also differs in having more distinctly petiolate laminae and a shorter inflorescence, with flowers that produce a characteristic musty scent. Being the sole Nepenthes species native to the upper parts of Mount Gantung, N. gantungensis can be easily identified in the field.
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Nepenthes mirabilis × N. northiana is a relatively rare natural hybrid and was only discovered in 2007.Lee, C.C. 2007. Re: The most accessible limestone hill of Bau . Carnivorous Plants in the tropics.
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Nepenthes rajah is most famous for the giant urn-shaped traps it produces, which can grow up to 41 cm highHamilton, G. 2011. The Sabah Society. and 20 cm wide.McPherson, S.R. 2009.
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Frederick William Burbidge suggested that they might serve to deter arboreal mammals such as tarsiers, lorises and monkeys from stealing the contents of the pitchers.Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes bicalcarata. In: Carnivorous Plants.
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Chou, L.Y., C.M. Clarke & G.A. Dykes 2014. Bacterial communities associated with the pitcher fluids of three Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) pitcher plant species growing in the wild. Archives of Microbiology 196(10): 709–717.
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Mount Tujuh () is a caldera volcano in the Barisan Mountains of Sumatra. It has seven (tujuh) peaks, of which only three have been climbed.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.
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Tawi-Tawi,Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. and possibly Wowoni.
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Nepenthes × kinabaluensis , or the Kinabalu Pitcher-Plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is the natural hybrid between N. rajah and N. villosa.
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Nepenthes samar is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines. It is known only from the island of Samar, after which it is named. It is closely allied to N. merrilliana.
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Most parts of the plant bear an indumentum of very short hairs, although it is not conspicuous. Nepenthes edwardsiana varies relatively little across its range; consequently, no infraspecific taxa have been described.
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Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo. Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Hiroshima University, Tokyo: 25–30. It is also an uncommon inhabitant of roadside embankments there.
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N. thai,Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2009. Nepenthes group Montanae (Nepenthaceae) in Indo-China, with N. thai and N. bokor described as new. Kew Bulletin 64(2): 319–325. and N. ultra.
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This differs from prior assessments made by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre: in 2000 as Vulnerable and in 1995 as Endangered.Simpson, R.B. 1995. Nepenthes and Conservation. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 12: 111–118.
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Nepenthes rigidifolia is a climbing plant. The stem, which may be branched,McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. It appears to be most closely related to N. lingulata and N. singalana.Lee, C.C., Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. Two new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North Sumatra.
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An additional fourth undescribed taxon, known from Mount Sorik Merapi in Sumatra, may also fall within N. gymnamphora.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013.
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Parachaetolopha nepenthes is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.A revision of the genus Chaetolopha Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) with a description of Parachaetolopha, gen. nov.
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Nepenthes × cantleyi (; after Rob Cantley) is a natural hybrid involving N. bicalcarata and N. gracilis.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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Mesilau is home to the only population of Nepenthes rajah pitcher plants accessible to regular visitors.Clarke, C.M. 2001. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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This highland pitcher plant can be grown on a windowsill or in partly shaded areas outside, as well as in a terrarium, provided that it is large enough to accommodate this Nepenthes.
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Clarke, C. & J.A. Moran 2011. Incorporating ecological context: a revised protocol for the preservation of Nepenthes pitcher plant specimens (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 56(3): 225–228. In all three of these species (N.
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Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013.
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' in the middle of the cap of Cantharellula umbonata'' Thorny of Senegalia mellifera subspecies detinens are '. Mammillaria bocasana has ' tips on its major . Pitchers of the species Nepenthes ventricosa tend to be markedly '.
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In addition, the latter species does not have decurrent leaf bases. Nepenthes hurrelliana and N. veitchii are superficially similar to N. northiana, but both of these species are smaller and less vividly coloured.
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Pitchers are up to 15 cm high and may be pale green to purplish-red in colour.Lee, C.C. 2004. Nepenthes. In: Sarawak Bau Limestone Biodiversity. H.S. Yong, F.S.P. Ng and E.E.L. Yen (eds).
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No. 2 is placed in the subgenus Rachionotomyia. In its larval stage, T. sp. No. 2 develops in the pitchers of Nepenthes species, especially N. rajah. As such, it is considered a nepenthebiont.
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The mountain supports a wide range of unique flora and fauna, including a number of pitcher plant species of the genus Nepenthes.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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Nepenthes bicalcarata. In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. It is slightly decurrent on the stem, forming two narrow wings.
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The pitcher lid or operculum is reniform to cordate and has no appendages. An unbranched spur (≤15 mm long) is inserted at the base of the lid. Nepenthes bicalcarata has a paniculate inflorescence.
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B. H. Danser suggested that N. burbidgeae is most closely related to N. pilosa.Danser, B.H. 1935. Note on a few Nepenthes. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 13(3): 465–469.
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N. peltata,Kurata, S. 2008. Nepenthes peltata (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from the Philippines. Journal of the Insectivorous Plant Society (Japan) 59(1): 12–17. N. rhombicaulis, and N. saranganiensis.
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Trifid 1998(1): 23–27. (page 2, page 3, page 4, page 5) and Martin Spousta in a 2008 issue of Trifid Interinfo. Spousta, M. 2008. Knihovník doporučuje: Charles Clarke - Nepenthes of Borneo.
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In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105. Frederick William Burbidge (1882, 1897),Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
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Risner, J.K. 1987. The Mystery of the Nepenthes, or Just How Did They Get There? Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 16(4): 115–118. Contrary to the observations of Frederick William Burbidge,Burbidge, F.W. 1880.
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Nepenthes izumiae is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows in montane forest at 1700–1900 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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Das Taublatt 60: 34–78. The known distribution of this species appears to roughly correlate with ultramafic substrate occurrence. Nepenthes bellii is often sympatric with N. merrilliana and N. mindanaoensis. Gronemeyer, T. 2008.
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Akhriadi, P., Hernawati & R. Tamin 2004. A new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sumatra. Reinwardtia 12(2): 141–144. In his 1928 monograph, B. H. Danser placed N. spectabilis in the Nobiles clade.
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Nepenthes inermis is a climbing plant. The stem, which may be branched, reaches McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. The lid is very long, narrow, and cuneiform. It is never reflexed beyond 90 degrees relative to the mouth. Nepenthes inermis has a racemose inflorescence.
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A cytological study of the genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae). Sendtnera 4: 169–174. and this is now accepted as the diploid number of all species in the genus.Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae.
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Millions of bats fly out from Deer Cave in the evening to look for food. An upper pitcher of Nepenthes faizaliana from Mount Api. This species is endemic to Gunung Mulu National Park.
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Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu. Mesilau East River forms a deep ravine,Allen, E.F. 1971. In: Rhododendron and Camellia Year Book 1971.
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See N. petiolata. Danser's interpretation was followed by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their 1997 monograph, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)". The authors retained this synonymy in their 2001 work, "Nepenthaceae".
