The multinational enterprise has simply moved assets from one affiliate entity's pocket to another affiliate's pocket.
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Foreclosing one, but not all, of the earning stripping techniques simply motivates a foreign-based multinational enterprise to use other tax planning tools.
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It is expected to be a multinational enterprise, so vast are the technical challenges; a 13-country body already exists to co-ordinate it.
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When a U.S. subsidiary makes a cross-border tax deductible payment to a low-taxed offshore affiliate, the overall income of the multinational enterprise has not changed.
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The rules apply to U.S. taxpayers that are the ultimate parent entities of multinational enterprise groups with annual revenue in the previous accounting period of at least $850 million.
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As they meet in Salzburg they could ponder the fate of an earlier sprawling multinational enterprise, the Austro-Hungarian empire, which disintegrated a hundred years ago at the end of World War One.
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Guy Serge Berruyer (born 12 August 1951) is a French businessman, former chief executive (CEO) of Sage Group plc, a British multinational enterprise software company.
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"Multinational enterprise" (MNE) is the term used by international economist and similarly defined with the multinational corporation (MNC) as an enterprise that controls and manages production establishments, known as plants located in at least two countries. The multinational enterprise (MNE) will engage in foreign direct investment (FDI) as the firm makes direct investments in host country plants for equity ownership and managerial control to avoid some transaction costs.
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The Reading School of International Business is widely understood in the field of international business (IB), management and economics to embody a stream of conceptual, and theoretically-driven empirical research, and consists of a group of economists and international business scholars who share a common approach to analyzing multinational enterprise and foreign direct investment.Buckley, P.J. (1985), “The Economic Analysis of the Multinational Enterprise: Reading versus Japan?”, Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp.
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University of Leeds, Professor Buckley's Home Page Buckley's interest lies in the theory of multi-national enterprise and international business. In 1976, he and Mark Casson wrote the internalization theory of the multinational enterprise.
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Ramamurti, R. & Hashai, N. (Eds.), (2011), The Future of Foreign Direct Investment and the Multinational Enterprise, Emerald (452 pages). Almor T. & & Hashai, N. (2000), FDI, International Trade and the Economics of Peacemaking, The College of Management, Academic Studies (286 pages).
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Uralita is a Spanish construction materials multinational enterprise, founded in 1907. Uralita produces insulation, gypsum, roofing and piping systems. In 2008, Uralita's sales reached 1007 million euros, out of which more than 55% was made outside Spain. Uralita has its corporate offices in Madrid.
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There is a growing body of work of business history in Africa. In one of the recent works Ebimo Amungo chronicled the birth, growth and contributions of indigenous African multinationals to the economic development of Africa with his book "The Rise of the African Multinational Enterprise" .
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The influence of the Reading School extends beyond its contributions to academic research, and into policy-making at the highest levels. This dates back to John Dunning’s involvement with UNCTAD in 1968 in drafting a report on the extent and pattern of UK direct investment in less developed countries (LDCs). He was appointed in 1972 to the United Nation's Group of Eminent Persons to examine the role of multinational enterprise in economic development and international relations. Dunning acted as Senior Economic Advisor to the Secretary General of the United Nations from 1991-2006. United Nations Dunning was instrumental in establishing the UN’s annual flagship publication on multinational enterprise – the World Investment Report in 1991.
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Geir Gripsrud (born 1946) is a Norwegian organizational theorist and Professor of Marketing at BI Norwegian Business School in Oslo, known for his work on international marketing, market entry strategy and distribution channels.Benito and Gripsrud (1992, p. 461)Caves, Richard E. Multinational enterprise and economic analysis. Cambridge university press, 1996.
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Gabriel Robertstad Garcia Benito (born 1960) is a Norwegian economist, Professor of Strategy and International Business and a previous Dean of Doctoral Studies at BI Norwegian Business School, in Oslo, Norway.Gabriel R G Benito at bi.edu He is known for his work on foreign direct investments.Caves, Richard E. Multinational enterprise and economic analysis.
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Javorcik's works regarding determinants and consequences of inflow of Foreign Direct Investment have been reprinted and featured in several publications, such as Multinational Enterprise and Host Economies by K. Meyer (2008), Globalization and Productivity by D. Greenaway, H. Gorg and R. Kneller (2008), Financial Times "Investors See Corruption as Barriers" by Alan Beattie (2000).
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Buckley and Casson (1976)Buckley, Peter J. and Mark C. Casson (1976) The Future of the Multinational Enterprise, London: Macmillan [Basingstoke, Hants: Palgrave Macmillan, 25th Anniversary ed. 2001], 112pp. was a seminal work. Two Canadian economists, Stephen HymerHymer, Stephen H. (1990) The large multinational corporation: An analysis of some motives for the international integration of business, (trans.
