Stephan Lackman, a former Mottes employee, said the Becker family, which owns both Mottes and Becker, started using material from the Willington quarry after its gravel supply was depleted during the 1980s.
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I need to let the public know about this company, J. J. Mottes.
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The couple said several other homeowners had similar problems with concrete supplied by Mottes.
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"It has been six years since we filed against J. J. Mottes," she wrote.
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He noted that the agreement by Becker and Mottes to stop selling products for homes expires next summer.
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Fifteen years ago, Linda J. and Robert Tofolowsky filed a formal complaint with the Consumer Protection Department against Mottes.
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The preliminary report concluded that there was little recourse against Mottes, the concrete company, which blamed improper installation, or the related quarry, for the failing foundations.
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Mr. Patton acknowledged that Mottes first began using aggregate from the quarry in the 1980s, but said the company's original gravel supply was in use until 2014.
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One riddle is the absence of official reports of failing concrete in public or commercial projects that used material from the same quarry, and a concrete maker, the Joseph J. Mottes Company.
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In the meantime, the Insurance Department asked insurers how many of their policies cover homes that were built since 1983, within a 20-mile radius of the Mottes concrete company's Stafford Springs headquarters.
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All of the foundations were traced to the same quarry business, the Becker Construction Company, and an affiliated concrete maker, the Joseph J. Mottes Company, whose owners temporarily agreed to stop selling their products for residential use.
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Hilla- Shamia-Mikki-Mottes-Totem in Dezing Zoom, retrieved 7/1/2017 Based on Mottes' illustration, Shamia created totem-like objects, made in a traditional glass blowing technique.
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The ability of mottes, especially newly built mottes, to support the heavier stone structures, was limited, and many needed to be built on fresh ground.Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p.111. Concentric castles, relying on several lines of baileys and defensive walls, made increasingly little use of keeps or mottes at all.King (1991), p.94.
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Hulme, p.213; King (1991), p.36. These massive keeps could be either erected on top of settled, well-established mottes or could have mottes built around them – so-called "buried" keeps.Bradbury, p.121.
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La-Tour-St-Austrille has retained traces of its exceptional early history and the smaller pair of its remaining three feudal mottes is very well preserved. Two of the mottes – the large motte and the more southerly of the two small mottes – were subject of an archaeological dig in 1865, and have delivered up important finds, including weapons and tools. The towers which topped the mottes were burned, probably in the 14th century. Their sites were tidied and landscaped in 2012 and although on private land are now open to public viewing.
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Sixteen other forts, mottes, stone circles and cairns all lie within of Crossmichael.
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DeVries, p.212. Some baileys had two mottes, such as those at Lincoln. Some mottes could be square instead of round, such as at Cabal Trump. Instead of single ditches, occasionally double-ditch defences were built, as seen at Berkhamsted.
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Pounds, p. 21. Soil wash was a problem, particularly with steeper mounds, and mottes could be clad with wood or stone slabs to protect them. Over time, some mottes suffered from subsidence or damage from flooding, requiring repairs and stabilisation work.Cooper, p.
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Although the circular design held military advantages, these only really mattered in the 13th century onwards; the origins of 12th-century circular design were the circular design of the mottes; indeed, some designs were less than circular in order to accommodate irregular mottes, such as that at Windsor Castle.Hulme, p. 222.
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This minimum height of for mottes is usually intended to exclude smaller mounds which often had non-military purposes.Besteman, p.213. In England and Wales, only 7% of mottes were taller than high; 24% were between , and 69% were less than tall.Kenyon, p.4, citing King (1972), pp.101-2.
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Regardless of the sequencing, artificial mottes had to be built by piling up earth; this work was undertaken by hand, using wooden shovels and hand-barrows, possibly with picks as well in the later periods.Pounds, p. 18. Larger mottes took disproportionately more effort to build than their smaller equivalents, because of the volumes of earth involved. The largest mottes in England, such as Thetford, are estimated to have required up to 24,000 man-days of work; smaller ones required perhaps as little as 1,000.Pounds, p. 19.
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The size of these castles varied depending on the geography of the site, the decisions of the builder and the available resources.Pounds (1994), p. 17. Analysis of the size of mottes has shown some distinctive regional variation; East Anglia, for example, saw much larger mottes being built than the Midlands or London.Pounds (1994), p. 19.
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Across Europe, motte-and-bailey construction came to an end. At the end of the 12th century the Welsh rulers began to build castles in stone, primarily in the principality of North Wales and usually along the higher peaks where mottes were unnecessary. In Flanders, decline came in the 13th century as feudal society changed. In the Netherlands, cheap brick started to be used in castles from the 13th century onwards in place of earthworks, and many mottes were levelled, to help develop the surrounding, low-lying fields; these "levelled mottes" are a particularly Dutch phenomenon.
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Saint-Dizier-la-Tour is a commune in the Creuse department in central France. It is particularly noted for its heritage: three feudal mottes, the documentation that has survived about its early past, and the archaeological finds of everyday military and domestic articles discovered when two of the mottes were excavated. There is also evidence of the medieval priory and various Roman remains.
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Brown (1962), p.30. Wooden structures on mottes could be protected by skins and hides to prevent them being easily set alight during a siege.
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Part of the old Roman road. The small mottes. The old tithe barn. The Maison Gaschon, a farmer's house which has hardly changed since 1520.
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It is from the 10th century that feudal mottes were developed. They were the first castles, built in wood and on heights, on mounds of earth. One of these feudal mottes can be found at the entrance of the town; it is the motte Jubin. In 1122, Donoald, the bishop of Aleth gave the monks of Saint- Melaine de Rennes abbey the priory of Bédée which became then a parish.
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Some protective walls around a keep would be large enough to have a wall-walk around them, and the outer walls of the motte and the wall-walk could be strengthened by filling in the gap between the wooden walls with earth and stones, allowing it to carry more weight – this was called a garillum.King, p.55. Smaller mottes could only support simple towers with room for a few soldiers, whilst larger mottes could be equipped with a much grander keep.DeVries, p.209.
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Public opinion was much excited by the trial. Marie Antoinette was blameless in the matter, Rohan was an innocent dupe and the La Mottes deceived both for their own ends. That was also broadly the finding of the Paris Parliament, but it did not comment on the actions of the Queen. Despite findings to the contrary, many people in France persisted in the belief that the Queen used the La Mottes as an instrument to satisfy her hatred of the Cardinal de Rohan.
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Some walls would be large enough to have a wall-walk around them, and the outer walls of the motte and the wall-walk could be strengthened by filling in the gap between the wooden walls with earth and stones, allowing it to carry more weight; this was called a garillum.King (1991), p.55. Smaller mottes could only support simple towers with room for a few soldiers, whilst larger mottes could be equipped with a much grander building.DeVries, p.209.