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Nepenthes attenboroughii is a terrestrial upright or scrambling shrub. The stem, which may be up to 3.5 cm thick, is circular in cross section and attains a height of up to 1.5 m.
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Nepenthes × alisaputrana and N. × kinabaluensis are sufficiently stabilised that a species status has been discussed. Indeed, N. kinabaluensis was described as a species by Adam & Wilcock in 1996. Due to their dioecious nature, a hybrid involving a pair of Nepenthes species can represent one of two possible crosses, depending on which species was the female and which was the male. When the cross is known, the female (or pod) parent is usually referred to first, followed by the male (or pollen) parent.
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However, the upper pitchers of N. muluensis are distinctive; they usually have a white lid, a round mouth, and their wings are either greatly reduced or absent altogether. Nepenthes tentaculata is also similar to N. murudensis, which is often described as resembling a giant form of the species. Nepenthes murudensis differs in lacking filiform hairs on the upper surface of the lid, being more robust in all respects, and having a dense indumentum on inflorescences and some vegetative parts.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997.
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All Nepenthes are passive carnivores with no moving parts, unlike their distant cousins the Venus flytrap. Nepenthes rafflesiana kills by luring its prey into its pitchers, whose peristomes secrete a sweet-tasting nectar. Once the insect is inside, it quickly finds the walls of the pitcher too slippery to scale and drowns. Digestive enzymes released by the plant into the liquid break down the prey and release soluble nutrients, which are absorbed by the plant through the walls of the pitcher.
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Other arthropods found frequently include spiders, scorpions, and centipedes, while snails and frogs are more unusual, but not unheard of. The most uncommon prey for Nepenthes species includes rats found in N. rajah. The composition of prey captured depends on many factors, including location, but can incorporate hundreds of individual insects and many different species. While many Nepenthes species are generalists in what they capture, at least one, N. albomarginata, has specialised and almost exclusively traps termites and produces nearly no nectar.
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The species has an altitudinal distribution of 1000–1600 m above sea level. It grows sympatrically with N. spectabilis and a natural hybrid between these species has been recorded. Nepenthes rigidifolia has been evaluated as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. This agrees with an informal assessment carried out in 2006 by Hernawati and Pitra Akhriadi, who also classified the species as Critically Endangered based on the IUCN criteria and using field data collected by the "Nepenthes Team" of Andalas University.
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Nepenthes eustachya differs from N. alata in a number of morphological features. Jebb and Cheek outlined these differences when they restored the former as a valid species. Nepenthes eustachya has a lanceolate lamina with a rounded to sub-peltate apex, whereas that of N. alata is lanceolate-ovate with an acute or attenuate apex. The petiole also serves to distinguish these species: in N. eustachya it is scarcely or not winged at all, whereas in N. alata it is broadly winged.
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All three specimens are deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens (formerly the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens) in Java. Two further specimens of N. ovata, Nepenthes Team (Hernawati, P. Akhriadi & I. Petra) NP 373 and 377, were collected on December 16, 2003, as part of a conservation expedition focusing on Nepenthes. They were taken from Mount Pangulubao at an altitude of between 1500 and 2100 m. Both are deposited at the herbarium of Andalas University in Padang, West Sumatra.
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Three "little known taxa" are also covered: N. alata (which is shown to be absent from the region), N. beccariana, and N. junghuhnii. The monograph also provides brief descriptions of 18 selected natural hybrids. Clarke reversed several of the taxonomic revisions made by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their 1997 monograph, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)". Nepenthes longifolia, N. talangensis, and N. tenuis were restored to species status, while N. pectinata was reduced to a heterotypic synonym of N. gymnamphora.
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The Gold Medal-winning Borneo Exotics display at the 2011 Chelsea Flower Show Borneo Exotics was established by Cantley and Diana Williams in 1997.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Borneo Exotics. In: Pitcher Plants of the Old World. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1294–1301. As of 2009, the nursery stocked more than 130 Nepenthes taxa, totalling over 180,000 plants annually. In Pitcher Plants of the Old World, Stewart McPherson described it as "the world's foremost specialist producer of Nepenthes species".
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D'Amato 1998, XV. It is interesting to note that one common name for Nepenthes plants is 'Monkey Cups'. The name refers to the fact that monkeys have been observed drinking rainwater from these plants.
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Nepenthes hirsuta (; from Latin: hirsūtus "hairy, bristly"), the hairy pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo.
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Nepenthes peltata is a tropical pitcher plant known only from the upper slopes of Mount Hamiguitan on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. In the years following its description, some authors considered the two taxa as separate species Marabini, J. 1988.
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Otto Stapf (1894),Stapf, O. 1894. On the flora of Mount Kinabalu, in North Borneo. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 4: 96–263. Harry James Veitch (1897),Veitch, H.J. 1897. Nepenthes.
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Otto Stapf (1894),Stapf, O. 1894. On the flora of Mount Kinabalu, in North Borneo. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 4: 96–263. Harry James Veitch (1897),Veitch, H.J. 1897. Nepenthes.
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The natural habitat of N. edwardsiana is constantly moistToyoda, Y. 1972. Nepenthes and I - Mt. Kinabalu (Borneo, Malaysia) Trip. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 1(4): 62–63. as the slopes are often enveloped in clouds.
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Nepenthes rigidifolia is a critically endangered tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows at elevations of 1000–1600 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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The lamina has an acute apex and narrows towards the base, widening again just before the point of attachment. Longitudinal veins are inconspicuous.Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra.
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Nepenthes mikei is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. It is characterised by its black mottled lower and upper pitchers. The species is closely related to N. angasanensis and N. tobaica.Clarke, C.M. 2001.
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Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. The pitcher lid or operculum is ovate and has a cordate base.
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Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. It was collected by Kondo as part of a 1968 trip to the Philippines alongside J. V. Pancho.
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This species occurs on the cliffs of the McCluer Gulf and in coastal regions of the Fakfak peninsula. Large subpopulations are now confirmed on Misool.Jebb, M.H.P. 1991. An account of Nepenthes in New Guinea.
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More > specimens are needed before N. longifolia can be fully resolved. The most recent taxonomic revision by Charles Clarke, Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia (2001), elevated N. longifolia to species status once again.
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Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013.
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The lid is similar to that of the lower pitchers. Nepenthes thorelii has a large racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is 8 to 18 cm long, while the rachis is 50 to 70 cm long.
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Nepenthes smilesii () is a tropical pitcher plant native to northeastern Thailand, southern Laos, Cambodia,Mey, F.S. 2010. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010(2): 106–117.Mey, F.S. 2009. N. smilesii in Kampot, Cambodia.
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Nepenthes flava is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to northern Sumatra, where it grows in montane forest at 1800–2200 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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Burmann refers to the plant as Bandura zeylanica. In the horticultural trade of the late 19th century, N. distillatoria was often confused with N. khasiana of India.Masters, M.T. 1872. The cultivated species of Nepenthes.
