The mortalities are not due to complications of the procedure.
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With the exception of two deaths, mortalities have occurred in China (Reuters).
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"It looks like the mortalities in Norway in the last few days have been almost as great as the mortalities in an entire year in Scotland," he said, though he noted that Norway's salmon farm industry is far larger than Scotland's.
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If numbers drop below 600 in the ecosystem, "discretionary mortalities" will be halted, including hunting.
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"That is extremely bad luck and that will be reflected in the mortalities," he said.
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"The mortalities were mostly in northern Norway, so you're heading towards the Arctic Circle," he said.
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For others, including blue cranes and flamingoes, mortalities can be reduced by 90 percent or more.
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Between spiking mortalities and falling birth rates, scientists estimate there are fewer than 420 right whales left.
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Entanglement has caused 80% of diagnosed mortalities since 21, and the population has taken a significant downward turn.
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At the time, it was the deadliest war in the world, with mortalities in the tens of thousands.
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Watching the movie led me to realize that wretched statistics on cancer mortalities are also linked to racial inequalities.
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The government agency said that from 2005 to 2017, 149 rhinos were relocated in Kenya with only eight mortalities.
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Air pollution is ranked fourth globally as a risk factor for death and pollution mortalities are expected to increase.
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For example, the North Atlantic right whale, with less than 22019 animals, has suffered an unprecedented number of mortalities this year.
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The number of gun deaths that year reached the highest level since at least 1979, when record-keeping on firearm mortalities began.
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These mortalities followed the discovery of eight dead young bearded seals on St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea in early May.
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The predictions are derived, in part, from United Nations data on the expected number of mortalities and total populations for every country.
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The delisting proposal mandates that if the bear populations ever fall beneath 600, all hunting or "discretionary mortalities" would have to cease.
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Bears should be delisted only if they will be protected from human-caused mortalities and their habitat will be protected, expanded and connected.
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The factors which caused the most premature mortalities were high blood pressure, high body mass index, high blood sugar, tobacco use and alcohol use, the researchers said.
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"We have already exceeded the 1999 number of gray whale mortalities along the U.S. West Coast, including Alaska," NOAA public affairs officer Julie Speegle wrote in an email.
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In Congress, the pending SAVE Right Whales Act of 2019 would provide $5 million annually for collaborative research into preventing mortalities caused by the fishing and shipping industries.
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An estimated 83 percent of right whales have been entangled at least once in their lifetime; 65 percent of the right whale mortalities in 2017 were due to entanglements.
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"The substantial reductions in mortalities and economic losses due to typhoons in north and east Asia over the last three decades can be attributed to big data applications," Alisjahbana said.
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"Due to the extended and record temperatures experienced over the last two weeks, Baker Commodities' usual processing capacity was overwhelmed by an abnormally high level of mortalities," the advisory states.
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Yet Vidal's death -- and potentially dozens if not hundreds of others -- is yet to be counted by Puerto Rico as it creates a list of mortalities related to the Category 4 storm.
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These uncertainties explain the wide range of estimates involved: premature mortalities range from 3,000 to 12,700; local pollution impacts from $30 to $113 billion; CO4.03 climate impacts from $5 to $107 billion.
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In addition to likely underreporting infant mortalities and people who never bore children, genealogy data skews toward families that have the privilege of accessing and maintaining a detailed history, Dr. Merchant said.
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Under this scenario, the number of accounts belonging to deceased users would significantly increase in non-Western nations, particularly African countries, with Nigeria becoming a major hub of "Facebook mortalities," the study said.
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As well as the immediate mortality that's caused by the fire, there's going to be ongoing mortalities as the result of starvation — there will be nothing to eat — and the lack of shelter.
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Air pollution caused more than 2000 million premature deaths in 2590, with more than half of those occurring in China and India, according to a new study, and pollution mortalities are expected to continue rising.
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Air pollution caused more than 5.5 million premature deaths in 2013, with more than half of those occurring in China and India, according to a new study, and pollution mortalities are expected to continue rising.
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Public outcry over dolphin bycatch in tuna fisheries spurred passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act and led to dolphin-safe tuna labeling, which ultimately reduced dolphin mortalities from half a million to about 1,000 animals annually.
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Expectant; or, American women are more likely to diein childbirth than women in any other developed country and black women make up fifty percent of those mortalities When I reached St. Peter, he was too small to crawl.
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That a massacre with more than 50 mortalities like the one in Christchurch did not occur was down to luck, the good internal security measures taken by the Jewish community and the fact that the assassin's weapon failed on several occasions.
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The monitoring group said that it had documented these mortalities among a total of 4,643 deaths resulting from Operation Inherent Resolve, which the coalition launched on September 23, 2519 with a mission to "degrade and defeat" the Islamic State group in Syria and Iraq.
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The monitoring group said that it had documented these mortalities among a total of 4,643 deaths resulting from Operation Inherent Resolve, which the coalition launched on September 23, 2014 with a mission to "degrade and defeat" the Islamic State group in Syria and Iraq.
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Arps, Walter E. (2008). Maryland Mortalities 1876-1915 from the (Baltimore) Sun Almanac. Heritage Books, p. 65.
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Keran, D. (1981). The incidence of man-caused and natural mortalities to raptors. Raptor Research, 15 :108–112.
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They have been observed in "mass mortalities", where millions of T. libellula wash up dead on the coast.
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In 2016, there were 8,389 new cases and 1,000 mortalities attributed to Hodgkin Lymphoma, a decrease from the 8,625 new cases and 1,120 mortalities in 2015. As of January 1, 2016, the 5-year limited duration prevalence of Hodgkin Lymphoma was 37,513 representing 0.71% of all diagnosed cancers in the U.S.
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Tang et al. (2000) confirmed this by showing no mortalities in IHHNV- challenged Super Shrimp post larvae and juveniles.
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Mortalities are both more intense and identifiable within eel farms than in the wild. Thus, it is difficult to compare losses between wild and farmed eels. The best documented cases of mass A. anguilla mortalities are from the summer of 1991, in Lake Balaton, Hungary, and the Vranov reservoir in the Czech Republic. during 1994.
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Fish will breathe rapidly and laboriously as a sign of gill damage. Anorexia and lethargy are common, as are mortalities, especially in young fish.
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Lastly, the term "dolphin-safe" has been modified to mean no dolphin mortalities occurred, instead of banning tuna caught through the use of purse-seine nets.
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In 2008, 45% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults were current daily smokers. Smoking is one of the main factors contributing to chronic disease. Amongst Indigenous Australians 1 in 5 mortalities are caused by smoking. If the number of smoking Indigenous Australians is reduced to equal the number of non-smoking non-Indigenous individuals there is a potential decrease of 420 mortalities among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.
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Speght also published a volume of poetry, Mortalities Memorandum with a Dreame Prefixed (London, 1621), a Christian reflection on death and a defence of the education of women.
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West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. Charleston, West Virginia. 10pp. Based on otter sightings, sign and trap mortalities, the river otter is known to be successfully reestablished in the state.