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The motte at Pleshey dates from c.1100, is about 15 metres high, and is one of the largest mottes in England. The medieval earthworks themselves have survived intact due to them having never been rebuilt in stone.
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During this campaign, they built great mounds of earth topped by wooden towers, referred to as mottes, as defensive structures. The Harryville (Ulster-Scots: Herrieville) area's motte-and-bailey is one of the best examples of this type of fortification in Northern Ireland. Some sources, however, credit the Uí Fhloinn with building the mid-Antrim mottes and baileys in imitation of the invaders; the Uí Fhloinn defeated and repelled the Earl of Ulster, John de Courcy, in 1177 and 1178. In 1315, Edward Bruce (brother of King Robert I of Scotland, known as "Robert the Bruce") invaded Ireland.
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During the 12th and 13th centuries a number of terpen mounds were turned into werven mottes, and some new werven mottes were built from scratch.Besteman, p.216. Around 323 known or probable motte and bailey castles of this design are believed to have built within the borders of the modern Netherlands. Bass of Inverurie in Aberdeenshire in Scotland, a large mid-12th-century motte-and-bailey castle In neighbouring Denmark, motte-and-bailey castles appeared somewhat later in the 12th and 13th centuries and in more limited numbers than elsewhere, due to the less feudal society.
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The motte and bailey defences of Launceston Castle in England. Mottes were made out of earth and flattened on top, and it can be very hard to determine whether a mound is artificial or natural without excavation.Toy, p.52; Brown (1962), p.24.
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Hull (p.98) and others draw on documentary evidence which state that the castles were first burnt, then partially dismantled. Cooper (p.18) disagrees, drawing on archaeological work that shows no evidence of fire having damaged the relevant layers of the mottes.
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Some were also built over older artificial structures, such as Bronze Age barrows.Kenyon, pp.9-10. The size of mottes varied considerably, with these mounds being 3 metres to 30 metres in height (10 feet to 100 feet), and from in diameter.Toy, p.52.
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Strawhorn, John (1994). The History of Irvine. Edinburgh: John Donald. . p. 31. Moots may have met on existing archaeological mound sites such as tumuli or mottes; others on entirely natural mounds such as the one at Mugdock or natural mounds which were modified for the intended purpose.
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In England, motte-and-bailey earthworks were put to various uses over later years; in some cases, mottes were turned into garden features in the 18th century, or reused as military defences during the Second World War.Creighton, pp.85-6; Lowry, p.23; Creighton and Higham, p.62.
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G. G. Simpson and B. Webster, "Charter Evidence and the Distribution of Mottes in Scotland," in R. Liddiard, ed., Anglo-Norman Castles (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003), , p. 225.C. J. Tabraham, Scotland's Castles (London: Batsford, 2005), , p. 11.L. E. Hull, Britain's Medieval Castles (Westport: Praeger, 2006), , p. xxiv.
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Some existing motte-and-bailey castles were converted to stone, with the keep and the gatehouse usually the first parts to be upgraded.Brown (1962), p.38. Shell keeps were built on many mottes, circular stone shells running around the top of the motte, sometimes protected by a further chemise, or low protective wall, around the base. By the 14th century, a number of motte and bailey castles had been converted into powerful stone fortresses.King (1991), pp.62-65 A reconstruction of England's Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight as it was in the 14th century, showing the keep built atop the motte (top left), and the walled-in bailey below Newer castle designs placed less emphasis on mottes.
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The population is generally centred around the town. The main hamlets are Liboulas, Brézillas, and Maine-Moutard. It is spread along the D244, which is also called the Route de l'Estuaire (Estuary Road). In the south of the commune, in the middle of marshlands, is a place called les Mottes Gachins.
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Contemporary accounts talk of some mottes being built in a matter of days, although these low figures have led to suggestions by historians that either these figures were an underestimate, or that they refer to the construction of a smaller design than that later seen on the sites concerned.Brown (2004), p.
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Dover Castle in England, built to a concentric design Castle design in Britain continued to change towards the end of the 12th century.King (1991), p. 77. After Henry II mottes ceased to be built in most of England, although they continued to be erected in Wales and along the Marches.Pounds (2004), p. 21.
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110; Cooper, p. 15. Taking into account estimates of the likely available manpower during the period, historians estimate that the larger mottes might have taken between four and nine months to build.Kenyon, p. 7. This contrasted favourably with stone keeps of the period, which typically took up to ten years to build.
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In most cases, the tower was made of timber, though some were also made of stones. Stone towers were found in natural mounds, as artificial ones were not strong enough to support stone towers. Larger mottes had towers with many rooms, including the great hall. Smaller ones had only a watch tower.
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The name "Kemp" is derived from Middle English kempe and from Old English cempa, meaning "warrior, knight, fighter or champion".Wiktionary. The Free Dictionary A kemp in Scots is a hero or a champion of great strength, and "Kemp" is a name applied to many hillforts, mottes, etc. throughout Scotland. The word dun denotes a kind of hillfort.
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Other rectangular 11th century keeps in Devon existed, including at Exter and Lydford, and were typically associated with the king or major nobles. Few were built on top of fresh mottes, as at Okehampton, and this may have been made possible in this case because the motte was largely natural and therefore able to support the heavy weight.
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There are numerous castles in Gloucestershire, a county in South West England. They consist of motte-and-baileys, fortified manor houses, ringwork, and ring- mottes. A motte-and-bailey castle has two elements, the motte is an artificial conical mound with a wooden stockade and stronghold on top, usually a stone keep or tower.Friar, p. 54, 214.
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In the Low Countries and Germany, a similar transition occurred in the 13th and 14th centuries. One factor was the introduction of stone into castle building. The earliest stone castles had emerged in the 10th century, with stone keeps being built on mottes along the Catalonia frontier and several, including Château de Langeais, in Angers.Nicholson, p.
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606–607; Lewis (1996) p. 71; Longley (1991) p. 79. A significant feature of the encroachment of English power into Gwynedd was the erection of a line of mottes along the northern Welsh coast. The strategic placement of these military sites suggests that they were constructed with the command of the sea in mind.Wyatt (1999) p.
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At Durham Castle, contemporaries described how the keep arose from the "tumulus of rising earth" with a keep reaching "into thin air, strong within and without", a "stalwart house...glittering with beauty in every part".Kenyon, p.13 citing Armitage 1912: pp.147–8. As well as having defensive value, keeps and mottes sent a powerful political message to the local population.
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Chris Mottes is chief executive officer of Deadline Games, a games development group in Denmark.GamesIndustry.biz interview He is responsible for overseeing games like Chili Con Carnage. He started the games development group after running an underground television network with a friend. His company's best selling game was Total Overdose which is made for Xbox, PS2 & Microsoft Windows, and were published by SCi games.