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Nepenthes sp. Misool growing as a lithophyte in Raja Ampat, New Guinea Lithophytes are plants that grow in or on rocks. Those that grow on rocks are also known as epipetric or epilithic plants.
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Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013.
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Nepenthes tentaculata , or the fringed pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant with a wide distribution across Borneo and Sulawesi.
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International Journal of Plant Sciences 164(4): 635–639. Pavlovič, A., Ľ. Slováková & J. Šantrůček 2011. Nutritional benefit from leaf litter utilization in the pitcher plant Nepenthes ampullaria. Plant, Cell & Environment 34(11): 1865–1873.
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Argent, G. & D. Madulid 1998. Rhododendron rousei (Ericaceae): a beautiful new species from the Philippines. New Plantsman 5(1): 25–31. Nepenthes sibuyanensis has no known natural hybrids, although it may hybridise with N. argentii.
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Gronemeyer, T. 2013. Re: Nepenthes viridis, a new species from Dinagat/Philippines. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, October 23, 2013. For these reasons the authors decided to compare N. viridis not against N. alata s.s.
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Nepenthes mirabilis has the distinction of being the most widely distributed species in the genus, ranging from Indochina and throughout the Malay Archipelago to Australia.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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Nepenthes lowii × N. stenophylla is only known from mossy forest along summit ridges at elevations of over 1500 m, where the upper altitudinal limit of N. stenophylla overlaps the lower altitudinal limit of N. lowii.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes naquiyuddinii is generally thought to be a heterotypic synonym of N. reinwardtiana, but may also represent this hybrid, as both putative parent species grow in close proximity to it.
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Nicholson, G. (ed.) 1901. Nepenthes. In: The Century Supplement to the Dictionary of Gardening, a Practical and Scientific Encyclopædia of Horticulture for Gardeners and Botanists. L. Upcott Gill, London. pp. 546–547.Schlauer, J. N.d.
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Dr. Andreas Wistuba (born 4 March 1967) is a German taxonomist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genera Heliamphora and Nepenthes. More than half of all known Heliamphora species have been described by Wistuba.
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Nepenthe (, ) is a fictional medicine for sorrow – a "drug of forgetfulness" mentioned in ancient Greek literature and Greek mythology, depicted as originating in Egypt.. The carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes is named after the drug nepenthe.
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Argent, G. & D. Madulid 1998. Rhododendron rousei (Ericaceae): a beautiful new species from the Philippines. New Plantsman 5(1): 25–31. Nepenthes argentii has no known natural hybrids, although it may hybridise with N. sibuyanensis.
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Nepenthes dubia is a climbing plant. The stem can reach 3 m in length and is 3 to 4 mm in diameter. It is cylindrical or slightly angular. Internodes are up to 10 cm long.
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Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes spectabilis from Mount Kemiri, the northern limit of its range Certain populations of N. spectabilis differ considerably in morphology.
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Buch, F., M. Rott, S. Rottloff, C. Paetz, I. Hilke, M. Raessler & A. Mithöfer 2012. Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth. Annals of Botany 111(3): 375–383.
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The type specimen of N. faizaliana, S 44163 (Lai & Jugah), was collected on November 10, 1981, on Batu PanjangSchlauer, J. Nepenthes faizaliana. Carnivorous Plant Database. in Gunung Mulu National Park.Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae.
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No natural hybrids involving N. pilosa have been recorded. Some older publications list crosses with N. lowii and N. veitchii, Macák, M. 2000. Portréty rostlin - Nepenthes lowii Hook. F.. Trifid 2000(3–4): 51–55.
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Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. An early collection of N. macrophylla was made by Johannes Marabini in March 1983 and the herbarium material, designated as Marabini 2167,Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes macrophylla.
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In: S.R. McPherson Pitcher Plants of the Old World. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1314–1319. Nepenthes mindanaoensis differs clearly in the shape of its upper pitchers, which are far more elongated.
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The pitchers show considerable variation in both shape and colouration, ranging from green or yellow to dark purple throughout.Mey, F.S. 2014. Highlighting Nepenthes variation within a species. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, July 3, 2014.
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It includes both climbing vines and young rosette plants. Nepenthes pitopangii at the new locality were found to grow in close association with moss, both as terrestrial plants and as epiphytes on branches and logs. Nepenthes pitopangii is sympatric with N. maxima and N. tentaculata at both sites, though the second population only grows alongside single specimens of each. No natural hybrids have been recorded at the type locality, but a putative cross with N. tentaculata was observed by Urs Zimmermann at the new site.
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Nepenthes tentaculata growing in mossy forest on Mount Kinabalu Nepenthes tentaculata has a wide distribution that covers Borneo and Sulawesi. It is particularly widespread in the former, where it has been recorded from almost every mountain exceeding 1000 m. It usually grows at altitudes of between 1200 and 2550 m above sea level. However, on coastal mountains such as Mount Silam in Sabah and Mount Santubong in Sarawak, N. tentaculata has been found at elevations as low as 740 m, and sometimes even down to 400 m.
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Nepenthes alfredoi is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippines on the Mt. Hamiguitan Range on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines, where it grows at elevations of 160–345 m above sea level. The species was compared to N. zygon. Nepenthes alfredoi can be distinguished from N. zygon as the species have both lower and upper pitchers with well-expressed fringed wings extending for some distance along the tendril, and the male and female inflorescence are two-flowered and rarely single flowered.
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Nepenthes peltata shows affinities to members of the N. villosa complex of species, which are predominantly localised on ultramafic soils in the north of Borneo and in the highlands of Palawan. As such, the presence of this species in Mindanao is thought to be evidence for the origin of the distinctive N. villosa complex from a common ancestor in Borneo.Robinson, A.S., A.S. Fleischmann, S.R. McPherson, V.B. Heinrich, E.P. Gironella & C.Q. Peña 2009. A spectacular new species of Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) pitcher plant from central Palawan, Philippines.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Because of the nature of the habitats that Nepenthes species occupy, they are often graded as either lowland or highland species, depending on their altitude above sea level, with the rough delineation between lowland and highland. Species growing at lower altitudes require continuously warm climates with little difference between day and night temperatures, whereas highland species thrive when they receive warm days and much cooler nights. Nepenthes lamii grows at a higher altitude than any other in the genus, up to .
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Nepenthes mapuluensis was first collected in 1957 on Mount Ilas Mapulu by A.J.G. 'Doc' Kostermans, the head of the Botanical Division of the Forestry Research Institute at Bogor, on the same expedition in which he collected the type material of N. campanulata. The species was described in 1990 by J. H. Adam and C. C. Wilcock based on a single duplicate collection in the Leiden and Bogor herbaria,Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1990. A new Nepenthes from Mount Ilas Mapulu in Borneo. Blumea 35: 265–267.
