Sure enough, it is 12th most equal country of the 142.
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In fact, when my husband's suckling, that's when we're most equal.
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But he believes the U.S. is one of the world's most equal economies.
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"It is one of the most equal career paths that you can choose," Johnson told Military Times.
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It is probably no coincidence that tuition fees are lowest in places with the most equal income distributions (see chart).
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According to a December 20173 report by PayScale, the state tied with Connecticut for the state with the most equal gender pay.
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The New York Giants, for instance, have an Gini coefficient of 0.56, putting them solidly in the most equal quarter of the league.
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Japan — the world's third-largest economy — was the "most equal" major country by this measure, with millionaires controlling only 22 percent of total wealth.
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"The enrichment of the world and the most equal distribution of this wealth can improve if these five empires find their checks and balances," he said.
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The most equal professions, on the other hand, have two things in common: They employ a lot of people — far more than the least equal professions.
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But figures from the OECD, a rich-country club, show that some of the most equal countries in Europe have the most selective systems, and vice versa.
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In fact, innovation is six times higher at organizations with the most equal workplace cultures compared to those organizations with the least equal ones, according to the report.
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About 40 percent of those from the most equal organizations said "nothing stops me from innovating," compared to just 7 percent from those with high levels of inequality.
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Officially, China's Gini went from less than 20153 in the 22015s, making it one of the world's most equal countries, to nearly 21 today, making it one of the least.
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No, the most equal society on Earth would not be entirely free of interpersonal violence; it would, however, provide far less structural power for perpetrators to hold over their victims.
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The top performers In case you were curious, these are the five countries ranked by the WEF as having the most equal societies in the world: Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden and Ireland.
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It's estimated that a 1% increase in GDP per head in the least equal countries only reduces poverty by 0.6%, while it does so by 4.3% in the most equal of places.
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In Sweden, which is ranked as the fourth-most equal country in the world when it comes to gender, the government has made a concerted effort to emphasize equality in the Education Act.
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While Sweden is still has one of the most equal societies, the divide between the richest and poorest people has grown faster than in any other developed nation in recent decades, according to the OECD.
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In the 1980s China was among the most equal societies in the world, with a Gini coefficient of 203 (the Gini is a standard measure of income inequality in which 0 means total equality and 1 total inequality).
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But the government has sensed the danger of rising public anger created by the divide between rich and poor (in the 22012s China was among the most equal societies in the world; now it is one of the least so).
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"Gender equality and equal pay in the workplace are hot topics right now and ski racing is one of the most equal professions out there," Shiffrin, who took home 702,774 Swiss francs (USD $710,734) in prize money, told Reuters on Sunday.
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In Iceland, which currently provides the most equal working environment for women according to our index, female workers staged a protest last October in which they marched out of their offices early to call attention to the country′s 14% gender pay gap.
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Big cities like New York are inherently more unequal than many smaller towns or suburbs, because their expansive economies and more robust social services make them home to both rich executives and poor families (some of the most equal places in the country, on the other hand, are exclusionary suburbs where everyone is rich, or struggling towns where many are poor).
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The odd crossing number is at most equal to the pairwise crossing number, which is at most equal to the crossing number. However, by the Hanani–Tutte theorem, whenever one of these numbers is zero, they all are. surveys many such variants.
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Every convex polygon with area T can be inscribed in a triangle of area at most equal to 2T. Equality holds (exclusively) for a parallelogram.
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At most one of these two edges can be present in , for otherwise the cycle would be a Hamiltonian cycle. Thus, the total number of edges incident to either or is at most equal to the number of choices of , which is . Therefore, does not obey property (∗), which requires that this total number of edges () be greater than or equal to . Since the vertex degrees in are at most equal to the degrees in , it follows that also does not obey property (∗).
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External images For terms see Morphology of Diptera Wing length 6-7·25 mm. Antennae reddish. In front view the distance between the eyes at most equal to the width of an eye. Wings blackish-tinged.
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In the other direction, the treewidth of a graph is at most equal to its tree-depth. More precisely, the treewidth is at most the pathwidth, which is at most one less than the tree-depth.; , p. 123.
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The Eastern Cape has the most equal mix of both English- and Afrikaans-speaking whites. The geographic background of the province shows a mix of English and Afrikaans placenames, with no clear distinction between where Afrikaans- or English-speakers live.
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Thomas Whately had drafted the Stamp Act, and he said that the delay in implementation had been "out of Tenderness to the colonies", and that the tax was judged as "the easiest, the most equal and the most certain."Draper 231–233.