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Snow geese over the wetlands of Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge. The region covered by the trail network is part of the Gulf Coastal Plains. With annual rainfall averages ranging from about , this is a nearly level, drained plain dissected by streams and rivers flowing into estuaries and marshes. Windblown sands and dunes, grasslands, oak mottes and salt marshes make up the seaward areas.
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Caerlaverock Castle, a moated triangular castle, first built in the thirteenth century Castles arrived in Scotland with the introduction of feudalism in the twelfth century.G. G. Simpson and B. Webster, "Charter Evidence and the Distribution of Mottes in Scotland", in R. Liddiard, ed., Anglo-Norman Castles (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003), , p. 225. Initially these were wooden motte-and-bailey constructions,T.
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Apart from the village there are also the hamlets of Les Perrieres, Toucherit, Villeneuve, and Bois des Mottes. The commune is entirely farmland apart from a few small patches of forest.Google Maps The southern portion of the commune is covered with a network of canals which link to the Charras Canal which crosses the south of the commune from west to east.
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The mound that is all that remains of Ochiltree Castle lies upstream opposite Auchinleck Castle and the impressive red sandstone boulder known on the old maps as Kemp's Castle is located between Ochiltree Castle and Peden's Cave. A 'Kemp' in Scots is a hero or a champion of great strength and is a name applied to many hill forts, mottes, etc. throughout Scotland.
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The Aquitaine duchy sprawling out from the Loire to the Pyrenees was constructed in the 11th century. It was also from this time on, and for seven centuries, that the pilgrimage to saint Jacques de Compostelle began. Pilgrims came from all over Europe crossing the Landes. They followed itineraries that outlined resting stops, places of worship, castles or mottes surrounded by stakes.
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Motte-and- bailey castles were a primitive type of castle built by the Norman invasion, a mound of earth topped by a wooden palisade. This region, known as Tethbae, was allotted to the Dillon family, descendants of Sir Henry de Leon (c. 1176 – 1244). They built the motte at Dunnamona ("hillfort of peat") as well as another at Drumraney, later abandoning the mottes for permanent stone castles.
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By 1300 "some mottes, especially in frontier areas, had almost certainly been built by the Gaelic Irish in imitation". The Normans gradually replaced wooden motte- and-baileys with stone castles and tower houses. Tower houses are free- standing multi-storey stone towers usually surrounded by a wall (see bawn) and ancillary buildings. Gaelic families had begun to build their own tower houses by the 15th century.
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Rhondda Cynon Taf is a County borough in South Wales. It has 89 Scheduled Monuments 7 of which cross or are on a border with a neighbouring authority. Of the 54 prehistoric sites, 40 are burial sites, with 4 hillforts and 10 domestic and hut circle sites. There are 3 Roman sites, all military in purpose, and a variety of medieval mottes, churches, houses and a bridge.
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By the 12th century, the castles in Western Germany began to thin in number, due to changes in land ownership, and various mottes were abandoned.Collardelle and Mazard, p.79. In Germany and Denmark, motte-and-bailey castles also provided the model for the later wasserburg, or "water castle", a stronghold and bailey construction surrounded by water, and widely built in the late medieval period.Jansen, p.197.
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D. J. Cathcart King in his summary of mottes in England and Wales questioned this measurement, and suggested that the motte was probably closer to in height.King, p.103. The bailey is rectangular, by across, with the entrance on the west side. Both the motte and the bailey were protected by a deep ditch, fed from a diverted stream from the west to produce a wet moat.
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Caerphilly County Borough straddles the boundary of the historic counties of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire in South Wales. The 46 Scheduled monuments include burial cairns from the Bronze Age, an Iron Age hillfort, and Roman camps. The medieval sites include 2 castles and a further 4 mottes as well as dwellings, crosses and churches. Finally the post-medieval sites include the blast furnaces and ironworks of the industrial period.
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The 53 post-Norman medieval sites include the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage Site. In Total, 7 castles, 11 mottes and 7 enclosures are scheduled, as well as deserted settlements, 2 abbeys, 5 chapels and 2 holy wells. The 49 post-medieval sites include 10 bridges, various sites relating to quarries, mines, engine houses, and railways, and 5 World War II defences.
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The wooden palisades surmounting mottes were often later replaced with stone, as in this example at Château de Gisors in France. A motte was an earthen mound with a flat top. It was often artificial, although sometimes it incorporated a pre-existing feature of the landscape. The excavation of earth to make the mound left a ditch around the motte, called a moat (which could be either wet or dry).
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Today, almost no mottes of motte-and-bailey castles remain in regular use in Europe, with one of the few exceptions being that at Windsor Castle, converted for the storage of royal documents.Robinson, p.142. Another example is Durham Castle in northern England, where the round tower is used for student accommodation. The landscape of northern Europe remains scattered with their earthworks, and many form popular tourist attractions.
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During the 12th century the knights van Tildonk, pledged to the Duke of Brabant, lived in two mottes: Oudenborg and Nieuwenborg (where the current Kasteeltje is located). Tildonk was elevated to the title of county in 1699 as part of the fiefdom of Charles L'Archier. Later it came into the hands of the noble house of Lalaing. Count Maximilian de Lalaing was the most prominent de Lalaing lord of Tildonk.
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The Comte de la Marche needed to stamp his authority on La Tour-St-Austrille, in case Droctricus or his heirs had maintained ties with their former overlords, the Brosse family, so the new motte was more imposing than that of La Louveraude. In the same general period a pair of small mottes was also built in La-Tour-St-Austrille to act as a toll station for the Roman road.
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At the opposite end of the spectrum to this, the argument has been put forward to suggest that ringforts were in use, if not being built in the Later Medieval and possibly Early Modern period in Gaelic Ireland. This argument is primarily two-fold, ringforts were gradually converted into what would more generally be considered as mottes today, and there is some slight and contentious archaeological evidence that points to the habitation and construction of obvious ringforts in this later medieval period. From a morphological viewpoint, and probably also from the view of the contemporary person, there is little to distinguish a ringfort from a small earthwork castle or motte. Indeed, in a number of cases it would appear that either the Normans converted existing ringforts into the basis of the future construction of mottes and earthworks, or that the Gaelic Irish, through the use of raised raths, sought to emulate the Norman example.
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The capture of Cap Blanc Nez proved to be unexpectedly easy. As soon as the Chaudieres' assault reached the first defences, the garrison offered to surrender. This was completed just two hours later, most defenders reportedly being dead drunk. The North Shores' attack on Noires Mottes was supported by flail tanks from the 79th Armoured Division and gunfire from the 10th Armoured Regiment on the approach through minefields and by Crocodiles to reduce fortifications.
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Main motte of the former castle The triangular secondary motte Blankenhagen Castle () was a lowland castle (Niederungsburg), whose ruins are located by the River Aller near Grethem in Lower Saxony, Germany. The motte-and-bailey castle is believed to have been built around 1200. It is supposed that there used to be fortified buildings on the two low mounds or mottes, and that a bailey was constructed on an outer island-like area.