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In his description of N. benstonei, Charles Clarke noted two characteristics that he considered unique among Nepenthes. These were the production of multiple inflorescences and the presence of a thick, waxy cuticle on the leaves. Subsequent field studies have shown that the former is not unique to N. benstonei, but also occasionally occurs in other Nepenthes. Likewise, a number of other species, such as N. hirsuta from Borneo, are known to produce a waxy cuticle, although it is less developed than in N. benstonei.
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It consists of a portion of a climbing stem with upper pitchers. The specimen is deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens (formerly the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens) in Java and Herbarium Lugduno-Batavum in Leiden, Netherlands. Bünnemeijer 938 was later designated as the lectotype of N. dubia by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek. Nepenthes dubia lectotype (Bünnemeijer 938) Renewed interest in Nepenthes in the latter half of the 20th century saw N. dubia become the subject of both confusion and taxonomic revision.
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Nepenthes talangensis growing in mossy upper montane forest Nepenthes talangensis is thought to be endemic to the area around Mount Talang in the Indonesian province of West Sumatra; it has been recorded from Mount Talang itself and from nearby Bukit Gombak. A population of apparently tetraploid plants is known. Although Nerz and Wistuba wrote in their formal description that N. talangensis is restricted to elevations above 2200 m, the species is now known to have a wider altitudinal distribution of 1800–2500 m.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012.
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At lower elevations of as little as 1800 m, N. talangensis is found in dense mossy forest, where it is sympatric with N. gymnamphora and N. inermis. Nepenthes talangensis is seldom sympatric with N. bongso, despite the latter being common on Mount Talang. This is because the two species occupy distinct ecological niches; N. bongso is typically an epiphyte in lower montane forest, whereas N. talangensis usually grows terrestrially in upper montane forest. Natural hybrids with all three sympatric Nepenthes species have been recorded.
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Nepenthes alata exhibits great variability across its range and it is inevitable that some plants will deviate from the characters outlined by Jebb and Cheek. However, the overall combination of morphological differences appears to be stable and it is this that demarcates these species. Nepenthes eustachya bears a superficial resemblance to N. mirabilis. It can be distinguished from that species on the basis of its lower pitchers, which lack wings, its fimbriate leaf margins on short shoots, and coriaceous leaves, as opposed to chartaceous in the latter.
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Nepenthes hurrelliana was known to botanists for some time prior to its description, although authors differed as to its identity, with most treating it as either a form of N. veitchii, a form of N. maxima, or a natural hybrid. In 1988, Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb published an illustration of a N. hurrelliana specimen from Mount Murud under the name "N. veitchii × N. fusca". However, in their 1996 monograph, Pitcher-Plants of Borneo, the authors treated it as an undescribed species, "Nepenthes sp.".
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Renowned underwater explorer Jacques Cousteau has described the province as having one of the most beautiful seascapes in the world. and Caril Ridley, founder of Palawan Environmental and Marine Studies Center (PEMS) says the Islands of northern Palawan are destined to become a future destination for Asia's growing economic and environmental conferencing. In 2007, a "shrew-eating pitcher plant", named Nepenthes attenboroughii was discovered in Mount Victoria. There were many species of pitcher plants discovered in this wild mountain paradise, the most recent is named Nepenthes leonardoi.
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Nepenthes naga was first collected by Indonesian hobbyists between March and July 2007 as part of an expedition by Division Nepenthes Indonesia. The herbarium specimen A.Primaldhi & M.Hambali DivNep052 is the designated holotype, and is deposited at the herbarium of Andalas University (ANDA), near Pandang, West Sumatra. An isotype is deposited at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), the herbarium of the Bogor Botanical Gardens. The specimen was collected by Alfindra Primaldhi and Muhammad Hambali on July 27, 2007, at an elevation of between 1500 and 2000 m.
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Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. The specific epithet kerrii refers to Irish medical doctor Arthur Francis George Kerr, who made the first known herbarium collection of this species.Guerini, M. 2011. Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore.
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The specific epithet rajah means "King" in Malay and this, coupled with the impressive size of its pitchers, has meant that N. rajah is often referred to as the "King of Nepenthes".Steiner 2002, p. 94.
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It is characterised by an indumentum of thick brown hairs, which is even present on the inflorescence. Pitchers are mostly green throughout with some having red blotches on the inside surfaces.Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo.
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Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7. Mature plants are virtually glabrous. Caducous hairs are present on the youngest parts of the plant and on the inflorescences.
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Malang hosts Indonesia's first exhibition of insectivorous plants. The Jakarta Post, March 6, 2006. Two years later, it was given the informal name N. adrianii by Batoro, Wartono, and Matthew Jebb,Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes adrianii.
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It is also found in Singapore and on a number of smaller islands, including Bangka, Labuan,Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56. Natuna, Mansur, M. 2012.
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Journal of the Insectivorous Plant Society (Japan) 35: 41. N. mindanaoensis,Kurata, S. 2001. Two new species of Nepenthes from Sumatra (Indonesia) and Mindanao (Philippines). Journal of the Insectivorous Plant Society (Japan) 52(2): 30–34.
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The ants live inside the plants' hollow stems and protect them from herbivorous insects. The pitcher plant Nepenthes hispida is found only in the park and surrounding area.Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. Pitcher Plants of Sarawak.
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Nepenthes × pyriformis (; from Latin for "pear-shaped") is a natural hybrid involving N. inermis and N. talangensis.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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The type specimen of N. lowii, designated as Low s.n., was collected by Hugh Low on Mount Kinabalu and is deposited at the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K).Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes lowii.
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The species has been recorded from numerous mountains across Borneo. It can be found at several sites on Mount Kinabalu,Triplitt, R. 1985. Nepenthes—Color Them Unique. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(2): 40–42, 48–49.
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Natural crosses with N. platychila,Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes platychila (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from Sarawak, Borneo. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 54: 257–261. N. rajah, and N. veitchii have also been recorded.
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Material deposited at Forest Herbarium, Bangkok (BKF) and identified as N. thorelii likely also belongs to N. bokorensis. Nepenthes bokor, described by Martin Cheek in June 2009, is a later synonym of N. bokorensis.Mey, F.S. 2009.
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Nepenthes amabilis. Carnivorous Plant Database. That name is itself a later synonym of N. × hookeriana. In the Autumn 2014 issue of Planta Carnivora, Martin Cheek published this species under the nomen novum (replacement name) N. sumagaya.
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A minor item of trivia playing into polemical discussions of Junghuhn is his surname, literally translated as "young chicken". The fungal genus Junghuhnia, and the plants Cyathea junghuhniana and Nepenthes junghuhnii are named after Franz Junghuhn.
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Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994. Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra . Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114. It is an extreme variety of this taxon with a large, flared peristome.
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Nepenthes glabrata belongs to what has been called the "N. tentaculata group" or "Hamata group",Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840.
