Pump John Elway full of mutagen to make him a renewed centaur quarterback?
|
|
The fallout leads to three samples of an experimental mutagen dropping through the atmosphere and landing on Earth, where a wolf, a crocodile, and George are all infected.
|
|
From BioShock's toxic mutagen EVE to the Fallout series' menagerie of euphemistic intoxicants, games protagonists have been shooting up, snorting, and smoking their way through their adventures for decades now.
|
|
The mutagen is explained away as a CRISPR-enabled instant DNA splice, but the story keeps changing, depending on the moment: it apparently also involves growth hormones, recombinant DNA that gives the mutated animals various superpowers, and some kind of programmed vulnerability to a homing beacon.
|
|
" Brett, another flailing doofus who feels like Connor's long-lost cousin, loudly explains this to his cooler, more competent sister at the beginning of the film: "There's a reason we were doing these experiments in space," he yells when the mutagen escapes the lab, "and it wasn't exactly for the betterment of humanity!
|
|
Young Scientist prize, United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society (UKEMS) 2002 and the European Environmental Mutagen Society (EEMS) 2003. Committee Member United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society (UKEMS) 2012-2015. Member; British Association of Cancer Research (BACR), United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society (UKEMS).
|
|
Mutagen Man is a character in the "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" franchise that suffers a bizarre encounter with mutagen that exposes his internal organs and resides in a special robotic suit. In the 1987 cartoon, Mutagen Man (voiced by Rob Paulsen) was introduced as Seymour Gutz, a nerdy mailman who became dismembered upon falling into a special vat of mutagen. In the IDW comics, Mutagen Man is a failed attempt at combining several different animal breeds into one mutant. When The Mutanimals found him strapped to a bed, they tried to free him.
|
|
Bloodsucker later sucked out the rest of Raphael's mutagen. The other Turtles decided to capture Bloodsucker so they could get the mutagen back to Raphael. Finally, they found Bloodsucker and started a fight. During the battle Raphael (who looked like a normal pet turtle at this point) started biting Bloodsucker thus draining the stolen mutagen back.
|
|
When he was exposed to mutagen, he dissolved into a 6 ft. mutant blob of mutagen with floating organs and a disintegrating touch that was the result of having not coming in contact with any animal or plant.
|
|
Canisters of mutagen can be used to quickly add experience points to a character to rapidly raise their levels and make them stronger. Mutagen is also used to increase the power of the character's various abilities once the right items have been collected. Mutagen is widely distributed in the game, though not always in large amounts, including from the shop, the completion of a stage, prize wheels and card packs.
|
|
With his last breath, Krieger reveals that there is no cure for the mutagen. Doyle reveals the "antidote" they took earlier was the very mutagen they were trying to protect themselves from and reveals that he plans to sell the mutagen formula on the black market before fleeing. After battling through a horde of Trigens, Jack catches up with Doyle and kills him. Jack then escapes just before the volcano, in which Krieger's main offices are located, erupts.
|
|
Both he and Val are cured from the mutagen and manage to sail off on a boat.
|
|
Antimutagens are the agents that interfere with the mutagenicity of a substance. The interference can be in the form of prevention of the transformation of a mutagenic compound into mutagen, inactivation, or otherwise the prevention of Mutagen-DNA reaction. Antimutagens can be classified into: Desmutagens, that inactivate the chemical interactions before the mutagen attacks the genes and Bio-antimutagens, that stop the mutation process once after the genes are damaged by mutagens. There are a number of naturally occurring anti-mutagens that show their efficient action.
|
|
Selected exogenous genotoxins/carcinogens and their mutagen-induced DNA damage and repair mechanisms have been linked to specific molecular signatures.
|
|
As a precautionary measure, Rahzar placed a collar containing miniature mutagen vials around Stockman's neck in case he attempted another betrayal. Shredder became very wary of his poor progress of making effective mutants for his army after his 74th attempt with a duck and activated the mutagen collar on him. As the result of a housefly landing on his nose before the collar exploded, Stockman mutated into a humanoid mutant housefly with a lobster claw for a right hand, a vertical mouth releasing an acidic spit, heightened hearing and superhuman flight speed. Planning to make himself more human, he kidnapped April and threatened to merge with her through mutagen and become one unless Donatello hands over the retro-mutagen he developed so Stockman can retro- mutate himself.
|
|
Bradford revealed his deception when he had Michelangelo captured, sparking a bitter hatred from him. However, after he failed to trick the Turtles into leading him and the Foot to Splinter and numerous repeated failures, Shredder became enraged at his incompetence. Bradford was prepared to die with honor than continue his life of shame when confronting the Turtles near a Kraang mutagen bomb with Xever Montes. In a final attempt to finish them off, he stabbed open the mutagen bomb, which instead caused the mutagen inside to wash only him and Montes off the building.
|
|
528-532 (link) It is also used as a mutagen for crop selection of plants such as rice, barley or oats.
|
|
EMS is often used in genetics as a mutagen. Mutations induced by EMS can then be studied in genetic screens or other assays.
|
|
Although he is told that he's being saved, Mutagen Man has a different idea of the term by forcing Old Hob's gun to his dome and urging him to fire. Hob refuses and they all escape the facility together. Later, Mutagen Man was given the name "Seymour Guts" by Mondo Gecko. In the 2012 cartoon, Mutagen Man (voiced by Roger Craig Smith) was introduced as Timothy, a young ineffective ice cream vendor who, after witnessing the Turtles' first battle with Baxter Stockman from his apartment window, dedicated himself into fighting crime as a wannabe superhero in a turtle costume called The Pulverizer.
|
|
The EMS is a member organisation of the International Association of Environmental Mutagen Societies (IAEMS) and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.
|
|
Mutagen Man is a mutant from the 1987 and 2012 series who makes his way in the IDW comics as a member of The Mutanimals.
|
|
Viper was later freed from prison by Tyrannus. She used a snake mutagen on drug addicts, and then battled the Punisher.Punisher Annual #2. Marvel Comics.
|
|
A comutagen is a substance that is not a mutagen by itself, but in the presence of a mutagen, enhances mutagenic activity. There are at least two manners by which this may occur; the comutagen may strengthen the mutagenic activity of mutagenic chemicals, or it can create a mutagenic response from nonmutagens. Chemicals such as harmane and norharmane (present in tobacco tar) have been identified as comutagens.
|
|
Raphael suggests she joins the Mighty Mutanimals in her spare time. In the IDW Comics Mona Lisa was a human student studying physics at the city college before she was transformed into a mutant lizard by Old Hob's Mutagen Bomb. In the newly established Mutant Town (which was built for other victims of the Mutagen Bomb), Mona helps Alopex's shelter by stealing from the Mutanimals' supplies.
|
|
If a mutagenic substance is added, however, the number of revertants would be visibly higher than without the mutagenic substance. The Ames test, basically, is considered positive if a substance increases chance of mutation in the DNA of the bacteria enough to cause a quantifiable difference in the revertants of the mutagen plate and the control group plate. Negative Ames test means the possible mutagen DID not cause increase in revertants and positive Ames test signifies that the possible mutagen DID increase the chance of mutation. These mutagenic effects on bacteria are researched as a possible indicator of the same effects on larger organisms, like humans.
|
|
A group of humanoid mutant frogs that are the results of mutagen being dumped near their pond during Mikey's fight with Mom-Thing in "Buried Secrets".
|
|
The ship arrives at the home world and above a massive gathering of Engineers around a temple, David prepares to drop the urns of mutagen on them.
|
|
It is usually available as a hydrochloride salt. Acridine yellow damages DNA and is used as a mutagen in microbiology. Acridine yellow is similar to acridine orange.
|
|
Hallocat was originally the cat of a trucker until he fell into the mutagen. Turning into a mutant cat, he hired Nevermore & Nocturno to destroy our reptilian heroes.
|
|
9-Aminoacridine is a highly fluorescent dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, an intracellular pH indicator and a small molecule MALDI matrix.
|
|
In exchange for the use of the Lazarus Pit, Shredder and the Foot Clan aid al Ghul in building a machine that will transform everyone in Gotham into insane mutants using a mixture of mutagen and the Joker's venom. Al Ghul and Shredder break into Arkham Asylum, giving Joker a canister of mutagen in exchange for the formula for his venom. The Bat-Family and the Turtles are alerted of an incident in Arkham by Commissioner Gordon, where they discover that Joker has used the mutagen to transform himself and all of the inmates into mutated animals, including him as a cobra, Mr. Freeze as a polar bear, Scarecrow as a raven, Two-Face as a two-faced cat, Poison Ivy as a venus flytrap, Bane as a jaguar and Harley Quinn as a hyena. The heroes face off against the mutated rogues, but Joker injects Batman with the mutagen/venom combination to transform him into an unhinged mutated vampire bat.
|
|
Mutating offers a variety of benefits, such as increased strength, stamina, as well as the initial ability to fire health-replenishing parasites as well as the later ability to contaminate enemies, both at the cost of mutation time reduction. While in a mutant form, players can easily spot enemies, which would otherwise be cloaked to the regular human eye, albeit with a slight ocular defect. Players can replenish health and mutagen either through the use of medical syringes found throughout the game or by using parasites, and mutagen by melee combat or "using" infected corpses, or by finding mutagen syringes. A notable aspect of gameplay is the ability to scan and analyze various objects in the game environment.
|
|
Nevermore the Scarecrow was originally a crow until it got exposed to mutagen. He turned in to mutant crow & teamed up with Hallocat & Nocturno the get rid of the turtles.
|
|
In "Mikey Gets Shellacne," Stockman was revealed to have secured a large amount of mutagen, seeking to create an army of mutants to serve him. Unfortunately, he was sought out by Karai to be taken back into the Foot Clan when cornered by Dogpound, who he claimed he can return to his human form. As a precautionary measure, Dogpound placed a collar containing mutagen around Stockman's neck, vowing to mutate him if he double-crossed him. After Dogpound was mutated into Rahzar and the villains were defeated by the Turtles, Stockman was brought back into the Foot Clan once again, with a collar containing a set of miniature mutagen vials locked around his neck, which was meant to mutate him if he attempted another betrayal.
|
|
Pursuing the hologram, he finds a room filled with urns containing a black mutagen. As an incoming windstorm is detected, David bags one of the urns and returns it to Prometheus. Aboard the ship, David assists Shaw with studying an Engineer head. David is instructed by an unidentified voice on a radio to "try harder", prompting him to gather a drop of mutagen from the urn and use it to infect Holloway as he drinks champagne.
|
|
Although Slash is technically an ordinary Earth turtle in the animated series, he is considered "native" to Dimension X since he was exposed to mutagen and took on his present form there.
|
|
The two engaged briefly in battle with Splinter proving victorious, and the unconscious Shredder was carried away by Tiger Claw. In "City at War" due to the injuries he sustained from Splinter, Shredder has been confined to a hospital bed under the care of Stockman with Bebop and Rocksteady as his bodyguards. When Tiger Claw returns to report the loss of an entire weapons cache thanks to the Turtles and Karai back in Manhattan, making it clear Karai wants to take Shredder down one piece at a time by destroying his criminal empire before taking him out, Shredder decrees that if it's a war Karai wants, it's a war she'll get, before Stockman hooks an I.V. filled with mutagen up to Shredder, and as the mutagen is injected into Shredder, his eyes open wide as the mutagen takes effect. In "The Insecta Trifecta", Shredder is still receiving the mutagen drip as he now turns to Stockman as his last hope due to his undying loyalty since Tiger Claw and the others have become useless as of late in stopping Karai and the Turtles.
|
|
He is currently the Associate Director of the National Technical Committee for the Biological Testing Standardization of Medical Devices; Director of the China Environmental Mutagen Society; Director of the Teratogenetics Specialist Committee; Associate Director of the Genetoxicity Specialist Committee; Director of the Chinese Society of Toxicology; Executive Director of the Beijing Environmental Mutagen Society; specialist for the Committee of the Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars; specialist for the State Education Ministry; and member of the SFDA Specialist Database. He also serves as the Committee Chairman of the Chinese Environmental Mutagen Society of birth defects prevention; Vice-chairman of the Chinese Society of Toxicology, for the Committee of Reproductive Toxicology; Executive Director of the Beijing Municipal Environmental Mutagen Society; SFDA GLP inspection expert; Member of experts for Drug Evaluation; SFDA expert review of the library members medicines and SFDA expert reviewer of medical devices library members. He was the former member of the Military Drug Evaluation Specialist Database, and former member of the Specialist Committee of the Medical Science Committee of General Logistics Department of the PLA.
|
|
In the universe of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Mutants are essentially creatures with the genetic traits of two different animals. Usually, the mutations are caused by interaction with Mutagen, an alien ooze.
|
|
However, because of April's Kraang-altered genetic code, she was immune to the mutagen and after a chase through the city for retro-mutagen meant for Wingnut, Stockman was recaptured by Rahzar and taken before Shredder to pledge complete loyalty to the Foot Clan, believing them to be his best chance for his retro-mutation. As a generous measure, Stockman's service to the Foot later earned Shredder possession of various projects, such as the Shredder Mutants and a mind control serum.
|
|
Muckman is a garbage mutant who is an ally of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In the 1987 cartoon, Muckman (voiced by Townsend Coleman impersonating Jackie Gleason) started out as a garbageman named Garson Greer. He and his fellow garbageman Joe Junkee were exposed to mutagen when Rocksteady and Bebop accidentally poured mutagen on them where Muckman was transformed into a garbage mutant. Muckman and Joe Eyeball became allies with the Turtles when they realized that Rocksteady and Bebop were behind their mutation.
|
|
These hideous henchmen include Bonker, a clown gone bad, and Ickybod Clay, the wonder from down under. Dr. Kiln is putting on the finishing touches on his top secret mutagen code named "Clayotic Claymorphisis" as Houngan walks through the lab door. When Houngan finds out about Dr. Kiln's secret formula the clay hits the fan. As the fight breaks loose the vial containing the mutagen breaks in Dr. Kiln's hand and begins to take on a life of its own.
|
|
Jack, kicked off the helicopter, has to fight through the Trigen- infested area to rescue Val and escape the islands with his life. Upon reaching a mercenary weapons cache, Jack notices his arm is turning green. Doyle responds that the mutagen concentration on the air might be too strong for the antidote, but Krieger is working on a cure in a laboratory nearby. Jack is thus directed to find Krieger, who has injected himself with the mutagen but is ultimately defeated.
|
|
Nocturno the Owl was originally an owl until it got exposed to mutagen. He transformed into a mutant owl & teamed up with Hallocat & Nevermore to create "The Uncanny Trio" to destroy the Ninja Turtles.
|
|
Agaritine has been shown to test positive as a mutagen in the Ames test and mutagenize DNA in the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. It has also been shown to covalently bind to DNA in vivo.
|
|
"Contaminants in soil: Collation of toxicological data and intake values for humans. Vinyl chloride." Vinyl chloride is a mutagen having clastogenic effects which affect lymphocyte chromosomal structure.Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2006).
|
|
A mysterious ship using a giant magnet steals a highly potent mutagen known as PX-41 from a secret laboratory in the Arctic Circle. The Anti-Villain League (AVL), led by Silas Ramsbottom, sends one of its agents, Lucy Wilde to recruit Gru, a former supervillain. At the AVL headquarters Silas tells him he was taken here to track down the culprit of the person who stole the lab and recover the mutagen. However, Gru refuses, claiming that he is now a legitimate father and jelly businessman.
|
|
A covalent adduct between a metabolically activated form of benzo[a]pyrene, the major mutagen in tobacco smoke, and DNACreated from PDB 1JDG DNA can be damaged by many sorts of mutagens, which change the DNA sequence. Mutagens include oxidizing agents, alkylating agents and also high-energy electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and X-rays. The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen. For example, UV light can damage DNA by producing thymine dimers, which are cross-links between pyrimidine bases.
|
|
Malondialdehyde is reactive and potentially mutagenic.Hartman PE, Putative mutagens and carcinogens in foods. IV. Malonaldehyde (malondialdehyde) Environ Mutagen. 1983;5(4):603-7 It has been found in heated edible oils such as sunflower and palm oils.
|
|
This is a method that combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis with a chemical mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) with a sensitive DNA-screening technique that identifies point mutations in a target gene.
|
|
A white chicken at the O'Neil Family summer house that develops a large brain-shaped cranium at the top of her head after ingesting the mutagen sample taken from Donnie after it leaks from Speed Demon.
|
|
Leatherhead makes his debut in the 49th issue of IDW Publishing's comic series. He appears very briefly, telling Dr. Harold and Professor Honeycutt that he had some mutagen that could be used to help heal Donatello.
|
|
Batman, Leonardo and Splinter reconnoiter Stockman's laboratory, where they find Bane in the midst of withdrawal from his lack of Venom. However, Bane is not that incapacitated as to miss their arrival and leaving to get the others; and as soon as the heroes are gone, he and Stockman initiate the next phase of their plan to inject the whole Foot Clan with a newly synthesized Venom-mutagen compound. Thus, when the Turtles, Batman, Splinter and Robin return to the laboratory, they walk right into an ambush; when Bebop and Rocksteady trigger the trap, they accidentally expose Stockman to a mixture of mutagen and fly DNA, turning him into a human fly. Quickly the heroes find themselves surrounded not only by Bane, Bebop and Rocksteady, but also the rest of the Foot Clan, all of them vastly enhanced with both Venom and mutagen.
|
|
Joe Eyeball is a small creature who is Muckman's sidekick. In the 1980s Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles episode "Muckman Messes Up," Joe Eyeball (voiced by Rob Paulsen impersonating Art Carney) started out as a garbage man named Joe Junkee. He and his fellow garbageman Garson Greer were exposed to mutagen when Rocksteady and Bebop accidentally poured mutagen on them where Joe Eyeball was transformed into a small green mutant with eyestalks. Muckman and Joe Eyeball became allies with the Turtles when they realized that Rocksteady and Bebop were behind their mutation.
|
|
The IDW Comics series, which began in 2011, presents a new origin for both Splinter and the Turtles. All five were originally test subjects at Baxter Stockman's bioengineering firm, Stockgen Corporation. When agents of the Foot Clan break into Stockgen and attempt to steal an alien mutagen, Splinter and the Turtles escape but are exposed to the mutagen in the process. While the element of Splinter being Hamato Yoshi is still present, Oroku Saki is now the Foot Clan's medieval leader, with Splinter and the Turtles being the reincarnations of Yoshi and his sons.
|
|
While tracking the Technodrome, the Turtles and Splinter are attacked by Hun and the Purple Dragons, who want their mutagen. In the course of the fight, Hun accidentally becomes exposed to the substance and turns into a mutant turtle. He wanders until coming upon the Technodrome, now under the control of The Utrom Shredder, who takes Hun back into his service. Ch'rell and Karai begin upgrading the Technodrome and the Foot-Bots with Utrom science, and use their supply of mutagen to make a mutant army out of the Foot clan.
|
|
After the Department of Defense has supposedly analyzed the situation, Jack and Val steal the nuclear weapon, despite Jack's protests. Before entering the factory, Doyle warns that the mutagen might infect them when the blast goes off, and advises them to take a mutagen-resistant serum before arming the nuke. Inside the factory, they do so and arm the nuke, which detonates directly behind Jack and Val as they exit the factory, leaving them unconscious. While Jack and Val are unconscious, Krieger captures them before leaving to his main base in a helicopter.
|
|
Shredder sent a member of the Foot to follow April, hoping to find the Turtles through her. When April's team was doing a report on T.G.R.I. in New Jersey, April's camera operator/Foot Clan member Freddy found some mutated dandelions and sent one to the Shredder. He then orders Tatsu to obtain a sample of the T.G.R.I. mutagen that mutated the Turtles, as well as kidnap researcher Jordan Perry. Using the last mutagen and Perry's research, the Shredder creates his own mutants, Tokka and Rahzar, from a stolen snapping turtle and a brown wolf respectively.
|
|
Ganciclovir is considered a potential human carcinogen, teratogen, and mutagen. It is also considered likely to cause inhibition of spermatogenesis. Thus, it is used judiciously and handled as a cytotoxic drug in the clinical setting.Roche Products Pty Ltd.
|
|
Cross section of a meningioma displacing the underlying brain.Sources of ionizing radiation include medical imaging, and radon gas. Ionizing radiation is not a particularly strong mutagen. Medical use of ionizing radiation is a growing source of radiation-induced cancers.
|
|
1,3-Dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP) is an organic compound with the formula HOCH2CHClCH2Cl. It is a colorless liquid. It is an intermediate in the production of epichlorohydrin. 1,3-DCP is a believed to be a carcinogen and mutagen.
|
|
After a duel between them, Raphael had gained back all the mutagen from Bloodsucker and was back to his former self. Bloodsucker had also transformed back to a normal leech which Raphael freed back to the river it had come from.
|
|
Jack needed proof of the illegal dumping and after finding the mutagen coming out of the pipe he climbed into it to try to find an emissions leak. Bebop and Rocksteady had accidentally spilled a barrel of mutagen down the sewer which washed Jack into the river and he became a mutant manta ray. Ray first met the TMNT after first saving them from a torpedo that Shredder, Bebop, and Rocksteady shot at them from a submarine and defeating Shredder under water. When Ray brought Shredder to the shore Shredder kicked sand in his face and escaped.
|
|
After this plot failed to kill the Turtles and a repeated failure, the Shredder became enraged at his lieutenant's incompetence. This drove Bradford to kill the turtles even if it meant his own death when he confronts the Turtles near a Kraang mutagen bomb with fellow Foot member Xever Montes. Though the bomb was defused, Bradford was exposed to the mutagen alongside Xever. Having been previously bitten by Shredder's pet akita, Bradford became a large dog mutant with increased strength that Michelangelo dubbed Dogpound as he was a dog who always pounded them into the ground.