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In addition to mottes, circular ramparts with palisades were built and older Celtic or Saxon fortifications were reactivated. The wooden components of these wood and earth castles had in some cases been prepared on the continent and were later assembled on the spot. This enabled the rapid establishment of a dense network of military strongpoints, some of which were later turned into stone castles. These castles can be made out on the famous Bayeux Tapestry.
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The stone shell keep and chemise on top of the motte at Gisors in France Motte-and-bailey castles became a less popular design in the mid-medieval period. In France, they were not built after the start of the 12th century, and mottes ceased to be built in most of England after around 1170, although they continued to be erected in Wales and along the Marches.Pounds, p.21; Châtelain, p.231.
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Maughan stated that the site of the castle of Faslane could be distinguished, at the time of his writing, "by a small mound near the murmuring burn which flows into the bay".Maughan 1897: p. 54. Geoffrey Stell's census of mottes in Scotland lists only four in Dunbartonshire; one of which is Faslane (), another listed as a "possible" is at Shandon (); Shandon being located between site of Faslane and the town of Helensburgh.
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Kangaroo armoured personnel carriers would be used to deliver infantry as close to their objectives as possible. The assaults were planned to approach Calais from the west and south-west, avoiding the worst inundations and the main urban areas. The attack of the 8th Canadian Brigade from the west was against the positions at Escalles, near Cape Blanc Nez and Noires Mottes. The 7th Canadian Brigade was to assault the garrisons of Belle Vue, Coquelles and Calais.
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Early attempts by small groups of Germans to surrender were discouraged when they were shot down by their own side. The advance was held up by the defenders and bomb craters that obstructed the Crocodiles before nightfall. Negotiations were opened with the help of German prisoners and the Noires Mottes garrison surrendered at first light on the following morning, 26 September. A formidable defensive position and nearly 300 prisoners had been captured cheaply; the Sangatte battery was also surrendered.
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The domain was bought by Jean de Hornes in 1434 and by Lamoral II Claudius Franz, Count of Thurn and Taxis in 1670. Braine-le- Château is named after a castle (château) built in the place called "Les Monts". In the 11th–12th century, two twinned big artificial hills (mottes) were erected on the top of a spur dominating a village set up on the rivier Hain. Such a twin structure is very infrequent north of the river Loire.
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Where such natural obstacles do not exist, artificially similar obstacles take on added significance. These include water-filled or dry moats, ramparts, palisades and curtain walls. In order to increase the height of the castle above the surrounding terrain, artificial earth mounds may be built (such as mottes), and fortified towers also fulfil this purpose. Castles of the Early Middle Ages (including Slavic and Saxon castles) often had a narrow, deep ditch and high and steep earth ramparts.
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Lincoln Castle is bounded by a stone curtain wall, with ditches on all sides except the south. From an early stage, the outer walls which enclose the site were built in stone and they date from before 1115. On the south side the walls are interrupted by two earthen mounds called mottes. One is in the south-east corner, and was probably an original feature of William's the Conqueror's castle, while the other occupies the south-west corner.
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Aerial overview, showing the earlier castle (centre-left) and later castle (top-right). The River Ithon near Cefnllys Castle Bank is a naturally defensible position, protected on three sides by a loop of the River Ithon. The hill is open access land, and the highest point is above sea level. The mottes of two castles are situated at opposite ends of the hill, the ruins heavily deformed and mostly rubble; only their basic characteristics have been identified.
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A visit to Gimnasia y Esgrima (M)'s Estadio Víctor Antonio Legrotaglie ended in a goalless draw on 18 August in Defensores' first Primera B Nacional encounter of the new campaign. Three days after, Defensores faced top division Lanús in a friendly and drew 1–1. Gonzalo Mottes, from Gimnasia y Esgrima (LP), and Leandro Rodríguez, from All Boys, were announced as new players on 21 August. Defensores lost 1–0 away to Quilmes on 26 August.
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White Tower in London, begun by WilliamPettifer English Castles p. 151 As part of his efforts to secure England, William ordered many castles, keeps, and mottes built – among them the central keep of the Tower of London, the White Tower. These fortifications allowed Normans to retreat into safety when threatened with rebellion and allowed garrisons to be protected while they occupied the countryside. The early castles were simple earth and timber constructions, later replaced with stone structures.
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The 39 high Medieval sites are overwhelmingly defensive settlements: everything from castles, mottes and ringworks to enclosures and deserted house sites. The notable exception is the abbey ruins at Strata Florida. From the post-medieval period, there are 17 deserted settlements, 5 bridges, 9 lead mines, 6 field defenses from World War II, and an assortment of other sites - a total of 51 post-medieval monuments. Ceredigion is both a unitary authority and a historic county.
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The Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169-71 affected Laois as it was a part of the Kingdom of Leinster. In Laois, the fortress on the Rock of Dunamase was part of the dowry of the Irish princess Aoife, who was given in marriage in 1170 to the Norman warrior Strongbow. Advancing Normans surveyed the county from wooden towers built on top of earthen mounds, known as mottes. They also built stone fortresses, such as Lea Castle, just outside Portarlington.
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Caddo Lake The Gulf Coastal Plains extends from the Gulf of Mexico inland to the Balcones Fault and the Eastern Cross Timbers. This large area stretches from the cities of Paris to San Antonio to Del Rio but shows a large variety in vegetation. Ranging from of annual rainfall, this is a nearly level, drained plain dissected by streams and rivers flowing into coastal estuaries and marshes. Windblown sands and dunes, grasslands, oak mottes and salt marshes make up the seaward areas.
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Wooden keeps on mottes ceased to be built across most of England by the 1150s, although they continued to be erected in Wales and along the Welsh Marches.Pounds, p.21. By the end of the 12th century, England and Ireland saw a handful of innovative angular or polygonal keeps built, including the keep at Orford Castle, with three rectangular, clasping towers built out from the high, circular central tower; the cross-shaped keep of Trim Castle and the famous polygonal design at Conisborough.Brown, pp.
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On 14 August, it was reported that former player Santiago Silva had been provisionally suspended after he failed a drugs test; taken after a Copa de la Superliga match with Newell's Old Boys in April; Argentinos soon revealed Silva was going through fertility treatment at the time. Gianluca Simeone was loaned to Ibiza of Spain's Segunda División B on 13 August. Gimnasia, on 19 August, lost 2–1 to Colón in the Primera División. Gonzalo Mottes signed for Defensores de Belgrano on 21 August.