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During his tenure as head of the economics department at Reading, he published much of his influential work on the eclectic paradigm. He and other Reading colleagues published work on the theory of the multinational enterprise that influenced the academic field of international business to such a degree that the stream of MNE research based on the eclectic paradigm is considered the Reading School of International Business. There are two institutions greatly influenced by John Dunning, one of which he created and one which he presided over and took to new heights. The first of these is the University of Reading, where he created a rich intellectual environment, starting in the 1970s, in which deep theoretical analysis and rich empirical work was fostered to explain the activities of multinational enterprise.
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It was listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 1996. The company grew 47% in 2008, despite the global recession, booking $23 billion in contract sales. The company is a multinational enterprise with 70,000 employees and annual production of 65.5 million units. In April 2011, Gree announced that first- quarter net income rose 47 percent from a year earlier to 934.7 million Yuan.
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The company was founded in 2009 by Daniel Barnett. The company went under the name of Veetro before changing its name to WORKetc in 2008. WORKetc is headquartered in Australia but operates as a micro-multinational enterprise and consists of a team of 12 working in Australia, America, Canada, China, and the Philippines. WORKetc ranked 75 in the 2013 Deloitte Technology Fast500 Asia Pacific.
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Mark Casson, (born 1945) is a British economist and academic. He is a professor of economics at the University of Reading in England. He was Head of Department (1987–94) and is the institution's current Director of the Centre for Institutional Performance. Together with Peter Buckley, he developed the internalisation theory of the multinational enterprise which is widely used to analyse the internationalization of firms.
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They find it difficult to license new technologies they have developed and therefore have to exploit their knowledge themselves. To serve the global market they need to establish an international network of production plants and/or sales outlets. Because they operate facilities in more than country, they become a multinational enterprise. The foreign facilities are linked by common dependence on the R&D; facility.
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The organization or reorganization of portions of a multinational enterprise often gives rise to events that, absent rules to the contrary, may be taxable in a particular system. Most systems contain rules preventing recognition of income or loss from certain types of such events. In the simplest form, contribution of business assets to a subsidiary enterprise may, in certain circumstances, be treated as a nontaxable event.26 USC 351.
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Larry Catá Backer describes the organization of economics within multinational enterprise and in global production chains as the basis for governance that in some respects displaces the traditional organization of politics in government within states. Backer, Larry Catá: "Governance Without Government: An Overview," in Beyond Territoriality: Transnational Legal Authority in an Age of Globalization 87-123 (Günther Handl, Joachim Zekoll, Peer Zumbansen, editors, Leiden, Netherlands & Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff, 2012).
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Internalisation theory explains very complex phenomena in terms of very simple principles. Buckley and Casson use the theory to explain the emergence of multinational enterprise. According to Adam Smith’s concept of the division of labour, market economies encourage individuals to specialise in producing a particular good or service which is sold for profit, and to use their income to purchase goods produced by other people. There are limits to specialisation, however.
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The DC-8 entered the fleet in 1963. During 1971, a third Caravelle was incorporated into the fleet, and the regional headquarters for Central Africa were moved from Douala, Cameroon to Libreville in Gabon. The move angered Chadian president François Tombalbaye, who also threatened to withdraw support to the multinational enterprise in 1972, something that finally did not occur. The carrier joined the Air France reservation system in 1973.
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A second area where Reading School theorists have made a significant impact has been the innovation and research and development performance of multinational enterprise. Major contributions have been made in this area by Robert Pearce, whose 1989 book was one of the first systematic analyses of the behaviour of the research and development activities of subsidiaries of multinational enterprise.Pearce, R. (1989) “The Internalisation of Research and Development”, St. Martin’s Press, New York In parallel, John Cantwell has integrated internalization theory with the economics of technological change and Schumpeterian and evolutionary economics.Cantwell, J. (1989) “Technological Innovation and Multinational Corporations”, Basil Blackwell, Oxford Rajneesh Narula and Simon Collinson have established conceptual linkages between multinational enterprise activities and their use of outsourcing alliances within national systems of innovation.Narula, R. (2003) “Globalization and Technology: Interdependence, Innovation Systems and Industrial Policy”, Polity Press, Cambridge, UK A third area of focus for the Reading School is how multinational enterprises affect economic development.
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Encompass Technologies is an American multinational Enterprise Resource Planning software corporation, with headquarters in Fort Collins, Colorado. Encompass develops beverage distributing software for multiple distributors in the beverage industry, with clients in Canada, Guam, Australia, and the United States. The company incorporates software products pertaining to WMS, voice- directed order picking, IOT-hardware offerings such as PFDex, ASI, Scale Controller, and Warehouse control system. Encompass uses a completely web- based cloud system.