|
|
Seeking revenge against the entire world, Stockman stole a sample of Krang's mutagen, and combined it with the genetic material of various insects stolen from a research lab, using the resultant concoction to transform humans into mutant insects, including the crew at Channel 6. The computer reminded him that he had forgotten about the Turtles, and he used his insect minions to capture them, but when questioned about what, exactly, they had ever actually done to him, Stockman admitted he could not even remember. Eventually, the Turtles were able to overpower Stockman, and forced him to lead them back to the Technodrome so that they could steal the Shredder's retro-mutagen ray and return the mutated humans to normal. In the chaos that ensued, the computer was destroyed, and once the retro-mutagen ray had been found, Stockman snatched it up and flew off through a dimensional portal, intending to use it to return himself to normal.
|
|
Wave 8 featured Casey Jones, Kirby Bat, Mutagen Man and Squirrelanoid. Patrol Buggies were released for Leo, Don, Raph and Mikey. Each was sold separately, but could be joined together to create one vehicle. Wave 9 featured Dojo Splinter, Newtralizer, Rahzar and Slash.
|
|
Hypoxanthine and xanthine are two of the many bases created through mutagen presence, both of them through deamination (replacement of the amine-group with a carbonyl-group). Hypoxanthine is produced from adenine, xanthine from guanine, and uracil results from deamination of cytosine.
|
|
Cadmium is a heavy metal and an environmental pollutant. Cadmium is a known carcinogen. Cadmium exposure has been linked to lung, prostate and renal cancer. It is not a strong mutagen, but acts as a promoter through mitogenic effects on gene expression.
|
|
Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1985;5(3):205-17..Sedowofia SK, Innes J, Peter A, Alleva E, Manning A, Clayton RM. Differential effects of prenatal exposure to phenobarbital on the behaviour and neurochemistry of CBA and C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;97(1):123-30. PubMed .
|
|
The mission was to give a non-working anti-mutagen drug in hopes that it would disrupt Billingate's usefulness to the Amnion, not letting on that they gave him a working anti-mutagen drug that the UMCP suppressed years previous. Later Dios admits to Min in confidence that he did this purposely in hopes to get the UMCP severed from the UMC so that it would be reformed under the GCES. Dios hopes to disrupt the power that Holt Fasner, the CEO of the UMC, has over human controlled space. He then instructs Min to leave UMCPHQ, which is orbiting Earth, for Suka Bator.
|
|
Differences in metabolism between rat and human however means that human may not respond in exactly the same way to mutagen, and dosages that produce tumours on the animal test may also be unreasonably high for a human, i.e. the equivalent amount required to produce tumours in human may far exceed what a person might encounter in real life. Mice with recessive mutations for a visible phenotype may also be used to check for mutagens. Females with recessive mutation crossed with wild-type males would yield the same phenotype as the wild-type, and any observable change to the phenotype would indicate that a mutation induced by the mutagen has occurred.
|
|
Despite Splinter's warning, Batman and Damian head to Arkham, confident that they can beat the Shredder, only to be confronted by a mass of mutagen-contaminated Arkham inmates (Mr. Freeze as a polar bear, Bane as an elephant, Two-Face as a baboon, etc.), who move in for the attack.Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #5 During the resulting fight, Batman is trapped by the mutated Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy. Confronted by al Ghul and the Shredder, he learns that the two archvillains intend to use the mutagen in every major city of the world, throwing human civilization in chaos and thus paving their ascent to total world domination.
|
|
When Stockman returns to report his mission a failure, Shredder is not worried about it, revealing to Stockman that his mutagen drip is finally taking effect as Shredder deploys a pair of blades from the back of his hand, right out of the skin itself. In "The Super Shredder", Shredder forces Stockman to give him the rest of the mutagen drip, which mutated him into his Super Shredder form, although it ended up monstrous he was still pleased. This form left him with blades coming out of his body, a muscular build, and bandaged feet and ankles. Shredder then collects his henchmen and travels back to his old lair.
|
|
Radiation exposure such as ultraviolet radiation and radioactive material is a risk factor for cancer. Many non-melanoma skin cancers are due to ultraviolet radiation, mostly from sunlight. Sources of ionizing radiation include medical imaging and radon gas. Ionizing radiation is not a particularly strong mutagen.
|
|
The creature inside claws Cobb before they eject it. They realize that Leviathan was experimenting on its unwitting crew with mutagens. The mutagen was mixed with the vodka that the crew, and later Sixpack and Bowman, drank. The ship was scuttled when the experiment escaped control.
|
|
Many different systems for detecting mutagen have been developed. Animal systems may more accurately reflect the metabolism of human, however, they are expensive and time-consuming (may take around three years to complete), they are therefore not used as a first screen for mutagenicity or carcinogenicity.
|
|
Slash willingly injects himself with some of Splinter's blood and the compound within makes Slash intelligent in moments, proving her theory correct. Lindsay then uses a gecko and hermit crab stolen by Hob and Slash to create Mondo Gecko and Herman, having successfully combined the compound with the mutagen.
|
|
It is suggested that if a mutation can arise in bacterial DNA under presence of a mutagen then the same effect would occur for larger organisms causing cancer. A negative Ames test result could suggest that the substance is not a mutagen and would not cause tumor formation in living organisms. However only few of the positive Ames Test resulting chemicals were considered insignificant when tested in larger organisms but the positive Ames test for bacteria still could not be conclusively linked to expression of cancer in larger organisms. While it can be a possible determinant of tumors for living organisms, humans, animals, and so on, more studies must be completed to come to a conclusion.
|
|
Pizza Face is a pizza maker and an enemy of the Ninja Turtles. In the toyline, Pizzaface is Shredder's crazed culinary creator. Pizzaface had a plan to become the most powerful pizza chef ever. So he zapped himself in his Mutagen Oven hoping the energy would bake him with badness.
|
|
It is also used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of bucetin, phenacetin, and ethoxyquin. p-Phenetidine has high renal toxicity and it is believed to be responsible for the adverse effects that led to the withdrawal of phenacetin and bucetin from pharmaceutical use. p-Phenetidine is also a possible mutagen.
|
|
In "The Lonely Mutation of Baxter Stockman," Shredder became weary of Stockman's poor progress in making effective mutant warriors and activated the mutagen collar on him. As the result of a housefly landing on his nose before the collar exploded, Stockman mutated into a humanoid mutant housefly with a lobster-like black claw for a right hand, a vertical mouth releasing an acid that dissolves metal, heightened hearing and superhuman flight speed that dubbed himself Stockman-Fly. Though he was a far more competent threat in this mutated form, Stockman's attempt to secure retro-mutagen from the Turtles failed. Taken before the Shredder, he pledged complete loyalty to the Foot Clan, believing them to be his best chance at returning to his human form.
|
|
Surprisingly, Rahzar, regardless of his infant-like mentality, figured that something was wrong with the situation, and crushed one of the donuts in his claw, discovering the anti- mutagen cube hidden inside. Enraged at what they assumed was an attempt to poison them, Tokka and Rahzar attacked the Turtles with Rahzar grabbing Michaelangelo by the hands and spinning him around before smashing him through a wall and into the Dockshore Club, interrupting a crowded dance concert by Vanilla Ice. As the final showdown commenced at the club, Leo and Raph were fending off Rahzar and Tokka's snapping attacks. Dr. Perry informed Donatello that carbon dioxide was essential to the demutation process and their repeated burping was slowing down what little anti-mutagen they had ingested.
|
|
The Anchovy Alley Playset was also released. Wave 3 featured Ooze Launchin' Leo, Ooze Tossin' Raph, Ooze Scoopin' Donnie and Ooze Chunkin' Mikey, featuring backpacks which would fling Mutagen Ooze, which was sold separately. Leo, Don, Raph and Mikey received deluxe Flinger figures in this wave. Each Flinger figure would fling their weapon when activated.
|
|
There are a variety of cytidine analogues with potentially useful pharmacology. For example, KP-1461 is an anti-HIV agent that works as a viral mutagen, and zebularine exists in E. coli and is being examined for chemotherapy. Low doses of azacitidine and its analog decitabine have shown results against cancer through epigenetic demethylation.
|
|
Tokka and Razhar appeared in two non-canon stories in the Turtle Soup limited series. Tokka was April O'Neil's pet snapping turtle who bit Raphael and became Tokka due to Raphael's mutagen blood. Razhar was a mutated dog created by Krang. In the current TMNT comic series, published by IDW, Slash bears resemblance to Tokka.
|
|
As Shredder prepares to release the virus, the Turtles escape and confront him. Although he nearly defeats them, the Turtles were able to conquer Shredder with the help of April, which causes him to fall from the building on which he stood, but he survives and is shown to have a sample of the mutagen.
|
|
The mice undergoing the process of transgenesis are known as transgenic mice. A basic transgene has a promoter region, Protein coding sequence, Intron and a stop codon. Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), is a retro virus that has been a known promoter to cause breast tumors once activated. MMTV is a heritable somatic mutagen whose target range is limited.
|
|
NNK is known as a mutagen, which means it causes polymorphisms in the human genome. Studies showed that NNK induced gene polymorphisms in cells that involve in cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. There are multiple NNK dependent routes that involve cell proliferation. One example is the cell route that coordinates the downregulation of retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR-β).
|
|
He studied the effect of lipophilic acids on the growth and differentiation of bacteria. Freese's laboratory worked on the metabolic control of sporulation and germination of Bacillus subtilis bacteria. He identified the key metabolite for ignition of sporulation: a decrease of GTP. Freese was cofounder of the Environmental Mutagen Society and served as its president for two years.
|
|
The P element has found wide use in Drosophila research as a mutagen. The mutagenesis system typically uses an autonomous but immobile element, and a mobile nonautonomous element. Flies from subsequent generations can then be screened by phenotype or PCR. Naturally-occurring P elements contain coding sequence for the enzyme transposase and recognition sequences for transposase action.
|
|
Additionally, HNO2, or nitrous acid is a potent mutagen that acts on replicating and non-replicating DNA. It can cause deamination of the amino groups of Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine. Adenine is deaminated to hypoxanthine, which base pairs to cytosine instead of thymine. Cytosine is deaminated to uracil, which base pairs with Adenine instead of Guanine.
|
|
Before her death she wrote down galactic co-ordinates, which is where the Deep Star found the Solidarity. An anti-mutagen drug is developed by Intertech, but one of the many storylines in the series is the suppression of the drug and all research relating to it by the United Mining Companies Police, and why this was done.
|
|
Coumestrol has been shown to have clastogenic properties at a certain concentration.. Studies have shown that coumestrol is a mutagen and induces formation of micronuclei in hamster cells of the V79 cell line as well as human lymphoblastoid cells in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure to coumestrol also causes single stranded breaks in hamster DNA, compromising genome stability.
|
|
In the sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze, April was played by Paige Turco. She provides the Turtles and Splinter with a place to stay after the destruction of their lair in the previous film, and helps them research the company responsible for the mutagen that transformed the Turtles into their present state.
|
|
In "Legend of the Kuro Kabuto," Stockman participated in the massive hunt to retrieve Shredder's stolen helmet. During the fight with the Turtles over it, he accidentally kicked Fishface, who then called him Buzzkill, which Michelangelo remarked as what he should have dubbed the mutated Stockman. In "Vengeance is Mine," he created a batch of mutagen meant to mutate the Turtles into serpents and mindlessly eat Splinter, though that did not go as the Shredder planned because Karai (who was being used as the bait) got mutated instead, and the following fight ended up destroying his lab. Three months later, in "Return to New York," Stockman-Fly was provided with a new lab guarded by a trio of crustacean-like mutant clones of Shredder and new supply of mutagen.
|
|
Rocksteady became the Shredder's connection to the Russian mafia, as mentioned in "Casey Jones Vs. the Underworld". In "The Noxious Avenger", Bebop and Rocksteady were tasked by Stockman to retrieve a chemical known as "Reagent-X" (and some groceries, to their anger) in order for to create a mind control serum for Shredder to use on Karai, inadvertently finding some mutagen in the process. During their battle with the Turtles however, the mutagen they found wound up being thrown by Zeck all over humble sewer worker-turned-garbage man Garson Grunge, who mutated into Muckman. After witnessing him defeat the Turtles in a later encounter, Bebop and Rocksteady took advantage of the lost and confused Muckman, by convincing him that it was the Turtles' doing for his mutation.
|
|
After a vigilante stops the Foot Clan, Shredder orders the Foot to take hostages down the subway in order to lure the vigilante out. Later in the film, Shredder's adopted son, Eric Sacks, informs Shredder that the vigilante is in fact four mutated Turtles who are test subjects of Project Renaissance, a science experiment of April O'Neil's late father. Sacks gives Shredder an armed suit and a helmet, the latter and the Foot Clan attack the Turtles' lair, where he defeats Splinter and kidnaps three Turtles after Raphael was presumed dead. Sacks drains the Turtles' blood in order to create mutagen so that he can complete his and Shredder's plan: the latter will release a virus across the city and Sacks will sell the mutagen as a cure for the disease, making him even richer.
|
|
Merdude is a merman-like creature. In the Archie Comics, Alim was a boy who was born 5,000 years ago. When Alim fell into the sea, he ended up in a part where mutagen was and became a mutant merman. Many years later, Merdude befriended the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and later became a reserve member of the Mighty Mutanimals.
|
|
ENU, also known as N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (chemical formula C3H7N3O2), is a highly potent mutagen. For a given gene in mice, ENU can induce 1 new mutation in every 700 loci. It is also toxic at high doses. The chemical is an alkylating agent, and acts by transferring the ethyl group of ENU to nucleobases (usually thymine) in nucleic acids.
|
|
Ever since the discovery of ENU as the most potent mutagen by Russell et al. it has been used in forward (phenotype based) genetic screens with which one can identify and study a phenotype of interest. As illustrated in Figure 1, the screening process begins with mutagenising a male mouse with ENU. This is followed by systematic phenotypic analysis of the progeny.
|
|
Mental retardation ranging from mild to severe is present in the majority of Johanson–Blizzard syndrome patients, and is related to the deleterious nature of the known mutagen responsible for the disorder and its effects on the developing central nervous system. Normal intelligence and age appropriate social development, however, have been reported in a few instances of Johanson–Blizzard syndrome.
|
|
Warpstone was an independent magazine that covered the topic of Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay. The magazine was in circulation from 1996 to 2014. The name was derived from warpstone, a fictional mutagen in the Warhammer fictional universe and also in the Warhammer 40,000 universe during the first and second editions. Warhammer materials described warpstone as solidified dark magic with transmutatory and alchemical powers.
|
|
The earlier mentioned o-nitrosotoluene, which causes cancer in rats, is an example of these reactive metabolites. Research has indicated that o-toluidine is a mutagen and causes oxidative DNA damage and chromosomal damage (Skipper et al. 2010). Multiple studies have shown that the compound induces oxidative DNA damage and strand breaks in cultured human cells (Watanabe et al. 2010; Ohkuma et al.
|
|
Furthermore, some other crime organizations have been plotting to take over the Foot Clan's territory, and a crystal fragment of immeasurable mystical power (which April had received from an ancient benevolent race of aliens known as the Aeons) is beginning to exert quite a baneful influence on her. However, she eventually succeeds in overcoming its vast mystical power and shatters it. She then apologizes for her not disregarding the universal influence the Sol Star fragment had on her, but assures everyone that she now has a better understand of how to control her increasingly powerful psionic abilities on her own. Using a special mutagen formula, Oroku Saki recuperates and becomes the Super Shredder in order to take back control of the Foot Clan from Karai, finish off Splinter and the Turtles, and even goes far enough to inject more unstable mutagen into himself.
|
|
Ray Fillet (originally known as Man Ray) was once a marine biologist named Jack Finney who worked at the Burroughs Aquarium in New Jersey. He originated in the Archie Comics version of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Jack met the TMNT at the aquarium where he explained his origin. Jack was exposed to Mutagen after he climbed into a pipe on Bayview Beach that was polluting the water.
|
|
It can be achieved by utilizing ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) as a mutagen. The mutation results in a cytosine being swapped for a thymine at the 7764959 position (C7764959T). This substitution causes what was initially encoded as a glutamine to be swapped for a premature stop codon, preventing further translation of the gene. Jrk was identified as a homozygous mutant with completely arrhythmic locomotor behavior in constant darkness.
|
|
Disease of the nails and skin caused by A. unguis has been reported. This species was one of two most common fungi encountered in the homes of asthmatic children in Detroit, Michigan, reported from 72% of homes. It has also been reported as a colonist of water-damaged construction materials in Finland, where it was found to produce the mycotoxin, sterigmatocystin, a potent carcinogen and mutagen.
|
|
Carla Harker described the sound as "Almost non-existent" and Eric Arevalo found that there weren't enough sound effects. RPGDot's Val Sucher noted that the music player Winamp could be played in the background, due to the game's small memory requirements. Presently, a remaster titled "Geneforge 1- Mutagen" is in the making after successful kickstarter backing. This remaster will run on newer computers, and include new content.
|
|
Exposure to aristolochic acid is associated with a high incidence of uroepithelial tumorigenesis, and is linked to urothelial cancer. Since aristolochic acid is a mutagen, it does damage over time. Patients are often first diagnosed with aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN), which is a rapidly progressive nephropathy and puts them at risk for renal failure and urothelial cancer. However, urothelial cancer is only observed long after consumption.
|
|
Mutagens can cause changes to the DNA and are therefore genotoxic. They can affect the transcription and replication of the DNA, which in severe cases can lead to cell death. The mutagen produces mutations in the DNA, and deleterious mutation can result in aberrant, impaired or loss of function for a particular gene, and accumulation of mutations may lead to cancer. Mutagens may therefore be also carcinogens.
|
|
Some have proposed that low level of some mutagens may stimulate the DNA repair processes and therefore may not necessarily be harmful. More recent approaches with sensitive analytical methods have shown that there may be non-linear or bilinear dose- responses for genotoxic effects, and that the activation of DNA repair pathways can prevent the occurrence of mutation arising from a low dose of mutagen.
|
|
Nitroso compounds are the other alkylating agents widely used, but they are light-sensitive and more precautions need to be taken because of their higher volatility. EMS has become a commonly used mutagen for developing large numbers of mutants for screening such as in developing TILLING populations.Pathirana, R. Plant Mutation Breeding in Agriculture. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources.
|
|
These yellow stains turn orange when neutralized. Systemic effects are unlikely, however, and the substance is not considered a carcinogen or mutagen. The standard first-aid treatment for acid spills on the skin is, as for other corrosive agents, irrigation with large quantities of water. Washing is continued for at least 10–15 minutes to cool the tissue surrounding the acid burn and to prevent secondary damage.
|
|
He secretly moved to New York, where he found Yoshi still alive. In an attempt to kill his old foe, Shredder dumped mutagen in the sewers. This mutates Yoshi into Splinter, and he starts training the also mutated Turtles in ninjutsu. After the Turtles discovered his operation in New York City, Shredder became their enemy and would stop at nothing until they were defeated.
|
|
Splinter explains April had saved them all from the fire and freed them into the sewers. The mutagen caused the five of them to grow and develop humanoid attributes. Splinter took on the role of their father, using April's father as an example. After finding a book on Ninjutsu in a storm drain, he proceeded to teach himself, then the Turtles, in the fighting style.
|
|
A new version of the Mutanimals also appears in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles IDW Comic series, in which Mondo Gecko, Man Ray and Slash reprise their roles as part of its membership. While Old Hob served as its leader, exclusive to this group are Herman the Hermit Crab, Pigeon Pete, and a mutant lioness named Sally Pride as well as a new interpretation of the Fred Wolf cartoon character Mutagen Man. This version was created when Slash and Old Hob abduct former StockGen scientist Lindsey Baker and offer her a table filled with money if she helps to create a more coherent mutant army to protect the other mutants of New York City, since their own try at it resulted in Pigeon Pete who isn't at all that bright. Hob had obtained a large canister of mutagen and samples of Splinter's blood (containing the missing psychotropic compound).
|
|
Splinter defeats Shredder, somewhat paralyzing him as Tiger Claw takes him away. When Shredder has himself infused with mutagen, he kidnaps Karai and demands her to come. Splinter fights Shredder along with the turtles, and the fight, leading up to rocky crevices and chasms below, Splinter and Shredder fall into a gaping chasm. Shredder's fall stops short as he lands on a rock outcrop as Splinter falls way down.
|
|
Nucleotidyl transferase is a component of the repair pathway for single nucleotide base excision repair. This repair mechanism begins when a single nucleotide is recognized by DNA glycosylase as incorrectly matched or has been mutated in some way (UV light, chemical mutagen, etc.), and is removed. Later, a nucleotidyl tranferase is used to fill in the gap with the correct base, using the template strand as the reference.
|
|
The creature attacks the medical bay, devouring blood and plasma from the cooler. This inspires Beck to use a pint of his blood to attract the beast, then attempt to flush it the same way they did with the Sixpack and Bowman creature. Doc ejects the escape pods so that no one can escape and risk bringing the mutagen to the surface. Beck consults with Martin for emergency evacuation.
|
|
Methyl violet is a mutagen and mitotic poison, therefore concerns exist regarding the ecological impact of the release of methyl violet into the environment. Methyl violet has been used in vast quantities for textile and paper dyeing, and 15% of such dyes produced worldwide are released to environment in wastewater. Numerous methods have been developed to treat methyl violet pollution. The three most prominent are chemical bleaching, biodegradation, and photodegradation.
|
|
The protein encoded by c2orf81 is expressed highly in testis, kidneys, and about 18 other tissues in humans.Seow, W. J., Kile, M. L., Baccarelli, A. A., Pan, W.-C., Byun, H.-M., Mostofa, G., Quamruzzaman, Q., Rahman, M., Lin, X. and Christiani, D. C. (2014), Epigenome-wide DNA methylation changes with development of arsenic- induced skin lesions in Bangladesh: A case–control follow-up study. Environ. Mol. Mutagen.