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The sudden changes in salinity caused mass mortalities of this fauna, and also brought marine species such as orthocone cephalopods, polychaete worms and conodonts, which are also found fossilised here.
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Atlantic sturgeon are now a threatened species. Management of the species is largely based on the restriction of fishing of the species. This helps limit fishing mortalities of sturgeon to bycatch.
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Outbreaks can result in high mortalities among young animals. Disease most commonly result in weight loss that can delay growth of the animal and affect the success as a production animal.
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Mortalities Memorandum is a Christian meditation on death written in the conventional Protestant style of moral essay. Speght uses both classical and scriptural references in her poem to urge the reader to meditate on and prepare for death. The two poems are most often studied separately as unrelated works because of their differences in style, tone and stated purpose. However, as a preface, some say that The Dreame cannot help but influence the reader's interpretation of Mortalities Memorandum.
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However, until today, how democratic institutions affect human well-being, particularly people's health is still argued. Existing evidences are not robust or strong in providing critical insights into the significance of democratic institutions on achieving better life expectancies and reducing mortalities (Besley and Kudamatsu, 2006). Life expectancies have increased dramatically and mortalities have significant reduced over the years. Such progress has been mostly attributed to increasing income per capita (Li and Zhu, 2006), improved medical technologies and interventions (Papageorgiou et al.
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The majority of oreodonts are presumed to have lived in herds, as suggested by the thousands of individuals in the various mass mortalities seen in the White River Badlands, Nebraska Oreodont beds, or Chula Vista, California.
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Cluster sampling is used to estimate high mortalities in cases such as wars, famines and natural disasters.David Brown, Study Claims Iraq's 'Excess' Death Toll Has Reached 655,000, Washington Post, Wednesday, October 11, 2006. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
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Steidinger hypothesized that the presence of brevetoxin found in dolphin mortalities and prey mortalities in 1987-1988 were in part due to brevetoxin transfer through fish. While dangerous levels of brevetoxins have not been found in the muscles of live fish to date, the internal organs of fish are highly susceptible to dangerous levels of toxicity and should not be eaten. It is conjectured that chronic low-level exposure to brevetoxin metabolites can occur through shellfish and fish, although the effects of this have not been studied in detail and remain largely unknown.
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Cannibalism among layer hen flocks is highly variable; when it is not problematic, mortalities among production systems are generally similar. Published data on the prevalence of cannibalism could be misleading due to the inclusion of vent-pecking by some researchers but not others. Mortalities, due mainly to cannibalism, can be up to 15% in egg-laying flocks housed in aviaries,Hill, J.A. (1986). Egg production in alternative systems - a review of recent research in the UK. Research and Development in Agriculture, 3: 13-18 straw yards,Gibson, S.W., Dun, P. and Hughes, B.O., (1988).
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Post-dispersal in Bulgaria, the most significant cause of juvenile mortality per radio-tagging studies was shown to be electrocution (59% of the mortalities), followed by poisoning and shooting. The radio-tracking studies of Bulgarian juveniles showed survival rates were 59.1% in the 1st year of life, 83.3% for the 2nd year, 80% for the 3rd year. Furthermore, 50% of the mortalities of the Bulgarian juveniles occurred in Bulgaria while 43% occurred after they’d migrated to Turkey.Stoychev, S., Demerdzhiev, D., Spasov, S., Dobrev, D., & Meyburg, B. U. (2014).
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Around the same time, Marteilia sydneyi was also found to be causing mortalities in Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerate) in Australia (Perkins & Wolf, 1976). There has been some success in breeding strains of Sydney rock oyster that are resistant to Marteilia ('QX disease').
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The small size of the eels (<50 cm long) due to the high eel density in the lake actually prevented high parasite loads, and the absence of mosquito insecticides in this case is thought to help explain the lack of mass mortalities.
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Grigson, Aubrey Herbert, died 27 April 1942 aged 41. CWGC. among them John Grigson.Grigson, John William Boldero, died 3 July 1943 aged 50. CWGC. This was one of the highest mortalities suffered by any British family during the conflicts of the 20th century.
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Furthermore, surveys done in 1999 and 2000 showed a near total mortality of A. tenuifolia at all depths. Similar patterns occurred in other coral species as well. Measurements on water turbidity suggest that these mortalities were attributed to rising water temperatures rather than solar radiation.
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This page lists mortalities from battles and individual military operations or acts of violence, sorted by death toll. For wars and events more extensive in scope, see List of wars and disasters by death toll. For natural disasters, see List of natural disasters by death toll.
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Prior to this, the last death of a participant was in 1983 in Torredembarra. There have only ever been four recorded mortalities from participating in castells. Since the introduction of the helmets, there have been no cases of traumatic brain injury among children participating in castells.
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11 pp. Studies from tropical forest regions suggest that reptiles and amphibians are numerically amongst the most frequently road-killed taxa.Wang, Yun, Z.J. Piao, L. Guan, X.Y. Wang, Y.P. Kong and J. Chen (2013) Road mortalities of vertebrate species on Ring Changbai Mountain Scenic Highway, Jilin Province, China.
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Analysis of bird mortality caused by transport incidents In flight safety management. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 8(4), 351-356.Yun, W., Piao, Z.J., Lei, G., Wang, X.Y., Kong, Y. P., & Jiding, C. (2013). Road mortalities of vertebrate species on Ring Changbai Mountain Scenic Highway, Jilin Province, China.
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In another study, siblicide accounted for 7% of 41 nestling mortalities in southwestern Idaho. 6 (40%) of 15 nestling losses in nests in Central Europe were from cainism.Kropil, R. and M. Majda. (1996). "Causes of low productivity in the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos in the central West Carpathians", pp.
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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 35, 587-596. Affected fish stocks can suffer from mortalities reaching 100%. Fish die from starvation as nutrient uptake and passage of food through infected intestines is limited. Infections in the skin cause large, irregular tumour-like lesions bearing cysts with spores.
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San Diego pocket mice have a lifespan ranging from four months to two years in the wild. Mortalities often result from predation, which increases in the spring when mice are actively foraging, reproducing and defending territories. In captive studies without predation, individuals have been known to live up to six years.
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With regards to political will, a highly contested issue is the legalisation of abortion. The current restrictions on abortions has led to many women receiving the procedure illegally and often via untrained staff. These operations have been estimated to contribute to over 30% of maternal mortalities in Kenya.Amissah et al.
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Waluga D (1983) Preliminary investigations on carp sphaerosporosis. Medycyna Veterynaryjna 39: 399−403. causing secondary bacterial infections and resulting in osmoregulatory and respiratory failure. Mortalities can reach 100% but little is known about the overall distribution of the parasite species in European carp ponds or its economic impact on carp aquaculture.
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In these biofilms it is often found together with Staphylococcus aureus. Such multispecies infections lead to higher mortalities. In addition hospital-acquired infections by C. albicans have become a cause of major health concerns. Especially once candida cells are introduced in the bloodstream a high mortality, up to 40–60% can occur.