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An oligopolistic reaction is a concept from economics introduced by Frederick T. Knickerbocker (Oligopolistic Reaction and Multinational Enterprise, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973) to explain why firms follow rivals into foreign markets. Under conditions of growth in an economy, US firms match the investments of competitors into that economy. Also called follow-the-leader behavior. Used to understand the global flows of foreign direct investments (FDI) and thereby the structure of the world economy.
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"International business" is also defined as the study of the internationalization process of multinational enterprises. A multinational enterprise (MNE) is a company that has a worldwide approach to markets, production and/or operations in several countries. Well-known MNEs include fast-food companies such as: McDonald's (MCD), YUM (YUM), Starbucks Coffee Company (SBUX), Microsoft (MSFT), etc. Other industrial MNEs leaders include vehicle manufacturers such as: Ford Motor Company, and General Motors (GMC).
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Among modern economic theories of multinationals and foreign direct investment are internalization theory and John Dunning's OLI paradigm (standing for ownership, location and internationalization). Dunning was widely known for his research in economics of international direct investment and the multinational enterprise. His OLI paradigm, in particular, remains as the predominant theoretical contribution to study international business topics. Hymer and Dunning are considered founders of international business as a specialist field of study.
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In 1956–59, he headed the New York Metropolitan Region Study for the Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration, forecasting the future development of the conurbation. It was funded by the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and was a pioneering work of urban studies. From 1959 until his retirement, he was a faculty member at Harvard, initially at the Harvard Business School. In 1965, he headed the Multinational Enterprise Project, studying US and foreign multinational companies.
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The Sage Group plc, commonly known as Sage, is a British multinational enterprise software company based in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. As of 2017, it is the UK's second largest technology company, the world's third-largest supplier of enterprise resource planning software (behind Oracle and SAP), the largest supplier to small businesses, and has 6.1 million customers worldwide. It has offices in 24 countries. The company is the patron of the Sage Gateshead music venue in Gateshead.
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Eosta is a multinational enterprise, based in the Netherlands, working in the field of organic food. The company is specialised in import, export and distribution of fresh organic fruits and vegetables. Eosta imports overseas fruits from Africa, South America, Oceania, Asia and North America. In 2017 Eosta's CEO, Volkert Engelsman, was elected Most Influential Sustainability Voice of the Netherlands in the yearly sustainability top-100 list by newspaper Trouw, who called him "a greengrocer with a radical vision"..
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European colonial empires at the start of the Industrial Revolution, imposed upon modern political boundaries. The Age of Discovery was followed by a period of colonialism beginning around the 16th century. Following the discovery of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese, the Dutch established the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (abbr. VOC) or Dutch East India Company, the world's first transnational corporation and the first multinational enterprise to issue shares of stock to the public.
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She has been called the "doyen of historians of international business," and has published numerous major studies in this field. Her most recent book is a study of the role of multinationals in global electrification authored together with Peter Hertner and William Hausmann and titled Global Electrification: Multinational Enterprise and International Finance in the History of Light and Power, 1878–2007. She is a past president of the Business History Conference, which awarded her its Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004.
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John Harry Dunning (26 June 1927 – 29 January 2009) was a British economist and is widely recognised as the father of the field of international business. He researched the economics of international direct investment and the multinational enterprise from the 1950s until his death. In the 1980s, he published the eclectic paradigm or OLI-Model/Framework as further development on Internalization theory. OLI remains the predominant theoretical perspective to study international business activities, notably foreign direct investment and multinational enterprises.
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The strategy utilized by Arla Foods works and has helped the company in regaining most of its lost market share among many countries in the Middle East. Arla Foods founded funding for children with cancer and they donated ambulances to refugees in Lebanon. As Arla Foods did, they tried to contribute to solving social problems of children's access to health care which were local priorities. Other researchers analyzed the case of multinational enterprise strategies under the context of conflicts between Lebanon and Israel.
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The Hewlett Packard Enterprise Company (HPE) is an American multinational enterprise information technology company based in San Jose, California, founded on November 1, 2015 as part of the splitting of the Hewlett-Packard company. HPE is a business-focused organization with two divisions: Enterprise Group, which works in servers, storage, networking, consulting and support, and Financial Services. On October 31, HPE reported FY2019 annual revenue of $29.135 billion, down 5.57% from the prior year period. The split was structured so that the former Hewlett-Packard Company would change its name to HP Inc.