|
|
He serves on the Appointments, Tenure and Promotion Committee of the OSU College of Medicine and Public Health. He represents his department at the University Faculty Council and Senate. Dr. Wani is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Environmental Mutagen Society and American Society of Photobiology. In 2004 he was inducted as an AAAS Fellow.
|
|
The Foot Clan appear in the film Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (which is based on the IDW crossover). Sato and Oshi (see above) are mentioned as founders of the Foot Clan. The Foot Clan collaborated with the League of Assassins in a plot that involved using a stolen Wayne Enterprises cloud seeder to spread a compound containing a mixture of mutagen and Joker venom on Gotham City.
|
|
They re-branded themselves as the public face of alien encounters. Even Nimrod became a public figure, now calling himself Sir William Abberton. But in 2026 a deadly alien mutagen escaped from the Forge, forcing most of London to be evacuated. The Seventh Doctor arrived in the middle of this emergency, but he was younger than the version that saw the destruction of the Forge two decades previously.
|
|
Later her laboratory performed crystallographic analyses of anti-tumor agents and, amongst others, the structure and conformation of estramustine and acridine. They further tested carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as the structure of the enzyme xylose isomerase. In 1972 Glusker and structural biologist Helen M. Berman reported on the crystal structure of a nucleic acid-drug complex as a model for anti-tumor agent and mutagen action.
|
|
Unable to convince Bernadette of the Turtles' existence, April is dismissed. Her coworker Vern Fenwick drives her to Sacks' estate where she confides in him about her discovery. Sacks believes her and reveals that he and April's father had been experimenting on a mutagen created to cure disease, which was thought lost in the fire that killed her dad. At Splinter's behest, the Turtles bring April to their sewer lair.
|
|
The Terrigen Mist is a natural mutagen, arising as a vapor from the Terrigen Crystals, which are able to alter Inhuman biology. The Mists were discovered by the Inhuman geneticist Randac approximately 25,000 years ago. He immersed himself in the Mists and gained mental powers comparable to the Eternals.Thor #146–147 (1967) Sometimes the mutated subjects gain superhuman abilities; Medusa, Black Bolt, and Kamala Khan are three examples of this.
|
|
A crew aboard the luxury science vessel USCSS Prometheus perishes when they discover the Engineers and the Alien mutagen. The android from the mission, David 8, experiments with the mutagen on the Engineers' Earth-like world (named Planet 4), wiping out the population and subsequently luring in the colony ship USCSS Covenant to continue his work. Decades later, the crew of the Weyland-Yutani space freighter USCSS Nostromo investigates a distress signal from a crashed alien spaceship on planet Acheron or LV-426 and inadvertently allows for an Alien to gestate, leading to the destruction of the ship. Ellen Ripley, the lone survivor of the Nostromo and main protagonist of the original series, experiences several additional encounters with the Aliens and Weyland-Yutani as she returns to LV-426/Acheron along with the crew aboard the Colonial Marines vessel USCSS Sulaco, eventually leading to her suicide on the rugged prison planet Fiorina 161 and subsequent cloning several hundred years later on the military research vessel USM Auriga.
|
|
At the portal they meet Casey Jones, who has attempted to bring his friends some fresh mutagen to stabilize their condition, but was stopped by the villains, who stole the substance and took it with them to a place called "Arkham".Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #4 Batman, Leonardo and Raphael meet with Commissioner Gordon at the roof of the GCPD and learn that the Penguin has turned informer, revealing that the Shredder and Ra's are intending to attack Arkham. As Leonardo collapses due to the decaying mutagen in his system, Damian returns to the Batcave to find Donatello, Michaelangelo and Casey inside, resulting in a brief fight between them until Batman returns to confirm that the Turtles are his allies. As Damian reports that the League of Assassins are coming to Gotham en masse, Casey reveals that he was provided with equipment that would allow the Turtles to return to their dimension and Batman tells the Turtles to get home before Leonardo's condition gets irreversible.
|
|
Aristolochia macrophylla contains the natural substance aristolochic acid, which is found in all plants of the family Aristolochiaceae. Aristolochic acid is a very dangerous compound in that this acid is a potent mutagen and carcinogen that can cause urological cancers as well as permanent kidney failure. Consumption of aristolochic acid can also induce uterine bleeding. Because of this, the FDA has warned consumers to avoid products that contain, or possibly contain, aristolochic acid.
|
|
Addition of freeze-dried AFA to the test medium 2–24 hours before the application of the mutagen reduced mutagenic activity. An ethanol extract of AFA-cellular concentrate has been shown to increase stem cell proliferative action when incubated with human adult bone marrow cells or human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors in culture. The preliminary study suggests that the ethanol extract of AFA cellular concentrate may act to promote proliferation of human stem cell populations.
|
|
Venus was one of five turtles exposed to mutagen in the sewers. When Splinter gathered up all the turtles, he mistakenly left Venus behind. Somehow making her way to Chinatown, she was discovered by a shinobi magician called Chung I. Chung I took the turtle with him to China where he raised her as a daughter and named her Mei Pieh Chi. He also trained the turtle in the art of Shinobi.
|
|
After the group fled, Elizabeth used a part of the mutagen April left behind to help heal John from his stroke due to its healing properties. Afterwards, the two moved to New York and took up residence in the Second Time Around store, where they maintain a good relationship with their daughter and her other friends, where they also allowed Casey to stay with them due to issues he has with his father.
|
|
In Ninja Turtles: Superman Legend the Punk Frogs (except Napoleon Bonafrog) make a cameo. In the 2012 series, the Punk Frogs were created by mutagen poured into their pond near the O'Neil family farmhouse. Evidently remembering the actions of humans in destroying their swamps to make room for cities, they swore revenge upon them, and briefly considered the Turtles brothers in need of liberation until learning that they were friends with April and Casey.
|
|
But the hungry Ninja Turtles burst into the parlor and pulled Pizzaface out. Now this half-baked bozo wants to get even with the Turtles for foiling his formula. The effects of the Mutagen Oven had enabled Pizzaface to control anything pizza-related. Possessing the power of the pizza pie, Pizzaface is the ultimate Turtle nightmare: traveling from parlor to parlor, he terrorizes the Turtles, trying to turn them into tasty teen topping.
|
|
Tournament Mode allows players to face other players' teams in battle (though not in real time; the opponent's characters are chosen at random and controlled by the computer). Each Tournament lasts for a week and is given a theme based around a specific character (e.g. "Mutagen Man Tournament" or "Dogpound Tournament"). A victory results in the player gaining anywhere from 25 to 35 points, while a loss means the player forfeits 7 to 10 points.
|
|
Greenbacks (which look like dollar bills) are the game's main form of currency, and are given to the player as rewards after completing some stages or achieving certain in-game goals. Greenbacks can be spent in the game's shop to collect mutagen, items or DNA cards. Greenbacks can also be used in the pizza shop to get more pizza points. Real-world money can be used to purchase a greater number of greenbacks.
|
|
Resident Evil Zero BradyGames Official Strategy Guide, page 19. The company is also presented as having a more public face, producing cosmetics, consumer products, and foods. Umbrella established multiple secret research facilities to help develop various bio- weapons. Its most prominent research facility is located in the Arklay Mountains, just outside Raccoon City, which was able to develop the "T-virus", a powerful mutagen that could dramatically alter living and recently dead organisms.
|
|
Carla Radames is the primary antagonist of Resident Evil 6. She is the founder and leader of Neo-Umbrella, a terrorist organization that strives on destroying the current world order. Radames, a former government researcher, is the creator of the C-virus, a powerful mutagen capable of turning humans into capable and competent bio-organic weapons. Derek Simmons performs experiments on Carla which ultimately turn her into a clone of Ada Wong.
|
|
Ripley's struggle is the plot of the original series. The prequel series, Prometheus (2012) and Alien: Covenant (2017), depicts humanity's genesis at the hands of an ancient extraterrestrial race known as the Engineers and being the creators of the Aliens. A deadly mutagen developed by the Engineers is discovered, which is weaponized by the android David 8, to perfect the Alien strain. The evolution of the Aliens is the plot of the prequel series.
|
|
One day, he comes across four baby turtles which were accidentally dropped by a boy through a sewer grate. Splinter keeps them as pets and treats them like his children. When he finds the turtles near some broken barrels that are oozing glowing pink, later retconned to green, chemical liquid, he tries to clean them with his bare hands. As a result, they are all affected by the leaking chemical, which is a mutagen.
|
|
The mutagen combines the DNA of living beings who have been in contact. Thus, the turtles, being in a pet store with people touching them, turn into young humanoid turtles. Yoshi, having been in contact with sewer rats, becomes a humanoid rat. Although, Master Splinter did get the chance to be human again in the episode "Splinter No More", but realizes he prefers being with the turtles and had no place as a human anymore.
|
|
Sergeant Hallett (Nathaniel Dean) is a military officer aboard the Covenant and Sergeant Lope's husband. He embarks on the expedition to the source of Shaw's signal. At the entrance of the crashed Engineer ship, Hallett observes mutated floral pods, which he squeezes, causing the airborne mutagen to be inhaled through his nose. By the time the expedition departs from the crash site, Hallett begins to show symptoms of the parasite, which worries Lope.
|
|
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) is a highly reliable carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen. NMU is an alkylating agent, and exhibits its toxicity by transferring its methyl group to nucleobases in nucleic acids, which can lead to AT:GC transition mutations. NMU is the traditional precursor in the synthesis of diazomethane. It has the potentially advantageous property that the stoichiometric byproducts formed are water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, which are innocuous or easily removed.
|
|
The Isle of Klaymodo is the resting place of "Bessie", the purple meteor that came crashing out of the sky onto Klaymodo Island. Bessie has the essential ingredient, Bawk Choy, necessary for Dr. Kiln's world dominating Mutagen. Klaymodo's chief baddies are the devious Dr. Kiln and local voodist Happy Harry Houngan. With a combination of laboratory experiments and voodoo spells, they've created an "interesting" assortment of hooligans to help them take over the world.
|
|
Venus was one of five turtles exposed to mutagen in the sewers. When Splinter gathered up all the turtles, he mistakenly left Venus behind. Somehow making her way to Chinatown, she was discovered by a shinobi magician called Chung I. Chung I took the turtle with him to China where he raised her as a daughter and named her Mei Pieh Chi. He also trained the turtle in the art of Shinobi.
|
|
Of the results of this study a dose-response curve has been made, see the image above. This figure shows the DNA adduct level after a certain dose of benzo[c]fluorene was applied to the skin of mice. This level is similar in the lungs and in the skin implying that benzo[c]fluorene is a systemic mutagen. The effects of exposure to benzo[c]fluorene were also researched on rats.
|
|
Raphael, April, and Vern storm the estate and free the other Turtles. The group then escapes the compound in pursuit of Sacks. On a radio tower in the city, Sacks and Shredder plant a device that will flood the city with the virus while Sacks is preparing to convert the mutagen into a healing serum. April and Vern subdue Sacks in the lab, while the Turtles are battling Shredder on the roof.
|
|
In 1878, Arthur Downes and Thomas P. Blunt published a paper describing the sterilization of bacteria exposed to short-wavelength light. UV has been a known mutagen at the cellular level for over 100 years. The 1903 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded to Niels Finsen for his use of UV against lupus vulgaris, tuberculosis of the skin. Using UV light for disinfection of drinking water dates back to 1910 in Marseille, France.
|
|
Mutagenesis may occur endogenously, for example, through spontaneous hydrolysis, or through normal cellular processes that can generate reactive oxygen species and DNA adducts, or through error in replication and repair. Mutagenesis may also arise as a result of the presence of environmental mutagens that induce changes to the DNA. The mechanism by which mutation arises varies according to the causative agent, the mutagen, involved. Most mutagens act either directly, or indirectly via mutagenic metabolites, on the DNA producing lesions.
|
|
Research also characterizes the effect of a water- soluble preparation from known agents that modulate the immune system. One such study suggests that the macrophage-activating properties of an AFA water- soluble preparation are mediated through pathways that are similar to LPS- dependent activation. The antimutagenic properties of whole, fresh-water AFA were tested using the Ames test. Simultaneous addition of both algae and Nitrovin (a mutagen) to the test medium did not reduce the mutagenic activity.
|
|
The Punk Frogs are a group of mutant frogs who are the counterparts of the Ninja Turtles. In the 1987 series, the Punk Frogs are created by Shredder when mutagen landed in their part of the swamp. Shredder convinced them that he was a good guy and to be his warriors where he named them after would-be conquerors and dictators. Shredder trained them to fight the Turtles whom he had convinced the frogs into believing were bad guys.
|
|
This species is reported to contain the mutagen necatorin (=7-hydroxycoumaro(5,6-c)cinnoline), and so it cannot be recommended for eating. Boiling reduces the concentration of this compound, but does not effectively eliminate it. Probably due to the acrid taste, most western European authorities classify this mushroom as inedible or poor. However, it has popularly been used (after boiling) as a spice in mushroom dishes in northern and eastern Europe and Siberia (see Mushroom picking in Slavic culture).
|
|
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common herbicide for controlling weeds, and it has been reported to be a mutagen. A study has shown that A. penicillioides can remove 2,4-D from synthetic liquid media. There was a lag period of 1 day, followed by 52% removal of 2,4-D from culture media by A. penicillioides. The lag phase may be due to delay in growth, adverse conditions such as limiting nutrients, and enzyme proliferation specific for pollutants.
|
|
Given that UV-induced DNA damage is used as mutagen, the cell uses nucleotide excision repair NER pathway, that is activated by distortion in the DNA helix. The Host-Cell Reactivation Assay or HCR is a technique used to measure the DNA repair capacity of cell of a particular DNA alteration. In the HCR assay the ability of an intact cell to repair exogenous DNA is measuredMcCready, S. (2014). An Immunoassay for Measuring Repair of DNA.
|
|
Harris reportedly joined the cast of Prometheus in February 2011 with Idris Elba and Kate Dickie. Harris described Fifield as an audience surrogate who is very cautious and questions dangerous situations. Jon Spaihts, author of Alien: Engineers (the original prequel), wrote Fifield as changing directly into an Alien from the black mutagen, tying the film into the Alien canon. During its evolution into Prometheus, Ridley Scott decided to diverge from the previous films and establish a separate canon.
|
|
Originally, Timber Wolf was superhumanly fast and agile, but when the serum changed him into a wolf-like lycanthrope, he gained claws, enhanced senses, the ability to heal quickly from injuries, and superhuman strength. As a byproduct of his wolfen form, he is often prone to outbursts of savage fury. Through exposure to a mutagen while trapped in the 21st century, he gained the ability to fire off his fingernails as sharpened projectiles, regrowing them almost immediately.
|
|
Sunscreens are products commonly known by their capacity of protecting skin against sunburns. The active components present in sunscreens can vary, thus affecting the mechanism of protection against UV light, which can be done through absorption or reflection of UV energy. As UV light can cause mutations by DNA damaging, sunscreen is considered an antimutagenic compound as it blocks the action of the UV light to induce mutagenesis in cells, basically the sunscreen inhibit the penetration of the mutagen.
|
|
The cops do not know the marker had been further spiked with an experimental mutagen called Quantum Juice (Q-Juice). This event ultimately came to be known as the so-called "Big Bang." Those who were exposed came to be referred to as "bang babies" because the Big Bang was their metahuman birth. When the agency behind the experiment tried to capture him, he fights back, discovering that he has gained the ability to generate, manipulate, and control electromagnetism.
|
|
The 52 miniseries introduced a toxic mutagen called the Exo-gene (also referred to as the Exogene). It is a toxic gene therapy treatment created by LexCorp for the Everyman Project, which creates metahuman abilities in compatible non- metahumans. It first appeared in 52 #4, with the first announcement of the Everyman Project in 52 #8. The project was controversial, creating unstable heroes that gave Luthor an "off switch" for their powers, creating countless mid-flight deaths.
|
|
Each weapon can also be used as a melee weapon for close quarter combat. Each weapon has two modes of firing, the first being the primary method, while the second is of a much higher power level, at the cost of ammunition and accuracy to the player. The player can also use explosive grenades. Midway through the game, Ethan Cole becomes infected with the mutagen, and the option to turn into a mutant temporarily is obtained.
|
|
Static Shock is an American superhero animated television series based on the Milestone Media/DC Comics superhero Static. It premiered on September 23, 2000, on the WB Television Network's Kids' WB programming block. Static Shock ran for four seasons, with 52 half-hour episodes in total. The show revolves around Virgil Hawkins, an African-American boy, who uses the secret identity of 'Static' after exposure to a mutagen gas during a gang fight which gave him electromagnetic powers.
|
|
In the season four finale "Owari" he has his lackeys prepare for the inevitable arrival of the Turtles, April and Casey. He burns down his new lair and confronts the Turtles in a final showdown on the roof. His unique mutation makes him immune to Donatello's retro-mutagen, which allows him to beat Raphael, Donatello and Michelangelo all at once, leaving only Leonardo left standing. After a heated one-on-one duel, Shredder is finally killed by Leonardo.
|
|
Adults rely on muted coloration and heavier armor for defense, while nymphs employ noxious chemicals. Nymphs produce (E)-2-hexenal and 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal while adults produce hexanal, hexyl acetate, and hexanol in their metathoracic glands from fatty acids acquired from plants. When distressed, they will release these compounds as a spray. 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, a known cytotoxin and mutagen, is particularly toxic to insects, being known to cause death in mantids and tarantulas.
|
|
Corn varieties resistant to glyphosate herbicides were first commercialized in 1996 by Monsanto, and are known as "Roundup Ready Corn". They tolerate the use of Roundup. Bayer CropScience developed "Liberty Link Corn" that is resistant to glufosinate. Pioneer Hi- Bred has developed and markets corn hybrids with tolerance to imidazoline herbicides under the trademark "Clearfield" – though in these hybrids, the herbicide-tolerance trait was bred using tissue culture selection and the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate, not genetic engineering.
|
|
In the 2012 cartoon, Yoshi (voiced by Hoon Lee) was the son and heir of Hamato Clan jonin Hamato Yuta, whose clan had a historical rivalry with the cannon-fodding Foot Clan until the Foot were defeated when Yoshi was 2 years old, and Oroku Saki (the Foot Clan's heir) was adopted into the Hamato family. Despite being raised as brothers, both Yoshi and Saki eventually became rivals due to the love of Tang Shen, whose decision to marry Yoshi drove Saki into learning of his true heritage and turn against his adoptive brother, killing Shen and adopting Karai, who was Yoshi and Shen's beloved baby daughter Miwa then, while leaving her birth father for dead. Traveling to New York City, Yoshi had just bought the Turtles from a pet store when he overheard a conversation in a nearby ally between two human- disguised Kraangdroids who attempted to kill him for spying on them. Yoshi fought back, eventually knocking a canister of mutagen out of their hands and getting covered with the mutagen inside when it smashed, and the Turtle's bowl with it.
|
|
However, after hearing the story of their rivalry and her mother's death, she returned to face Shredder alone, but got captured again and used as bait for a trap in Stockman-Fly's lab to mutate the Turtles into snakes (reasoning that, as the natural enemy of the rat, the mutated turtle-snakes would then eat Splinter, who would be unable to fight his sons). But Shredder accidentally caused Karai to fall into the mutagen instead, turning her into a mutant white horned viper with two extra heads for hands and a venomous spit that went on a rampage before escaping as she regained control of herself when about to kill Splinter. Although Donatello hoped to create retro-mutagen to cure Karai, it was revealed that she is a special kind of mutant and can almost completely change back to her human self, retaining only her snake eyes and tongue. During the Kraang's invasion on the city, she went to reside in the Coney Island amusement park until the Turtles found her there.
|
|
In "Vengeance is Mine", Karai is rescued by the Turtles and brought back to the lair. However, after hearing the story of their rivalry and her mother's death from her biological father, she got so angry that she returned to Shredder's lair to put an end to him once and for all, only to be captured once more. Shredder's real plan was to use her as bait to mutate the Turtles into snakes - reasoning that, as the natural enemy of the rat, the mutated turtle-snakes would then eat Splinter, who would be unable to fight his sons - but he accidentally causes Karai to fall into the mutagen, turning her into a mutant snake that goes on a rampage before escaping as she regains control of herself when about to kill Splinter. Although Donatello hopes to create a retro-mutagen to cure Karai, it is revealed that she is a special kind of mutant and can almost completely change back to her human self, retaining only her greenish snake eyes, venomous fangs, and prehensile tongue.
|
|
A miniseries that takes the X-Men to Africa to deal with a mysterious mutagen that is causing mutations amongst newborn children. Storm leaves her homeland of Wakanda to visit the X-Men. They reunite and go off to Africa, to investigate a series of mutant births, which excite the hopes of the X-Men of replenishing their species. Once they arrive, they find that the area that was set up for Mutantes Sans Frontieres has been overtaken by soldiers.
|
|
Mondo Gecko was created by Mirage Studios artist Ryan Brown. In the Archie comics, Mondo Gecko had started out as a human skateboarder playing in a local heavy metal band. His girlfriend, Candy Fine, stuck by him even after some of Krang's discarded mutagen merged his DNA with that of his pet gecko as the band practiced in Shredder's former hideout. It was this version of the character whose story was incorporated into both the Mutanimals series and the action figure line.
|
|
The toxic effects of sterigmatocystin are much the same as those of aflatoxin B1. It is thus considered as a potent carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen. It is less acutely toxic to rodents and monkeys but appears to be slightly more toxic to zebra fish. The LD50 in mice is in excess of 800 mg/kg. The 10-day LD50 in Wistar rats is 166 mg/kg in males, 120 mg/kg in females, and 60-65 mg/kg for ip.