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Since 1996, reported incidences of death due to injury have increased drastically in corollary to increasing number of vehicles. According to the health data from MOH, being male and being a motorcycle rider contributed most significantly to the burden, accounting for 80% and 67% of all mortalities due to injuries in 2010, respectively.
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A presumptive diagnosis can be made in flocks of laying hens, usually based on a history of decreasing egg production, anaemia and mortalities in young or ill birds. Blood spots on eggs indicate infestation within the cloaca of an affected hen. Definitive diagnosis is only achieved following identification of eggs, feces or the mites themselves.
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There has also been efforts by local government to address climate change related issues. For instance, some local governments have invested in shelters to reduce cyclone-related mortalities. People’s perception on impact of salinity on trees and agricultural crops in the coastal area of Bangladesh shows salinity negatively affects the growth of plant species greatly.
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Pasteurellosis is also described as photobacteriosis (due to the change in the taxonomic position), is caused by the halophilic bacterium Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (formerly Pasteurella piscicida). It was first isolated in mortalities occurring in natural populations of white perch (Morone americanus) and striped bass (M. saxatilis) in 1963 in Chesapeake Bay, USA (Snieszko et al.
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The virus was reported for the first time during the years 1989-1991 when it was associated with high mortalities in young marine fish and was described initially as a picornavirus-like virus. It was discovered almost simultaneously in Australia, Norway, France and Japan.Bloch, B., Gravningen, K. & Larsen, J. L. (1991). Encephalomyelitis among turbot associated with picornavirus-like agent.
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Such multispecies infections lead to higher mortalities. In addition hospital- acquired infections by C. albicans have become a cause of major health concerns. A high mortality rate of 40-60% is associated with systemic infection. The best-studied of these are Candida species due to their ability to become pathogenic in immunocompromised and even in healthy hosts.
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Although there is very little information on the biological generation of ROS in marine surface waters, several species of marine phytoplankton have recently been shown to release significant amounts of ROS into the environment. This ROS has the potential to harm nearby organisms, and, in fact, has been implicated as the cause of massive fish, bacteria, and protist mortalities.
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Due to this success, beginning in 2015, pygmy rabbits are being released into a second recovery area located on the private land of The Nature Conservancy Preserve in Grant County. Released pygmy rabbits are closely monitored to collect data on breeding, habitat use, survival, mortalities and other factors to modify reintroduction techniques and adaptively manage the newly-formed population.
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As of 2014, no such studies have been undertaken. The fishery uses large purse seine nets up to 1 km in length to catch sardines. Bycatch mortalities of the fishery include the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) which is a protected species under state and federal legislation. The species is protected federally under the Environment Protection Biodiversity & Conservation Act.
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The maximum level of survival for eggs, embryos, and larvae is at . Studies have shown that high mortalities are seen at temperatures of or higher. In order for spawning to occur, water temperature should be above . Spawning normally lasts between nine and twenty- three days, but can continue past this as long as the water temperature remains below .
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By 2009, the risk of dying while crossing the border in Arizona was 17 times greater than it was a decade earlier, according to one analysis by the American Civil Liberties Union. The current plans for increased border security will heighten this tension. Although illegal border crossings have decreased in recent years, mortalities while crossing have increased.
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The disease was once considered as "benign" in the literature, in comparison to East Coast fever. With the introduction of European breeds into the region, however, it could become of major economic incidence. With mortalities up to 50 to 80 percent in the 1980s (L. Mahin). An efficient treatment with parvaquone, then buparvaquone became available in many countries from the mid-1990s.
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Crassulaceans are one of the prime sources of bufadienolide cardiac glycosides (including daigremontianin) responsible for an estimated 33% of cattle mortalities related to plant poisoning in South Africa. Crassulacean bufadienolides cause cardiac poisoning, but repeated small doses cause a condition called cotyledonosis, an intoxication affecting nervous and muscular systems of small animals, particularly, sheep in the Karoo area of South Africa.
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Surface abnormalities were observed in wild adult geoducks, but the pathogen or pathogens could not be identified. However, a protozoan parasite (Isonema sp) was believed to be the causal agent of cultured geoduck larvae mortalities at a Washington experimental hatchery.Kent, M.L., R.A. Elston, T.A. Nerad and T.K. Sawyer. 1987. An Isonema-like flagellate (Protozoa: Mastigophora) infection in larval geoduck clams, Panope abrupta.
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Instead of reducing numbers through direct mortalities, fishing activities have disrupted the reproductive output of the northeastern pantropical spotted dolphin. The fishing had a negative impact on calf survival rates and/or birth rates. This could be caused when fishing operations separate mothers from their suckling calves, interfere with the conception or gestation of calves, or a combination of the two.
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Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods. With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable. Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being. Short term implications include mortalities, injuries and diseases, while long term implications include non- communicable diseases and psychosocial health aspects.
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Aviary systems and conventional cages for laying hens - effects on production, egg quality, health and bird location in 3 hybrids. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A-Animal Science, 45: 191-203 leading to a lowered trend in mortality as compared to non-cage systems. Cannibalism among flocks is highly variable and when it is not problematic, then mortalities among production systems are similar.
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After the massive manhunt, the ROK announced that 110 North Korean commandos had been killed, while seven remained under strict surveillance. Conversely, the ROK sustained 63 mortalities, 23 of whom were civilians. The other southerners killed included army recruits, reserved police forces, and militiamen. One famous casualty was the death of Lee Seung- bok at his home in the Gybang Mountain.
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It appears that PMA activates the hypothalamus much more strongly than MDMA and other drugs like ephedrine, thereby causing rapid increases in body temperature (which is the major cause of death in PMA mortalities).Jaehne EJ, Salem A, Irvine RJ. Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and related amphetamines on autonomic and behavioral thermoregulation. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2005 Jul;81(3):485-96.
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In addition to the hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) and eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), the silver-haired bat is one of the three tree bat species most commonly killed at wind energy facilities (over 75% of the mortalities).Arnett, E. B. 2008. Patterns of fatality of bats at wind energy facilities in North America. Journal of Wildlife Management. 72:61–78.
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In terms of total mortality, though figures vary, one scholar estimates 1.5 million deaths as a reasonable estimate. This number includes the post-famine mortality. Starvation was not the only factor; a significant number of deaths are attributable to cholera, malaria and diarrheic diseases. As with most famines, weakened, disease-susceptible conditions resulted in high post-famine mortalities of over 450,000.
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Protozoal-related mortality,Barbieri, M. M., Kashinsky, L., Rotstein, D. S., Colegrove, K. M., Haman, K. H., Magargal, S. L., ... & Littnan, C. L. (2016). Protozoal-related mortalities in endangered Hawaiian monk seals Neomonachus schauinslandi. Diseases of aquatic organisms, 121(2), 85-95. specifically due to toxoplasmosis are becoming a great threat to the recovery of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal and other native Hawaiian marine life.
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Frank, L., Hemson, G., Kushnir, H., & Packer, C. (2006, January). Lions, conflict and conservation in Eastern and Southern Africa. In The Eastern and Southern African Lion Conservation Workshop (pp. 11–13). Other wild animals responsible for more annual human mortalities either attack humans in self-defense, as do venomous snakes, or are deadly only as vectors of disease or infection, such as snails, ratsBenedictow, O. J. (2004).