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Nepenthes mira (; from Latin mirus "wonderful") is a highland pitcher plant endemic to Palawan in the Philippines. It grows at elevations of 1550–1605 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World.
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The pitchers of N. tobaica play host to a wide variety of infaunal organisms. The mite species Creutzeria tobaica was described from the pitchers of a Javanese Nepenthes identified as N. tobaica.Oudemans, A.C. 1932. Opus 550.
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An account of Nepenthes in New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 17(1): 7–54. as did Joachim Nerz and Andreas Wistuba in 1994, when they described the closely related N. longifolia.Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994.
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Nepenthes × hookeriana (; after Joseph Dalton Hooker), or Hooker's Pitcher- Plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a common natural hybrid involving N. ampullaria and N. rafflesiana.
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Rischer, H., A. Hamm & G. Bringmann 2002. Nepenthes insignis uses a C2-portion of the carbon skeleton of L-alanine acquired via its carnivorous organs, to build up the allelochemical plumbagin. Phytochemistry 59(6): 603–609.
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Nepenthes campanulata (; from Late Latin campānulātus "bell-shaped"), the bell-shaped pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant native to Borneo.
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Nepenthes × sarawakiensis (, after Sarawak, Borneo) is a natural hybrid involving N. muluensis and N. tentaculata. It is quite a rare plant as one of its parent species, N. muluensis, is only known from several isolated mountains.
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A memorial stained glass window in St Leonard's Church, Sheepstor, Devon, England, dedicated to those from Sarawak who died in World War II. It depicts a pair of pitcher plants, which the church guide describes as "a typical native pitcher plant - Naperthes Rajah", although they appear to be N. edwardsiana In recent years there has been renewed interest in Nepenthes worldwide. Much of the plants' current popularity can probably be attributed to Shigeo Kurata, whose book Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu (1976), which featured the best colour photography of Nepenthes to date, did much to bring attention to these unusual plants. Not surprisingly, N. rajah is a relatively well known plant in Malaysia, especially its native Sabah. The species is often used to promote Sabah, and specifically Kinabalu National Park, as a tourist destination, and features prominently on postcards from the region.
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In 1878, Harry Veitch despatched him to Mauritius and Madagascar, from where he sent seeds of Nepenthes madagascariensis, a species of pitcher plant, and various other tropical plants, including Angraecum sesquipedale. Unfortunately, following "treachery" by one of the African helpers, who cut the rope which held the raft on which the plants were being floated downriver, the first consignment of plants collected was lost and, as a result, the collecting work had to be repeated. Marianne North's painting of Nepenthes northiana, showing a lower and an upper pitcher Curtis returned to England in 1879, but a year later was sent to the Dutch East Indies, where he explored Borneo, Sumatra, Java and the Moluccas. Veitch instructed him to collect specimens of Nepenthes northiana, which had been discovered by Marianne North in Borneo, although the precise locality where the plant grew was unknown.
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Its reputation for producing some of the most magnificent pitchers in the genus dates back to the late 19th century.Masters, M.T. 1872. The cultivated species of Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872(16): 540–542.
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Cresswell, J.E. 2000. Resource input and the community structure of larval infaunas of an eastern tropical pitcher plant Nepenthes bicalcarata. Ecological Entomology 25(3): 362–366. Merbach, M.A., G. Zizka, B. Fiala, U. Maschwitz & W.E. Booth 2000.
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. The original N. adrianii plant discovered by Adrian Yusuf in 2004 In 2004, a Javan taxon resembling N. spathulata was discovered by Adrian Yusuf.Boediwardhana, W. 2006.
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Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. In New Guinea, it is predominantly present in Araucaria forests. The species has also been recorded from secondary forests, open microphyllous vegetation, and swamp grassland.
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Kaul, R.B. 1982. Floral and fruit morphology of Nepenthes lowii and N. villosa, montane carnivores of Borneo. American Journal of Botany 69(5): 793–803. A study of 570 pollen samples taken from three herbarium specimens (J.
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Margret Bunzel-Drüke: "Projekt Taurus – En økologisk erstatning for uroksen." (Archived version.) Translated into Danish by Karsten Thomsen. Lohne: ABU 2004; Århus: Nepenthes, 2005. Taurus cattle is a breed that is still being crossbred and bred selectively.
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Nepenthes mapuluensis (; from Mount Ilas Mapulu), the Mapulu pitcher- plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a species of tropical pitcher plant native to East Kalimantan, Borneo.
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Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. The pitcher mouth is round and bears a cylindrical peristome up to 3 mm wide.
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Charles Clarke's Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, also published in 2001; and Stewart McPherson's two-volume Pitcher Plants of the Old World, released in 2009, which included colour photographs of specimens from a newly discovered locality.
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Nepenthes aristolochioides is endemic to Sumatra and has an altitudinal distribution of 1800–2500 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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Instead, the species was formally described later that year as N. rigidifolia by Pitra Akhriadi, Hernawati, and Rusjdi Tamin. The description was published on November 22, 2004.Nepenthes rigidifolia Akhriadi, Hernawati & Tamin. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
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Other parts of aerial pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts. Nepenthes tobaica has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle and rachis can each grow to 20 cm in length. Partial peduncles are two-flowered and lack bracteoles.
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Nepenthes treubiana (; after Melchior Treub) is a tropical pitcher plant native to Western New Guinea and the island of Misool (including a number of smaller islands).McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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The lid and spur are similar to those of lower pitchers. Nepenthes longifolia has a racemose inflorescence. Male and female inflorescences have the same structure. The peduncle is up to 25 cm long and 3 mm wide.
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Despite only being recorded from several scattered localities, N. vogelii appears to be more widespread in Borneo than previously thought.Lee, C.C. 2004. New records and a new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sarawak. Sandakania 15: 93–101.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes eustachya usually grows in open, sunny sites on cliff faces and steep slopes at the forest margin. It is restricted to sandstone substrates and often grows on bare rock.Rischer, H. 2000.
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Upper pitchers also bear 14 to 18 longitudinal nerves. The mouth is horizontal and elongated into a short neck near the lid. Nepenthes ovata has a racemose inflorescence. Female inflorescences are usually slightly larger than male ones.
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Nepenthes inermis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. The specific epithet inermis is Latin for "unarmed" and refers to the upper pitchers of this species, which are unique in that they completely lack a peristome.
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It is deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens (formerly the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens) in Java. It does not include flowers or fruits. :c.Versteeg 1746 was collected on September 25, 1907, on a "Nepenthes-hill".
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The first known collection of N. thorelii was made by Clovis Thorel between 1862 and 1866Specimen Details: Nepenthes thorelii Lecomte. The New York Botanical Garden. from Ti- tinh, Lo-thieu, Guia-Toan, Vietnam.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997.
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Nepenthes rhombicaulis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. The specific epithet rhombicaulis is formed from the Latin words rhombicus, meaning "rhomboid", and caulis, "stem". It refers to the cross-sectional shape of the stem internodes.
