Acid is measured on a scale of 1 to 14 pH; the most acidic rating on the scale is 1.
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In 2013, he released "Yeezus," an album full of industrial thump that featured some of his most acidic political commentary.
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Despite playing inside one of the NBA's most acidic environments, the Washington Wizards' Otto Porter is silently having a breakout year.
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Trilobites In some of the world's saltiest, most acidic bodies of superheated water, even the most extreme forms of archaea couldn't survive.
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Water bears belong to a class of organism called extremophiles, who live in corners of the planet that are hottest, coldest, most acidic, or most crushed by pressure, etc.
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He expresses admiration for autocrats like Kim Jong-un and Mr. Putin, while reserving his most acidic comments for democratic partners like Germany's Angela Merkel and Canada's Justin Trudeau.
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A scorching, arid 155-mile-long lowland, it also contains the volcanic Dallol dome and its polychromatic geothermal field, which features some of the world's saltiest, most acidic bodies of superheated water.
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A long-standing Czech commitment to human rights, rooted in the 1968 uprising against the Soviet Union and Vaclav Havel's years as president in the 1990s, had made it the most acidic European voice on Chinese human-rights abuses.
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Though Smith argues vehemently that, among other things, it's America's culture of "misogyny, homophobia, transphobia, class-based elitism, self-hatred, violence, untreated mental illness" that derails young boys en route to black manhood, he reserves his most acidic critiques for Hampton administrators, Obama and Smith's own father.
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With a pKa of 2.68, it is one of the most acidic thiols.William P. Jencks, Karin Salvesen "Equilibrium deuterium isotope effects on the ionization of thiol acids" J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1971, volume 93, pp 4433–4436.
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Picric acid is an organic compound with the formula (O2N)3C6H2OH. Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). The name "picric" comes from the Greek word πικρός (pikros), meaning "bitter", due to its bitter taste. It is one of the most acidic phenols.
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St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier, 2006. Print. Phosphophoryn is the most acidic protein ever discovered and has an isoelectric point of 1. This extreme acidity is achieved by its amino acid sequence. Many portions of its chain are repeating -D-S-S- (aspartic acid- serine-serine) sequences.
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The spring has a flow of 9000 liters/minute and feeds a 3-meter wide stream with a temperature of 98 °C. The water from Tamagawa Hot Spring is extremely acidic, with a pH of about 1.2, making it one the most acidic hot spring in Japan.
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Flowers are (calyx green, corolla brownish), 4 bent back lobes with brown midribs and long white stamens. It is native to temperate Eurasia, widespread throughout the British Isles, but scarce on the most acidic soils (pH < 4.5). It is present and widespread in the Americas and Australia as an introduced species.
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Pentafluorophenol is the organofluorine compound (specifically a fluoroalcohol) with the formula C6F5OH. It is a colorless solid that melts just above room temperature. With a pKa of 5.5, it is one of the most acidic phenols. It is used to prepare pentafluorophenyl esters, which are active esters useful in peptide synthesis.
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Because most ketone hydrates are unstable relative to their corresponding ketones, the equilibrium between the two is shifted heavily in favor of the ketone. For example, the equilibrium constant for the formation of acetone hydrate from acetone is only 0.002. The carboxylic group is the most acidic in organic compounds.Wade 2010, p. 838.
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Wild pear can grow on almost all soils, except the most acidic ones. However, owing to its weak competitive ability, the species exists mostly on extreme or marginal sites. Its tap roots enable it to grow on very dry soils. The tree requires a lot of light and is often found in the open landscape.
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In addition, zooplankton's species diversity is affected by freshwater acidification. In most acidic freshwater reservoirs, there will be an increase in the development of mosses and algae. In particular, it is common to see an increase in the abundance of the moss Sphagnum. Sphagnum has a high capacity to exchange H+ for basic cations within freshwater.
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The park covers an area of 12.9 square kilometres of Appalachian Lowlands habitat. Its undulating hilly landscape is supported by slate and sandstone bedrock. The main soil is a stony sandy loam podzol which has been mapped as the Racine series—one of the most acidic soils in the area.The soil's acidity and stoniness let few farmers enjoy long-term success.