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Most blooms are several kilometers long and last one to several months. Blooms can form in coastal or oceanic waters, most frequently when the water has been still for some time and surface temperatures exceed 27 °C. Trichodesmium blooms release carbon, nitrogen and other nutrients into the environment. Some species of Trichodesmium have been shown to release toxins which cause mortalities in some copepods, fish, and oysters.
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Viral nervous necrosis can have a clinical or sub-clinical presentation. Signs include: abnormal behaviour like lethargy, anorexia, spiral swimming; and change in pigmentation. Mortalities of affected populations can be of up to 100%. Microscopical lesions are mostly located in brain, retina and spinal cord where necrosis of the neurons and the presence of round empty spaces called vacoules are commonly associated with the disease.
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This parasite causes various pathologies, including tissue damage of the tongue, growth defects, anaemia, decrease in mean host weight and size and increased mortalities in farmed and wild fish populations. It has not been observed to impair feed intake in pre- and harvest-sized fish. Instead, the decrease in fingerlings’ weight is likely attributed to the suspected hematophagous nature of the parasite. Athanassopoulou et al.
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Many such mortalities are due to wire collisions and electrocutions, which are likely increase especially as populations expand and move into areas closer to human habitations.Matsyna, A. I., Matsyna, E. L., Matsyna, A. A., Grishutkin, G. F., & Spiridonov, S. N. (2010). Estimating the Efficiency of Bird Protection Activities on Power Lines 6--10 kV in the National Park of" Smolny", Russia. Raptors Conservation, (20).
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Mortalities are not uncommon when it comes to floods. The Countries with lower incomes are more likely to have more fatalities, because of the lack of resources they have and the supplies to prepare for a flood. This does depend on the type and properties of the flood. For example, if there is a flash flood it would not matter how prepared you are.
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A more common reversal is interspecific killing among predators. Some species may experience 68% of their known mortalities from being killed by other predators. It is possible that one predator species may kill another and not the other way around, or both species may kill each other. Killing among predators can reduce populations, even to the point of extinction, and may reduce or enhance prey populations.
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The plague had a devastating effect on Europe's social structure; it induced people to live for the moment as illustrated by Giovanni Boccaccio in The Decameron (1353). It was a serious blow to the Roman Catholic Church and led to increased persecution of Jews, beggars, and lepers.National Geographic, 223. The plague is thought to have returned every generation with varying virulence and mortalities until the 18th century.
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At age 24, Speght published Mortalities Memorandum with a Dreame Prefixed (London, 1621), a volume of two poems that urge and offer a Christian meditation on death, and defend the education of women. She dedicates it to her godmother, Mary Hill Moundford. The piece received little attention compared to A Mouzell for Melastomus. Speght gives more insight into her sense of self in her volume of poetry.
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When the algae are present in high concentrations, the water may appear to be discolored or murky. The most conspicuous effects of red tides are the associated wildlife mortalities and harmful human exposure. The production of natural toxins such as brevetoxins and ichthyotoxins are harmful to marine life. Effects of red tides can worsen locally due to wind driven Langmuir circulation and their biological effects.
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She also responds briefly to his tract in her second publication, Mortalities Memorandum. The second response came in 1617 from a writer under the pseudonym Esther Sowernam ("Sour"nam, as opposed to "Sweet"nam). Ester Hath Hang'd Haman is most notable for its reasoned and well-ordered argument. Next, also in 1617, was Worming of a Mad Dogge, by a writer under the pseudonym Constantia Munda.
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The small numbers of injured individuals observed near Mayotte suggests that either interactions with the pelagic longline fishery in this region are rare for this species, or that individuals are more often killed rather than injured. Mortalities are also likely in other countries where gill- or driftnet fisheries occur, however data on bycatch in many regions are sparse. Animals caught as bycatch are sometimes used as bait in fisheries.
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Also buried at the church was the eminent physician Dr Thomas Moundeford (1550–1630). A longtime resident of Milk Street, Moundeford was six times President of the Royal College of Physicians and personal physician to Arbella Stuart. His wife Mary Moundeford (nėe Hill) died aged 94 in 1656 and was also buried in St Mary's. She was godmother to Rachel Speght, who dedicated her poem Mortalities Memorandum to her.
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The lack of monitoring population dynamics and over-generalised management practices has caused concerns over the commercial sustainability of this species. Weirs built into inland waterways are another threat to R. leporina. Their purpose is to alter the water flow to reduce flooding, slow down the water's velocity, and raise water levels upstream. Weirs can cause mortalities and intercept flounders migrating from inland waterways, to offshore areas for spawning.
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Many of these blooms consist of more than one type of Karenia species. The cause of the blooms is still poorly understood. When a large bloom occurs, resources become limited, and this means greater competition for space and sunlight between several marine organisms—as the genus Karenia start dying they release their neurotoxins, which can kill fish and other organisms. The dense blooms can also cause animal mortalities through anoxia.
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The prognosis of dysautonomia depends on several factors; individuals with chronic, progressive, generalized dysautonomia in the setting of central nervous system degeneration such as Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy have a generally poorer long-term prognosis. Consequently, dysautonomia could be fatal due to pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, or sudden cardiopulmonary arrest. Autonomic dysfunction symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis, and gustatory sweating are more frequently identified in mortalities.
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Irrawaddy dolphins inhabit freshwater environments making them subject to anthropogenic threats. They include mortality from bycatch (specifically gillnets); habitat degradation caused by: dams, deforestation, and mining; contact with vessels; and capture for live aquarium display. Irrawaddy dolphin have also been hunted in the past in certain areas including the Mekong and Mahakam Rivers. Other potential threats include noise pollution in nearby cities and the possibility of mass pathogen induced mortalities.
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Complications of unsafe abortion account for approximately an eighth of maternal mortalities worldwide, though this varies by region. Secondary infertility caused by an unsafe abortion affects an estimated 24 million women. The rate of unsafe abortions has increased from 44% to 49% between 1995 and 2008. Health education, access to family planning, and improvements in health care during and after abortion have been proposed to address this phenomenon.
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For ungulates, mass mortalities are not uncommon. In the 1980s, several saiga die-offs occurred, and between 2010 and 2014, one occurred every year. The deaths could be linked to calving aggregation, which is when they are most vulnerable. More recent research involving a mass die-off in 2015 indicates warmer weather and attendant humidity caused bacteria common in saiga antelopes to move into the bloodstream and cause hemorrhagic septicemia.
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Diagnosis can be confirmed by clinical examination and laboratory tests. In most cases treatment needs to be started before getting the laboratory test results as the confirmation of diagnosis may take several days. First symptoms are usually muscular weakness, soreness and stiffness causing problems with walking and breathing. Within hours of first symptoms horse may be unable to stand and in 72 hours of the onset of signs mortalities may occur.