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The mound is small and there is no attached bailey, Rise Hall being about 50m to the north, in an oval enclosure partly defined by ponds. Mottes slightly separate from baileys do occasionally occur but make no sense as defensive features. A pair of 6th-century cruciform brooches were found ante 1911 at Akenham Hall, which possibly indicates an inhumation site. There are a few small businesses operating out of former agricultural buildings, including Stealth Electronics, which specialises in security equipment, based at Akenham Hall Farm.
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By the end of the medieval period, however, the terpen gave way to hege wieren, non-residential defensive towers, often on motte-like mounds, owned by the increasingly powerful nobles and landowners. On Zeeland the local lords had a high degree of independence during the 12th and 13th centuries, owing to the wider conflict for power between neighbouring Flanders and Friesland.Besteman, p.217. The Zeeland lords had also built terpen mounds, but these gave way to larger werven constructions–effectively mottes–which were later termed bergen.
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Castles, in the sense of a fortified residence of a lord or noble, arrived in Scotland as part of David I's encouragement of Norman and French nobles to settle with feudal tenures, particularly in the south and east, and were a way of controlling the contested lowlands.G. G. Simpson and B. Webster, "Charter Evidence and the Distribution of Mottes in Scotland," in R. Liddiard, ed., Anglo-Norman Castles (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003), , p. 225.C. J. Tabraham, Scotland's Castles (London: Batsford, 2005), , p. 11.
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Included on this page are 4 Roman military sites, 7 early Medieval sites, all inscribed or carved stones. The 39 high Medieval sites are overwhelmingly defensive settlements: everything from castles, mottes and ringworks to enclosures and deserted house sites. The notable exception is the abbey ruins at Strata Florida. From the post-medieval period, there are 17 deserted settlements, 5 bridges, 9 lead mines, 6 field defenses from World War II, and an assortment of other sites - a total of 51 post-medieval monuments.
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The course of the Deil's Dyke is not noticeably associated with the many defensive features that exist in Nithsdale, such as Iron Age forts, medieval mottes, etc. although the linear earthwork near Durisdeer is linked with the site of the medieval castle. The Catrail in Roxburghshire, southern Scotland, has a number of similarities with the Deil's Dyke and consists of a bank and a ditch and runs for . It is considered to be a territorial land boundary dating from the Early Middle Ages and was once considered to link up with the Deil's Dyke.
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Brown, p.41; Toy (1985), pp.58–9; Viollet-le-Duc, p.83. Although the circular design held military advantages over one with square corners, as noted above these really mattered from only the end of the 12th century onwards; the major reason for adopting a shell keep design, in the 12th century at least, was the circular design of the original earthworks exploited to support the keep; indeed, some designs were less than circular in order to accommodate irregular mottes, such as that found at Windsor Castle.
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Lincoln Castle is a major Norman castle constructed in Lincoln, England, during the late 11th century by William the Conqueror on the site of a pre- existing Roman fortress. The castle is unusual in that it has two mottes. It is one of only two such castles in the country, the other being at Lewes in East Sussex. Lincoln Castle remained in use as a prison and law court into modern times, and is one of the better preserved castles in England; the Crown Courts continue to this day.
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The few excavations of mottes that have occurred show they varied considerably in form. There is the possibility that Bury Mount does not follow the standard form. In 1392 it was described as a mound tower within a moat, which suggests that it would have had a stone tower as a wooden tower is unlikely at that date. Shortly before 1824, possibly whilst they were excavating away the south-west section of the mount to construct a cottage, a "subterraeneous arched passage fifteen yards in length" was found.
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But these were not enough to enable the de la Mottes to live in the princely state that Jeanne aspired to. At the same time, the jeweler Charles Auguste Boehmer was trying to sell a particularly expensive and luxurious diamond necklace originally designed for Madame du Barry. He had invested a fortune into this piece of jewelry and had to sell it fast to avoid bankruptcy. He soon realized that only the King could possibly buy such an item, but Louis XVI and the Queen refused the necklace.
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Radyr motte and moat viewed from top The Norman motte in the "mound field" is a flat-topped mound in diameter at the base and high, surrounded by a ditch wide. An adjoining bailey to east of the motte could indicate the boundary between Norman and Welsh land. The motte was surrounded by a timber palisade around a wooden keep and formed part of a defensive line with similar mottes at Thornhill and Whitchurch. The early settlement that became Radyr developed around the Norman church and manor house in what is now Danescourt.
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The monks created a new pool and a corn mill, which still stand today; the road and toll barrier were moved to pass over the dam of the new pool and the old dam was destroyed. The small mottes then lost their role. In 1573 the Lord Prior of la Tour appears to have been a very large landowner. The pool and mill belonged to him, together with a lot of land and several farms under the metayage system from which he received a percentage of the harvest.
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In time the soldiers making the journey from Carrickfergus to Antrim reached the river at this spot when they had travelled six miles so began to call the Ollar the Six Mile Water. One of these mottes is close by the river in the War Memorial Park in Ballyclare. There are two on opposite sides of the river at Doagh and one at Antrim. The village grew after the Plantation of Ulster and was granted permission by King George II in 1756 to hold two fairs each year making it an important market centre.
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The Bisset's still retained their land in the Antrim Glens granted to them by de Lacy, whilst the Savages had most of their manors in Twescard. The de Mandevilles who had come over with King John held manors in north Antrim. A minor family, the de Sandel's, acquired land in Twescard in 1300. As vassals and substantial farmers were forbidden to build stone castles they lived in mottes instead, however this was not the case in Twescard as it was annexed after the age of the motte had passed by.
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Passing through the narrow stairs, alleys, under arches and gates built in Romanesque style, a part of the past seems to come to life. This part of the palace was built in the time of King Béla III. With his wife - the daughter of Louis VII - French architects arrived and constructed the late-Roman and early-Gothic building at the end of the 12th century. The frescoes of the palace chapel date from the 12th-14th centuries, while on the walls of the mottes, some of the most beautiful paintings of the early Hungarian Renaissance can be admired (15th century).
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While motte-and-bailey and ring-work castles took great effort to build, they required relatively few skilled craftsmen allowing them to be raised using forced labour from the local estates; this, in addition to the speed with which they could be built – a single season, made them particularly attractive immediately after the conquest.Pounds (1994), pp. 18 and 20. The larger earthworks, particularly mottes, required an exponentially greater quantity of manpower than their smaller equivalents and consequently tended to be either royal, or belong to the most powerful barons who could muster the required construction effort.
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The Motte is in Moat Lane in the Roman town of Towcester, England, located on the Roman Road of Watling Street now the A5 trunk road which runs from Dover to Wroxeter via London. It is similar to other local Mottes located at Northampton, Buckingham, Little Houghton and Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire. It would have been strategically placed to control primary transport routes and river crossings. The Towcester Motte controlled the junction of Watling Street and long distance route from Southampton to Stamford which went through Winchester, Oxford, Brackley and Northampton, now the A34 and A43 trunk roads.