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A map depicting Atlantic Canada. In addition to SOx and NOx, low buffering capacities of ecosystems can also lead to freshwater acidity. For example, Atlantic Canada has the lowest acid deposition rates in Eastern North America, with the most acidic waters on the continent. This is due to the low buffering of the regional bedrock and the addition of natural organic acids produced by close by wetlands.
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After the N–H proton, the hydrogen at C2 is the next most acidic proton on indole. Reaction of N-protected indoles with butyl lithium or lithium diisopropylamide results in lithiation exclusively at the C2 position. This strong nucleophile can then be used as such with other electrophiles. :2-position lithiation of indole Bergman and Venemalm developed a technique for lithiating the 2-position of unsubstituted indole, as did Katritzky.
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Crocodiles are also known to be aggressive scavengers who feed upon carrion and steal from other predators. Evidence suggests that crocodiles also feed upon fruits, based on the discovery of seeds in stools and stomachs from many subjects as well as accounts of them feeding. 13 November 2013 27 August 2013 Crocodiles have the most acidic stomach of any vertebrate. They can easily digest bones, hooves and horns.
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Most of the ions within the waters are Na and Cl (~88%) but can vary from 60% - 98% in some lakes. The most acidic of the lakes (ex. Wave Rock Lake, pH 1.7) has the lowest Na and Cl ions, with much higher concentration of other common ions. Many elemental components within the lake systems are made up of ions that are usually only found in trace amounts in other natural lakes.
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There are two crater lakes near the summit. The northern lake is known as the Laguna Caliente ("hot lagoon") and is located at a height of 2,300 m in a crater approximately 0.3 km wide and 30 m deep. It is one of the world's most acidic lakes. The acidity varies after rain and changes in volcanic activity, sometimes reaching a pH of almost 0; consequently, it supports little or no aquatic life.
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Oak and sweet chestnut develop on the higher ground; birch on the most acidic soils; hornbeam on the wet soils; willow, and hazel along the streams. Other trees include pedunculate oak, sessile oak and birch. Ground flora include three species of orchid, and there is a stream and area of bog. Other species include the wild service tree, wood anemone, wood spurge and cow wheat that develop on the undisturbed soils of old woods.
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In the presence of a base, the terminal hydrogen, being the most acidic, is deprotonated first to give a Cu acetylide intermediate. Studies have shown that the reaction is second order with respect to Cu. It has been suggested that the transition state involves two copper atoms. One copper atom is bonded to the acetylide while the other Cu atom serves to activate the azide. The metal center coordinates with the electrons on the nitrogen atom.
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The rocks produced by the pyroclastic flows and lava domes vary in composition, but are generally dacitic. Subsequent volcanic activity continued to create more lava domes, while also resulting in explosive eruptions that destroyed such domes. Tephra created by an explosive eruption approximately 18,000 years ago is said to be related to the formation of Katanuma lake. The lake is located in the center of the volcano, and is known as one of the most acidic lakes in Japan, with a pH around 1.6.
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Aspein is an unusually acidic bivalve shell matrix protein, which may have important roles in calcium carbonate biomineralization. The Aspein gene (aspein, Uniprot: Q76K52) encodes a sequence of 413 amino acids, including a high proportion of Asp (60.4%), Gly (16.0%), and Ser (13.2%), and the predicted isoelectric point is 1.78. This is the most acidic of all the molluscan shell matrix proteins sequenced so far, or probably even of all known proteins on earth. The main body of aspein is occupied by (Asp)2–10 sequences punctuated with Ser–Gly dipeptides.
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High elevations of metallic ions and other trace elements are in most acidic of solutions represent the influence water-rock interactions play in the formation of these brines. Lakes that are close to nickel sulfide deposits and undergo oxidation are thought to contribute to local acidity. Lakes that are much farther away with slow groundwater flow are thought to be influenced predominately by the oxidation of the organic and sulfide materials hosted in the Archean basement rocks and coal deposits. During rain events when the acidity is lessened, the lakes quickly readjust to more acidic conditions.