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Juveniles hatch after 15–20 days. Maturity is reached when the shell reaches full adult form, which in France is after one year. This snail is comparatively slow-growing, usually taking three years to develop from an egg to a breeding adult. The life-span for this species is up to seven or eight years, with annual survival rates of about 50% (= 3% in five years, older adults suffer higher mortalities).
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Also, available evidence from the "Interim Report: Bat Interactions with Wind Turbines at the Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota Wind Resource Area: 2001 Field Season," shows that most bat mortalities caused by wind turbines occur during the fall to migrant and dispersing bats and not to resident breeding populations. It was concluded by this same study that 2.45 to 3.21 bats die per turbine which is lower than the number of bat deaths by lighthouses, communication towers, tall buildings, power lines, and fences.Mike Sagrillo,"Interim Report: Bat Interactions with Wind Turbines at the Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota Wind Resource Area: 2001 Field Season", In 1996, Western EcoSystems Technolygy was contracted by Northern States Power to create an avian monitoring program for Buffalo Ridge. Its primary goals for Buffalo Ridge were to evaluate the risks to avian species by monitoring the wind power development and its effect on the avian species while at the same time using that information to reduce avian mortalities on Buffalo Ridge.
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Salmon with fungal disease Whales, porpoises and dolphins are susceptible to fungal diseases but these have been little researched in the field. Mortalities from fungal disease have been reported in captive killer whales; it is thought that stress due to captive conditions may have been predisposing. Transmission among animals in the open sea may naturally limit the spread of fungal diseases. Infectious fungi known from killer whales include Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Saksenaea vasiformis.
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Health in Qatar has undergone significant improvement in the last several decades as a result of substantial investments in healthcare by the government. Child mortalities have been reduced by over fifty percent since the 1990s. Qatar's healthcare spending is among the highest in the Middle East, with $4.7 billion being invested in healthcare in 2014. The country's progress in health is hampered by exceedingly high rates of obesity, diabetes and genetic disorders.
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French authorities decided not to use dispersants in sensitive areas or the coastal fringe where water depth was less than . Had dispersant been applied from the air in the vicinity of the spill source, the formation of mousse might have been prevented. At the time, Amoco Cadiz incident resulted in the largest loss of marine life ever recorded from an oil spill. Mortalities of most animals occurred over the two months following the spill.
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Slightly more than half of the lung cancer deaths caused by factors other than first-hand smoking were found in nonsmokers. Lung cancer in non-smokers may well be considered one of the most common cancer mortalities in the United States. Clinical epidemiology of lung cancer has linked the primary factors closely tied to lung cancer in non- smokers as exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, carcinogens including radon, and other indoor air pollutants.
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When hares were scarce, great horned owls in these regions fed mostly on large rodents, mice and voles, grouse and ducks. Because fewer of these alternative prey species are available in boreal forest during winter, owls had to emigrate or suffer high mortalities if they stayed.Adamcik, R. S., A. W. Todd, and L. B. Keith. 1978. Demographic and dietary responses of Great Horned Owls during a snowshoe hare cycle. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 92:156-166.
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Senegal was the world's biggest exporter of wild-caught birds. They estimated 20 million wild birds were caught annually for the export trade, 50% dying before export. Once the air transport and quarantine mortalities were considered, they estimated four out of five wild-caught birds died before sale to the public. The footage and photographs were used widely around the world and formed the basis of EIA's and other organisations' campaigns for years to come.
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PIM2 is a scoring system for rating the severity of medical illness for children, one of several ICU scoring systems. Its name stands for "Paediatric Index of Mortality". It has been designed to provide a predicted mortality for a patient by following a well defined procedure. Predicted mortalities are good when dealing with several patients, because the average predicted mortality for a group of patients is an indicator for the morbidity of these patients.
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In the spring of 1959, the MSX appeared in Chesapeake Bay. Within 3 years, more than 90% of the oysters in the lower bay were affected. Salinities of at least 15 ppt are considered necessary for infection with MSX, and salinities of about 20 ppt usually are necessary to elicit high oyster mortalities. The presence of H. nelsoni in the Chesapeake Bay has hindered attempts to return eastern oyster harvests to historic levels.
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Originally beginning as an experiment to measure how many rats could be accommodated in a given space, it expanded into determining how rats, given the proper food, shelter and bedding would behave under a confined environment. Under these circumstances, the males became aggressive, some exclusively homosexual. Others became pansexual and hypersexual, seeking every chance to mount any rat they encountered. As a result, mating behaviors were upset with an increase in infant mortalities.
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"Dermo" (Perkinsus marinus) is a marine disease of oysters, caused by a protozoan parasite. It is a prevalent pathogen of oysters, causing massive mortality in oyster populations, and poses a significant economic threat to the oyster industry. Multinucleated sphere X (MSX) (Haplosporidium nelsoni), another protozoan, was first described along the mid-Atlantic coast in 1957. Mortalities can reach 90% to 95% of the oyster population within 2 to 3 years of being seeded.
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"Apart from that finding, patterns of environmental injustice in Tijuana found that children and recent migrants were most at risk to industrial hazards near their homes." Important to note is the mortality rate of those attempting to illegally cross the border. Since 2006, when the Secure Fence Act was introduced, crossing mortalities have exponentially increased. In the last 15 years, around 3,600-5,100 people have been killed attempting to cross the border.
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Many native plants have been known to have poor establishment in soils with high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. This coincides with the observation that fertiliser application immediately after transplant of waratahs in the field often leads to high mortalities. Other studies have reported a strong growth response to high nutrient levels, particularly phosphorus. As yet, the details of this response are not yet clear and suggest a complex nitrogen- phosphorus relationship.
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White-nose syndrome is one of the worst wildlife diseases in recent history that is currently decimating North American cave-hibernating bat populations. This epidemic is responsible for mass mortalities in hibernating North American bats, and is caused by a uniquely cold-adapted fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans. The fungus begins to grow on bats during the winter hibernation season, when bats are in torpor and immune-compromised. The body temperature of a hibernating bat is the optimal fungal growth environment.
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Grayson stated in his 1990 mortality study that one-year-old Elizabeth Graves was one of the casualties, but she was rescued by the second relief. Several historians and other authorities have studied the mortalities to determine what factors may affect survival in nutritionally deprived individuals. Of the fifteen members of the snowshoe party, eight of the ten men who set out died (Stanton, Dolan, Graves, Murphy, Antonio, Fosdick, Luis, and Salvador), but all five women survived.
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Extracts from this plant can be used to kill ticks, including Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum, and an application of a 50% concentrated oil extract on rabbit ears caused a complete inhibition of attachment by adult R. appendiculatus and A. variegatum for at least 4 days. When applied on ticks on cattle in the field, the 50% oil extract induced 100% and 50% mortalities in adult R. appendiculatus and A. variegatum, respectively, by 2 days post- application.
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Climate change and acid rain have also been implicated in this species decline in Fennoscandia. In addition, motor vehicles have been cited as a cause of Apollo butterfly mortalities; vehicles on a motorway system near Bolzano in South Tyrol, Italy, are said to have nearly wiped out a race of the Apollo. In Finland, the Apollo was one of the first species of insects declared endangered. The Apollo population in Finland and Sweden decreased drastically during the 1950s.