|
|
Davis, A.P., Justice M.J. An Oak Ridge Legacy: The specific locus test and it role in mouse mutagenesis.Genetics 148,7-12 (1998) In addition to studying the effect of radiation for SLT, Russell et al. were also interested in studying the effect of chemical mutagens such as procarbazine and ethylnitrosourea for SLT. At that time, procarbazine was the most potent chemical mutagen known to cause a significant spermatogonial mutagenesis in an SLT, although at a rate one- third of that of X-rays.
|
|
Metabolic activation is required for PhIP to function as a mutagen. Therefore, the cancer risk posed by PhIP depends on the extent at which PhIP is metabolized. After absorption, PhIP is converted to a genotoxic metabolite in the liver by Phase I enzyme N-oxidation by Cytochrome P-450 1A2 (CYP1A2). PhIP can be further metabolized into a more potent metabolite through O-acetylation by hepatic or colonic N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), or by sulfotransfereases.
|
|
David conducts experiments with the mutagen to create the perfect organism, and using Shaw's body for the experiments. When an expedition from the colony ship Covenant arrives ten years later, David saves them from Neomorphs. He leads them to his base situated at the Engineer temple, where he becomes acquainted with his successor android, Walter, and lures Oram to get impregnated by a Facehugger, giving birth to the first Xenomorph. David is confronted by Walter about Shaw's fate, prompting David to disable him.
|
|
The mutant strain that lacked Pol I was isolated and treated with a mutagen. The mutant strain developed bacterial colonies that continued to grow normally and that also lacked Pol I. This confirmed that Pol I was not required for DNA replication. However, the mutant strain also displayed characteristics which involved extreme sensitivity to certain factors that damaged DNA, like UV light. Thus, this reaffirmed that Pol I was more likely to be involved in repairing DNA damage rather than DNA replication.
|
|
Sunbaker, by Max Dupain The ultraviolet radiation in sunlight has both positive and negative health effects, as it is both a principal source of vitamin D3 and a mutagen. A dietary supplement can supply vitamin D without this mutagenic effect. Vitamin D has been suggested as having a wide range of positive health effects, which include strengthening bones and possibly inhibiting the growth of some cancers. UV exposure also has positive effects for endorphin levels, and possibly for protection against multiple sclerosis.
|
|
The GreenScreen for Safer Chemicals is a transparent, open standard for assessing chemical hazard that supports alternatives assessment for toxics use reduction through identifying chemicals of concern and safer alternatives. It is used by researchers, product formulators and certifiers in a variety of industries, including building products, textiles, apparel, and consumer products. The GreenScreen prioritizes the avoidance of substances with a high hazard as a carcinogen, mutagen, reproductive toxicant or developmental toxicant or endocrine disruptor or that are a persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substance (PBT).
|
|
2012 cartoon Nickelodeon acquired the global rights to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles from the Mirage Group and 4Kids Entertainment, Inc. and announced a new CGI-animated TMNT television series. The 2012 version is characterized by anime-like iconography and emphasis on mutagen continuing to wreak havoc on the everyday lives of the Turtles and their enemies; in addition, the tone of this version is similar to the original series, but also features a handful of serious episodes as well. The series ran for five seasons.
|
|
Thanks to the Mists, she can now see the feelings of the people she looks at in terms of colors, as a sort of visual empathy. Having trouble dealing with this, she now must wear shades at all times. Seemingly addicted to the Mist, her continued exposure to the mutagen has apparently enhanced her newfound power to the point of being a full-fledged empath, able to sense, remove, and alter emotions at will. After the events of Son of M, Quicksilver returned her to Crystal.
|
|
Exclusive to the Mirage Studio comics, Bloodsucker was a normal leech until Donatello, Leonardo and Michaelangelo decided to use it to get back at Raphael who had been disobeying Splinter and stalled their training. Raphael was afraid of leeches so the other Turtles decided to force Raphael to let the leech suck his blood. Bloodsucker sucked some of the mutagen out of Raphael and Raphael started to de-evolve back to a normal pet turtle. Bloodsucker started to evolve into a human-kind-of-thing.
|
|
Slash is an experiment of Stockgen's that is freed due to April O'Neil's diversion to grab their Turtle Tracker. He punches out one of Krang's Rock Soldiers and escapes the lab into the night. Before leaving, he takes a miniature palm tree from the tank. Prior to his escape, Slash, then called Specimen 6, was a snapping turtle that was injected with mutagen from DNA of a mutant cat named Old Hob to turn him into another mutant to hunt down the Turtles and Splinter.
|
|
Ledward (Benjamin Rigby) is a member of the security unit aboard the Covenant. He is a member of the expedition tracking the signal leading to the crashed Engineer ship on the surface of the Engineer homeworld. Shortly after disembarking from the lander, Ledward is assigned by Lope to escort Karine Oram as she takes samples from the local ecosystem. Ledward excuses himself from his duties momentarily to smoke and urinate, during which time, he disturbs a mutated floral pod, causing airborne mutagen to enter his ear canal.
|
|
They team up with Vern Fenwick to help him save them from Sacks Industries, where he fights Shredder to buy April and Vern time to do so. After rescuing Leonardo, Donatello, and Michelangelo and defeating the Shredder, Raphael and his brothers use the mutagen to save Splinter's life. He along with Donatello and Leonardo don't try to get April's attention unlike Michelangelo who does voice his feelings to April. Although in the end of the movie he does show appreciation to her for sacrificing everything for them.
|
|
In the IDW Comics, Raphael, like his brothers, is one of the reincarnated sons of Hamato Yoshi, who in medieval Japan were murdered by Oroku Saki. He began his new life in the present as a young turtle in the laboratory of StockGen Research, Inc., Baxter Stockman's genetics laboratory and served as a guinea pig for an experiment to be grown to be an naturally armored super soldier. Some ninja tried to seize the Turtles and various other research results from the laboratory, including a mutagen.
|
|
Mice may also be used for dominant lethal assays where early embryonic deaths are monitored. Male mice are treated with chemicals under test, mated with females, and the females are then sacrificed before parturition and early fetal deaths are counted in the uterine horns. Transgenic mouse assay using a mouse strain infected with a viral shuttle vector is another method for testing mutagens. Animals are first treated with suspected mutagen, the mouse DNA is then isolated and the phage segment recovered and used to infect E. coli.
|
|
UV can also cause many substances to glow with visible light; this is called fluorescence. At the middle range of UV, UV rays cannot ionize but can break chemical bonds, making molecules unusually reactive. Sunburn, for example, is caused by the disruptive effects of middle range UV radiation on skin cells, which is the main cause of skin cancer. UV rays in the middle range can irreparably damage the complex DNA molecules in the cells producing thymine dimers making it a very potent mutagen.
|
|
Tokka and Rahzar only appeared once in the seventh season of the 1987 animated series. In 1993, they were featured in the season 7 episode "Dirk Savage: Mutant Hunter". They were out-of-control mutants created when the Shredder exposed zoo animals to mutagen years earlier (whether this refers to when he created Bebop and Rocksteady or Groundchuck and Dirtbag, is not made clear). Not long after their first battle with the Turtles at the Crystal Palace Mall, they were captured by Dirk Savage.
|
|
Once aboard, she discovers the ship is infested with a new type of mutagen capable of infecting the aquatic ecosystem. Valentine and Redfield then unravel a political conspiracy involving an earlier mutagenic outbreak and a botched investigation by a rival agency. Resident Evil 5 takes place in 2009 in the fictional African town of Kijuju, where terrorists are turning local residents into zombies. One of these terrorists is revealed to be Valentine, who was missing in action for the previous two and a half years.
|
|
During the fight, the tower's support beams collapse. As the turtles try to keep it from falling and infecting the city, April confronts Shredder with the mutagen. In the struggle, the tower collapses and the Turtles pull April onto it with them, while Shredder falls to the street and is captured by the police. Believing they are about to die, the Turtles confess their secrets, while Raphael gives an impassioned speech of his love for his brothers before they land harmlessly on the street.
|
|
Originally, Leatherhead was nothing more than an infantile alligator that had escaped a robbery at a pet store and found his way into the sewers. While in the sewers, Leatherhead was found by a pair of TCRI Utroms, who decided to bring the creature to their headquarters. During his stay with the Utroms, Leatherhead was exposed to mutagen, which caused him to mutate into a humanoid and intelligent being. Living with the Utroms, Leatherhead ended up being separated from his "family" when the TCRI building self-destructed.
|
|
When unscrambling the letters listed on each sample, the words "animal dynamics lab" led players to a new Oscorp Industries site focusing on a science program about reptile genetics. The site depicts Doctor Connors search for interns who could begin applying on May 14. Completing the application and supplying the keyword "Mutagen" unveiled a Lizard featurette. The Oscorp Industries website contained puzzles that revealed two in-game documents, two video updates featuring Connors and a following cipher that as of July 2012 had yet to be cracked.
|
|
Michelangelo, feeling sorry for his new friend, followed him back to his lair (with the other Turtles following), where Leatherhead explained the power cell's purpose and entrusted it into their hands as soon as the Kraang returned to demand it back. In "TCRI," after the Turtles lost the cell to the Kraang, they went to Leatherhead to ask for the portal's location, and in return, he helped them fight against Traag when the Kraang used the portal to bring him through. However, when they started using the portal to bring something else (possibly Granitor) through, Leatherhead sacrificed himself by entering the portal to stop it, dragging Traag with him. In "Into Dimension X," he was revealed to have survived the portal closing and has rapidly aged (due to the time difference between Earth and Dimension X). After sending a message to the Turtles through a Kraang communication orb warning them that the Kraang have perfected their mutagen, Michelangelo led a rescue mission for Leatherhead and together they stopped the Kraang from pouring the mutagen through the various portals while Donatello closed them all down, thus leaving one open for them to return to their own dimension.
|
|
Michelangelo, feeling sorry for his new friend, followed him back to his lair (with the other Turtles following), where Leatherhead explained the power cell's purpose and entrusted it into their hands as soon as the Kraang returned to demand it back. After the Turtles lost the cell to the Kraang, they went to Leatherhead to ask for the portal's location, and in return, he helped them fight against Traag when the Kraang used the portal to bring him through. However, when they started using the portal to bring something else (possibly Granitor) through, Leatherhead sacrificed himself by entering the portal to stop it, dragging Traag with him. He was later revealed to have survived the portal closing and has rapidly aged (due to the time difference between Earth and Dimension X). After sending a message to the Turtles through a Kraang communication orb warning them that the Kraang have perfected their mutagen, Michelangelo led a rescue mission for Leatherhead and together they stopped the Kraang from pouring the mutagen through the various portals while Donatello closed them all down, thus leaving one open for them to return to their own dimension.
|
|
Ninjutsu master Hamato Yoshi (Splinter) is carrying his four pet turtles through the streets of Manhattan when he encounters members of an alien race called the Kraang. During an altercation with these aliens, Yoshi and the turtles are exposed to the Kraang's chemical, called mutagen, which causes organic beings to undergo major physical transformations. Yoshi takes on characteristics of a brown rat and the turtles take on human characteristics. Yoshi retreats to the New York City sewers where he raises the four turtles as his sons and imparts to them his knowledge of ninjutsu.
|
|
Now teenagers, the turtles (Leonardo, Raphael, Donatello and Michelangelo) venture to the surface for the first time and learn that the Kraang are using the mutagen as part of their plan to take over New York City. They befriend the teenage April O'Neil after she and her psychologist father Kirby are abducted by the Kraang. Donatello, who has developed a crush on April, is able to rescue her. While Kirby remains a prisoner of the Kraang, April becomes an ally of the turtles, who try to help her locate her father.
|
|
When she is taken to the lair, she finally realizes the truth and disowns Shredder, who responds by imprisoning her. Repeated attempts to free Karai ultimately succeed, but Shredder captures her again and uses her as bait to kill the Hamato Clan. However, Karai ends up transforming into an albino horned viper, to everyone's horror. In response to this, Shredder has the Foot Clan help the Kraang, who have just perfected the previously unstable mutagen, launch a second invasion of New York, starting by destroying the turtles' lair and forcing them to abandon it.
|
|
SYBR Green I is marketed as a replacement for ethidium bromide, a potential human mutagen, as both safer to work with and free from the complex waste disposal issues of ethidium. However any small molecule capable of binding DNA with high affinity is a possible carcinogen, including SYBR Green. In a study using the Ames test, which measures the ability of chemicals to cause mutations, when assayed at the same concentration there was no clear pattern in the relative mutagenicities of ethidium bromide and SYBR green I. Ethidium bromide was more mutagenic at higher concentrations.
|
|
David checks Shaw's vitals and informs her that she is "pregnant", as a result of Holloway passing the mutagen to her when they had intercourse the night before. After Shaw surgically extracts an alien parasite from her abdomen, she happens into the private quarters of David's previously unidentified director the still-alive Peter Weyland. David prepares Weyland for an excursion to the Engineer ship. Shaw asks David about his freedom after Weyland's eventual demise, to which he ominously asks about every child's dream of having their parents dead.
|
|
An agitated Weyland responds by ordering David to prepare him a cup of tea. Following David and Shaw's exodus for the Engineer home world, they arrive at a temple surrounded by scores of Engineers. David carpet bombs them with the mutagen, resulting in the extinction of all non-floral life on the planet, as well as mutations in the flora that can infect and impregnate organisms with Neomorphs. The Engineer ship crashes afterwards and Shaw dies from unknown means, though David preserves and utilizes her body in his experiments.
|
|
After a Neomorph attacks and decapitates Covenant security officer Rosenthal, David approaches it and pacifies it by attempting to communicate. The ship's captain, Christopher Oram, kills the Neomorph, upsetting David. Held at gunpoint by Oram, David shows him how he has been utilizing the mutagen to try and engineer the "perfect organism", with the Neomorphs being one of the outcomes. David leads Oram to a room filled with Alien Eggs or Ovomorphs, where Oram is attacked and impregnated by a Facehugger by forcing its ovipositor down his throat.
|
|
The Metroid Prime sub-series has its titular installment feature Samus traveling to the planet Tallon IV, which contains a Chozo colony in ruins and a Space Pirate base. There she learns of Phazon, a mysterious mutagen that can alter the genetic material of any organism. Samus is eventually able to access the source of the planet's Phazon contamination, a meteor impact crater, where she defeats the Phazon-infused creature Metroid Prime. In Metroid Prime Hunters, Samus competes against six rival bounty hunters in a race to recover an alien ultimate weapon.
|
|
However, after a fight over the retro-mutagen meant for Karai, Bebop and Rocksteady finally captured her and brought her back to Shredder, who promised to cure her of her misery. This was a success though when Karai was restored to human form while retaining certain mutant abilities, only to be brainwashed into once again regarding Shredder as her father and serving him. She was eventually freed by her real father and fled New York for unknown reasons, thus becoming absent when Shredder murdered Splinter. She is the turtles' adoptive sister and Leonardo's love interest.
|
|
Under unexplained circumstances, Pete was either released by the Kraang after the experiment or escaped his captivity. Pete stalked April O' Neil for a few days and frightened her with his alleged attack before the turtles ambushed him and tackled him to the ground. After Pete had been captured, he was able to tell them his true intentions, he informs April and the Turtles that the Kraang intend to detonate a mutagen bomb into the city. He then revealed the location of the Kraang base in exchange for a loaf of sourdough bread.
|
|
Perri Grey is an intern at Mergenterprise who debuted in "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Special" #11. Her boss Dr. Koss was in league with an alien species named the Grem. When Perri and April O'Neil stumble onto this plot, both of them end up captured where April was mutated into a mutant turtle while Perri Grey was mutated into a mutant flying squirrel. After the Grem were defeated, April was restored by Perri who chose to remain in her mutant form where she would reverse-engineer a retro-mutagen batch if she needs to.
|
|
Armed with flying pizzas and a Pizza Box Shield, this peg-legged pizza piper follows the Foot Clan, even though he's only got one good leg. And what's worse? He delivers. In the 2012 TV series, Pizza Face (voiced by John DiMaggio) was introduced as Antonio, an Italian pizza chef who ran Antonio's Pizza until he ingested mutagen thinking that it would be a good pizza topping, mutating himself into a huge mutant pepperoni and mushroom pizza with arms, a mouth, eyes made of pepperoni (resembling Pizza the Hut from the movie Spaceballs).
|
|
In the 2012 cartoon, Rat King (voiced by Jeffery Combs) was introduced as Victor Falco, a scientist approached by the Kraang to work on a neuro-chemical involving mutagen and chimpanzee DNA that allows him to read thoughts. Despite his colleague Tyler Rockwell's protests, Falco decided to test the chemical on him, mutating Rockwell into a humanoid mutant chimpanzee in the process. Rockwell escaped before Falco could even extract the chemical from him. As a result, Falco reported missing, but the Ninja Turtles eventually discovered the truth after unwittingly returning Rockwell to him.
|
|
The game will periodically award the player packs of cards. The packs of cards typically include small amounts of mutagen, pizza points, T-coins and Characters cards but on rare occasions more). Free card packs are distributed at set times throughout each day (with a timer indicating when the next free pack will be available), while other card packs can be purchased in the shop. Certain specially-marked action figures from Playmates Toys include codes that, when entered in the game's shop, will award the player with a card pack of random items.
|
|
John W. Drake, an early member of the Environmental Mutagen Society, chaired its "Committee 17" which published an influential position paper; “Environmental Mutagenic Hazards”, in Science in 1975. This described the research needs and regulatory responsibility for managing potential mutagenic compounds in the environment. It significantly influenced research direction, regulatory procedures and mutagenicity testing within industry within the United States and internationally. John W. Drake now heads the Spontaneous Mutation and DNA Repair Group within the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
|
|
A 90 day and one year study of ingestion of imazaquin in rats also yielded no effects as well. However, in the one year, dietary chronic imazaquin exposure to beagle dogs, the dogs exposed to the highest dose of imazaquin per day, 5000 ppm, experienced effects such as decreased body weight gain, skeletal myopathy, slight anemia, bone marrow hyperplasia, increased blood levels of SGOT, DSGPT and CPK, and increased liver weight. Imazaquin is also nontoxic to birds and fish when properly used. Imazaquin tested negative for mutagen effects, organ toxicity, and reproductive effects.
|
|
The next day, the AVL arrest Eagle-san after finding an almost-empty jar of the mutagen in his shop, and the investigation is closed by Ramsbottom. Lucy is reassigned to Australia and gives Gru her lipstick taser as a gift before leaving. A heartbroken Gru, having lacked the courage to ask Lucy out on a date, instead takes the girls to the Cinco de Mayo party. There, he follows Eduardo and discovers a secret musical steps- activated elevator, where he finally discovers that Eduardo is indeed El Macho as he suspected.
|
|
After Janek crashes the Prometheus into the Juggernaut, David's severed head warns Shaw that the Engineer is coming to kill her. He contacts her after she escapes from the life-support unit, telling her that he would like to help her escape LV-223 by piloting another Engineer ship. After Shaw recovers his head and body, he promises to take her to the Engineers' home world and they leave LV-223. David, whom Shaw has repaired, unleashes the mutagen on the Engineers' home world, wiping them out along with all other non-floral life.
|
|
No pharmacokinetic data have been published for maca. The presence of (1R,3S)-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β- carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) in the extracts of maca indicate a potential safety issue as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and possibility as a mutagen. Due to these potential mutagenic properties of MTCA, the Agency for Sanitary Security in France warned consumers about the possible health risks of powdered maca root, a declaration disputed on the assumption that MTCA would be deactivated by boiling to process maca roots. MTCA-like compounds are associated with craving behaviour.
|
|
Shredder's premonition is proven correct and the two help Tiger Claw and a new trio of Shredder mutants fend off the Turtles. The two capture Leonardo and Michelangelo when they infiltrate the base once again, and prepare to dump them into Stockman's vat of mutagen. However, the two are tricked by Leonardo to create a massive mutant from the Turtles and the three Shredder mutants. Bebop also dumps some sardines into the vat with the Shredder mutants, inadvertently creating a massive Shredder mutant Kaiju that goes on a rampage.
|
|
The series provides a fictionalized account of the origin of the human race. Billions of years prior to the main events of the films, a member of an ancient humanoid species, called the "Engineers", sacrifices himself, allowing his DNA to spark the genesis of mankind. The Engineers' other experiments, designed to exterminate the human race through the means of a deadly mutagen, paves the way for the Aliens to rise and populate through the traumatic implantation of larvae in hosts. Different incidents transpiring over several generations are chronicled throughout the franchise.
|
|
Dissection reveals a fundamental genetic change - basic life processes remain intact, but protein and DNA structure are radically different. The new mutants can breed with each other (though not with mutated members of other species) and, most disturbingly, display a significantly increased level of intelligence. When the mutagen was tested on a human being, she only survived for a day and a half - autopsies cite the only possible cause of death as fright. Later in the series the trauma of mutation into an Amnioni is mentioned - this is probably what killed her.
|
|
Overly-browned starchy food such as bread, biscuits and potatoes can generate acrylamide, a chemical shown to cause cancer in animal studies. Excessive alcohol consumption has also been linked to cancer; the possible mechanisms for its carcinogenicity include formation of the possible mutagen acetaldehyde, and the induction of the cytochrome P450 system which is known to produce mutagenic compounds from promutagens. For certain mutagens, such as dangerous chemicals and radioactive materials, as well as infectious agents known to cause cancer, government legislations and regulatory bodies are necessary for their control.
|
|
The Turtles begin to research Batman, and most of them come to admire him, while Raphael just believes him to be a distraction. Having recovered one of Raphael's sai during the fight, Batman takes it to Lucius Fox. Fox's analysis confirms that the dagger is from another universe, but it is reverting to this reality's 'local' version of steel. He also notes that a strange mutagen in a blood sample that Bruce provided him with is incompatible with their laws of physics and anything mutated by it will thus revert to its non-mutated state.