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Two New Species of Nepenthes from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(3): 77–85. Due to its somewhat restricted distribution, N. rhombicaulis is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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Nepenthes parvula is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia. The specific epithet parvula refers to the diminutive size of mature plants.Nepenthes parvula Gary W.Wilson & S.Venter. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
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Nepenthes pilosa is easily distinguished from most other species in the genus on the basis of its hook-shaped lid appendage.Clarke, C.M. 2001. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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The pitchers themselves are unknown. Nepenthes mollis has a racemose inflorescence. The female inflorescence is unknown. The male inflorescence is densely covered with flowers and is described by Danser as "not robust" and "at last seemingly lateral".
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Dr. Charles M. Clarke (born in Melbourne, Australia) is an ecologist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes, for which he is regarded as a World Authority.Ellison, A. & Adamec, L. eds., 2018. Contributing Author Information.
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It is named after the plant genus Plumbago, from which it was originally isolated. It is also commonly found in the carnivorous plant genera Drosera and Nepenthes. It is also a component of the black walnut drupe.
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Nepenthes rosea is a tropical pitcher plant known only from Krabi Province, Peninsular Thailand, where it grows at 450–520 m above sea level. It is unusual in that it sometimes produces a rosette along the peduncle.
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B. H. Danser grouped N. surigaoensis with N. merrilliana in his seminal 1928 monograph, "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", writing that it "probably" represents a heterotypic synonym of this species.Danser, B.H. 1928. Nepenthes petiolata Dans., spec.
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Nepenthes gantungensis is an upright, climbing or scrambling plant. The stem, which may be branched in vining plants,McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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Nepenthes pitopangii is endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. It is known from two localities: a single, multi-stemmed specimen grows in a remote area of Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, and a small population has been recorded from the summit of a minor ridge in the southern part of the Minahassa Peninsula. A distance of more than 100 km separates these two sites. Nepenthes pitopangii is likely to occur elsewhere in Central Sulawesi, but small, isolated populations may prove to be the norm for this species.
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Nepenthes × alisaputrana (originally published as "Nepenthes × alisaputraiana")Adam & Wilcock 1992. is named in honour of Datuk Lamri Ali, Director of Sabah Parks. It is only known from a few remote localities within Kinabalu National Park where is grows in stunted, open vegetation over serpentine soils at around 2000 m above sea level, often amongst populations of N. burbidgeae. This plant is notable for combining the best characters of both parent species, not least the size of its pitchers, which rival those of N. rajah in volume (≤35 cm high, ≤20 cm wide).
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Lower pitchers of N. × kinabaluensis Nepenthes × alisaputrana and N. × kinabaluensis are often fertile and thus may breed among themselves. Clive A. Stace writes that we may speak of "stabilised hybrids when they have developed a distributional, morphological or genetic set of characters which is no longer strictly related to that of its parents, ... if the hybrid has become an independent, recognisable, self-producing unit, it is de facto a separate species".Stace 1980. Nepenthes hurrelliana and N. murudensis are two examples of species that have a putative hybrid origin.
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In order to create a favourable environment for its pitcher inhabitants, it appears that N. bicalcarata actively maintains the pH of its pitcher fluid at a less acidic level than that found in most other Nepenthes species (this might explain the occasional presence of tree frog eggs in its pitchers). In doing so, however, the plant reduces its ability to digest and assimilate nutrients from captured prey. The pitcher fluid of N. bicalcarata is also less viscoelastic than that of most Nepenthes species, and appears to lack functional digestive enzymes.
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Nepenthes epiphytica is a tropical pitcher plant known only from the Berau and East Kutai Regencies of East Kalimantan, Borneo, where it grows at an elevation of around 1000 m above sea level. Prior to its formal description as a species, N. epiphytica was considered to be a variant of the closely related N. fusca. Nepenthes epiphytica belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. platychila, N. stenophylla, and N. vogelii.
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Cultivated plants and subsequent field studies disproved both of these hypotheses. The first use of the name N. sibuyanensis greatly predates the formal description of this species. A certain "Nepenthes sibuyanensis Elm." appears in the December 29, 1911 issue of Leaflets of Philippine Botany, in an article by Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer on the figs of Sibuyan. Elmer wrote that this Nepenthes formed part of the summit vegetation of Mount Guiting-Guiting, which was "washed down and disseminated as botanical floats" along the Pauala River, where he observed it.
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Taxonomist Jan Schlauer reviewed "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" in the September 1998 issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. > The paper is a must for all interested seriously in the taxonomy of > Nepenthes, and it is another important step towards an improvement of > Danser's classical treatment. However, several debatable points have to be > clarified previous to the completion of the Flora Malesiana account. Schlauer disagreed with Jebb and Cheek's synonymisation of N. talangensis with N. bongso and their interpretation of N. stenophylla, which, according to Schlauer, served to perpetuate "Danser's misconception".
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Nepenthes micramphora gives its name to the informal "N. micramphora group", which also includes N. abgracilis from northeastern Mindanao and N. cid from north-central Mindanao. This group was introduced by Martin Cheek and Matthew Jebb in a 2013 paper that also included the formal descriptions of the latter two species. Before this, N. micramphora was considered an outlier or species of uncertain placement that did not fall into any of the established groups of Philippine Nepenthes (the three main ones being the N. alata, N. ventricosa, and N. villosa species groups).
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Nepenthes biak is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Indonesian island of Biak, after which it is named. Biak is a member of the Schouten Islands, located in Cenderawasih Bay, and is administered as part of Biak Numfor Regency, Papua Province. Nepenthes biak grows near sea level, usually on limestone coastal cliffs though occasionally as an epiphyte on mangrove trees. Prior to its formal description, N. biak was lumped with the closely related N. insignis, which is now considered to be restricted to the New Guinea mainland.
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In the wild, N. fusca is generally found is rather shady conditions (upper pitchers growing along a logging road to Mount Murud pictured) and this preference is reflected in cultivated plants, which show optimal growth under lower light levels than many other Nepenthes species. Little information has been published on the growing requirements of N. fusca. In 2004, professional horticulturist Robert Sacilotto wrote an article for the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter, summarising measured tolerances of several highland Nepenthes species based on experiments conducted between 1996 and 2001.Sacilotto, R. 2004.
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Nepenthes papuana type material Nepenthes papuana was first collected on October 7, 1909, by Lucien Sophie Albert Marie von Römer. Two plants were collected on this date on a hill below 750 m altitude, in the northern part of the Noordrivier. The species was collected again on January 5, 1913, by Cecil Boden Kloss at an elevation of 920 m, as part of the Wollaston Expedition. Four further collections were made in September, 1926, by Willem Marius Docters van Leeuwen at 250 and 300 m above sea level.