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All individual tree mortalities are simulated as stochastic events. Recruitment: Trees emerge from seeds, which can originate either from a surrounding forest (constant seed rain) or from mother trees within the same forest stand. As seeds need a certain amount of light to germinate, their development might be hindered by shading of other trees. In that case, seeds are accumulated in the soil of a patch (seedbank) for a certain time until the light conditions are appropriate for germination.
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Alexander Panagopoulos is a Greek environmentalist and shipping entrepreneur. He is the chairman and chief executive officer of Arista Maritime Inc. He was previously elected as chairman of High Level Ferry Group of ECSA. He is founder of Forwards Ships, an environmental initiative to convert the maritime industry from bunker fuel to liquified natural gas, with aim to cut ship emissions of atmospheric nitrogen oxide by 80%, and particulate matter by 99% both major contributors of air pollution mortalities.
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In waterbodies where strong cyanobacterial blooms occur, reproduction can be suppressed altogether because cyanobacterial toxins (microcystin) engender massive larval mortalities. Typical yearly cycles of larval production in Japan and in South America, and mean monthly water temperature The golden mussel's life span is around 2 years. Growth is fastest during the summer, decreasing sharply in winter. During the first year mussels typically grow to ~20 mm, reaching ~25–30 mm at the end of the second year.
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Since the investigation in Vado in 1983 he has led teams all over the world. His teams' findings include uncovering wild primates smuggled to British laboratories from Gambia, massive mortalities in wild birds caught for pets in Senegal. From 1987–1989 he was undercover in Dubai and Ajman (UAE), Tanzania, Kenya, Singapore and Hong Kong posing as a journalist, photographer, tourist or ivory dealer. His work helped uncover the trade routes and dealers in poached ivory.
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An outbreak of a gastrointestinal illness in Spain which was causing mortalities in humans has been linked to western jackdaws. During a post-mortem on an affected bird, a polyomavirus was isolated from the spleen. The illness appeared to be a co-infection of this with Salmonella and the virus has been provisionally named the crow polyomavirus (CPyV). Segmented filamentous bacteria have been isolated from the small intestine of a western jackdaw, although their pathogenicity or role is unknown.
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Periods of anomalously high temperatures during the warmest part of the year can stimulate coral bleaching and mass mortalities and are considered one of the greatest existential threats to shallow-water coral reef ecosystems. For MCEs that are exposed to the UML during warm water temperature periods, their fate may be linked directly to shallow-water reefs. Since shallow- water corals and MCEs in this situation share similar temperature profiles, their thermal tolerance limits (bleaching thresholds) may be similar.
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McCleery RA, Sovie A, Reed RN, Cunningham MW, Hunter ME, Hart KM (2015) Marsh rabbit mortalities tie pythons to the precipitous decline of mammals in the Everglades.PROC B, 282, 1805, in press Comparisons of road surveys conducted in 1996-1997 (prior to proliferation) and 2003-2011 (after proliferation) indicated declines from 88% to 100% in the frequency of raccoon, opossum, bobcat, rabbit, fox, and other mammalian species sightings. These declines were concordant with the spatial geography of python spread.
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In 2005 there was an outbreak of acute ganglioneuritis in an Australian population of the edible gastropod mollusc, abalone or Haliotis spp. Potential herpesvirus particles had also been identified previously in Taiwan following mortalities in Haliotis diversicolor. Using transmission electron microscopy, herpes-like particles were observed in ganglia of affected abalone and purified virions from moribund abalone nervous tissues were identified as resembling those of herpesviruses. A diagnostic PCR test was developed to detect the virus in 2010.
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Humans may jam echolocating animals deliberately or accidentally. Recent efforts have been made to develop acoustic jamming deterrents to exclude bats from buildings or bridges, or to keep bats away from wind turbines where large numbers of mortalities occur. These deterrents have been shown to reduce bat activity over a small area. However, scaling up acoustic deterrents to large volumes for applications such as keeping bats away from wind turbines is difficult because of the high atmospheric attenuation of ultrasound.
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PSP toxins have been implicated in various marine animal mortalities involving trophic transfer of the toxin from its algal source up the food chain to higher predators. Studies in animals have shown that the lethal effects of saxitoxin can be reversed with 4-aminopyridine, but there are no studies on human subjects. As with any paralytic agent, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or artificial ventilation of any means will keep a poisoned victim alive until antidote is administered or the poison wears off.
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In Angola, maternal health is affected by many different factors, including the country's history, economic state, and overall prevalence of infectious diseases. The WHO lists the leading causes of maternal death as severe bleeding, infections, high blood pressure during pregnancy, obstructed labor, and unsafe abortions. These causes compose approximately 80 percent of all maternal mortalities worldwide with the vast majority occurring in developing countries. The other remaining factors that contribute to maternal death include malaria, anemia, and HIV/AIDS during pregnancy.
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Umbilical reconstruction can be difficult due to scar tissue and lack of extra skin for surgical use, though this can be overcome by using tissue expanders below the skin and umbilicoplasty. Ultimately, prognosis depends on the size of the defect and whether associated abnormalities are present or complications develop. Mortalities and morbidities still occur, with the mortality rate for large omphaloceles with associated abnormalities being higher. Most surviving omphalocele infants have no-long-term problems and grow up to be normal individuals.
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This protocol requires that three sequential events must be completed prior to surgical incision in order to reduce iatrogenic errors and postoperative complications. The three checkpoints are (1) preoperative verification of procedure and background information, (2) marking of the operative site with a marker and surgeon's initials, and (3) an official timeout for an audible confirmation of patient identity and the procedure to be completed. These regulations have proven to reduce avoidable complications of intraoperative mistakes and resultant postoperative morbidities and mortalities.
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Archbishop Zouche of York issued a warning throughout the diocese in July 1348 (when the epidemic was raging further south) of 'great mortalities, pestilences and infections of the air'. The Great Mortality, as it was then known, entered Yorkshire around February 1349 and quickly spread through the diocese. The clergy were on the front line of the disease, bringing comfort to the dying, hearing final confessions and organising burials. This, almost by necessity, put them at a greater risk of infection.
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At Calgary Zoo, AlbertaTheir many potential nest and brood predators include American black bear, wolverine, gray wolf, mountain lion, red fox, Canada lynx, bald eagle, and common raven. Golden eagles have killed some young whooping cranes and fledglings. The bobcat has killed many whooping cranes in Florida and Texas. In Florida, bobcats have caused the great majority of natural mortalities among whooping cranes, including several ambushed adults and the first chick documented to be born in the wild in 60 years.
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823-833 it was found that when food was limited in a population of crabs infected with daphnia, there were mortalities among the infected population of crabs. This was due to stress within environment, as well as stress within the host (crab body) from parasite infection. Pulkkinen et al. also found that after a period of time there was a corresponding reduction in average size of crabs, and therefore the mortality rate due to malnutrition and environmental stress was reduced.