|
|
In 1992 construction of the Hallandsås tunnel in Sweden began, with opening plans for 1995. Groundwater leaking into the tunnel was however a major problem, slowing the progress, and Rhoca-Gil was used. In 1997, fish and local cattle started dying as a result of Rhoca-Gil in its liquid form leaking into the water supply, contaminating it with acrylamide, a known carcinogen and mutagen. Furthermore, the contamination of the area led to a ban on agricultural products from the area, as well as a ban on using water from the area affecting local residents.
|
|
The clan then kidnapped Professor Jordon Perry of TGRI and forced him to use a mutagen so the Foot Clan could create two mutant warriors named Tokka and Rahzar to fight the Turtles. Although these two mutants were a match for the Turtles in physical strength, the Turtles defeated them by de-mutating them back into normal harmless animals. The Shredder himself apparently died shortly after, while fighting the Turtles. In the fourth film, the Foot is now under leadership of Karai, who has taken control after the Shredder's demise.
|
|
Methylglyoxal. The principal physiological function of glyoxalase I is the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a reactive 2-oxoaldehyde that is cytostatic at low concentrations and cytotoxic at millimolar concentrations. Methylglyoxal is a by-product of normal biochemistry that is a carcinogen, a mutagen and can chemically damage several components of the cell, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Methylglyoxal is formed spontaneously from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, enzymatically by triosephosphate isomerase and methylglyoxal synthase, as also in the catabolism of threonine. To minimize the amount of toxic methylglyoxal and other reactive 2-oxoaldehydes, the glyoxalase system has evolved.
|
|
Unable to absorb the force of the explosions, the vibranium was destroyed, but it did succeed in entirely absorbing the sound made by the explosion, preventing damage to the surrounding area.Iron Man #121 This variety of vibranium is a powerful mutagen. Vibranium exposure led to the mutation of many Wakandan natives. Its radiation has also permeated much of Wakanda's flora and fauna, including the Heart-Shaped Herb eaten by members of the Black Panther Tribe and the flesh of the White Gorilla eaten by the members of the White Gorilla Tribe.
|
|
However, her instincts were retained and she quickly turned on Nimrod and killed him. Meanwhile, the Forge was overthrown by his second in command, Captain Aristedes, whose initial hostility at the Doctor for his role in the destruction of the Forge shifted to Nimrod when the Doctor devised a cure for the mutagen that Nimrod explicitly modified to kill the victims rather than cure them. Aristedes thus implemented Project: Destiny, and Nimrod and the Forge were destroyed. The Short Trips: Defining Patterns book contains the short story Twilight's End.
|
|
Since natural allelic mutations are rare, prior to screening geneticists often mutagenize a population of individuals by exposing them to a known mutagen, such as a chemical or radiation, thereby generating a much higher frequency of chromosomal mutations. In some organisms mutagens can be useful for performing saturation screens. Saturation screens are used to uncover all genes involved in a particular phenotype of an organism or species. The screen is carried out by mapping mutants of a biological process until no new genes/gene mutations can be found.
|
|
Shredder returns to New York City and recruits two criminals named Bebop and Rocksteady and has Stockman use Krang's mutagen to transform them to powerful animal mutants- a warthog and rhinoceros. Shredder, Bebop and Rocksteady find the components in a museum in New York and in a jungle in Brazil. Shredder and Stockman unite the components, creating a portal to Krang's dimension. Shredder betrays Stockman and has his men take him away, but upon entering the Technodrome, Krang immediately betrays Shredder, freezing him and locking him away with his collection of other defeated foes.
|
|
When Tiger Claw objects, knowing it is too dangerous, Shredder overpowers him, forces Stockman to administer the dosage and roars as the mutagen takes effect as Tiger Claw watches in horror and fear. In "Tale of Tiger Claw", he is shown as a M.O.U.S.E.R. hologram to warn Tiger Claw of his next move against Splinter. In "Requiem", he returns to New York City, far stronger and more vengeful than ever before. He shows up at the hideout where Karai is planning her next move with Shnigami and the Mighty Mutanimals.
|
|
They vanish before the humans find them and return to the sewers, where they give Splinter the mutagen and he begins to recover. Sometime later, April meets with Vern, who tries and fails to ask her on a date. The Turtles appear in a special modified "Turtle Van", and Michelangelo accidentally blows up Vern's new car with a rocket. As police respond to the explosion, the Turtles leave, but not before Mikey tries to serenade April with "Happy Together" by the band The Turtles, much to his brothers' annoyance and April's amusement.
|
|
Jain's early researches on Lilium, a genus of herbaceous plants, and its meiotic cell division revealed the correlation between the chromosome condensation and nucleolar synthesis. After joining IARI, he and his colleagues worked on the cytological mechanisms of genetic recombination, on Delphinium, a perennial flowering plant genus. His work contributed to the development of a protocol for controlling the interchromosome level, which was experimentally evidenced by subsequent researches by others. Later, he worked on tomato and Drosophila (popularly known as fruit flies) and his studies assisted in the discovery of chemical mutagen specificity.
|
|
In the 1987 series, Leatherhead is an enemy of the Turtles who fought them on several different occasions. He started off as a giant alligator until he swam through a mutagen-polluted (thanks to a previous botched mission by Krang and Shredder, the one that gave birth to the Punk Frogs) part of the swamp, where he mutated to his current humanoid form. He resides in the swamp area of Florida commonly known as the Everglades. He hunted the Turtles' allies, the Punk Frogs (Napoleon, Genghis, Attila, and Rasputin) and then went after them.
|
|
This may be defined as “The inability of a genetic element to be maintained in a population as the fidelity of its replication machinery decreases beyond a certain threshold value”. In theory, if the mutation rate was sufficiently high, the viral population would not be able to maintain the genotype with the highest fitness, and therefore the ability of the population to adapt to its environment would be compromised. A practical application of this dynamic is in antiviral drugs employing lethal mutagenesis. For example, increased doses of the mutagen Ribavirin reduces the infectivity of Poliovirus.
|
|
Experimental manipulation of poliovirus to give them a higher-fidelity polymerase – and hence reduce their mutation rate – showed these variants to have lower pathogenicity than wild-type sequences. Pathogenicity could then be restored by mutagen application. This was interpreted to mean lower mutation rates had reduced the adaptability (or breadth) of the quasispecies. The mutant viruses extracted from brain tissue were not themselves pathogenic, and the authors speculate that there may be complementation between variant members of the quasispecies that could enable viruses to colonize different host tissues and systems.
|
|
Even though the plant has been known to have some anticancer and antiseptic properties, the aristolochic acid contained within the plant still remains controversial. Therefore, doctors and scientists have urged the public to not consume any products that contain this potent mutagen, as scientists have seen a surge in the rate of cancer, particularly in the urinary tract, as well as kidney failure, in individuals who have consumed this species, or plants from the same family. Individuals have also consumed concoctions from roots of the plants, as well as the roots themselves, to treat swelling of the lower extremities in the past.
|
|
The turtles struggle to contain an outbreak of mutations that occurs thanks to the leftover mutagen from the thwarted Kraang invasion. Kirby is among the victims of the outbreak, and a misunderstanding leads April to become very upset and ashamed of the turtles and break off their friendship. However, the turtles are able to earn her forgiveness when they save her from Karai, who has taken temporary command of the Foot while the Shredder is away in Japan. Along with April came her new friend Casey Jones, who helps repel an assault on the turtles' lair.
|
|
Using a special mutagen formula made by Stockman-Fly, Oroku Saki recuperates and becomes Super-Shredder in order to take back control of the Foot Clan. Once a stable formula is made, Super-Shredder attacks the Turtles, the Mighty Mutanimals, Karai, and Shinigami which ends with Splinter falling in battle against Super-Shredder and is buried at the O'Neil family's summer home in North Hampton. This leads up to the final battle at Super-Shredder's hidden mansion where Leonardo manages to slay Super-Shredder and throw his mutated Kuro Kabuto to the other Turtles in victory.
|
|
The following day, there is another excursion to the Engineer ship, with David providing Weyland Corporation executive Meredith Vickers with a live stream of his own private investigation. However, he cuts Vickers off from the feed and keeps it exclusive to a private audience. David makes his way to the ship's flight deck, where he activates a hologram revealing that the Engineers were looking to travel to Earth and that there is a single Engineer in cryosleep. David and the rest of the team return to Prometheus when Holloway's infection from the mutagen becomes apparent, prompting Vickers to incinerate him with a flamethrower.
|
|
Fluparoxan was not metabolised by human cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP 1A and CYP 2A, and was found not to be a mutagen in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes and did not cause gene mutation when administered to Chinese hamster fibroblasts in culture. No mutagenic potential was identified in microbiological mutagenicity tests including a fluctuation test with S9 activation. No hydroxylated metabolites were identified after incubation with rat liver microsomes (S9) or in rat urine following oral dosing. The compound was well tolerated on repeat oral administration to rat (≤ 200 mg /kg/day) and dog (≤ 80 mg/kg/day) for 12 months.
|
|
5-Bromouracil (5-BrU, 5BrUra, or br5Ura) is a brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite or base analog, substituting for thymine in DNA, and can induce DNA mutation in the same way as 2-aminopurine. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside derivative (5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine) is used to treat neoplasms. 5-BrU exists in three tautomeric forms that have different base pairing properties. The keto form (shown in the infobox) is complementary to adenine, so it can be incorporated into DNA by aligning opposite adenine residues during DNA replication (see below left).
|
|
One night, he drank from a canister of mutagen that spilled in Raphael's room, mutating himself into a 6 ft. humanoid mutant box turtle with a spiked shell, long fingernails for makeshift weapons, heightened smell and superhuman agility. Obtaining a mace, Slash joined the other Turtles on patrol but revealed his true intentions by beating Donatello and Michelangelo, to Raphael's horror. The following murderous spree nearly took Leonardo's life, but after engaging his former owner, he survived the fall off the roof top and fled into the night, though the incident left Raphael with a lasting regret.
|
|
In the IDW Comics, April's mother was named Elizabeth O'Neil, to whom was a journalist (similar to April's status as a reporter from various TMNT media adaptations). Elizabeth was first introduced when April, the Turtles, Casey, and Splinter were forced to flee New York to their home in Northampton. While April and Casey worked on keeping the Turtles and Splinter a secret, Elizabeth showed having some knowledge of the mutagen due to her past career as a reporter. When the Foot Clan tracked them down and attacked Elizabeth along with her husband John found out about the existence of the Turtles and Splinter.
|
|
In the following years, Saki took leadership of the Foot Clan under his Shredder persona and met a trans-dimensional alien called Krang, who gave him advanced technology to replace the Foot Ninja with robots called the Foot Soldiers. Shredder secretly moved to New York, where he crossed paths with Yoshi after many years believing his old rival was dead. In an attempt to kill his old foe, Shredder dumped mutagen in the sewers. However, this instead mutated Yoshi into Splinter, who then started training the also mutated Turtles in ninjutsu to stop Shredder's rise to power from the city's criminal underworld.
|
|
But Stockman didn't really fit in with the Foot and became tired of being harassed and threatened by Dogpound and Fishface, so he trapped them and the Turtles in a deadly maze. He was defeated when both groups unexpectedly joined forces against him, and he fled the Foot Clan. During his time solo, Stockman secured a large amount of mutagen for creating a mutant army for himself. This, however, was until he was sought out by Karai to be taken back into the Foot when he was cornered by Dogpound, who was then promised to be retro-mutated despite his mutation into Rahzar.
|
|
Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that PhIP is a potent mutagen and can induce tumors of multiple sites in animal models. PhIP was positive in bacterial (Ames) test and induced chromosomal abnormalities in human and Chinese hamster cells in vitro. PhIP has also formed DNA adducts in vivo in both rats and monkeys.a b Carthew, P., DiNovi, M., & Setzer, W. (2010).Application of the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic Example: CAS No: 105650-23-5 PhIP (2-amino-methyl-6-penylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine).
|
|
The late 1970s also introduced a Slime Monster board game; the object of the game was to avoid having your game piece slimed on by a foot-tall plastic monster that had slime oozing from its mouth. Other toy companies have produced their own slime such as the Ecto-Plazm play gel sold with selected figures in Kenner's Real Ghostbusters toyline. Playmates Toys' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles figure line also had Retro-Mutagen slime sold in containers and included with playsets. While the substance was essentially harmless, a drawback was that it was extremely difficult to remove from carpets.
|
|
Stockman also participated in the fight against the Triceratons but as Shredder kills Splinter the Earth is condemned to be destroyed and frightened Stockman is absorbed by the Black Hole in "Annihilation: Earth! Part 2", but a new version of him is created alongside a new timeline when the Turtles save Earth from the Triceratons in "Earth's Last Stand". In the Season 4 finale, "Owari" Stockman-Fly defended the lair against the Turtles who were seeking revenge against Super Shredder for murdering their sensei and father figure. Mikey, who is tired of him talking, throws a bottle of Donnie's retro mutagen at him.
|
|
These lakes lie at elevations of and are characterized by extreme environmental conditions, including high amounts of heavy metals such as arsenic, high salinity, high UV radiation, high daily temperature fluctuations and low availability of nutrients. The UV radiation is especially problematic for lifeforms inhabiting the lakes and acts as a mutagen, damaging cellular DNA. Lakes in the neighbourhood of Laguna Vilama include Laguna Coruto to the northwest across the border with Bolivia and Laguna Palar to the southeast. Laguna Vilama lies at elevation in the Puna of Argentina and has a surface area of and an average depth of .
|
|
The story of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in the original comics is that they were four newborn pet turtles owned by a young boy who were splashed by a mutagenic compound and dropped in the sewers when their owner was involved in an accident involving a truck carrying said compound. The circumstances of their creation was intentionally designed to resemble Daredevil's origin, with the scenes even being drawn similarly. The creators of the comic later confirmed that the boy was intended to be a young Matt Murdock, explaining Daredevil's own abilities as the result of exposure to the mutagen.
|
|
Calm Horizons, with the aid of the pirate ship Soar, pursues Trumpet. It is revealed that Soar's captain, Sorus Chantelaine, is controlled by the Amnion through use of delayed-action mutagens. The cabin boy aboard Trumpet, Ciro Vasaczk, is captured by Sorus and blackmailed into sabotaging the drive of Trumpet using the same mutagens. Calm Horizons attempts to destroy Trumpet to prevent the broadcasting of the anti-mutagen drug formula, but is engaged by the UMCP ship Punisher and, due to the turning of Soar against Calm Horizons, is unable to destroy either Punisher or Trumpet, though Soar is destroyed.
|
|
Batman then has Damian don the mantle of Robin to teach him discipline. Searching for a lead on Langstrom's location, Batman goes to Arkham to interrogate Killer Croc, who supplied the mutagens to Langstrom in exchange for his enhancements and is currently going through agonizing withdrawal symptoms that cause him to shed his scales and tail. Since others are too afraid of him to medicate him without being harmed, Batman promises Croc help in exchange for information. Batman follows Croc's lead about the formula's mutagen to Langstrom's apartment, where he finds a throwing star that he takes evidence of Deathstroke's involvement.
|
|
Just as the Turtles wonder how they will get back home, a dimensional portal opens and disgorges Casey and April O'Neil. The Turtles round up the Foot ninjas and Shredder and send them back to their original dimension. Before they leave, Raphael gives Batman his mask and tells him that he can now count on the Turtles' aid if he ever shows up in their dimension. Batman and Robin return to the Batcave where they learn from Commissioner Gordon that the situation at Arkham is being stabilized until the mutagen has decayed naturally, turning the inmates back to normal within a week.
|
|
The energy also heals those in The Pit who have been mutated, which reverses the mutation done to them, while still allowing them to breathe water, and also removes the mutagen in the water, so that no one can be mutated again. But the effort is overwhelming, and because of the strain, and the depletion of energy, the robot falls apart. Kiina and Ackar, along with the other combatants (Toa, Matoran, Glatorian, Agori, others (etc.)) race to the site, only to see that nothing is left intact. However, they find the Mask of Life still intact, which suddenly begins hovering in the air.
|
|
Feldman used nitrosoguanidine as a mutagen and used race tubes to screen individual strains surviving the mutagenesis for their circadian period length. Race tubes are long hollow glass tubes bent at either end to hold an agar growth medium. When Neurospora is inoculated at one end of a tube it will grow to the other end, and in constant darkness the daily circadian cycle of growth and development is manifest. Although Feldman's screens were successful he was slow to publish so the identity of mutant genes frq[1], frq[2], and frq[3] were not reported until 1973.
|
|
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG or MNG) is a biochemical tool used experimentally as a carcinogen and mutagen. It acts by adding alkyl groups to the O6 of guanine and O4 of thymine, which can lead to transition mutations between GC and AT. These changes do not cause a heavy distortion in the double helix of DNA and thus are hard to detect by the DNA mismatch repair system. One of the earliest uses of methylnitronitrosoguanidine was in 1985. A group of scientists tested whether or not the chemical composition of methylnitronitrosoguanidine would directly affect the growth of tumors and cancer cells in rats.
|
|
Before he can mutate her, he is stopped when the Turtles play a keytar at full volume, sending the Shredder flying through a window from the force of a blown speaker. When the Turtles follow him outside on a pier, they discover that the Shredder has used the mutagen vial on himself. He is transformed into a massive "Super Shredder", an almost mindless giant-mutant being with immense superhuman strength. During his fight with the Turtles, Super Shredder knocks down the pier's pilings in a mindless rage, which then collapses onto him with the Turtles falling into the water below.
|
|
The society, originally founded as the Environmental Mutagen Society (EMS) was formed in the USA in 1969 by Drs. Alexander Hollaender, Joshua Lederberg, James Crow, Ernst Freese, James Neel, William Russell, Heinrich Malling, Frederick J. de Serres, Matthew Meselson, and others. The initial aim was to support the study of environmental mutagenesis, originally in germ-cell mutagenesis, but the scope soon expanded to include all areas of mutagenesis, including mutational mechanisms, test methods, molecular epidemiology, biomarkers, and risk assessment. As a result of this change in scope, in 2012 the society's name was changed to better encompass the broadened reach of the organization.
|
|
The method combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis using a chemical mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) with a sensitive DNA screening-technique that identifies single base mutations (also called point mutations) in a target gene. The TILLING method relies on the formation of DNA heteroduplexes that are formed when multiple alleles are amplified by PCR and are then heated and slowly cooled. A “bubble” forms at the mismatch of the two DNA strands, which is then cleaved by a single stranded nucleases. The products are then separated by size on several different platforms (see below).
|
|
In the 2012 series, Mondo (voiced by Robbie Rist), was named Jason, a teenage skateboarding star who was skateboarding home one night when a vial of mutagen fell on him. As the result of placing his pet leopard gecko Lars on his shoulder, he mutated into a 4 ft. humanoid mutant leopard gecko and was left out on the streets by his parents (who saw him as a freak and unfit to live with them any more), where he'd spent the rest of his days skateboarding until he was taken in as an errand boy by Fishface (who had called himself "Mr. X" by his peers).
|
|
Tokka and Rahzar are a mutant alligator snapping turtle and gray wolf employed by Shredder and enemies of the Ninja Turtles. As a snapping turtle and gray wolf abducted from the Bronx Zoo by the Foot Clan, Tokka and Rahzar were mutated into more intelligent humanoid forms by kidnapped TCRI professor Jordan Perry under Shredder's orders, but during the process, Perry secretly altered the mutagen with the DNA of human children. This eventually gave the duo childish personalities, thus humiliating Shredder by thinking the word "master" meant "mama". However, Perry had sympathy for them and showed Shredder their full obedience, thus convincing to keep them around.
|
|
However, during a fight with Michelangelo in Stockman's lab, Dogpound fell into the lab's mutagen vat and mutated into a near-skeletal werewolf-like version of his previous form with amazing agility an bony claw projection. Having to have regained his speed and reflexes, Rahzar proved to be more deadly than before but was tricked by Michelangelo into attacking the power generators and electrifying himself and his other comrades. When Shredder returned from Japan, he commented that Rahzar looked terrible, but continued to employ him as an operative. Tokka, on the other hand, attempted to recover the Black Hole Generator piece from when Lord Dregg was able to steal it.
|
|
While PAT2 is strongly indicated as the primary mutagen responsible for iminoglycinuria, the variability of the phenotype is found to be instituted by three modifying genetic mutations. The major one among these is believed to be system IMINO. Defined as the sodium-dependent proline transporter not inhibited by alanine, system IMINO, believed to be formed by the SLC6A20 (SIT1) gene, is a crucial mammalian transport mechanism responsible for both renal reabsorption and intestinal absorption of proline and other imino acids, such as hydroxyproline and pipecolate. The mRNA sequence for SIT1 is expressed in a great deal of the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon.
|
|
Kevin Eastman was working on a fourth Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film between 1995 and 1997 titled TMNT 4: The Next Mutation or TMNT 4: The Foot Walks Again. In 2012, Heritage Auctions published concept arts showing a fifth turtle named Kirby, but also featured are Fang, Shredder, Spyder, Nano Spyder, Super Shredder, Casey, Talbot, Lawson, Bugman and "Evil April". Peter Laird showed some concept art of the Turtles and Splinter on his blog. The main concept behind the film would have the turtles undergo a second mutation due to the mutagen in the heroes' bloodstream beginning to change with age and giving them new abilities and new problems.
|
|
This version is Bebop's ordinary pet turtle that was mutated by Rocksteady with an experimental super-mutagen to do the cleaning Shredder often had them to do. In this incarnation his obsession with palm trees was in particularly focused on the plastic tree in his bowl before mutation which he called his "Binky". When Bebop accidentally dropped it down an air duct, Slash went berserk and stole Shredder's Shaolin swords and then chased them through the Technodrome before going to Earth due to some quick thinking on Bebop's part. There, Slash ran into a corrupt businessman that wanted to build condos in the sewers.