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John, ("that child of hell and root of all evil" according to Henry of Huntingdon) responded defiantly, "I have the anvils and the hammer to forge still better sons." King Stephen wasn't so heartless though--he relented and the boy survived. Despite appearing proudly on the town's coat of arms, Newbury Castle does not appear to have been built in Newbury at all, but four miles away in the village of Hamstead Marshall. There, the mottes of three castles can be found, which would be consistent with the general tactics of siege warfare during this medieval period.
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The historic change of the second element of the name, from "ford" to "ward", is the reverse of what happened to the placename of Clungunford. To the east of the hall, and adjacent to a public right of way, is an old motte () originating from medieval times after the Norman conquest, which is designated as a scheduled monument. It was built to control the crossing of the River Clun (by way of the old ford) and is only big enough to have supported a watch tower. It lies roughly halfway between the mottes at Clungunford and Leintwardine, also located by the Clun.
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Hilly landscape around Barzan Barzan is located some 30 km south-west of Saintes and 15 km south-east of Royan in the former province of Saintonge. Access to the commune is by the D145 road from Meschers-sur-Gironde along the coast to the north-west which passes through the commune and continues south-east to Saint- Fort-sur-Gironde. The D114 branches from the D145 near the village and goes north to Arces. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Barzan Plage, Chez Grenon, Les Monards - a small port, Chez Garnier, Les Grandes Mottes Gachin, and Les Maisons Neuves.
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While earlier archaeological remains suggest more ancient settlement in the area (including a ringfort in nearby Larragan townland), the modern day Clonaslee evolved from its beginnings as an Anglo-Norman town of the late-12th century. At this time the eskers and related landforms gave a great strategic advantage by providing ideal vantage points where mottes and other defensive battlements were constructed. This advantage also had a profound influence on the location of towns and villages throughout the county. From the 12th to 17th centuries, recorded history does not provide much detail on the development of Clonaslee.
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Bass of Inverurie in Scotland, a large motte and bailey castle built in the mid- twelfth century Castles, in the sense of a fortified residence of a lord or noble, arrived in Scotland as a consequence of the centralising of royal authority in the twelfth century.G. G. Simpson and B. Webster, "Charter Evidence and the Distribution of Mottes in Scotland", in R. Liddiard, ed., Anglo-Norman Castles (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003), , p. 225. Prior to the 1120s there is very little evidence of castles having existed in Scotland, which had remained less politically centralised than in England with the north still ruled by the kings of Norway.
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As part of the work, an earth mound, or motte, high, was piled up around the base of the tower. The original ground floor of the castle was now an underground cellar, probably used as a puteus, or pit, for detaining low status prisoners and reached by ladder from the first floor. Some infilling of the ground floor occurred in order to equalise the pressure on the walls from the mound. It is uncertain how many other towers or keeps have similar mounds, as excavation is usually required before the foundations can be examined, but Totnes and Farnham castles are known to have mottes build against the walls of the keep.
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Dunstaffnage Castle is one of the oldest surviving "castles of enceinte", mostly dating from the thirteenth century. Scotland is known for its dramatically placed castles, many of which date from the late medieval era. Castles, in the sense of a fortified residence of a lord or noble, arrived in Scotland as part of David I's encouragement of Norman and French nobles to settle with feudal tenures, particularly in the south and east, and were a way of controlling the contested lowlands.G. G. Simpson and B. Webster, "Charter Evidence and the Distribution of Mottes in Scotland," in R. Liddiard, ed., Anglo-Norman Castles (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003), , p. 225.
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In other cases mottes, such as that at Groby Castle, were reused as the bases for dramatic follies, or alternatively entirely new castle follies could be created; either from scratch or by reusing original stonework, as occurred during the building of Conygar Tower for which various parts of Dunster Castle were cannibalised.Gerrard, p. 16; Creighton (2005), pp. 85–86. At the same time castles were becoming tourist attractions for the first time. By the 1740s Windsor Castle had become an early tourist attraction; wealthier visitors who could afford to pay the castle keeper could enter, see curiosities such as the castle's narwhal horn, and by the 1750s buy the first guidebooks.
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Archaeological investigations in 2009 attempt to identify the exact location of Ampthill Castle The earliest histories of British and Irish castles were recorded, albeit in a somewhat fragmented fashion, by John Leland in the 16th century and, by the 19th century, historical analysis of castles had become popular.Creighton and Higham, p. 8. Victorian historians such as George Clark and John Parker concluded that British castles had been built for the purposes of military defence, but believed that their history was pre-Conquest – concluding that the mottes across the countryside had been built by either the Romans or Celts.Liddiard (2005), p. 3; Creighton and Highan, p.
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By late 2017 fourteen of these mottes had produced results confirming that they were indeed built in the years immediately after the Norman invasion of 1066. Three were shown to be later medieval mounds and one dated from Saxon times, so may be a burial mound. Only one, Skipsea Castle mound in East Yorkshire, was found to be prehistoric, but dating to 800-400 BC, during the British Iron Age. On the basis of this survey, it would appear that neolithic mound building was restricted to the upper Kennet and Avon valleys, and that nothing elsewhere in Britain comes even close as a comparison to Silbury Hill.
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The keep at Pevensey Castle is nationally significant and is entirely different from most castles as enormous buttresses were built which extended beyond the walls and were over thick. Lewes Castle is, with Lincoln Castle, one of only two castles in England with two mottes. Completed in the early 12th century, the designs of Battle Abbey for the rounded apse, ambulatory and radiating chapels were taken from Rouen Cathedral and were repeated at Canterbury Cathedral in the 1070s and Worcester Cathedral in the 1080s. Battle Abbey also took the basic elements of its building from Rouen Cathedral and the Abbey of Saint- Étienne, Caen.
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The 53 post-Norman medieval sites include sites included in the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage Site. 7 castles, 11 mottes, and 7 enclosures are scheduled, as well as deserted settlements, 2 abbeys, 5 chapels and 2 holy wells. The 49 post-medieval sites include 10 bridges, various sites relating to quarries, mines, engine houses, and railways, and 5 World War II defences. The northern prehistoric sites are listed at List of Scheduled prehistoric Monuments in Gwynedd (former Caernarvonshire) The southern prehistoric sites are listed at List of Scheduled prehistoric Monuments in Gwynedd (former Merionethshire) Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) have statutory protection.
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On the last Saturday in August the town normally holds an annual Carnival and Show, which attracts visitors from around the world , though it did not take place in 2020 due to COVID-19. Its two parades, one at midday and another around 8 pm, consist of various themed carnival floats with people in fancy dress. The show takes place at the town's showground at Bryn-y-Castell, which is also home to Knighton Town F.C., Knighton Cricket Club and Knighton Hockey Club. The town includes visible remains of two early castle mottes, one at Bryn-y-Castell and the other hidden behind the fire station and in a private garden.