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The causative agent of white-nose syndrome, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has been detected on a silver-haired bat in Delaware, although this species does not suffer the same mass mortalities observed in smaller-bodied hibernating North American cave bats. Like all bats, silver-haired bats are vulnerable to population threats because of their inherently low reproductive rate.Barclay, R.M.R., J. Ulmer, C.J.A. MacKenzee, M.S. Thompson, L. Olson, J. McCool, E.E. Cropey, and G. Poll. 2004. Variation in the reproductive rate of bats.
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Marine mammals are at risk from entanglement from fishing gear, notably cetaceans, with discard mortalities ranging from 65,000 to 86,000 individuals annually. Attention is being given to endangered species globally, notably through the Convention on Biological Diversity, otherwise known as the Rio Accord, which includes 189 signatory countries that are focused on identifying endangered species and habitats. Another notable conservation organization is the IUCN, which has a membership of over 1,200 governmental and non- governmental organizations. Recent extinctions can be directly attributed to human influences.
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Both mortality events were attributed to an exotic pathogen which spread across the entire Australian population of the fish, reducing the breeding biomass by 70%. Crested tern and gannet populations also suffered following these events. In 1995, 30 dead penguins were found ashore between Waitpinga and Chiton Rocks in the Encounter Bay area. The birds has suffered severe bacterial infections and the mortalities may have been linked to the mass mortality of pilchards that resulted from the spread of an exotic pathogen that year.
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Of the 136, 121 received antivenom, and only four died. Of the 15 who did not receive antivenom, 11 died. This species is an abundant snake in northeastern Iran and is responsible for a very large number of snakebite mortalities. Antivenom is not as effective for envenomation by this species as it is for other Asiatic cobras within the same region, like the Indian cobra (Naja naja) and due to the dangerous toxicity of this species' venom, massive amounts of antivenom are often required for patients.
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Nautilus 90: 65-69. suggested tree snails generally prefer trees with smooth bark rather than trees with rough bark, because it would require less energy to crawl over smooth bark. Voss also believed Orthalicus reses reses would prefer smooth bark because it would make it easier for them to form a secure mucous seal when they were aestivating, resulting in lower mortalities from dehydration or accidental dislodgement. Orthalicus reses reses snails are entirely arboreal except when they move to the forest floor for nesting or traveling.
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Excessive dietary energy intake is believed to be the cause of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome. Heredity may also play a role, but it is not the entire cause for the disease. Birds housed in cages will more likely be affected because they are unable to exercise to burn off the extra dietary energy. A 2019 study showed 74% of caged hens died from FLHS whereas only 0–5% of mortalities in hens from cage- free barn or free-range systems were attributed to this condition.
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To help reduce the number of new cases the ETF instituted a vaccination program targeting those aged 10–24 aiming to re-vaccinate an estimated 15,000 people. As a result of this Tonga was able to achieve a vaccination rate of 90% within the first month of the declared epidemic through the help of UNICEF which provided 14,500 doses of the measles vaccine to Tonga. As of February 2020 there have been 21 hospitalisations and no mortalities relating to measles within the outbreak in Tonga.
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An outbreak of weaponized smallpox occurred during testing in 1971. General Professor Peter Burgasov, former Chief Sanitary Physician of the Soviet Army, and a senior researcher within the program of biological weapons described this incident: :“On Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea, the strongest formulations of smallpox were tested. Suddenly, I was informed that there were mysterious cases of mortalities in Aralsk. A research ship of the Aral fleet had come within 15 km from the island (it was forbidden to come any closer than 40 km).
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The health system in Pakistan is influenced by several factors; communicable, non- communicable diseases, malnutrition in children and women and maternal and child morbidities. Pakistan ranks on no 22 in under 5 mortality rate accounting for 81 U5M (2015) per 1000 live births, whereas infant and neonatal mortalities per 1000 live births were 66 and 46. Maternal mortality ratio is also high at 178 per 100000 live births (2015) and only 52% births were attended by skilled worker. There is a huge imbalance in these figures.
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This parasite was originally a mild pathogen of brown trout in central Europe and other salmonids in northeast Asia, and the spread of the rainbow trout has greatly increased its impact. Having no innate immunity to , rainbow trout are particularly susceptible, and can release so many spores that even more resistant species in the same area, such as , can become overloaded with parasites and incur mortalities of 80 to 90 percent. Where has become well- established, it has caused decline or even elimination of whole cohorts of fish.
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Prior to contact with colonial forces and patrols, the Fore people often engaged in warfare amongst themselves. This warfare occurred between local Fore tribes, usually started by one tribe as a means of retribution or as a preemptive measure to strategically consolidate power in the region. Oftentimes, tribes created alliances with other tribes and were expected to aid their allies in the war effort with food, prayer, and troops. Warfare amongst the Fore led either directly or indirectly to the mortalities of approximately 0.6% of the population, most of whom were younger males.
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Despite his antebellum position as a Henry Clay Whig opposed to secession, Looney raised the 38th Tennessee regiment and led it through two years of campaigns in Tennessee and Georgia. Looney's service at the battle of Shiloh was especially notable. Raging in southwestern Tennessee from the dawn of April 6 through April 7, 1862, the battle of Shiloh christened the Western theater and resulted in more battle mortalities in two days than in all previous American wars combined.Steven E. Woodworth, The Shiloh Campaign (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009), 1.
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APACHE II was designed to measure the severity of disease for adult patients admitted to intensive care units. It has not been validated for use in children or young people aged under 16. This scoring system is used in many ways which include: # Some procedures or some medicine is only given to patients with a certain APACHE II score # APACHE II score can be used to describe the morbidity of a patient when comparing the outcome with other patients. # Predicted mortalities are averaged for groups of patients in order to specify the group's morbidity.
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In-flight mortality: poor weather conditions can significantly decrease bird populations, especially during migration. Most of weather- related in-flight mortalities are due to heavy storms, mist or rain. Passerines and other small sized birds are particularly affected by adverse in-flight weather conditions, but larger birds such as eagles and swans could also be killed. Mortality on breeding grounds: small, insect eating birds contribute to the majority of post-arrival deaths, but many other birds including waders and waterfowls are also distressed by weather changes on breeding grounds.
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Map of countries by fertility rate (2020), according to the Population Reference Bureau Studies show that more than half of the world’s maternal deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. However, progress has been made in this area, as maternal mortality rates have decreased for multiple countries in the region by about half since 1990. Additionally, the African Union in July 2003 ratified the Maputo Protocol, which pledges to prohibit female genital mutilation. The sub-Saharan African region alone accounts for about 45% of global infant and child mortalities.
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In the US, the first recorded P. parvum bloom occurred in 1985 in a semi-arid region of the country (Pecos River, Texas).James T. L., De La Cruz A.. Prymnesium parvum Carter (Chrysophyceae) as a suspect of mass mortalities of fish and shellfish communities in western Texas, Texas Journal of Science, 1989, vol. 41 (pp. 429-430). Since then, the incidence of P. parvum blooms dramatically increased in the US, where the organism has invaded lakes and rivers throughout southern regions and most recently into northern regions.