|
|
Also included was a fully illustrated origin story on the card's backside which was phased out during the 4th series. The figures boasted highly detailed sculpting, especially for the time. Colorful characters like General Traag, Rat King, Mutagen man, Scumbug, Pizza Face, Muckman, and many others featured intricate details such as small animals crawling over them, large scars, torn clothing, and pieces of garbage stuck to their bodies. With the release of the second series in 1989, fans saw ten entirely new figures: five allies and five enemies, six new vehicles/accessories, the first playset, the Turtle Battle Fun role-play sets, 9" and 13" plush dolls, and official Retromutagen Ooze.
|
|
After made Foot Clan members against their will, the two are sent after Karai before deciding to go after the Turtles instead out of misplaced revenge. They managed to capture Donatello, Raphael, April O'Neil and Casey Jones before cornering Leonardo and Michelangelo at Coney Island, the latter serving as a distraction while coming up with their mutant names from the van they arrived in. Streanko like "Rocksteady" while Zeck was not fond of initially "Bebop", the two ultimately escaping after briefly fighting the heroes over the retro- mutagen batch Donatello had concocted. They were able to recapture Karai and deliver her to their new master.
|
|
Although Isely insists the mill has excellent safety protocols, Verne notices that Maggie's boots have mercury deposits—a mutagen that causes birth defects, it is used in logging as a fungicide and does not show up in water purity tests because it sinks to the bottom. Verne needs more evidence and determines to take blood tests from the Opies. That night, the Nelson family, who have set up a camp in the woods, are killed by Katahdin, a large bear with one of its sides containing horribly mutated skin. Isely and Sheriff Bartholomew Pilgrim believe Hawks and the Opies are responsible and try to arrest them.
|
|
Kevin Eastman was working on a fourth Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film between 1995 and 1997 titled TMNT 4: The Next Mutation or TMNT 4: The Foot Walks Again. In 2012, Heritage Auctions published concept arts showing a fifth turtle named Kirby, but also featured are Fang, Shredder, Spyder, Nano Spyder, Super Shredder, Casey, Talbot, Lawson, Bugman and "Evil April". Peter Laird showed some concept art of the Turtles and Splinter on his blog. The main concept behind the film will have the turtles undergo a second mutation due to the mutagen in the heroes' bloodstream beginning to change with age and giving them new abilities and new problems.
|
|
This funding allowed her to continue to study genetics at Cornell, the University of Missouri, and the California Institute of Technology, where she worked with E. G. Anderson. During the summers of 1931 and 1932, she worked at the University of Missouri with geneticist Lewis Stadler, who introduced her to the use of X-rays as a mutagen. Exposure to X-rays can increase the rate of mutation above the natural background level, making it a powerful research tool for genetics. Through her work with X-ray- mutagenized maize, she identified ring chromosomes, which form when the ends of a single chromosome fuse together after radiation damage.
|
|
Meanwhile, a cyborg named Angus Thermopyle is fleeing the newly destroyed Billingate installation in Forbidden Space with his makeshift crew. As luck would have it Vector Shaheed was one of the lead scientists working on an anti-mutagen drug. The Amnion, the beings that inhabit Forbidden Space, would have their mutagens turn the entire human race into Amnion themselves, and the immunity drug that Vector was working on would have assured humanity their safety. The UCMP took Shaheed’s research away from him and suppressed the drug on Holt Farsner’s orders. Hashi Lebwohl secretly finished Shaheed’s research and gave a sample of the drug to Nick Succorso to test.
|
|
A more recent study shows that EtBr acts as a topoisomerase I poison, just like several anticancer drugs used in humans. The above studies do not support the commonly-held idea that ethidium bromide is a potent mutagen in humans, but they do indicate that it can be toxic at high concentrations. Recent science writers have reported on what is perceived to be disproportionate fear over the toxicity and mutagenicity of the compound. Most use of ethidium bromide in the laboratory (0.25–1 µg/ml) is below the level required for toxicity, and is 3 orders of magnitude lower than the therapeutic dosages used in cattle.
|
|
Despite his attempts to redeem himself, expressing disdain for his mutant status and lack of agility, Dogpound finds himself on the bad end of several vicious beatings from his master before replaced by Karai as Shredder's second in command. When given the takes to retrieve Baxter Stockman after he escaped the Foot's custody, Dogpound believing the scientist can turn him human again. But during an ensuing fight with the turtles, Dogpound is knocked into a mutagen vat and is painfully mutated further into a skeletal zombie-like werewolf mutant. Renamed Rahzar by Michelangelo, he takes some pride in his new form despite Shredder's initial comment that he looked terrible.
|
|
Arsenic is reported to cause DNA modifications such as aneuploidy, micronuclei formation, chromosome abnormality, deletion mutations, sister chromatid exchange and crosslinking of DNA with proteins. It has been demonstrated that arsenic does not directly interact with DNA and it is considered a poor mutagen, but instead, it helps mutagenicity of other carcinogens. For instance, a synergistic increase in the mutagenic activity of arsenic with UV light has been observed in human and other mammalian cells after exposing the UV-treated cells to arsenic. A series of experimental observations suggest that the arsenic genotoxicity is primarily linked to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during its biotransformation.
|
|
Every game in the series is set in the fictional American metropolitan area Raccoon City until its destruction at the end of Resident Evil 3: Nemesis. Subsequent games featuring Valentine take place on an international scale: namely Russia, Africa, and the Mediterranean Sea. The original game is set in July 1998 in a mansion on the outskirts of Raccoon City, which Valentine and her team enter into while searching for colleagues. Working with partner Barry Burton, she discovers the property is a façade for a biological warfare laboratory operated by the Umbrella Corporation and its undead occupants are the scientists who developed the T-virus mutagen.
|
|
Marvel Comics. Whether Viper actually has extraordinary longevity was left uncertain. Employing the Silver Samurai, Viper attempted to coerce Team America into stealing the cavourite crystal, and then battled the New Mutants.New Mutants #5-6. Marvel Comics. In one of her many terrorist acts, she would try to gain control of the snake- themed organization called the Serpent Society, with Slither, Copperhead, Puff Adder, Fer-De-Lance, and Black Racer as her operatives. The latter four operatives infiltrated the Serpent Society in an attempt to take it over. Viper dispatched Cobra, Boomslang, and Copperhead to poison Washington D.C.'s water supply with a snake mutagen.
|
|
Several computational methods have been proposed for solving this decomposition problem. The first implementation of Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) method is available in Sanger Institute Mutational Signature Framework in the form of a MATLAB package. On the other hand, if mutations from a single tumor sample are only available, the DeconstructSigs R package and MutaGene server may provide the identification of contributions of different mutational signatures for a single tumor sample. In addition, MutaGene server provides mutagen or cancer-specific mutational background models and signatures that can be applied to calculate expected DNA and protein site mutability to decouple relative contributions of mutagenesis and selection in carcinogenesis.
|
|
In the 2003 series, Leatherhead is shown as a friend of the Turtles and is often referred to as "LH". He is voiced by Frederick B. Owens in seasons 2 and 3 and by Gary K. Lewis in season 4 and 7. Going back to his original black and white beginnings in the 6th issue of the 1987 Mirage Studios comic Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Leatherhead was originally an exotic pet who got flushed down to the sewer, somehow ending up in an Utrom base. After being exposed to the same mutagen that would eventually change the Turtles, Leatherhead became a massive, humanoid crocodile.
|
|
A variety of compounds are considered as epigenetic carcinogens—they result in an increased incidence of tumors, but they do not show mutagen activity (toxic compounds or pathogens that cause tumors incident to increased regeneration should also be excluded). Examples include diethylstilbestrol, arsenite, hexachlorobenzene, and nickel compounds. Many teratogens exert specific effects on the fetus by epigenetic mechanisms. While epigenetic effects may preserve the effect of a teratogen such as diethylstilbestrol throughout the life of an affected child, the possibility of birth defects resulting from exposure of fathers or in second and succeeding generations of offspring has generally been rejected on theoretical grounds and for lack of evidence.
|
|
On October 2, 2012, Nickelodeon ordered a second season of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Executive producer Ciro Nieli confirmed that Mutagen Man will have a large role in the second season and an hour-long episode featuring the voice actors of the original TMNT series (Cam Clarke, Townsend Coleman, Barry Gordon, and Rob Paulsen) in their respective roles for a cameo. Corey Feldman (who was the voice of Donatello from the first and third entries of the original film series) was confirmed to play the role of Slash. Recurring TMNT character Casey Jones was confirmed to appear in the second season of the series, where he is voiced by Josh Peck.
|
|
In 1949, she began working as a senior radiation biologist in the Biology Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee under Alexander Hollaender. There, in 1956, she met biophysicist John Jagger, whom she married 19 October 1956. While working in Oak Ridge, Gaulden Jagger became locally famous as the person who "threw the rascals out" of the Anderson County Election Commission, and was also active in the county's desegregation movement, participating in drugstore and restaurant sit-ins alongside her husband. Gaulden was a founding member of the Radiation Research Society and the Environmental Mutagen Society and was president of the Association of Southeastern Biologists in 1959.
|
|
Eleven years after the events of Prometheus, the colony ship USCSS Covenant, carrying thousands of colonists and hundreds of human embryos in cryo-stasis, makes its way towards the planet Origae-6. The crew intercepts a transmission sent from Shaw, which they decide to trace to an apparently habitable Engineer home world (referred to as Planet 4), devoid of all non- floral life. When several crew members are infected by the mutagen and give birth to a new breed of Alien, the Neomorphs, the android David 8 rescues them. It is revealed that he brought Shaw to the planet, where he killed all non-floral life and began experimenting on Shaw's corpse to engineer Aliens.
|
|
Although the compound also affects the Turtles because their physiology was altered by the Kraang's mutagen, Raphael leaves the Batwing to rip open a blimp whose valves are malfunctioning and manages to ride out the gas' effects thanks to his prior experience with it. The other Turtles are protected by atmospheric filtration units, but the Kraang, severely affected by the substance, beat an immeditate retreat. The Turtles open up a portal back to their reality in order to deal with them and take their goodbyes, although Raphael has a sudden, brief vision of the Shredder appearing within the portal. After the Turtles' departure, Batman and his partners return to attending the Gray Ghost movie presentation.
|
|
The group takes refuge at the O'Neil family's summer home in North Hampton in order to recuperate from their loss at the hands of the Kraang and the Foot Clan. Leonardo takes an extended amount of time to recover, but guided by an apparition of Splinter, is able to overcome his physical and mental wounds. They eventually return to New York City with the goal of finding Splinter, Karai, Kirby, and their other missing allies and liberate the city from the Kraang. They are successful in finding Splinter and set up a temporary base in the abandoned Antonio's Pizza, and Donatello begins work on new samples of retro-mutagen as the search for Kirby and Karai continues.
|
|
Trap formation is induced in U. gibba by low phosphorus but not low nitrogen, indicating that phosphorus availability is more limiting in its environment. It had also been previously proposed that an increased mutation rate due to greater environmental mutagen exposure could have increased natural selection for loss of unneeded DNA, but no evidence for this was found in the relative mutational diversities of U. gibba and Arabidopsis. It is possible that the genome duplication events and low- phosphorus environment acted in concert with one another: that the three whole genome duplications that occurred in U. gibba enabled the selective pressure of a phosphorus poor environment to reduce total DNA without the deletion of important genes.
|
|
Leatherhead is a mutant American alligator and hot-headed ally of the Ninja Turtles. As a baby alligator, he escaped a pet store robbery by finding his way into the sewers, where he was found by a pair of Utroms and brought back to their headquarters in TCRI. There, he was exposed to their mutagen, thus mutating into a more intelligent humanoid form, and cared for very much by the aliens as if they were his parents. Leatherhead later got separated from his "family" when the TCRI building self-destructed and retreated back into the sewers, only to be attacked by a big-time hunter named Mr. Marlin, who injured his left eye.
|
|
Though David would perceive the concept of the Prometheus expedition to be frivolous, due to his disappointment in his creators, he would nonetheless be fascinated by the notion of creation. Therefore, the character's treacherous actions in the films, such as infecting the archaeologist Charlie Holloway with an alien mutagen, would be from a desire to create a new evolutionary generation of his own. Shortly after the release of Alien: Covenant, Scott explained that as David learns more about his lineage through humanity and the Engineers, "He hates them. He has no respect for Engineers and no respect for human beings," and concludes that eradicating them from existence will be for the betterment of the universe.
|
|
Bellen and colleagues made important contributions to our understanding of Drosophila peripheral nervous system development and the fine-tuning of aspects of Notch signaling during this process. These discoveries were made by carrying out multiple forward genetic screens using the mutagen, ethyl methane sulfonate, as well as P elements. They discovered the protein Senseless that is required for the development of the peripheral nervous system by boosting the action of proneural proteins and suppressing the action of Enhancer of split proteins. They also discovered the protein Rumi and determined it was required for O-glycosylation of Notch at many different sites and found that these sites affect the cleavage of Notch at the membrane.
|
|
Leatherhead is a mutant American alligator and hot-headed ally of the Ninja Turtles. As a baby alligator, he escaped a pet store robbery by finding his way into the sewers, where he was found by a pair of Utroms and brought back to their headquarters in TCRI. There, he was exposed to their mutagen, thus mutating into a more intelligent humanoid form, and cared for very much by the aliens as if they were his parents. Leatherhead later got separated from his "family" when the TCRI building self-destructed and retreated back into the sewers, only to be attacked by a big-time hunter named Mr. Marlin, who injured his left eye.
|
|
Mondo Gecko is a mutant green gecko and one of the first teenage allies of the Ninja Turtles, who shares a close relationship with Michelangelo. As a human professional skateboarder, he spent more of his teenage life playing in a local heavy metal band and always had his girlfriend, Candy Fine, stick by him. One day, while the band was practicing in Shredder's former hideout, the Ninja Turtles tried to intervene by stating the dangers inside, but Mondo already got Krang's discarded mutagen on himself, thus mutating into a humanoid green gecko due to placing his pet green gecko on his shoulder. As a result, he was forced to leave the band and break up with Candy.
|
|
The Turtles eventually turned his problems around by recruiting him as a member of the Mighty Mutanimals, unwittingly earning back Candy's faith. In the 1987 cartoon, Mondo (voiced by John Mariano) was a baby green gecko that was dropped into the sewers and mutated into his current mutant form by the same mutagen that mutated the Ninja Turtles and Splinter. However, he was later taken and raised by a street gang led by Mr. X, but when Michelangelo found out, he convinced Mondo to turn on his boss. After receiving his change of heart, Mondo helped fight Mr. X and ended his criminal career, moving to the sewers as a neighbor of the Turtles and Splinter.
|
|
Ironically upon Arnold being brought to him by Dark Leonardo, the Shredder (the man who had hurt Casey) offered Arnold the chance to pay for his son's medical bills when Arnold himself would become Hun again and be in his service, an offer which because of his son he finally accepted. He was rejuvenated by a serving of a mutagen-laced steroid. Following the Shredder's death, he attempts to reconcile with Casey, leading to several moments of tense cooperation in the face of a common crisis. However, after Jennika's mutation, Hun resumed his strong distaste towards mutants as they had indirectly wrecked his family's relationships, and later joins forces with Agent Bishop due to their common hatred towards mutants.
|
|
The game's story mode comprises seven chapters, each with its own set of stages and level of difficulty. The game's over-arcing plot involves Leonardo attempting to find and reunite with his brothers following an accidental separation. Along the way, Leo meets and teams up with a large number of characters from the franchise, including villains. Each stage rates the player upon completion (three stars, in this case ninja stars, are awarded if the player wins the stage with all party characters alive, while two are awarded if one character was killed and one star given in all other cases) and offers random items as a reward, usually items to level up characters, mutagen, warp passes and occasionally greenbacks.
|
|
After defeating Joker, the heroes use Batgirl and Donatello's retro-mutagen to cure Batman and later the inmates, but realize this was a distraction for Shredder and al Ghul to acquire a Wayne Enterprises cloud seeder they need to complete their machine. As Batman recovers in the Batcave, the two teams find out that their enemies are launching their machine at the Ace Chemicals plant. Batman initially orders the Turtles to leave Gotham due to their impulsiveness, but Raphael convinces him that they are better off working together. As the combined team advances towards Ace Chemicals, they defeat most of the Foot Clan and the League of Assassins' forces before confronting Shredder and al Ghul.
|
|
In the series, he was introduced as Raphael's pet snapping turtle Spike, who used to listen to his owner's angry ranting about his troubles with his family for the majority of his life, and also learned ninjutsu by watching Raphael practice in his room. Although no one knew at the time, Spike developed a hatred for the other Turtles, especially Leonardo, who Raphael was at odds with the most, thanks to hearing only Raphael's angry, one-sided rants all his life. Raphael loved Spike and protected him with his life, often being most concerned about him when danger is about. In Slash and Destroy, Spike drinks from a jar of mutagen, mutating into a towering, hulking mutant turtle.
|
|
Gru arrives at El Macho's fortress with two disguised minions covered with purple paint pretending to be captured, but their cover is blown and the purple minions attack and corner them. Luckily, Nefario, the girls, and the rest of Gru's minions arrive with the antidote on Gru's aircraft and return all the Minions to their normal state. El Macho then applies the mutagen on himself and turns into a monster, but Gru and Nefario defeat him using Lucy's lipstick taser and a fart gun respectively. Gru finds Lucy strapped to a TNT-loaded shark rocket and starts to untie her, but Pollito launches the rocket, sending it flying towards the same volcano where El Macho previously faked his death.
|
|
In "Serpent Hunt," he used this mutagen supply to assist Shredder with the mutations of Bebop and Rocksteady. He would oversee the Shredder's ongoing project to develop a serum that would grant the Shredder control over the subject's mind, as seen in "Casey Jones Vs. the Underworld", "The Noxious Avenger", and "Clash of the Mutanimals." After making a cameo as the referee of Fishface's underground race in "Meet Mondo Gecko", Stockman succeeds in returning Karai to a human form by the time of "The Deadly Venom", having perfected the mind control serum worms. Stockman would later hack into the Turtles' T-phones and loan Karai his Mousers during her gambit to kill Splinter in "The Fourfold Trap".
|
|
After David, whom Shaw has repaired, unleashes the mutagen against the Engineers and their ship crashes, Shaw sends a transmission of her singing "Take Me Home, Country Roads" by John Denver. David later confesses to Walter that she "did not die in the crash", as he initially claimed to the team from the colony ship Covenant, ten years after her disappearance. Walter later finds her dissected corpse, which David had used for his experiments to create a perfect version of the Alien, whilst Daniels finds sketches of what David had done to her. Shaw's religious passion is the central theme and driving force behind the events of Prometheus, with her search for God triggering the expedition's disastrous outcome.
|
|
Space jockey skeleton in 1979's Alien; due to its fossilization and elephantine appearance, the species was not considered humanoid in its first appearance. The Engineers, also known as space jockeys, are an ancient race of large humanoids which created humanity from their own DNA during Earth's primordial era. In Alien, the fossilized corpse of an Engineer is discovered in the pilot's seat of the derelict alien spacecraft; its suit and helmet were thought to be bones, and is the first victim of the Aliens identified onscreen. The Engineers play a central role in the first prequel, Prometheus, which reveals their biology and intention to infect the human race with an alien contagion and mutagen.
|
|
After moving to New York City, Yoshi has just purchased four pet turtles when he stumbles upon an exchange in an alley between two Kraang droids. Seeking to silence Yoshi before he can share what he has seen, a fight ensues and the canister the droids have been carrying smashes open, splashing both Yoshi and his turtles with a mutagen. As the result of stepping on the tail of a black rat upon entering an alley, Yoshi mutates into a humanoid mutant black rat, while the Turtles take on human characteristics. Realizing he can no longer live a normal life, he retreats to the New York sewers where he raises his pets as sons and teaches them ninjutsu.
|
|
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, in a second Legion Lost series, Timber Wolf, along with Chameleon Girl, Wildfire, Dawnstar, Tellus, Tyroc, and Gates are trapped in the 21st Century while pursuing a time-travelling genetic terrorist. After exposure to the terrorist's mutagen, Brin's fingernails became hardened, resembling sharp talons which he could expel like projectiles (although not without some pain), regrowing new ones in a matter of seconds. In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", Timber Wolf is among the Legion of Super-Heroes members that appear in the present after Doctor Manhattan undid the experiment that erased the Legion of Super-Heroes and the Justice Society of America.
|
|
The risk of cancer associated with alcohol consumption is higher in tissues in closest contact on ingestion of alcohol, such as the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus. This is explained by the fact that ethanol is a proven mutagen and in addition, metabolite of ethanol (acetaldehyde) produced in the liver is highly carcinogenic, thus explaining both local (mouth, throat, esophageal cancers) as well as distant (skin, liver, breast) cancers. It is well known that ethanol causes cell death at the concentrations present in alcoholic beverages. Few cells survive a one- hour exposure to 5–10% ethanol or a 15-second exposure to 30–40% ethanol in cell culture, where surviving cells might undergo genomic changes leading to carcinogenesis.
|
|
After speaking privately with Richie's son, a group of men including the narrator and store owner Henry decide to take the beer to Richie personally. On their way, Henry relates some of the terrifying experiences the kid had told him — of how one day his father drank a "bad" can of beer, implied to carry a mutagen, and since then has been slowly transforming into an inhuman blob-like abomination that detests light and craves warm beer. Spying on him one night, the boy saw his father eat a dead cat, causing him to finally seek help. Arriving at Richie's home, the men confront Richie from behind his closed door, demanding that he come out.
|
|
Back in the lair, a despairing Donatello begins to believe that brains and skill alone will not defeat Bane. He presents a sample of Venom-mutagen he was able to swipe from the lab, along with the intention to synthesize it for their own use; but Batman and most of his friends express their misgivings, forcing him to abandon that plan. As the two teams begin to work on an attack strategy late into the night, however, Donatello secretly sneaks out of the lair with the compound and injects himself with it. In the meantime, Karai and her remaining Foot loyalists begin to stage their own assault on Bane's new headquarters, the Statue of Liberty.