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Other related parameters include the tree-depth, a number that is bounded for a minor-closed graph family if and only if the family excludes a path, and the degeneracy, a measure of the sparsity of a graph that is at most equal to its treewidth.
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This redistributive effect has diminished over time, however, as it [What?] used to range between 35% and 40% prior to the mid-2000s. Sweden still belongs to the group of the most equal OECD countries, despite a rapid surge of income inequality since the early 1990s.
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Thus, the existence of a finite automaton recognizing L implies that the Myhill–Nerode relation has a finite number of equivalence classes, at most equal to the number of states of the automaton, and the existence of a finite number of equivalence classes implies the existence of an automaton with that many states.
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As Chung et al. observe, a given permutation can be sorted by this system if and only if a certain graph, derived from the permutation, has a book embedding with the vertices in a certain fixed order along the spine and with a number of pages that is at most equal to the number of stacks.
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There are subtle but inconsistent differences in the leaves, with P.kansuensis leaves typically a bit shorter and with fewer serrations per unit length than P.persica. There are also subtle difference in floral characters, the most obvious being that the styles in P.kansuensis flowers are longer than the stamens, with P.persica styles shorter (or at most equal to) their stamens.
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There are very many, rough, very unequal, curved lines of growth. The whole surface is covered by coarse, unequal, and very irregular threads, varying in their direction, and interrupted by the longitudinal lines of growth. These are most equal in the infra-sutural tract, where the line of the old sinus- markings lie. Below the keel they occur alternatingly as stronger and finer.
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That is, a complete type specifies the subgraph that a particular set of vertex variables induces. A saturated model is a model that realizes all of the types that have a number of variables at most equal to the cardinality of the model. The Rado graph has induced subgraphs of all finite or countably infinite types, so it is saturated.
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According to the Star Tribune, in 2005 women in Minnesota state government made 97 cents to the dollar, ranking Minnesota as one of the most equal for female state workers in the country. Five years later in 2010, full pay equity for women in state employment was finally achieved, with recurring, typically minor pay adjustments in local governments occurring regularly.
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In mathematics, the fuzzy sphere is one of the simplest and most canonical examples of non-commutative geometry. Ordinarily, the functions defined on a sphere form a commuting algebra. A fuzzy sphere differs from an ordinary sphere because the algebra of functions on it is not commutative. It is generated by spherical harmonics whose spin l is at most equal to some j.
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Each input task should appear infinitely often in the sequence, with the largest gap between two consecutive instantiations of a task at most equal to the repeat time of the task. For example, the infinitely repeating sequence ... would be a valid pinwheel schedule for three tasks a, b, and c with repeat times that are at least 2, 4, and 4 respectively.
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There are blue and red globular clusters, althrough red globulars are more populous than blue ones. This trend is also seen in NGC 1374, and in NGC 1387, which have only small fraction of blue globular clusters. This galaxy has most equal number of red and blue. This globular clusters, like globulars in NGC 1374 and NGC 1387, didn't show any evidences of multiple populations.
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Strontianite is an uncommon low-temperature hydrothermal mineral formed in veins in limestone, marl, and chalk, and in geodes and concretions. It occurs rarely in hydrothermal metallic veins but is common in carbonatites. It most likely crystallises at or near 100 °C. Its occurrence in open vugs and veins suggests crystallisation at very low pressures, probably at most equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the ground water.
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When there exists a solution, the solution can be assumed to be periodic, with a period at most equal to the product of the repeat times. However, it is not always possible to find a repeating schedule of sub-exponential length. With a compact input representation that specifies, for each distinct repeat time, the number of objects that have that repeat time, pinwheel scheduling is NP-hard.
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This method is similar to finding the median of an even set. The new element would be a true median since the sum of the weights to either side of this partition point would be equal. Depending on the application, it may not be possible or wise to create new data. In this case, the weighted median should be chosen based on which element keeps the partitions most equal.
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As a consequence, the size of most equal-tempered intervals cannot be expressed by small-integer ratios, although it is very close to the size of the corresponding just intervals. For instance, an equal-tempered fifth has a frequency ratio of 2:1, approximately equal to 1.498:1, or 2.997:2 (very close to 3:2). For a comparison between the size of intervals in different tuning systems, see .
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The income-inequality is measured by the so-called Gini coefficient (between value of 0 and 1), with 0.2 and below generally considered being most equal and 0.6 or above being most unequal, with 0.4 being the "red warning line". The people on the bottom half of this income-inequality will experience a deterioration in living standard. They may face unemployment or lower salaries. Gradually, they can only live a way the lower classes live: e.g.