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A detail from the Bayeux Tapestry illustrating Norman knights in combat half a century before David's reign. The widespread infeftment of foreign knights and the processes by which land ownership was converted from a matter of customary tenure into a matter of feudal or otherwise legally-defined relationships revolutionized the way the Kingdom of Scotland was governed, as did the dispersal and installation of royal agents in the new mottes that were proliferating throughout the realm to staff newly created sheriffdoms and judiciaries for the twin purposes of law- enforcement and taxation, bringing Scotland further into the "European" model.Haidu, The Subject Medieval/Modern, p. 181; Moore, The First European Revolution, p.
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The 7th and 8th Canadian Infantry Brigades opened their attack on Calais and its western coastal defences at on 25 September after a day's delay, following preparatory air and artillery bombardments. The Régiment de la Chaudière were to advance through Escalles, taking Cap Blanc Nez and link up near Sangatte with the North Shore Regiment. The North Shores had the difficult task of taking the fortified Noires Mottes, high ground near Sangatte and the site of . To shield Canadian activity around Cap Blanc Nez and Calais from observation and interference from the batteries at Cap Gris Nez, a large smoke screen was established along a line inland from Wissant, for five days.
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Terms include Tumulus, how, howe, low, tump, cnwc, pen, butt, toot, tot, cop, mount, mound, hill, knoll, mot, moot, knol, motte, and druid hill. Often the names are combined, as in Knockenlaw, Law Mount, etc. Some hills known today as "moot hills" were actually historically mottes (from an unrelated French word meaning "mound"), the remains of a motte-and-bailey castle. (In this fortification, a wooden or stone keep was built atop a small mound, usually man-made, which was in turn surrounded by a ditch and an outer ward called the "bailey".) In some cases a mound built as a motte may have seen later use as a functioning moot hill.
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In The Romance of the Forest Adeline and the La Mottes live in constant fear of discovery by either the police or Adeline's father and, at times, certain characters believe the castle to be haunted. On the other hand, the abbey also serves as a comfort, as it provides shelter and safety to the characters. Finally, it is picturesque, in that it was a ruin and serves as a combination of both the natural and the human. By setting the story in the ruined abbey, Radcliffe was able to use architecture to draw on the aesthetic theories of the time and set the tone of the story in the minds of the reader.
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Some L Plan Castles, such as Balingarry Castle in Ireland originated as ringforts. This theory is supported by a number of excavations, most notably the results of the Castleskreen II excavation, and the raised raths at Piper's Fort, and Ballyfounder, Co. Limerick, which seem to have been converted into mottes in the case of Castleskreen II or in the later cases, built in imitation of such constructions. If one were to accept a defensive function for ringforts, it would seem that after the introduction of more complex forms of defensive structures into Ireland this would naturally lead to the use of ringforts and raised raths in a manner analogous to the contemporary Norman buildings.
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Documentary evidence shows that in the 15th century there was a gate at the junction of the two lanes leading into the bailey. In this area would be living quarters for the constable of the castle and the small permanent garrison, detached kitchens, a brewhouse, barns and sheds for storage of food and equipment, stabling, privies, a well and accommodation for livestock. It would have been tightly packed with buildings and would have bustled with activity when fully garrisoned. The traditional view is that earth mottes had palisades around the summit of the motte which was approached by a flying bridge or ladder and within this well defended upper section would have been a tall timber tower.
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The parallel Wat's Dyke a few miles to the east, runs north and south along the English/Welsh border from Basingwerk near Holywell to Oswestry. Dykes aside, two Norman castles, earthen mottes, likely to be from 12th and 13th centuries, are the oldest surviving structures in modern Knighton. There is disagreement about the chronology of the two castles, although the earlier is likely to be the one above the town in Castle Road, with its more defensible position, wider panorama and clear evidence of a bailey. The first castle built here would also have overlooked the market place in Market Street and the town planned between Broad Street and St Edwards Church.
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This would refer to the Brythonic Dark Age kingdom of Rheged that seems to have existed somewhere in this area of the English/Scottish border between the 5th and 8th centuries. It is possible that this was one of the royal sites used by the kings of Rheged and it has been suggested as the site of the unidentified Northern Royal court Penrhyn Rhionedd, recorded in the Welsh Triads. There is a possible Roman cremation cemetery and two castle mottes in the village. The ex-King of Dublin and Man or Mann, Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, had the title Rex Innarenn ("King of the Rhinns") attributed to him on his death in 1065.
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They also include a variety of enclosures, hut sites and Raths, a wide range of burial sites and other ritual and religious sites listed as barrows and chambered tombs, stone circles and standing stones. The county's 182 Roman, medieval and post-medieval sites include only 3 sites from Roman times, but from the Early Medieval period there are many inscribed stones, stone crosses, and holy wells. Also scheduled are many Medieval castles, mottes and baileys, priories, chapels and churches, houses, town walls and a Bishop's palace, along with a wide variety of post-medieval sites from coalmines, kilns and dovecotes through to 19th and 20th century coastal defenses. Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) have statutory protection.
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This includes hill forts, promontory forts on both coastal headlands and inland locations. It also includes a variety of enclosures, hut sites and Raths, a wide range of burial sites and other ritual and religious sites listed as barrows and chambered tombs, stone circles and standing stones. There is a matching list of 233 prehistoric sites in north Pembrokeshire The county's 182 Roman, medieval and post-medieval sites are all included in the third Pembrokeshire list, which covers inscribed stones, stone crosses, holy wells, castles, mottes and baileys, priories, chapels and churches, houses, town walls and a Bishop's palace, along with a wide variety of post-medieval sites from coalmines, kilns and dovecotes through to World War II defensive structures. Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) have statutory protection.
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They include hill forts, promontory forts on both coastal headlands and inland locations. It also includes a variety of enclosures, hut sites and Raths, a wide range of burial sites and other ritual and religious sites listed as barrows and chambered tombs, stone circles and standing stones. The list of 113 prehistoric sites in south Pembrokeshire contains a similar range. The whole county's 182 Roman, medieval and post- medieval sites are all included in the third Pembrokeshire list, which covers inscribed stones, stone crosses, holy wells, bridges, castles, mottes and baileys, priories, chapels and churches, houses, town walls and a Bishop's palace, along with a wide variety of post-medieval sites from coalmines, kilns and dovecotes through to World War II defensive structures.
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In 2015 Shamia collaborated with Ido Garini, the founder of Studio Appétit, and displayed her project 'Or Brulee' at the 'Things of Edible Beauty' exhibition at 2015 Milan Design Week.Molten aluminium and wood combine to create beautiful furniture designs by Natalie Koh in Contented, retrieved 7/1/2017 It was the first time that The Wood Casting technology was combined blackened wood with brass™. During her residency at Yeruham Design Terminal, Shamia collaborated with the glass factory Phoenicia, and designed a glass bottle through a disturbance in the factory's 24/7 assembly line.Made in Yeruham in Dezing Zoom, retrieved 7/1/2017 Later that year, as part of 'Syndicate' exhibition, Shamia collaborated with the illustrator Miki Mottes on their Totem project.