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Published only a year after Ernst Wunschmann's "Über die Gattung Nepenthes", Hooker's monograph expanded the number of known species considerably. Hooker recognised 33 species, including 7 described for the first time: N. bicalcarata, N. celebica (later synonymised with N. maxima), N. echinostoma (later reduced to a variety of N. mirabilis), N. hirsuta, N. khasiana, N. tentaculata, and N. vieillardii. Nepenthes blancoi and N. maxima were listed as "species non satis notæ" (little known species), while N. cristata was included under "species admodum dubia" (very doubtful species). Hooker also described 5 varieties: N. albomarginata var.
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Nepenthes chang is thought to be most closely related to N. kampotiana. It can be distinguished from this species on the basis of the two-flowered partial peduncles of the male inflorescence, as opposed to the one-flowered pedicels of N. kampotiana. Nepenthes chang also differs in that its androphores are partially hairy, whereas those of N. kampotiana are glabrous. The laminae of N. kampotiana are considerably thicker (0.5 mm versus 0.2 mm) and always have a light green colouration, as compared to the yellowish to reddish young leaves of N. chang.
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A climbing stem with an upper pitcher, showing the lamina shape Nepenthes mikei is a climbing plant growing to a height of 7 m. The stem, which may be branched, is up to 0.4 cm in diameter and has cylindrical to angular internodes measuring up to 9 cm in length. Plants from Mount Bandahara are known to produce offshoots from short underground rhizomes. Nepenthes mikei is noted for rapidly transitioning from a rosette to a climbing stage; sequential internodal lengths of 2–3 mm and 10 cm have been recorded.
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The large glands on the underside of the lid are unique among Sumatran Nepenthes species, and help to distinguish N. jacquelineae from related taxa. N. jamban also possesses very large nectar glands (≤0.5 mm), but differs in having longer and one-flowered partial peduncles, and a narrower lid. Nepenthes flava can be easily distinguished from N. jacquelineae on the basis of its ovate or oblong lid and cylindrical peristome. The most characteristic feature of N. jacquelineae is its greatly expanded peristome, which can be up to 3.5 cm wide in upper pitchers.
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Nepenthes eymae has no confirmed natural hybrids, although introgression may take place where this species is sympatric with N. maxima. The conservation status of N. eymae is listed as Least concern on the IUCN Red List, based on an assessment carried out in 2018. In 2009, Stewart McPherson wrote that the species is "widespread and locally abundant" across its range and that most populations are "remote and not seriously threatened at present". Nepenthes eymae is known to occur in one protected area (Morowali Nature Reserve), although the full extent of its range is unknown.
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A small rosette plant growing among leaf litter Nepenthes rhombicaulis is known from a number of peaks in the Indonesian province of North Sumatra, particularly around Lake Toba. Plants that appear to match the description of N. rhombicaulis have also been recorded from Mount Bandahara in Aceh. The species is known with certainty only from the Mount Pangulubao complex and Mount Lubukraya, although Shigeo Kurata suggested that it is likely to be more widespread in the Lake Toba region. Nepenthes rhombicaulis has an altitudinal distribution of 1600–2000 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009.
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The taxonomy presented in the first edition is based on that of Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek's 1997 monograph, "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", which was in preparation at the time of the book's publication. The second edition mostly follows the taxonomy of Cheek and Jebb's 2001 monograph, "Nepenthaceae". Both editions devote much space to the botanical and horticultural history of Nepenthes. In the first edition, the species accounts are predominantly illustrated with watercolour paintings by Susan M. Phillipps, while in the updated work they are supplemented by numerous habitat photographs by Ch'ien Lee.
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Nepenthes minima is a tropical pitcher plant native to Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. It grows in seasonally dry grasslands at elevations of 1000–1700 m above sea level, and has a number of adaptations to survive wildfires. It is the only pyrophytic Nepenthes species known from outside Indochina and the Philippines. The specific epithet minima, Latin for "smallest", was chosen as an antonym to that of the closely allied N. maxima, with which this species was long conflated and from which it differs in being smaller in all respects.
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These species are united by a number of morphological characters, including winged petioles, lids with basal ridges on the lower surface (often elaborated into appendages), and upper pitchers that are usually broadest near the base. It has been suggested that N. negros might fall within the natural variability of N. ramos, though field studies would be needed to confirm this.Gronemeyer, T., W. Suarez, H. Nuytemans, M. Calaramo, A. Wistuba, F.S. Mey & V.B. Amoroso (2016). Two new Nepenthes species from the Philippines and an emended description of Nepenthes ramos.
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The sculptures were inspired by the genus of carnivorous plants of the same name (Nepenthes bokorensis pictured). Nepenthes is a series of four sculptures by Dan Corson. Located along Northwest Davis Street between Fifth and Eighth Avenues, the pieces are inspired by the genus of carnivorous plants of the same name, commonly referred to as tropical pitcher plants. According to Corson and the Regional Arts & Culture Council (RACC), which maintains the sculpture series, the work and genus are named after the "magical Greek potion that eliminates sorrow and suffering".
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Nepenthes ampullaria is well-adapted to capture leaf litter. A few plants that could be considered protocarnivorous or paracarnivorous are those that once had carnivorous adaptations but appear to be evolving or have evolved away from a direct prey relationship with arthropods and rely on other sources for obtaining nutrients. One example of such a phenomenon is the pitfall trap of Nepenthes ampullaria, a tropical pitcher plant. Although it retains its ability to attract, capture, kill, and digest insect prey, this species has acquired adaptations that appear to favor digestion of leaf litter.
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Nepenthes kerrii is a climbing plant growing to a height of approximately 4 m. The stem is terete and 3–5 mm in diameter. It is typically self-supporting and unbranched. Internodes are up to 8.5 cm long.
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Nepenthes villosa , or the villose pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in northeastern Borneo.
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However, it has been confused once before, when the hybrid was misidentified as both N. rajah and N. villosaSchlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes kinabaluensis. Carnivorous Plant Database. in Letts Guide to Carnivorous Plants of the World, published in 1992.
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Detail of the peristome on a lower pitcher. Nepenthes rafflesiana is a scrambling vine. The stem may climb to a height of 15 m and is up to 10 mm thick. Internodes are up to 20 cm long.
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Nepenthes viridis is a climbing plant growing to a height of around 4 m. The stem is roughly circular in cross section and in mature plants reaches 9 mm in diameter, with internodes up to 10 cm long.
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They are long and narrow, sometimes reaching almost three times the pitcher height, at least in plants from Samar.Suarez, W. 2013. Re: Nepenthes viridis, a new species from Dinagat/Philippines. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, October 24, 2013.
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Barry Meyers-Rice reviewed Nepenthes of Borneo in the December 1998 issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. He described the work as a "good, solid book that treats its subject very well".Meyers-Rice, B. 1998. Book Review.