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In 2015, 28 parliamentarians (44%) were female. Iceland has had a woman as either president or prime minister for 20 of the last 36 years. In the 2016 parliamentary election covering 63 seats, 30 women were elected, increasing the number of females in the Alþingi to over 47%. Compared to the United States which sits at twenty percent, Iceland was said to have the "most equal parliament" in the world when women won 48% of the seats in 2016.
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The government may sell the permits, but in many existing schemes, it gives permits to participants (regulated polluters) equal to each participant's baseline emissions. The baseline is determined by reference to the participant's historical emissions. To demonstrate compliance, a participant must hold permits at least equal to the quantity of pollution it actually emitted during the time period. If every participant complies, the total pollution emitted will be at most equal to the sum of individual limits.
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In Ohio, the local chapter evaluated and compared the court guidelines that each county uses to determine parenting time when parents cannot agree. Each county received a grade of A to F, with A given to guidelines with the most equal time. Most counties received a D, but two counties, Ashtabula and Tuscarawas, received an A, while one county, Van Wert, received an F. The media attention generated interest and discussions among judges and court officials, with some counties revising their guidelines.
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This is sometimes called conservation of radiance. For real, passive, optical systems, the output radiance is at most equal to the input, unless the index of refraction changes. As an example, if you form a demagnified image with a lens, the optical power is concentrated into a smaller area, so the irradiance is higher at the image. The light at the image plane, however, fills a larger solid angle so the radiance comes out to be the same assuming there is no loss at the lens.
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The degeneracy of a graph with arboricity a is at least equal to a, and at most equal to 2a-1. The coloring number of a graph, also known as its Szekeres-Wilf number is always equal to its degeneracy plus 1 . The strength of a graph is a fractional value whose integer part gives the maximum number of disjoint spanning trees that can be drawn in a graph. It is the packing problem that is dual to the covering problem raised by the arboricity.
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The exterior calculus allows for a generalization of the gradient, divergence and curl operators. The bundle of differential forms, at each point, consists of all totally antisymmetric multilinear maps on the tangent space at that point. It is naturally divided into n-forms for each n at most equal to the dimension of the manifold; an n-form is an n-variable form, also called a form of degree n. The 1-forms are the cotangent vectors, while the 0-forms are just scalar functions.
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Since these paths must leave the two vertices of the pair via disjoint edges, a k-vertex-connected graph must have degeneracy at least k. Concepts related to k-cores but based on vertex connectivity have been studied in social network theory under the name of structural cohesion.. If a graph has treewidth or pathwidth at most k, then it is a subgraph of a chordal graph which has a perfect elimination ordering in which each vertex has at most k earlier neighbors. Therefore, the degeneracy is at most equal to the treewidth and at most equal to the pathwidth. However, there exist graphs with bounded degeneracy and unbounded treewidth, such as the grid graphs.. The Burr–Erdős conjecture relates the degeneracy of a graph G to the Ramsey number of G, the least n such that any two-edge-coloring of an n-vertex complete graph must contain a monochromatic copy of G. Specifically, the conjecture is that for any fixed value of k, the Ramsey number of k-degenerate graphs grows linearly in the number of vertices of the graphs.. The conjecture was proven by .
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If is greater than , the energy is enough to remove an electron. The ejected electron has a kinetic energy, , which is, at most, equal to the photon's energy minus the energy needed to dislodge the electron from the metal: :E_K = hf - \varphi = h(f - f_0). Einstein's description of light as being composed of particles extended Planck's notion of quantized energy, which is that a single photon of a given frequency, , delivers an invariant amount of energy, . In other words, individual photons can deliver more or less energy, but only depending on their frequencies.
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By organizing the links in this way, a wide variety of different network topologies can be implemented, regardless of which processors have become faulty, as long as enough non-faulty processors remain to implement the network. The network topologies that can be implemented by this system are exactly the ones that have book thickness at most equal to the number of bundles that have been made available.. Book embedding may also be used to model the placement of wires connecting VLSI components into the layers of a circuit..
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Facing forces vastly superior combined, but at most equal taken separately, Troude let the 74-gun HMS Venerable catch on, and battered her with his 80 guns, leaving her dismasted and barely afloat. This forced the rest of the British squadron to abandon the pursuit in order to aid Venerable, allowing Formidable to escape to Cádiz. She sailed into the harbour to the acclaim of the population, who had witnessed the fight. Troude was promoted to capitaine de vaisseau on 14 July 1801 and was received by Bonaparte, who dubbed him "the French Horatius".