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This report has become one of the most important UN reports on multinational enterprise and development, and has become a primary reference point for most governments (now published by UNCTAD). Other members of the Reading School have been engaged in advisory and consultancy roles in writing these reports and preparing background materials, including Mark Casson, Rajneesh Narula and Robert Pearce. Similarly, the UNCTAD World Investment Directory represented an extension of the work of John Dunning and John Cantwell, The IRM Directory of Statistics of International Investment and Production, Macmillan, London and New York University Press, New York, 1987, 820pp.
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In 2011 he joined the UK Government, and was made chief operating officer and head of the Efficiency and Reform Group in 2012 under cabinet office minister, Francis Maude. He left his role with the Government in November 2014 to join FTSE 100 multinational enterprise software company, Sage Group, where he was Sage's first externally appointed CEO. During his time as CEO, Sage has acquired North American cloud-based financial software company Intacct in 2017 for $850m, and Fairsail, a British provider of cloud-based human resources software. In 2015, Kelly was appointed as one of six new Prime Minister's business ambassadors to help boost the UK’s performance in international trade.
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Olayan was the Chief Executive Officer of the Olayan Financing Company, and (OFC), the holding entity for the Olayan Group's operations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Middle East until May 1st 2019, when she was replaced by Jonathan Franklin. She also sits on the board of the group along with her brother Khaled and sisters Hayat and Hutham. It is thought that the private family has accumulated a fortune that tops $10 billion. The group was founded in 1947 by her father, the late entrepreneur Sulaiman S. Olayan, The Olayan Group is a private multinational enterprise engaged in distribution, manufacturing, services and investments.
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From 1987 to 1989 he was scientific research assistant at the chair of Economics of Professor Dr. Robert Leu at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland where he started his doctoral studies. In 1989, Gilroy earned his Ph.D. from the University of St. Gallen with the thesis “Economic Issues of Multinational Enterprise”. Thereafter he worked as a full-time lecturer in economics until 1995. During this time, he was a visiting scholar (1991 to 1992) at the University of Reading, UK. In October 1993, Gilroy completed his inaugural dissertation (habilitation) at the University of St. Gallen on the subject “Networking in Multinational Enterprises: The Importance of Strategic Alliances” where he was elected Assistant Professor of Economics.
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Originally developed by Peter Buckley and John Dunning, this takes a macro-view of the interaction of multinational enterprise on structural change in countries. The first published paper by John Dunning Dunning, J.H. (1981) “Explaining the International Direct Investment Position of Countries: Towards a Dynamic or Developmental Approach”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archives proposed a framework that has become known as the investment development path. This proposed that there was a systematic relationship between development and the inward and outward activities of multinational enterprises. This was later extended by a number of collaborative contributions by Rajneesh Narula and John Dunning on FDI and government,Dunning, J.H. and Narula, R. (1996) “Foreign Direct Investment and Governments: Catalysts for Economic Restructuring, Routledge, London, 455 pp.
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Seal of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission The overwhelming main cause of why such a large influx of Chinese companies were easily able to enter the United States markets through these reverse mergers is that U.S. regulators are not able to investigate and monitor these companies under China's federal authority. As for China, these companies registered on the U.S. exchanges and not on the Chinese exchanges gives little incentive for Chinese regulators to oversee these firms’ actions due to the exchange location. For these companies, their audits are a source of controversy between the United States and Chinese governments. A U.S. based accounting firm cannot officially open an office in China, so they run the business through a foreign affiliate under the cover of a multinational enterprise.
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The Black Book of Corporations () is the book of the austrian journalists Klaus-Werner Lobo and Hans Weiss published in 2001, soon after a wave of protests against the Group of Eight summit in Genoa. In the book there is described the activity of many multinational corporations (multinational enterprise) connected with political and social discrimination, the environmental pollution, violations of the labor law, human rights and consumer protection. Klaus Werner made detailed investigation of activity of the companies connected with multinational corporation which carried out purchases of raw materials from rebels in the Democratic Republic of the Congo where work of prisoners and children is used and thus indirectly financed insurgents. His coauthor Hans Weiss told about carrying out illegal clinical trials of medical preparations in Eastern Europe.
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Harm G. Schröter (Schroeter) is professor of economic history at the University of Bergen, Norway. After studying history, geography and pedagogic he received his PhD in 1981 from the Department of History at University of Hamburg and in 1992 his Habilitation from the Department of Economics at the Free University of Berlin. Since then he has taught at several universities in Germany, Norway and the United States in both, departments of economics and of history. Schröter’s main project is to find out more about Europe’s specific economic profile and character during the last two centuries. Consequently he explored on the relation between state and the economy, economic cooperation (cartels, cooperatives, cooperation between capital and labour, etc.), European multinational enterprise, technological innovation, (dis-) advantages of European small developed states, institutions and innovation, the “European enterprise”, and on the transfer of economic behaviour and values (Americanization).
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