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Fruits number around 15 per infructescence and bear valves 19–20 mm long by 3.5–4.5 mm wide. As in most Nepenthes species, the seeds are filiform. They are around 8 mm long by 0.4–0.6 mm wide.
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Mount Lumarku or Lumaku () is a mountain in West Coast Division of Sabah, Malaysia. The pitcher plant species Nepenthes fusca, N. hurrelliana, and N. tentaculata are native to this mountain.Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher- Plants of Borneo.
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The conservation status of N. edwardsiana is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The species has also been classified as Vulnerable by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre.Simpson, R.B. 1995. Nepenthes and conservation.
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Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1332–1339. N. pitopangii,Lee, C.C., S. McPherson, G. Bourke & M. Mansur 2009. Nepenthes pitopangii (Nepenthaceae), a new species from central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 61(1): 95–100.
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Nepenthes adnata is a diminutive species. The stem is cylindrical in cross section and may be climbing or drooping. It rarely exceeds 2 m in length and 3 mm in diameter. Internodes are up to 10 cm long.
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In his description of the Bornean species N. campanulata, botanist Shigeo Kurata suggested that it may be closely related to N. inermis.Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
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Nepenthes bellii is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippine islands of Mindanao and Dinagat, where it grows at elevations of 0–800 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes philippinensis has no known natural hybrids. No forms or varieties have been formally described, although a multitude of taxa resembling N. philippinensis are found across the isolated peaks of Palawan.
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Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. Compounds derived from plants identified as N. thorelii have been the subject of some research. A 1998 article reported that naphthoquinones originating from N. thorelii showed antimalarial activity.
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Nepenthes deaniana (; after Dean C. Worcester) is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippines, where it grows at an altitude of 1180–1296 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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Some authors treat N. fallax in synonymy with N. stenophylla, while others consider them to be two distinct species, with plants commonly referred to as N. stenophylla actually representing N. fallax.Schlauer, J. 2006. Nepenthes fallax. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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Nepenthes murudensis , or the Murud pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Mount Murud in Borneo, after which it is named.
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Nepenthes surigaoensis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippine island of Mindanao, where it grows at elevations of at least 800–1200 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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Uranotaenia moultoni is a species of mosquito in the genus Uranotaenia. It is endemic to Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. U. moultoni is placed in the subgenus Pseudoficalbia. In its larval stage, U. moultoni develops in the pitchers of Nepenthes species.
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Nepenthes tentaculata is a climbing plant. The stem may reach a length of 3 m and is up to 5 mm in diameter. Internodes are circular to triangular in cross section and up to 10 cm long.Clarke, C.M. 1997.
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Nepenthes bicalcarata (; from Latin for "two-spurred"), also known as the fanged pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to northwestern Borneo, Indonesia.
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Nepenthes villosa is endemic to the upper slopes of Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in Sabah, Borneo. It generally grows at 2300–3240 m above sea level,McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes.
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A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106. In Borneo, it occurs usually on relatively flat terrain in kerangas forest, peat swamp forest, and degraded swamp forest, at elevations of 0 to 1000 m.Clarke, C.M. 1997.
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Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. 81: 12–17. On Pig Hill, it grows at 1900–1950 mAdam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
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The Metazoan Food Webs from Six Bornean Nepenthes Species. Ecological Entomology 18: 7–16.Clarke, C.M. & R.L. Kitching 1995. Swimming Ants and Pitcher Plants: a Unique Ant-Plant Interaction from Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 11(4): 589–602.
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A lower pitcher of a cultivated N. mirabilis var. globosa Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa has been recorded from a single undisclosed Andaman Sea island off Phang Nga and from the Thai mainland near the city of Trang.McPherson, S.R. 2009.
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The lamina or leaf blade is petiolate, oblong- lanceolate in shape, and up to 30 cm long by 9 cm wide.Kurata, S. 1976. Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu.
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Nepenthes macrovulgaris (; from Greek macro- "large" and Latin vulgaris "common, usual"), or the serpentine pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo.
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A contribution to the flora and the plant formations of Mount Kinabalu and the Highlands of British North Borneo. Journal of the Linnean Society 42: 125–127. and The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture in 1919.Macfarlane, J.M. 1919. Nepenthes.
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Some authors treat N. fallax in synonymy with N. stenophylla, while others consider them to be two distinct species, with plants commonly referred to as N. stenophylla actually representing N. fallax.Schlauer, J. Nepenthes fallax. Carnivorous Plant Database.Schlauer, J. 1996.
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N. argentii, N. aristolochioides, N. cid, N. danseri, N. diatas, N. extincta,Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23.
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Nepenthes papuana is a climbing plant. The stem is cylindrical in cross section and 5 to 7 mm thick. Internodes are 2 to 5 cm long. Older plants produce short shoots and rosettes near the base of the stem.
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Pitcher this: a new Nepenthes. The Plantsman (New Series) 9(2): 73. (The largest pitchers remain those of N. rajah.) Another difference from N. attenboroughii is that the pitchers of N. palawanensis are lined with orange to red hairs.
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In aerial pitchers, the wings are usually reduced to ribs, but sometimes bear fringe elements. In most other respects, they are similar to lower pitchers. Nepenthes adnata has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 8 cm long.
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2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Nepenthes mira was formally described by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in 1998. The authors suggest that N. mira is related to the Bornean species N. edwardsiana, N. macrophylla, and N. villosa.
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Nepenthes argentii on Sibuyan Island. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(2): 47–50. A taxon resembling N. alata grows on Mount Guiting-Guiting at lower elevations of 800 to 1000 m;Nerz, J., P. Mann, T. Alt & T. Smith 1998.
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The specific epithet eustachya has been misspelled several times in the literature, including once by Otto Stapf in 1886 as N. eustachys and once by Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage in 1900 as N. eustachia.Schlauer, J. Nepenthes eustachya. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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Nepenthes eustachya is a climbing plant. The stem attains a length of up to 5 m and a diameter of 0.8 cm. Internodes are cylindrical in cross section and up to 12 cm long. Leaves are coriaceous and petiolate.
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Nepenthes smilesii is a climbing plant growing to a height of 5 m. Its leaves are sessile and coriaceous (leathery) in texture. They are very narrowly linear, reaching 40 cm in length while only up to 4 cm wide.
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Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference: 111–116.Cheek, M., M. Jebb, C.C. Lee, A. Lamb & A. Phillipps. 2003. Nepenthes hurrelliana (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from Borneo. Sabah Parks Nature Journal 6: 117–124.
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The population of N. campanulata from which the type specimen originated was destroyed as a result of forest fires in 1983. All known populations were completely killed off in late 1991 or early 1992.Nerz, J. 1994. Nepenthes- discussion.
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Nepenthes tboli is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines. The type specimen was collected in 1993 around Lake Parker, T'Boli, South Cotabato, Mindanao, at 1463 m above sea level.Nepenthes tboli Jebb & Cheek. International Plant Names Index (IPNI).
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