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As with the arboricity, the pseudoarboricity has a matroid structure allowing it to be computed efficiently . The thickness of a graph is the minimum number of planar subgraphs into which its edges can be partitioned. As any planar graph has arboricity three, the thickness of any graph is at least equal to a third of the arboricity, and at most equal to the arboricity. The degeneracy of a graph is the maximum, over all induced subgraphs of the graph, of the minimum degree of a vertex in the subgraph.
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Otherwise the general solution has k free parameters where k is the difference between the number of variables and the rank; hence in such a case there are an infinitude of solutions. The rank of a system of equations (i.e. the rank of the augmented matrix) can never be higher than [the number of variables] + 1, which means that a system with any number of equations can always be reduced to a system that has a number of independent equations that is at most equal to [the number of variables] + 1.
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This means that for an ideal optical system, the luminance at the output is the same as the input luminance. For real, passive optical systems, the output luminance is at most equal to the input. As an example, if one uses a lens to form an image that is smaller than the source object, the luminous power is concentrated into a smaller area, meaning that the illuminance is higher at the image. The light at the image plane, however, fills a larger solid angle so the luminance comes out to be the same assuming there is no loss at the lens.
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The extreme cases are the most equal society in which every person receives the same income () and the most unequal society where a single person receives 100% of the total income and the remaining people receive none (). A more general simplified case also just distinguishes two levels of income, low and high. If the high income group is a proportion u of the population and earns a proportion f of all income, then the Gini coefficient is . An actual more graded distribution with these same values u and f will always have a higher Gini coefficient than .
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Each set of paths corresponds to a perfect matching of that matches the two endpoints of each path, and the weight of this matching is at most equal to the weight of the paths. Since these two sets of paths partition the edges of , one of the two sets has at most half of the weight of , and thanks to the triangle inequality its corresponding matching has weight that is also at most half the weight of . The minimum-weight perfect matching can have no larger weight, so . Adding the weights of and gives the weight of the Euler tour, at most .
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Historically, Sweden provided solid support for free trade (except agriculture) and mostly relatively strong and stable property rights (both private and public), though some economists have pointed out that Sweden promoted industries with tariffs and used publicly subsidised R&D; during the country's early critical years of industrialisation. After World War II a succession of governments expanded the welfare state by raising the taxes. During this period Sweden's economic growth was also one of the highest in the industrial world. A series of successive social reforms transformed the country into one of the most equal and developed on earth.
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The thickness is defined using the simpler concept of the local thickness τ(x). The local thickness at a point x on the link is defined as : \tau(x)=\inf r(x,y,z),\, where x, y, and z are points on the link, all distinct, and r(x, y, z) is the radius of the circle that passes through all three points (x, y, z). From this definition we can deduce that the local thickness is at most equal to the local radius of curvature. The thickness of a link is defined as :\tau(L) = \inf \tau(x).
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Military historians have printed transcripts of the hearings to instruct on the proper relationship between civilian and military officials in a democracy. Russell competed in the 1952 Democratic presidential primary, but was shut out of serious consideration by northern Democratic leaders who saw his support for segregation as untenable outside of the Jim Crow South. When Lyndon Johnson arrived in the Senate, he sought guidance from knowledgeable Senate aide Bobby Baker, who advised that all senators were "equal" but Russell was the most "equal"—meaning the most powerful. Johnson assiduously cultivated Russell through all of their joint Senate years and beyond.
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If a graph G is oriented acyclically with outdegree k, then its edges may be partitioned into k forests by choosing one forest for each outgoing edge of each node. Thus, the arboricity of G is at most equal to its degeneracy. In the other direction, an n-vertex graph that can be partitioned into k forests has at most k(n − 1) edges and therefore has a vertex of degree at most 2k− 1 – thus, the degeneracy is less than twice the arboricity. One may also compute in polynomial time an orientation of a graph that minimizes the outdegree but is not required to be acyclic.
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Population loss has made demographic structures in the area quite unbalanced in terms of aging, and Peñamellera Baja now has a relatively high median age for the region. The same is not true for the sex ratio; Peñamellera Baja presents one of the most equal sex ratios in the whole region of the Picos de Europa. Currently, the majority of the population is concentrated around the Deva River in the north of the municipality, while the southern part is quite depopulated except for the parishes of San Esteban and Cuñaba. In regard to economic activity, the agricultural sector remains the most important sector in the region, generating 46.52% of the jobs.