|
|
The story starts in Gotham City, but strangely presents a peculiar amalgamation of the DC Universe and the Turtles' universe. Batman was raised by Splinter alongside the Turtles as a family, Casey Jones is an officer in the Gotham City Police Department, and other influences from the Turtles' reality are also found in various elements of Gotham's scenery.Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III #1 All this is due to Krang's merciless meddling with the fabric of the Multiverse. In a new background story, it is shown that when Bruce was 8 years old, his parents purchased the Turtles right after their fateful cinema visit, only to come across Joe Chill just having hijacked a truck full of mutagen.
|
|
Raphael, Michelangelo, Donatello, Splinter, and Klunk fake their deaths as they go into hiding. The Ancient One, having foreseen the attack, sends Leo back to New York, where he reunites his family and finds them a new home before defeating Karai, vowing that any further conflict between their clans will result in her death. The Turtles struggle to fight Bishop's mutant outbreak, but things take a turn for the worse when Donnie is infected with the chemical agent responsible for the outbreak, mutating him once again. Leatherhead reports that Bishop's chemical agent is reacting violently with the Utrom mutagen already in his body, and will kill him in a matter of days.
|
|
Brian Tee portrayed Shredder in the 2016 film, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows. In the beginning of the movie, the Foot Clan, led by a scientist named Baxter Stockman, attempt to help Shredder escape from prison. Although the turtles try to prevent the escape, Stockman was able to help Shredder escape using a teleportation device. But Shredder is hijacked mid- teleport and ends up in a place called Dimension X. There, he meets Krang, who gives Shredder a mutagen canister in exchange for a promise to find the three components of a machine that Krang sent to Earth long ago, which when united will open a portal to his dimension.
|
|
In the finale film Turtles Forever, Ch'rell is freed from his exile by his Shredder counterpart from the 1987 series after his frozen body was teleported off of Mor Gal Tal by 1980s Shredder and Krang. Once Karai showed up upon finding out about Ch'rell's return, Ch'rell then takes over the Technodrome and gains a new, more powerful exo-suit. After realigning with a now-mutated Hun, Ch'rell reverse-engineers the mutagen that Hun got to turn a select number of Cyber Foot into Mutant Foot Soldiers and create new Foot Robots that are stronger than the '80s versions. The Ch'rell later uses the Technodrome to view alternate dimensions, realizing that there is an entire multiverse of Ninja Turtles.
|
|
During the battle, Shredder tosses a wrecked fuel tanker semi-truck at Karai, only for April to catch it in her psychic grip, causing her Sol Star crystal to cause her eyes to glow blue and smile malevolently before hurling it back at Shredder. However, before Shredder can kill Leo, Karai pleads with him to reconsider doing something good in his life instead of being consumed by his vengeance. This lures Shredder in close enough for Karai to hit him in his most vulnerable spot: His exposed, pulsating mutated heart. Weakened, Shredder is saved by Tiger Claw, who drives him back to their hideout, where Shredder demands a larger dose of the mutagen from Stockman.
|
|
Once confronting Dregg directly, she tried to hold him off with her tantō sword but he proved too strong. In a three-part special episode, which is somehow set in a fifty-year apocalyptic future, "Raphael: Mutant Apocalypse", April is killed along with the entire human population and most mutants from being hit with a mutagen bomb that had been mysteriously triggered by an unknown adversary. For some reason, she was not able to shield herself from the massively powerful blast with her extraordinarily strong psionic/extrasensory powers whatsoever. In "The Curse of Savanti Romero", she is turned into a vampire-zombie and utilized her incredibly strong psionic/extrasensory powers against the Ninja Turtles.
|
|
The story relates a disabled former astronaut's account of the terrifying change he undergoes after being exposed to an extraterrestrial mutagen, during a space mission to Venus (similar to the canceled Manned Venus Flyby, but using a "Saturn 16" rocket). Arthur, the narrator, begins the story with his hands bandaged, and complains of a terrible itching both after the mission and currently. The change takes the form of numerous tiny eyeballs which break out on his fingertips. These eyeballs act as the titular "doorway" for an alien species, allowing them to see into our world, but, seeing from an alien perspective, they view humans as horrifying monstrosities which, Arthur perceives, they fear and hate intensely.
|
|
Kirby is eventually restored to his human form when Donatello manages to concoct another Kraang chemical called retro- mutagen, which causes organic beings to reverse their major physical transformations, and help keep it away from former T.C.R.I inventor Baxter Stockman, who gets mutated into Stockman-Fly while under Shredder's employ. Meanwhile, Shredder returns from Japan with the mutated Japanese bounty hunter Tiger Claw as his new second-in-command. Tiger Claw is later sent through a portal to the 1987–1996 animated series reality, but later returns to the 2012 reality. During a battle with the turtles, Karai is informed of her true nature by Leonardo (who has developed a crush on her since season 1), but she is too reluctant to accept it.
|
|
Blaming the Turtles for wrecking his attempt to return "home", he went on to become an enemy to them, but received a change of heart when they saved him from Old Hob. In the 1987 series, Leatherhead (voiced by Jim Cummings) was a giant American alligator living in the Everglades who swam in a part of his swamp that was polluted with mutagen by Shredder and Krang, and mutated into his current mutant form. Becoming an enemy of the Ninja Turtles, he first started hunting the Punk Frogs and then tried to help Shredder hunt the Turtles themselves. Leatherhead eventually cross paths with the Rat King, and allied himself with him to eliminate the Turtles when his plan to trick them into killing each other failed.
|
|
Slash made his return in Battle for New York, where he leads the Mighty Mutanimals, consisting of Leatherhead as the 2nd in command, Tyler Rockwell the brains, and Piegon Pete the spy/decoy. He was first seen fighting the Kraang that were pursuing the turtles. Despite both Raph and Mikey's support Leo is shown to distrust him, considering the last encounters they fought. However, with counsel from Jack Krutzman and Splinter, the two were able to overcome their differences and work together to stop the Kraang from mutating Earth and saving New York's citizen trapped in Dimension X. Slash explains that since his mutation, his mind has become much more stable; in other words, the mutagen had affected his mind, leaving him one-tracked.
|
|
In the film, the last surviving Engineer on LV-223 is awakened and immediately tries to resume his mission of delivering the substance to Earth, but he is subsequently stopped by the survivors of the human expedition. Ironically he is killed by an Alien like creature created by the mutagen's effect on a human. The android David 8 pilots an Engineer ship to the species' home world, where he unleashes the mutagen against the population, which kills all the Engineers and all other non-floral life on the planet. For the Engineer pilot in Alien, a set piece was built at Bray Studios; Ridley Scott and cinematographer Derek Vanlint's children played the body doubles to exaggerate the size of the corpse.
|
|
When Zeck met up with Steranko in his helicopter, they both discovered that Leonardo swapped the helmet out with dirty diapers at the last minute, to Steranko's rage. In "Serpent Hunt" and "The Pig and the Rhino", three months after the Kraang conquered New York, a desperate Steranko and Zeck resolve to capture the mutated Karai in exchange for Shredder securing their safe departure from the city. The duo succeeded, but Shredder was livid at the revelation that Steranko was behind the theft of the Kabuto helmet and that Katai escaped when the Turtles interfere. An enraged Shredder proceed to have the duo mutated in Stockman-Fly's lab, Zeck and Steranko respectively exposed to common warthog and white rhinoceros DNA introduced to their two mutagen exposure.
|
|
He went into a state of berserk animal rage because of it, but with some guidance by an inner manifestation of Master Splinter, he regained his original mentality and later assisted Leonardo and Casey Jones in tracking down the vampires who attacked him. This is also somewhat similar to an earlier storyline during Volume 1, where Raphael was attacked by a leech-like creature who, when sucking his blood, also drained him of the mutagen in his body and reverted him to a small turtle. The leech itself mutated and vanished, prompting the remaining turtles to follow it. Finally, after tracking down the creature, Raphael manages to bite it and pierce its skin, thereby drinking its blood and mutating back.
|
|
For that reason they have placed an Amnioni aboard, the former human Milos Taverner. Trumpet docks at the illegal lab, and while Mikka, Ciro, Vector, Sib and Nick go aboard the station, Angus’ programming has him deliver his priority codes to Morn and Davies. Because of this the Hylands are able to help Angus release himself from his programming. While aboard the station Nick arranges for Ciro to be alone as a trap. Sorus takes the ‘bait’ and kidnaps him and Sorus and Milos inject Ciro with a slow acting mutagen that will change him if he stops taking an inhibiter every hour. Sorus tells Ciro that she will continue to supply him with the inhibiter if he sabotages Trumpet’s drives.
|
|
When The Shredder found out that the substance that mutated the Turtles had been created by TGRI (Techno-Global Research Industries), he sent his Foot Soldiers to steal the ooze and kidnap head TGRI scientist, Professor Jordan Perry. Shredder instructs Perry to use the ooze to mutate an Alligator Snapping Turtle and a Gray Wolf (kidnapped from the Bronx Zoo) which resulted in the creation of Tokka and Rahzar. However, Jordan had secretly altered the mutagen, and as a result, the two mutants had the intelligence of human infants. Shredder ordered the monsters to face him in battle, to teach them who their master was, except the infantile mutants misinterpreted the word "master", thinking it meant "mamma", and hugged him instead.
|
|
Explaining the helmet's history as a special Foot Clan relic, he had the clan hunt for Zeck, sending Fishface with Stockman-Fly and Rahzar with Tiger Claw. Leonardo later confronted Shredder with the Kabuto for a trade and kept him busy long enough for the other Turtles to get to Karai. However, the "Karai" Shredder traded them with turned out to be a dummy rigged with a bomb as the Turtles evaded it. In "Vengeance is Mine", Shredder attempted to use the real Karai as bait for a trap that would mutate the Turtles into snakes that would kill Splinter, but the plan backfired when Karai was exposed to the mutagen, turning into a snake and almost attacking Splinter before she fled after regaining control of herself.
|
|
Splinter realizes he has been given a second chance at fatherhood, and names the infant Turtles after his favorite Italian artists of the Renaissance. In an alternate post-apocalyptic future (set half a century later), humanity and most of mutantkind (the Mighty Mutanimals, April O'Neil- who was somehow unable to shield herself from the blast with her strong psionic powers- Casey Jones, snake-mutant Karai, and Shinigami) have all been wiped out by an extremely powerful and destructive mutagen bomb triggered by an unknown adversary. An elderly, weathered version of Raphael and a robot containing Donatello's consciousness scour a wasteland that was once their home of New York City. They encounter a meerkat named Mira who is hunted by a honey badger named Verminator Rex and his gang of bikers.
|
|
Thierry Boon is a Belgian scientist, former Director of the Ludwig Cancer Research branch in (Belgium) and professor at the Université Catholique de Louvain. He observed that tumour cells that have acquired new mutations as a result of mutagen treatment in vitro, often become incapable of forming tumours because they express new antigens recognized by the T cells of the immune system. His research allowed him to isolate the genes that code for these so-called tumour antigens.Boon T, Kellermann O., Rejection by syngeneic mice of cell variants obtained by mutagenesis of a malignant teratocarcinoma cell line, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Jan;74(1):272–5 He is a member of the Cancer Research Institute Scientific Advisory Council, The National Academy of Sciences, and The Academy of Cancer Immunology.
|
|
The turtles later discover that the Kraang came to Earth from Dimension X and built their headquarters with a company called TCRI and are plotting to use the mutagen and a set of Kraang-like powers that April was born with to convert Earth into a planet suitable for their race. After the turtles rescue Kirby, the Kraang invade New York, but the turtles and April emerge triumphant when they send the Technodrome, the Kraang leader Kraang Prime's ship, crashing into the sea. Meanwhile, Splinter battles Shredder and learns that Karai is his own daughter, Hamato Miwa, who was kidnapped by Shredder and who believes that Splinter killed her mother. The season ends with the turtles celebrating their victory over the Kraang as Splinter hides the secret of Miwa from them.
|
|
Russell W.L., Kelly E.M., Hunsicker P.R., Bangham J.W., Maddux S.C., Phipps E.L. Specific- locus test shows ethylnitrosourea to be the most potent mutagen in mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 11, 5818-5819 (1979) To overcome the problem of initial period of sterility, the Russell group showed that instead of injecting one large dose of ENU, a fractionated dose (100 mg/kg)Hitotsumachi S., Carpenter D.A., Russell W.L. Dose-Repetition Increases the Mutagenic Effectiveness of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in Mouse Spermatogonia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 82, 6619-6621 (1985) on a weekly schedule permitted a total higher dose (300–400 mg/kg) to be tolerated. This further showed that the mutation frequency improved to be 12 times that of X-rays, 36 times that of procarbazine and over 200 times that of spontaneous mutations.
|
|
He then proceeded to teach ninjutsu to the Turtles as he himself had learned it from Yoshi, in order to have them avenge his owner's death. In the 1987 cartoon, Yoshi (voiced by Peter Reneday) was a Foot Clan shidoshi trained under the wise master Pasang back in Japan, but exiled himself to New York City after being framed by Oroku Saki for the attempted murder of a visiting sensei. There, Yoshi was forced to live in the sewers in shame, befriending the rats and adopting four baby red-eared slider turtles that were accidentally dropped by a boy into a sewer grate. Fifteen years later, when Saki moved into the city under his Shredder persona and discovered Yoshi there as well, Shredder dumped mutagen in the sewers.
|
|
Blaming the Turtles for wrecking his attempt to return "home", he went on to become an enemy to them, but underwent a change of heart after they saved him from the vicious hunter Jack Marlin. In the 1987 cartoon, Leatherhead (voiced by Jim Cummings) was a giant American alligator living in the Everglades who swam in a part of his swamp that was polluted with mutagen by Shredder and Krang, and mutated into his current mutant form. Becoming an enemy of the Ninja Turtles, he first started hunting the Punk Frogs and then tried to help Shredder hunt the Turtles themselves. Leatherhead eventually cross paths with the Rat King, and allied himself with him to eliminate the Turtles when his plan to trick them into killing each other failed.
|
|
Even though the Turtles planned to cure them, Muckman and Joe Eyeball declined stating that they have become comfortable with their mutant forms. In the 2012 cartoon, Muckman (voiced by Grant Moninger) was introduced as Garson Grunge (originally voiced by Nolan North), a humble sewer worker who had encounters with mutants in the past, such as getting attacked by Leatherhead, a Squirrelanoid, Fungus Humongous' fear spores and Pizza Face's minions. Following the Kraang's invasion on the city, he was seen working as a garbageman when he heard a commotion involving the Turtles fighting Bebop and Rocksteady at an abandoned Kraang lab and got hit in the face with a canister of mutagen (which Bebop intentionally threw at Michelangelo) while investigating it. As the result of falling into the dumpster, Grunge mutated into a 6 ft.
|
|
With no other choice, Bebop and Rocksteady pledged complete loyalty to the Foot Clan and were sent by Shredder to find Karai again. However, the duo decided to withdraw from the mission to exact their revenge on the Turtles, believing that if they hadn't interfered with their plan to leave the city, their mutations wouldn't have occurred. This eventually made their actual mission easier when the Turtles, April and Casey unwittingly led them straight to Karai, and after a brief fight over the retro-mutagen that was meant for her, Bebop and Rocksteady successfully captured her and brought her back to Shredder, who thus promised to cure her of her misery. As a generous measure, Rocksteady's service to the Foot gave Shredder control over the Russian mafia's New York branch.
|
|
Some 30 years before the events of Alien, scientists Elizabeth Shaw and Charlie Holloway discover a star map among the remnants of several ancient Earth cultures. Accompanied by David 8 and hoping to discover the origins of humanity, they journey aboard the spaceship USCSS Prometheus and arrive on the distant planet LV-223 in the Zeta2 Reticuli system, the same region of space in which the planetoid LV-426 from Alien is found. There they discover the ancient remains of an advanced civilization, called the Engineers (the same race as the dead pilot from the derelict ship in Alien), who were developing biological weapons in the form of a pathogenic mutagen which could have driven the human race extinct. The horrors they encounter result in the loss of the crew except for David and Shaw.
|
|
Eleven years after the events of Prometheus, the colony ship USCSS Covenant, carrying thousands of colonists and hundreds of human embryos in cryo-stasis, makes its way towards the planet Origae-6. The crew is awakened by a neutrino blast and intercepts a transmission sent from Shaw, which they decide to trace to an apparently habitable Engineer home world (referred to as Planet 4), devoid of all non-floral life. When several crew members are infected by the same mutagen encountered by the Prometheus crew and give birth to a new breed of Alien, the Neomorphs, the android David 8 rescues them. It is revealed that he brought Shaw to the planet, where he killed all non-floral life and began experimenting on Shaw's corpse to engineer his own breeds of Aliens.
|
|
In the episode "Journey to the Center of Mikey's Mind", he says "Booyakabunga" (a mixture of both Booyakasha and Cowabunga). Michelangelo also has an affinity for animals in this incarnation, as well as a fear of squirrels. Whilst he is more interested in comics and cartoon shows (such as Crognard the Barbarian, which is a parody of Thundarr the Barbarian; and Super Robo Mecha Force Five, which is a parody of both Voltron and Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!, the latter of which also created by series creator Ciro Nieli) than animals, he adopted a cat April found on the street after the cat ate some mutagen Mikey had spilled ice cream in, resulting in the arable and delicious Ice Cream Kitty; most likely this incarnation's version of Klunk.
|
|
Hanawalt won the Excellence in Teaching Award from the Northern California chapter of Phi Beta Kappa in 1991, and the Peter and Helen Bing Award for Distinguished Teaching at Stanford University. He has won annual research awards from the American Society for Photobiology and the Environmental Mutagen Society (EMS) in 1992, from which he also received the annual Student Mentoring Award. He won the International Mutation Research Award for Excellence in Scientific Achievement in 1987,and the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Foundation Annual Lectureship in Japan in 1999 and he was more recently a Visiting Scholar at the Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University. He has served as president of the EMS and was the president/organizer of the 9th International Conference on Environmental Mutagens (ICEM) in San Francisco in 2005.
|
|
Thomas and Martha were run over by the speeding truck, but Bruce was barely pushed to safety by his father. A canister of mutagen was thrown out of the truck and shattered, and in his shock over his parents' death, Bruce accidentally toppled into the sewer. The Turtles and Splinter, a sewer rat, were subsequently transformed into their known mutant forms and took Bruce into their fold.Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III #3 One stormy night many years later, the "Laughing Man" (a fusion of the Joker and the Shredder) and his "Smile Clan" (consisting of Harley Quinn (fused with Karai), Deadshot, Clayface (Clayface fused with Rocksteady) and Killer Croc (a fusion of Bebop and Killer Croc)) undertake a raid on Gotham's natural history museum, where a strange crystal, said to be extradimensional, is displayed.
|
|
The Ninja Turtles and their master Splinter are startled to watch a video broadcast of the Turtles fighting the Purple Dragons on TV. The Turtles set out to break into the Purple Dragons' HQ to get to the bottom of these doppelgängers, to discover that their "imposters" are actually alternate versions of themselves. They escape together, but the 2003 Turtles find the 1987 team too difficult to control, until they summon Splinter, in whose presence the 1987-Turtles explain that they landed here after fighting the 1987 Shredder and Krang over mutagen in the Technodrome. During the battle, the dimensional teleporter malfunctioned, sending them all to the 2003 dimension. Checking recent tremor reports, the Turtles find the Technodrome, only to have to battle an army of Foot-Bots led by Bebop and Rocksteady.
|
|
Ray Fillet (originally called Man Ray) is a mutant manta ray and small-time marine life ally of the Ninja Turtles on various occasions. As Jack Finney, a human marine biologist who worked the Boroughs Aquarium in New Jersey, he was scuba-diving into a pipe on Bayview Beach one night when a barrel of mutagen was accidentally spilled into the pipe by Bebop and Rocksteady, polluting the water and washing him into the river. Thus, Finney mutated into a humanoid manta ray due to holding one of the aquarium's manta rays during a marine biology show and began taking action to stop Shredder's Fourth of July scheme. After saving the Ninja Turtles from a torpedo launched by the Foot Clan from their submarine, Ray defeated Shredder in a fist-fight underwater and dragged him to shore.
|
|
The duo even proved to be more than a match for the Ninja Turtles, and after failing to stop them from rescuing Perry and causing destruction around the city, Tokka and Rahzar had the Foot deliver the Turtles a message telling them to meet the duo at a construction site near the docks for a re-match. Perry had prepared a retro- mutagen for the Turtles to use, which retro-mutated both Tokka and Rahzar after a brief battle. The fate that followed the duo's retro-mutation remained unknown, but it's most likely that they could've been carted back to the zoo. In the 1987 cartoon, Tokka (voiced by Rob Paulsen) and Rahzar (voiced by Townsend Coleman) were out-of-control alligator snapping turtle and gray wolf zoo exhibits mutated into their current mutant forms when Shredder infected their habitats.
|
|
Saki takes on a new pseudonym, "The Shredder", donning a suit covered with razor spikes, and complemented by a long purple cape, a metal samurai helmet, and a metal mask over his mouth.Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 series episode "Enter the Shredder" Since leaving Japan, his ambitions have grown from usurping leadership of the Foot Clan to world domination. To this end, Krang provides the Shredder with a vast array of powerful technology from Dimension X, including the Technodrome, and funds most of his schemes throughout the series. It becomes clear early on in the series that the mutagen which transformed the Turtles and Splinter into their new forms was dumped into the sewers by Shredder in an effort to murder Yoshi, as he had mistakenly believed it to be a deadly poison rather than a transformative agent.
|
|
In the Image Comics incarnation of the TMNT, he became a cyborg after his body was partially destroyed after he was shot and dropped out of a helicopter (he maintained a positive attitude nonetheless, although he was constantly at risk of losing his mind to the cyborg half). He was supposedly killed by Image character Deathwatch by having his brain drained of mutagen. Leonardo blamed the cpu of Don's armor for his death; however, Donatello wasn't dead but was separated from his body, and with the help of his brothers he returned to his body. In the independent published series of the Image Comics, Issue #24, Don's armor began to malfunction and was so powerful Donatello was on his last legs until he made a deal with Baxter Stockman who Don was reluctant to work with but had no choice.