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This includes hill forts, promontory forts on both coastal headlands and inland locations. It also includes a variety of enclosures, hut sites and Raths, a wide range of burial sites and other ritual and religious sites listed as barrows and chambered tombs, stone circles and standing stones. There is a matching list of 113 prehistoric sites in south Pembrokeshire. The county's 182 Roman, medieval and post-medieval sites are all included in the third Pembrokeshire list, which covers inscribed stones, stone crosses, holy wells, castles, mottes and baileys, priories, chapels and churches, houses, town walls and a Bishop's palace, along with a wide variety of post-medieval sites from coalmines, kilns and dovecotes through to World War II defensive structures.
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Those clods and the greenery were done, according to Bonheur, in a "heartwarming" way, according to Paulhan; she did not create, but merely reproduced, since on the one hand she was too complete by providing too much insignificant detail, and on the other hand she weakened nature by reproducing it."On peut voir au Luxembourg un grand et célèbre tableau de Rosa Bonheur, le Labourage nivernais, où les mottes de terre détachées par la charrue, avec les herbes qui poussaient sur elles, sont rendues avec un soin attendrissant...Rosa Bonheur na pas vraiment créé. Elle a à la fois trop minutieusement et trop incomplètement reproduit. Trop minutieusement, car elle nous donne beaucoup de détails sans signification: trop incomplètement, car elle n'a fait qu'affaiblir la nature en la reproduisant": Paulhan 67.
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By the mid-950s, more than a century after the death of Charlemagne, his far-reaching Carolingian Empire was a distant memory, split by internal divisions, power struggles and land seizures. A multitude of large and small warlords, who laid claim to the lands, started to build feudal mottes as a sign of their power but also as watchtowers monitoring channels of communication and places for extracting tolls from travellers. The area in which the territory of La-Tour-St-Austrille stood was border country called La Marche – “the frontier” – which acted as a buffer zone for the Duchy of Aquitaine against the neighbouring powers. La Tour-St- Austrille itself was part of Aquitaine, and only slightly further north was the kingdom of France, with the frontier fluctuating between Boussac and Parsac.
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Popular interpretation was that a great battle had taken place at the site, giving rise to the legend of the Battle of Barry. The medieval period marks the earliest recorded history in the area. Arbroath Abbey was founded by William the Lion and dedicated in 1178 and the earldom of Dundee granted to David, Earl of Huntingdon around 1182 (Dundee later gained Royal Burgh status in 1292 on the coronation of David's heir, John Balliol). Closer to Carnoustie, a number of medieval mottes can be found, including at Old Downie, where the thanage can be traced to Duncan of Downie in 1254, and at Grange of Barry, as well as the ruins of Panmure Castle where, it is said, William the Lion signed the Panmure charter granting the lands of Panmure to Philip de Valognes in 1172.
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Building the motte of Hastings Castle in East Sussex, from the Bayeux Tapestry. Various methods were used to build mottes. Where a natural hill could be used, scarping could produce a motte without the need to create an artificial mound, but more commonly much of the motte would have to be constructed by hand. Four methods existed for building a mound and a tower: the mound could either be built first, and a tower placed on top of it; the tower could alternatively be built on the original ground surface and then buried within the mound; the tower could potentially be built on the original ground surface and then partially buried within the mound, the buried part forming a cellar beneath; or the tower could be built first, and the mound added later.King (1991), pp. 50–51.
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Evidence from the dig of 1865 would suggest that the tower on the large motte was an elaborate structure and that it was destroyed by fire, probably in the 14th century. Many items were found there connected with daily life in the Middle Ages, including agricultural and forestry tools, hand-operated grinding mills for grain, a mortar, whet-stones, spinning equipment, many pottery fragments, sheep shearing scissors, a drill, an awl and a toothed piece of metal to hold a cooking pot over a fire. Panorama of the Feudal Mottes in Saint-Dizier-La-Tour The small motte, which had also been burned down, contained more modest remains in much smaller numbers. But amongst them was a small hand-bell which is thought to have been used by a lookout to alert a toll collector, and may confirm the motte’s role as a watchtower and toll station.
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Archaeological excavations on the site of Lidl supermarket revealed the original medieval town, with several house remains, associated field systems, fish traps and mill races. Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath, set about building fortified houses, called mottes and baileys, in case the native Irish would regroup and attack. The remains of a motte and bailey can be found in Ratoath 5 km from Ashbourne. Once settled, Hugh de Lacy divided the land among his army. A large portion at Killeglan was given to a family called Wafre in 1220. This family lived there until 1420, the last member of this family having built a tower house (a fortified house often called a castle). The castle and lands became the property of the Segrave family, who remained owners until 1649. The first of the family recorded in Meath, Richard Sydgrave, was Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer 1423-5.
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When the Post Office Department requested the name change, to avoid confusion with San Diego County's Ramona post office, the name was changed for a final time to Romoland. The origin of the development of the name has never been revealed. In 1985, Leon E. Motte built the "Motte’s Romola Farms" Barn off Highway 74, designed by architect Robert Morris. After building the barn from all salvaged materials, the Mottes sold produce for 10 years before leasing it out to other food vendors, such as Tom's Farms and Hamshaw Farms. In 2011, Motte’s Romola Farms reopened as the Motte Historical Museum. The Motte Historical Museum is now a classic car museum and showcases the history of the surrounding valley, as well as documenting the area’s agricultural roots. The "Motte’s Romola Farms" Barn has always been a longtime landmark on Highway 74. On October 1, 2008, a significant portion of Romoland became part of the then-newly incorporated City of Menifee.
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While it would seem probable that some ringforts may have seen continuation in the Later Medieval period as adapted or imitation mottes it seems doubtful if the continuation that ringforts were still being built on a more general scale throughout the country, and the evidence put forward for such a theory would appear quite slim. The excavations which support such a theory, most notably Rynne's excavation at Shannon Airport of Garrynamona which is suggestive of a 15th-century ringfort being constructed, have failed to win any form of widespread popular acceptance. The most common theory however is that ringforts are the product of the later half of the first millennium, a theory that has generally been supported by the excavated evidence of the period, and one that has seen remarkable if slightly ambitious definition from Matthew Stout. In his work The Irish Ringfort, Stout has sought to use the radiocarbon and dendrochronological dates from 114 ringforts and associated sites to find an overall date pattern for the use of ringforts; and through this has placed over half of all ringforts in the period 540 AD to 884 AD with two-thirds falling within the 600 AD to 900 AD period.
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