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In cases where the government can not fulfil this role of a regulator and monitoring agencies, dynamic processes have led to overexploitation of groundwater resources (e.g., in the city of Lagos) and of increased public health problems due to the consumption of groundwater that is naturally contaminated with arsenic. However, there are also examples where self-supply contributed to better access to water and sanitation services even by the poorest. For example, Thailand, where millions of rural people upgraded their water service level by buying additional vessels for storing rainwater, is one of the countries with most equal rates of access to drinking water.
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The edges of a graph with such an orientation may be partitioned in the same way into k pseudoforests, and conversely any partition of a graph's edges into k pseudoforests leads to an outdegree-k orientation (by choosing an outdegree-1 orientation for each pseudoforest), so the minimum outdegree of such an orientation is the pseudoarboricity, which again is at most equal to the degeneracy.; ; ; ; . The thickness is also within a constant factor of the arboricity, and therefore also of the degeneracy. A k-degenerate graph has chromatic number at most k + 1; this is proved by a simple induction on the number of vertices which is exactly like the proof of the six-color theorem for planar graphs.
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The anarboricity of a graph is the maximum number of edge-disjoint nonacyclic subgraphs into which the edges of the graph can be partitioned. The star arboricity of a graph is the size of the minimum forest, each tree of which is a star (tree with at most one non-leaf node), into which the edges of the graph can be partitioned. If a tree is not a star itself, its star arboricity is two, as can be seen by partitioning the edges into two subsets at odd and even distances from the tree root respectively. Therefore, the star arboricity of any graph is at least equal to the arboricity, and at most equal to twice the arboricity.
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Some sparse graphs do not have separators of sublinear size: in an expander graph, deleting up to a constant fraction of the vertices still leaves only one connected component.; . Possibly the earliest known separator theorem is a result of that any tree can be partitioned into subtrees of at most n/2 vertices each by the removal of a single vertex.. In particular, the vertex that minimizes the maximum component size has this property, for if it did not then its neighbor in the unique large subtree would form an even better partition. By applying the same technique to a tree decomposition of an arbitrary graph, it is possible to show that any graph has a separator of size at most equal to its treewidth.
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Every forest is planar, and every planar graph can be partitioned into at most three forests. Therefore, the thickness of any graph is at most equal to the arboricity of the same graph (the minimum number of forests into which it can be partitioned) and at least equal to the arboricity divided by three.. The thickness of is also within constant factors of another standard graph invariant, the degeneracy, defined as the maximum, over subgraphs of , of the minimum degree within the subgraph. If an -vertex graph has thickness t then it necessarily has at most edges, from which it follows that its degeneracy is at most . In the other direction, if a graph has degeneracy then it has arboricity, and thickness, at most .
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Since all sets S_i are sets of suffixes of a finite set of codewords, there are only finitely many different candidates for S_i. Since visiting one of the sets for the second time will cause the algorithm to stop, the algorithm cannot continue endlessly and thus must always terminate. More precisely, the total number of dangling suffixes that the algorithm considers is at most equal to the total of the lengths of the codewords in the input, so the algorithm runs in polynomial time as a function of this input length. By using a suffix tree to speed the comparison between each dangling suffix and the codewords, the time for the algorithm can be bounded by O(nk), where n is the total length of the codewords and k is the number of codewords.
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It said that the wealth discrimination found among school districts differed from a traditional equal protection case because the students in property-poor towns still received an education, but of a lower quality. In most equal protection cases, the complaining party has been absolutely denied a right, rather than the qualitative denial of the type at issue in Horton. The Court agreed with the trial court and the plaintiffs' assertion of "the sheer irrationality" of the state's system of financing education based on property values. The trial court cited a Yale Law Journal Note which said the system "would be similar and no less tenable should the state make educational expenditures dependent upon some other irrelevant factor, such as the number of telephone poles in the district" (81 Yale L.J. 1303, 1307).
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Using this description of the graph, the conjecture may be restated as follows: if some family of sets has total elements, and any two sets intersect in at most one element, then the intersection graph of the sets may be -colored.. The intersection number of a graph is the minimum number of elements in a family of sets whose intersection graph is , or equivalently the minimum number of vertices in a hypergraph whose line graph is . define the linear intersection number of a graph, similarly, to be the minimum number of vertices in a linear hypergraph whose line graph is . As they observe, the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture is equivalent to the statement that the chromatic number of any graph is at most equal to its linear intersection number. present another yet equivalent formulation, in terms of the theory of clones.