|
|
As many people would get hurt, the Turtles and Splinter agreed that there was no other choice but to face Shredder, regardless of their disadvantage against Tokka and Rahzar's immense strength. However, the professor had a plan; with the help of Donatello and Keno and using the contamination in the ooze that mutated Tokka and Rahzar as a basis, Dr. Perry prepared an anti-mutagen to de-mutate them, which had to be ingested. During their second encounter at the construction site, amidst a distraction, Leonardo and Michaelangelo trick Tokka and Rahzar into eating the antidote (they froze the concoction into ice cubes and then hid them in a box of donuts, which they then offered to the two mutants as the "ritual of the traditional pre-fight donut"). Rahzar and Tokka devoured some of the donuts with continued coaxing from the Turtles.
|
|
Though initially enraged at their infant-like intelligence, he soon plays it to his advantage by manipulating the mutants as they imprinted him as their surrogate parent. After a failed attempt to kill the Turtles in the junkyard using a captured Raphael, Shredder unleashed Tokka and Rahzar onto a city street to "have fun" and destroy it. The Foot spy then gave April a message for the Turtles: that the Shredder would turn the mutants loose on Central Park next if they did not accede to a rematch at the construction site. After the Turtles de-mutate the two mutants (with help from Perry) and defeat Tatsu in a nightclub, the Shredder appears and threatens to mutate an innocent woman with a small reserve mutagen vial (the canister was knocked away by the Turtles' new human ally, Keno).
|
|
Nevertheless, he usually runs away from a fight when outnumbered, incapacitating the Turtles to defeat them in combat; as the series progressed, however, the Turtles were able to battle him on more equal grounds and even defeat him in combat on several occasions. He trained the Punk Frogs in a very short period of time to be a match for the Turtles, but the Punk Frogs soon switch sides. His technical skills are also quite impressive: he designed and built a robotic body for Krang, prepared the mutagen mixture, knew how Krang's teleportation engine worked, and built numerous other advanced devices. Ironically in one episode "Shredderville" the Turtles dream they find themselves in a mirror universe where the TMNT never existed and Shredder rules New York City, yet finds the task of ruling so burdensome that he has a nervous breakdown.
|
|
In 1969, the EMS established the Environmental Mutagen Information Center (EMIC) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which developed the first bibliographic database on environmental mutagenesis, facilitating research throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, particularly the development of tests for genetic toxicology, through the establishment of a register of substances tested for toxicity. This, in turn, contributed significantly to the GENE-TOX program, established by Drs. Angela Auletta and Michael D. Waters at the US EPA and it now forms part of TOXNET. During the early 1970s, the society played a significant part in the development of the US Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, enabling the United States Environmental Protection Agency to include mutagenicity data in regulatory decisions. The EMS "Committee 17", chaired by John W. Drake, published an influential position paper; “Environmental Mutagenic Hazards”, in Science in 1975.
|
|
Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene yielding the carcinogenic benzo[a]pyren-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide. A DNA adduct (at center) of benzo[a]pyrene, the major mutagen in tobacco smoke.Created from PDB 1JDG Properly speaking, BaP is a procarcinogen, meaning that its mechanism of carcinogenesis depends on its enzymatic metabolism to BaP diol epoxide. It intercalates in DNA, and the electrophilic epoxide is attacked by nucleophilic guanine bases, forming a bulky guanine adduct.DG rxn with BPDE X-ray crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance structure studies have shown how this binding distorts the DNAVolk DE, Thiviyanathan V, Rice JS, Luxon BA, Shah JH, Yagi H, Sayer JM, Yeh HJ, Jerina DM, Gorenstein DG. Solution structure of a cis-opened (10R)-N6-deoxyadenosine adduct of (9S,10R)-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in a DNA duplex. Biochemistry. 2003 February 18;42(6):1410-20.
|
|
Around the age of six, Peter Parker was orphaned after the death of his parents in a plane crash and was raised by his father's brother, Ben Parker, and his wife May. Nine years later, Peter grew up to be an exceptionally bright teen and a high school genius, being particularly skilled in physics and chemistry, but was also an introverted outcast among his peers and was frequently bullied and tormented by Eugene "Flash" Thompson and Kenny "King Kong" McFarlane. On a school field trip to the scientific corporation: Oscorp, he was bitten by a genetically-mutated spider, which gave him spider-like superhuman abilities. The head of OsCorp: Norman Osborn discovered this and experimented with the same mutagen injected within the spider's bloodstream on himself, but the experiment went awry, mutating him into a monstrous, green-coloured and hulking goblin-like creature: later known as the Green Goblin.
|
|
This almost put April and Casey in jeopardy when the Turtles saved both humans from Mutagen Man and a squad of Foot-Bots led by Karai and Chrome Dome, so after April met with the Turtles again to owe them her gratitude for their mistake that caused her father's mutation, Casey took up the role of getting rid of all the criminals and troublesome mutants inhabiting the city as an amateur vigilante. He encountered Raphael during a fight with the Purple Dragons and later followed him to the Turtle Lair, where he is introduced by April to the other three Turtles and Splinter. However, he unknowingly led a pair of Foot-Bots to the lair as well, so he and Raphael had no other choice but to set aside their differences and stop them before the lair's location is exposed to the Foot Clan.
|
|
Further taken over by vengeance, jealously and rage, Oroku Saki had staged an attack on Yoshi, attempting to finish him once and for all. However, Tang Shen intervened to defend her husband; a fatal decision, as the final blow meant for Yoshi had struck her instead. Fifteen years after her tragic demise, Hamato Yoshi had moved to New York City (which had been her own desire), where he had purchased four baby turtles, encountered a Kraangdroid, and mutated into the rat-mutant Splinter via their mutagen. To keep her memory alive, several photographs of her remain with her husband in the Dojo, and a torn color picture (with her shoulder held by her husband Hamato Yoshi, who the Shredder had torn off to further make his fabrications more real) kept by her teenage daughter Miwa, who had been abducted by Oroku Saki as an infant and renamed Karai.
|
|
Utilizing Splinter's earlier lesson about how to avoid thinking in a fight, Donatello defeated Falco and saved Rockwell, but Falco escaped before the Turtles could interrogate him about the Kraang. While in hiding, he continued his research about the neuro-chemical in a rat-infested lab until one night, a couple of electrical wires that the rats gnawed on earlier fell into the chemical, triggering an explosive chain reaction that left Falco blind and disfigured but with mental control over rats. Now gaunt and corpse-like, Rat King tried to use his new psychic abilities to manipulate Splinter into fighting and killing his own turtle sons, but Splinter eventually shook off the mind control and defeated him. The Rat King would later resurface and use Splinter's knowledge of mutagen to create an army of mutant rats in the Undercity, the event resulting with the Rat King falling to his death.
|
|
Both Bebop and Rocksteady volunteered (though both were oblivious of what it would entail), thus getting mutated by Shredder's mutagen ray into a mutant warthog and black rhinoceros due to being brought into direct contact with said animals which Shredder abducted from the zoo. But despite their mutations, both Bebop and Rocksteady remained very incompetent when fighting the Turtles with brute force and carrying out the Foot's schemes. In the IDW comics, Bebop and Rocksteady were a pair of thugs who were kicked out of their gang, but joined the Foot Clan to exact revenge. This eventually earned them their respect from Karai, who then mutated them into a mutant warthog and white rhinoceros, but upon Shredder's return and a job screwup, Bebop and Rocksteady came to believe that Karai was dead and reported that she deserted the Foot, thus allowing Shredder to seek Leonardo as her replacement.
|
|
In the second film he is shown to have escaped police custody, and attempts to take leadership of the Foot until the Shredder is revealed to be still alive. He leads the Foot Ninja who steal the mutagen from TGRI, and helps oversee the rebuilding of the Foot army; however, he is easily defeated near the end of the film by the Turtles all slamming their back shells into him. In the 2012 animated series Tatsu was reintroduced as a blind swordsman, but still the Shredder's loyal underling; here he was in charge of the Foot Clan in Japan whenever the Shredder was absent, and also mentored Karai. After the death of the Super Shredder he came to New York to seize control of the remainder of the Foot Clan from Tiger Claw, only to face the Turtles and Karai and be opposed by Tiger Claw.
|
|
The role was later recast as Tyler Perry in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows. Although a prominent industrialist and a genius who graduated MIT at 15, he is soon revealed to be working with the Foot Clan, using salvaged alien technology to rescue Shredder from jail by teleporting him away during a prison transport. Upon Shredder testing the purple mutagen on Bebop and Rocksteady, he notes that it taps into dormant animal DNA in their system from a point before life on Earth began to evolve in different routes causing them to mutate into a humanoid common warthog and black rhinoceros. When Shredder learns that the component Stockman has is one of three parts to a teleporter that would allow the alien warlord Krang to dispatch his ultimate war machine to Earth, he arranges for Stockman to assemble the other pieces.
|
|
He begins a propaganda campaign against the Turtles, turning the general population against them and in favor of him and his forces. Although Dregg is outed as a villain at the end of season 9,Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 series episode "Doomquest" the Turtles are never able to regain the trust of the broader population, due to an earlier smear campaign by Burne and Vernon that wrongfully blamed the Turtles for the destruction of the Channel 6 building. Additionally, the Turtles began to suffer from mutations that temporarily transformed them into monstrous hulks with diminished intelligence, a problem that would not be completely resolved until season 10. The TMNT also gain a new ally in the form of Carter, a brash African American male who initially sought out Master Splinter for training in ninjitsu, but is eventually exposed to mutagen and contracts an incurable mutation disease.
|
|
Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II #4 As a group of Bane's Foot ninjas begin to assemble in order to finalize their master's hold on the city, they are attacked at their meeting place by Donatello, turned into a savage rage monster by the Venom-mutagen. However, Batman and Leonardo have noticed his absence and followed his trail and now desperately try to talk him down. They succeed, after much effort, by appealing to his scientific side, when they reveal that they have found a flaw in Stockman's Venom formula; Donatello, now restored to sanity, notices that Stockman's concoction is imperfect, thus using itself up more rapidly than the standard Venom version. In the meantime, April, Casey and Michelangelo complete the construction of an interdimensional portal and activate it, allowing Raphael, Robin and Splinter to pass into the DC reality, where Batgirl and Nightwing are waiting for them.
|
|
A molecular biologist, Anne Dejean-Assémat investigates the mechanisms, at the genetic, epigenetic and cellular levels, responsible for the development of human cancers. Anne Dejean-Assémat and her collaborators have made important advances in understanding the origin of certain cancers and have opened up unique perspectives for new differentiation and targeted therapy leads. She discovered mutations in the genes encoding the receptors for retinoic acid, the active derivative of vitamin A, in liver cancer and some types of leukemia and dissected the molecular mechanisms underlying their role in oncogenesis and treatment sensitivity. Her main contributions are the first demonstration of a direct role for the hepatitis B virus in human liver cancer as an insertional mutagen, the discovery of a gene encoding a retinoic acid receptor at a hepatitis B virus integration site and the molecular cloning of the PML-RAR oncoprotein responsible for acute promyelocytic leukemia.
|
|
Her original weapon was a metal tessen fan, but later earns a special tantō sword to symbolize her high status as a ninja. At one point, when they were trying stop the Kraang from bringing mutagen supplies to Shredder and her father Kirby ended up getting mutated into a bat during the mission, April found out that the Turtles cockiness had caused her father's accidental mutation as she overacts and accuses them for doing it on purpose then walked out on them. After her fall out with the Turtles, April tried to go back to her normal life and during that time she befriended Casey Jones. However, when Donnie and Casey at different times say that some things are just beyond their control, April realizes that she overreacted on the Turtles for something that was an honest accident and was wrong to be so hard on them, especially Donnie.
|
|
While the explosion left Falco blind and horribly disfigured, it gave him the means to telepathically control rats and see through their eyes. Now gaunt and corpse-like, Falco dubbed himself The Rat King and tried to use his new psychic abilities to manipulate Splinter into fighting and killing his own mutated turtle sons, but Splinter regain control of himself and knocks out Rat King with nothing but two fingers, whose unconscious body was carried away by his rats. In "Of Rats and Men," The Rat King returns and used his abilities to access Splinter's mind for knowledge of the mutagen to create an army of mutant rats under his control. Despite his increasing control of Splinter as he used him to attack the Turtles, Splinter continued to resist Rat King's control, which was broken when Michaelangelo threw his "ice cream kitty" at him, attacking him and breaking his control over Splinter.
|
|
After several attempts kill the Ninja Turtles, he learned of the Kraang through Karai, but was uninterested in what use they have for his cause until he found that their resources, including mutagen (which eventually created the Turtles and turned Yoshi into Splinter) were a great use of upgrading the Foot into mutants and robots. Shredder later captured a Kraang after finding out that it and its race were hunting the Turtles as well. This had him to form an alliance with the Kraang to move him closer to Splinter, but it dissolved after a number of incidents, leaving the Foot to recruit his own mutants and continue their conflict with the Turtles. The conflict at first started to improve with Splinter drawn out and April O'Neil and Casey Jones revealed as Turtle allies, but was then pushed in the other direction when the Turtles exposed the truth to Karai, who got mutated into a snake while facing Shredder alone.
|
|
Watching the whole scene through security cameras, Shredder approached him by offering him an even better job (which was accepted), first having Stockman create a master control device for the MOUSERS so that the Foot Clan could use them to destroy the Ninja Turtles. However, the Turtles destroyed these MOUSERS and found Stockman's name on one of them, thus leading them to confront him and escape in his van (which later became the Turtle Van). Following various incidents made by the Turtles during his service in the Foot that all ended with him getting abused by Shredder, Stockman was tasked to accompany Bebop and Rocksteady through an unstable portal to Dimension X to meet with Krang. Krang saw no use in his scientific expertise and decided to kill him by tossing him into a mutagen-powered disintegration chamber, which instead mutated Stockman into a mutant housefly due to letting a housefly land on his clothes and get tossed into the unit with him.
|
|
The duo succeeded, but Shredder was livid at the revaluation that Steranko was behind the theft of his helmet and a fight against him and the Turtles ensued over Karai, who eventually escaped. Enraged, Shredder proceeded to have the duo mutated in Stockman-Fly's lab despite Steranko's pleas for forgiveness. As the result of each mutagen batch getting mixed with warthog and white rhinoceros DNA, Zeck mutated into a tall and thin humanoid mutant warthog with a short left tusk, heightened smell, superhuman strength, and the high tech parts of his suit fused onto his skin, while Steranko mutated into an 8 ft. humanoid mutant white rhino with a hook-lipped mouth (similar to a black rhinoceros' mouth), a jagged horn used as a sword or battering ram, superhuman strength and charging speed, and the tops of his knuckle dusters and shoulder pads (which end up assuming a different shape and growing a third spike on each) fused onto his skin.
|
|
However, thanks to Professor Zayton Honeycutt reversing time back six months to before the events of "Annihilation: Earth", the duo were revived, and thanks to the Turtles of the future, the Black Hole Generator is stopped, before being destroyed, along with the Triceraton Mother Ship, by the Fugitoid in a kamikaze attack. Shredder is beaten by Splinter, and the duo are forced to flee Manhattan with the rest of Shredder's crew. They reappear at the end of "City at War", where taking refuge in a condominium deep in the woods, the duo act as bodyguards for Shredder as he is cared for by Stockman-Fly due to the injuries he sustained leaving him hooked up to medical equipment to keep him alive before Stockman-Fly injects him with mutagen. They soon are teamed up with Tiger Claw in "Broken Foot" to defend the Auman Chemicals factory from Karai as she begins to systematically take down Shredder's criminal empire one piece at a time.
|
|
After Karai, Shinigami, and Leo are able to damage the factory, but are forced to flee due to being outnumbered by Foot-bots, the duo pursue the Party Wagon, and manage to crash it by removing one of its back tires with their own van's weapons, but the Turtles escape. They regroup with Tiger Claw to defend the factory producing the Foot-bots, but though they manage to capture Karai, Shinigami, and the Foot Ninja with them, the Turtles, minus Donatello, who was injured by the earlier attack's explosives, are able to rescue them and destroy the factory, forcing the duo and Tiger Claw to escape before the NYPD arrived to investigate the destruction. When their master was fully restored to full strength (and upon receiving a massive dose of special mutagen), they were ordered to seek out the Turtles down in the subway sewers. They eventually succeeded in breaking through the steel door, where the Turtles, April, and Karai were hiding.
|
|
The metabolism of the tobacco smoke procarcinogen benzo[a]pyrene involves three distinct steps - the introduction of an epoxide group in the 7,8-position, its hydration to a vicinal diol and the introduction of an epoxide in the 9,10-position. In the first step, a cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) catalysed oxidation produces several products including (+)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-epoxide. The enzyme epoxide hydrolase, then hydrates the epoxide ring to yield the vicinal diol (−)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol, which is then oxidised by cytochrome P450 oxidase again forming the mutagen and carcinogen (+)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide. This diol epoxide covalently binds to DNA by a ring-opening to alkylate the nucleobase forming a distorted structure, as shown at right, with intercalation of a pyrene polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon moiety between the base pairs favouring π-stacking; these distortions have been confirmed by X-ray crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance structure studies.
|
|
Russell's earlier mutagenesis work on Drosophila using diethylnitrosoamine (DEN) triggered them to use DEN for the SLT. However, DEN needs to be enzymatically converted into an alkylating agent in order to be mutagenic and probably this enzymatic activation was not sufficient in mammals. This could be illustrated by the extremely low mutation rate in mice given by DEN (3 in 60,179 offspring). To overcome this problem, a new mutagen, N-ethyl N-nitrosourea (ENU), an alkylating agent, which does not need to be metabolised, was suggested to be used by Ekkehart Vegel to Russell et al. The ENU (250 mg/kg) induced mice underwent a period of sterility for 10 weeks. After recovery, 90 males were crossed to the T-stock females and 7584 pups were obtained. Their results showed that a dose of 250 mg/kg of ENU was capable of producing a mutation rate 5 times higher than that obtained with 600R (1R = 2.6 x10^-4 coulombs/kg) of acute X-irradiation. This rate was also 15 times higher to that obtained with procarbazine (600 mg/kg).
|
|
Blaming the Turtles and Shredder, Stockman fled Dimension X to take his revenge but was convinced by Shredder that the Turtles alone were responsible for his mutation and took him back to the clan, promising to have him retro-mutated once they have the Turtles pay. In the IDW comics, Stockman is the head of the StockGen company that created the Turtles and Splinter, who was tasked by Krang to experiment on mutagen. In the 2012 cartoon, Stockman (voiced by Phil LaMarr) was a child prodigy who always had an evil streak in his heart due to being pushed around by his classmates at school, so he decided to develop an amazing brilliance by presenting a plastic volcano with real lava, but this ended up burning down the gym and getting him expelled. He went on to re-develop this intellect by getting a job as an inventor at TCRI, but after getting fired for an incident that involved spilled copier toner, he vowed revenge on his classmates and co- workers for make a mockery of his failing intellect.
|
|
Most of the time, the Turtles consider them to be formidable in combat (despite their stupidity) due to their great strength and endurance, and as such, often use their intelligence to outwit them rather than fighting them in a straightforward manner. But their attempts at the turtles seem to regularly fail due to their incompetence and goofing behavior, which all leads to them being abused both physically and verbally by Shredder and Krang, and the former even fired them in one episode. In one episode of the series, Bebop was shown to have kept a pet turtle, which got mutated into the evil turtle Slash. In Planet of the Turtleoids, Part 1, Bebop and Rocksteady were responsible for causing a red bull and a mole to be exposed to a mutagen-showering machine at the zoo, transforming them into Groundchuck and Dirtbag, by accidentally setting them free at the same time when Shredder and Krang wanted to mutate a lion and a gorilla (which were freed by the Turtleoid Kerma) to be their latest henchmen.
|
|
Believing the mutations are too widespread and extreme to be natural, and that they pose a threat to the Vault, the Overseer charges the Vault Dweller to find the source of the mutations and stop them. The Vault Dweller finds and joins the Brotherhood of Steel - remnants of a top-secret genetic research program involving the U.S. Army that survived the war, and continues to research advanced technology. The Brotherhood supplies the Vault Dweller with equipment and information on the Super Mutants, which so happen to be directly related to the genetic research they conducted before the war: a mutagen called the Forced Evolutionary Virus, which can be used to mutate humans into Super Mutants, but leaves all such mutants sterile as a side effect. The Vault Dweller travels to the Boneyard - the ruins of Los Angeles - and finds out that the cult-like Children of the Cathedral operating around the Wasteland are a front created by the Super Mutants' Master, who is using the Children to preach his message to wastelanders and get them to submit to him peacefully.
|
|
In order to augment his troops, Krang, initially disguised as a despotic human warlord, forms a business relationship with Baxter Stockman, head of the genetics research institute Stock Gen,Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW) #7-8 and supplies him with Ooze, which could be used as a natural mutagen on Earth's organisms. It is through Stockman's experiments that the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Splinter evolve into intelligent, humanoid mutants.Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW) #1-4: "Change is Constant" (2011). When the Turtles learn of Krang's genocidal plans with the aid of their human friend April O'Neil, a former intern at Stock Gen, they, their ally the Fugitoid (a former Neutrino scientist whose mind is trapped in a robot body and who was forcibly conscripted by Krang to complete his terraforming machine, the Technodrome), and the Foot Clan stop Krang from destroying the Earth, and the Utrom warlord is surrendered to the Neutrinos for trial for his numerous war crimes.Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW) #41-44: "Attack on Technodrome" (December 2014-March 2015).
|
|