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This is a blanket term that encompasses a spectrum of acidic vesicles that include endosomes, lysosomes, and lysosome-related organelles and secretory vesicles and acidocalcisomes. They are a highly dynamic continuum of vesicles with a rich variety of established biochemical roles in cells, to which Ca2+ storage can now be added. Their luminal pH is one characteristic that distinguishes a given vesicle class from another: where endosomes are weakly acidic (pH 6-6.5), lysosomes are typically the most acidic (pH 4.5-5.0) and secretory vesicles are typically pH 5.5. Ca2+ is seen to be increasingly important for endo-lysosomal function, e.g.
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An extension of this effect can allow control over which of the two carbonyl reactants becomes the enolate even if both do have α hydrogens. If one partner is considerably more acidic than the other, the most acidic proton is abstracted by the base and an enolate is formed at that carbonyl while the carbonyl that is less acidic is not affected by the base. This type of control works only if the difference in acidity is large enough and no excess of base is used for the reaction. A typical substrate for this situation is when the deprotonatable position is activated by more than one carbonyl-like group.
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As a class, the carborane acids form the most acidic group of well-defined, isolable substances known, far more acidic than previously known single- component strong acids like triflic acid or perchloric acid. In certain cases, like the nearly perhalogenated derivatives mentioned above, their acidities rival (and possibly exceed) those of the traditional mixed Lewis-Brønsted superacids like magic acid and fluoroantimonic acid. (However, a head-to-head comparison has not been possible thus far, due to the lack of a measure of acidity that is suitable for both classes of acids: pKa values are ill-defined for the chemically complex mixed acids while H0 values cannot be measured for the very high melting carborane acids).
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The Complex for Forensic Anthropology Research (CFAR) opened at Southern Illinois University (Carbondale, IL) in October 2010 working with pigs as human proxies. The co-founders, Gretchen R. Dabbs and D.C. Martin, built the facility to examine the rate and pattern of decomposition in the unique environment of southern Illinois. In comparison to the other facilities open at the time, CFAR has the lowest average temperature, highest average wind speed, second lowest elevation, the most acidic soil, and the worst soil drainage. Since climate and environment are major factors affecting the rate and pattern of decomposition, these differences between southern Illinois and the other established facilities were expected (and have proven) to heavily influence the rate and pattern of decomposition.
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In 1962, a series of labor strikes impacted communities in the Central Valley, also affecting construction of the dam, which was temporarily halted on May 3 of that year. After work restarted on June 26, pervious core material for the dam was soon out of supply, so impervious material was used to complete the dam core. Eventually, the Iron Mountain Mine closed, but pollution continued and still continues, and in 1983, the Iron Mountain Mine was listed on the National Priorities List. The Iron Mountain Mine is known for having the most acidic naturally found water content on Earth, with samples having up to a −3.6 pH value when tested in the early 1990s, which is roughly 100 times the acidity of battery acid.
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Dilute solutions of this acid, as well as its salts, have long been well known. Cyanoform ranks as one of the most acidic of the carbon acids with an estimated pKa of -5.1 in water and measured pKa of 5.1 in acetonitrile. The reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium tricyanomethanide in water (a reaction first tried by H. Schmidtmann in 1896 with inconclusive results) is reported to result in the formation of the hydrate (NC)3C−H3O+ or the formation of (Z)-3- amino-2-cyano-3-hydroxyacrylamide (H2N)(OH)C=C(CN)CONH2 depending on the precise conditions. The reaction of HCl gas with sodium tricyanomethanide dissolved in THF is reported to yield 1-chloro-1-amino-2,2-dicyanoethylene ((NC)2C=C(NH2)Cl) and its tautomer.
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Burgot has argued that H3O+(aq) + H2O (l) ⇄ H2O (aq) + H3O+ (aq) is simply not a thermodynamically well-defined process. For an estimate of pKaaq(H3O+), Burgot suggests taking the measured value pKaEtOH(H3O+) = 0.3, the pKa of H3O+ in ethanol, and applying the correlation equation pKaaq = pKaEtOH – 1.0 (± 0.3) to convert the ethanol pKa to an aqueous value, to give a value of pKaaq(H3O+) = –0.7 (± 0.3). It is the most acidic species that can exist in water (assuming sufficient water for dissolution): any stronger acid will ionize and protonate a water molecule to form hydronium. The acidity of hydronium is the implicit standard used to judge the strength of an acid in water: strong acids must be better proton donors than hydronium, otherwise a significant portion of acid will exist in a non-ionized state (i.e.
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