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By applying the sparsification lemma and then using new variables to split the clauses, one may then obtain a set of O(2εn) 3-CNF formulas, each with a linear number of variables, such that the original k-CNF formula is satisfiable if and only if at least one of these 3-CNF formulas is satisfiable. Therefore, if 3-SAT could be solved in subexponential time, one could use this reduction to solve k-SAT in subexponential time as well. Equivalently, if sk > 0 for any k > 3, then s3 > 0 as well, and the exponential time hypothesis would be true. The limiting value s∞ of the sequence of numbers sk is at most equal to sCNF, where sCNF is the infimum of the numbers δ such that satisfiability of conjunctive normal form formulas without clause length limits can be solved in time O(2δn).
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New Zealand is one of the least corrupt countries, according to Transparency International World map of the Global Peace Index. Countries appearing more blue are ranked as more peaceful on the Index, countries appearing more red are ranked as less peaceful. Map of countries by 2008 Economic Freedom of the World, published by the Fraser Institute :Ease Of Doing Business Index, ranked 1st overall in 2019 out of 185 countries, 1st in the sub-categories of Starting a Business and Getting Credit. :Political freedom ratings – Free; political rights and civil liberties both rated 1 (the highest score available) ::Press freedom – Ranked 8th for press freedom at 1.50. :GDP per capita – 29th highest (2016), at I$36,172 :Human Development Index – 9th highest (2015), at 0.913 :Income Equality – 54th most equal, at 36.2 (Gini Index) :Literacy Rate – 10th equal at 99.0% :Unemployment rate – 48th lowest, at 4.0%.
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If one has a representation of an antimatroid as the closure of a set of d basic words, then this representation can be used to map the feasible sets of the antimatroid into d-dimensional Euclidean space: assign one coordinate per basic word w, and make the coordinate value of a feasible set S be the length of the longest prefix of w that is a subset of S. With this embedding, S is a subset of T if and only if the coordinates for S are all less than or equal to the corresponding coordinates of T. Therefore, the order dimension of the inclusion ordering of the feasible sets is at most equal to the convex dimension of the antimatroid.Korte et al., Corollary 6.10. However, in general these two dimensions may be very different: there exist antimatroids with order dimension three but with arbitrarily large convex dimension.
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Retraction of a cube onto a six-vertex subgraph. A retraction of a graph G is an adjacency-preserving map from G to one of its subgraphs.. More precisely, it is graph homomorphism φ from G to itself such that φ(v) = v for each vertex v in the subgraph φ(G). The image of the retraction is called a retract of G. Retractions are examples of metric maps: the distance between φ(v) and φ(w), for every v and w, is at most equal to the distance between v and w, and is equal whenever v and w both belong to φ(G). Therefore, a retract must be an isometric subgraph of G: distances in the retract equal those in G. If G is a median graph, and a, b, and c are an arbitrary three vertices of a retract φ(G), then φ(m(a,b,c)) must be a median of a, b, and c, and so must equal m(a,b,c).
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As a result Argentina also became one of the most equal countries in the region according to its Gini coefficient. In Venezuela, as well as increasing spending on social welfare, housing and local infrastructures, Chávez established the Bolivarian missions, decentralised programmes which delivered free services in fields such as healthcare and education as well as subsidised food distribution. Economist from the University of Illinois Rafael Correa was elected as President of Ecuador in the 2006 presidential election following the harsh economic crisis and social turmoil that caused right-wing Lucio Gutiérrez resignation as President. Correa, a practicing Catholic influenced by liberation theology, was pragmatic in his economical approach in a similar manner to Morales in Bolivia and Ecuador soon experienced a non-precedent economic growth that bolstered Correa's popularity to the point that he was the most popular president of the Americas' for several years in a row, with an approval rate between 60 and 85%.
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A k-path is a k-tree with at most two leaves, and a k-caterpillar is a k-tree that can be partitioned into a k-path and a set of k-leaves each adjacent to a separator k-clique of the k-path. In particular the maximal graphs of pathwidth one are exactly the caterpillar trees.. Since path-decompositions are a special case of tree-decompositions, the pathwidth of any graph is greater than or equal to its treewidth. The pathwidth is also less than or equal to the cutwidth, the minimum number of edges that cross any cut between lower-numbered and higher-numbered vertices in an optimal linear arrangement of the vertices of a graph; this follows because the vertex separation number, the number of lower-numbered vertices with higher-numbered neighbors, can at most equal the number of cut edges., Lemma 3 p.99; , Theorem 47, p. 24.
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