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"The Trade in Live Wildlife", by Nick Carter and Dave Currey, EIA report, 1987 In November 1991 to promote the bird campaign and shoot new material for a National Geographic documentary, he led a three-person team to Argentina. They documented the trail of capture to export of the blue-fronted amazon parrot. It revealed extreme cruelty, illegality, conservation failures and high unreported mortalities."Flight to Extinction" by Bowles, Currey, Knights, Michels, EIA and Animal Welfare Institute Feb 1992 Within a year of the film showing, the Argentinian quota was set to zero.
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In close confinement, cannibalism, feather pecking and aggression are common among turkeys, ducks, pheasants, quail, and chickens of many breeds (including both heritage breeds and modern hybrids) kept for eggs. The tendency to cannibalism and feather pecking varies among different strains of chickens, but does not manifest itself consistently. Some flocks of the same breed may be entirely free from cannibalism, while others, under the same management, may have a serious outbreak. Mortalities, mainly due to cannibalism, can be up to 15% in egg laying flocks housed in aviaries,Hill, J.A., (1986).
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Retrieved 2014-01-18. In April 2013, the discovery of several sick and dead cormorants near Fisherman's Bay raised public concerns for the health of the Shag Island colony.Mooney, Mark "Bird deaths have locals puzzled" 7 News Adelaide, South Australia (2013-04-30). Retrieved 2014-01-18. The discovery coincided with significant fish and dolphin mortality events around the state, mostly concentrated in Spencer Gulf and Gulf St. Vincent."Fish & Dolphin Mortalities in South Australia March-April 2013 - Final Report" PIRSA, Government of South Australia (2013-05-31). Retrieved 2014-01-18.
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In Kinchega National Park from 1985 to 1987 the life history and population ecology of the tessellated gecko was studied by Klaus Henle. The studies produced data showing there were short peaks of high mortality in spring or summer and low mortalities for the rest of the year, especially in winter when they are restricted or inactive. Dispersal ranges for individuals are from 50–100 m from their birth site. They are most active from the spring months of September through to the end of May before hibernating during winter.
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In 2005, after many years of stillbirths, two infant mortalities, and several premature adult fatalities, the first surviving mother-reared calf, Sittang, succumbed to the virus. This incident occurred one month after an adult female produced a stillborn calf and also perished. Port Lympne's remaining calf, May Tagu, who was born in April 2005, was transferred to Antwerp Zoo following the spate of deaths, along with her mother and one other cow. The remaining adults were moved to Terra Natura in Benidorm, Spain, where many other former Port Lympne elephants reside.
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Haplosporidium nelsoni is a pathogen of oysters that originally caused oyster populations to experience high mortality rates in the 1950s, and still is quite prevalent today. The disease caused by H. nelsoni is also known as MSX (multinucleated unknown or multinuclear sphere X). MSX is thought to have been introduced by experimental transfers of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), which is resistant to this disease. MSX was first described in 1957, when it caused serious mortalities in Delaware Bay. Through extensive studies, an estimated 50% of eastern oyster (C.
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In rural areas, conceiving pregnant women seek the help of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) due to difficulty in accessing formal health services and also high transportation or treatment costs. TBAs are trusted as they embody the cultural and social life of the community. However, the TBAs’ lack of knowledge and training and the use of traditional practices have led to risky medical procedures resulting in high maternal mortalities. In 2006 it was found that some rural areas of Uganda up to 90% of the population uses traditional medicine for day to day healthcare needs.
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Most of these species are well known to have increased in numbers following human disturbance, however. Smaller declines were observed where pythons were only recently documented and the greatest mammalian abundances were observed outside of the python's current range. Burmese pythons were the dominant predator of reintroduced marsh rabbits (Sylvilagus palustris) in Everglades National Park, and predation by pythons extirpated the rabbit population in less than 11 months.McCleery RA, Sovie A, Reed RN, Cunningham MW, Hunter ME, Hart KM (2015) Marsh rabbit mortalities tie pythons to the precipitous decline of mammals in the Everglades.
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In other words, nations in Africa and the Middle East where women have lower economic participation, lower educational attainment, and poorer health and high infant mortalities, rank high if both men and women suffer from these issues equally. If one's goal is to measure progress, prosperity and empowerment of women with equal gender rights, then these indices are not appropriate for ranking or comparing nations. They have limited validity. Instead of rankings, the focus should be on measuring women's development, empowerment and gender parity, particularly by relevant age groups such as children and youth.
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The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development defined reproductive health as noted above. It also defined strategies and goals for advancing such reproductive health and rights in Latin America through what is called the Cairo Programme of Action (CPA). The CPA has three quantitative targets: (1) Reducing overall mortality, which implies an increase in life expectancy, reducing specific mortalities (2) Universal access to education, especially for girls (3) Universal access to reproductive health services, including family planning. Adopted by the region at the conference, some improvements have been seen since the adoption of the CPA.
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Giant devil ray mortalities are mostly reported as bycatch from swordfish nets, and occasionally reported as bycatch from longlines, purse seines, trawls, trammel nets, and tuna traps. There are many threats against the giant devil ray such as fishing, resource harvesting (being taken as bycatch in different fisheries), industrial garbage, and solid waste. The main threats to this species come from pollution in the Mediterranean and bycatch capture in various fishing equipment including trawls, tuna traps, and dragnets meant for swordfish. All species of the genus Mobula have been targeted by recreational and commercial fisheries for centuries.
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Vibrio coralliilyticus is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. It has a polar flagellum that is used for motility and has been shown to be critical for its virulence to corals. It is a versatile pathogen, impacting several marine invertebrates including Pocillopora damicornis corals (hence its name), both the Pacific and Eastern Oyster’s larvae (Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea virginica) and some vertebrates such as the Rainbow Trout. It is a bacterium of considerable interest given its direct contribution to temperature dependent coral bleaching as well as its impacts on aquaculture where it can contribute to significant mortalities in larval oyster hatcheries.
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The protozoan pathogenicity is associated with the trophont attachment to host tissues; trophonts constantly twist and turn, slowly damaging and killing several host cells. They inflict moderate-to-intense tissue reactions associated with serious gill hyperplasia, inflammation, haemorrhages and necrosis with subsequent death in less than 12 hours in heavy infected specimens. However, some mortalities were also documented in subclinical or mild infections as a probable consequence of osmoregulatory impairment and secondary microbial infections due to the serious epithelial damage. Usually host behavioural changes are the first amyloodiniosis symptoms, represented by jerky movements (flashing), pruritus and dyspnoea with gathering at the water surface.
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Melletti M. and Burton J. (eds). 2014. Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation. Cambridge University Press In the past, numbers of African buffaloes suffered their most severe collapse during the great rinderpest epidemic of the 1890s, which, coupled with pleuro-pneumonia, caused mortalities as high as 95% among livestock and wild ungulates. Being a member of the big five game group, a term originally used to describe the five most dangerous animals to hunt, the Cape buffalo is a sought-after trophy, with some hunters paying over $10,000 for the opportunity to hunt one.
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A Saprolegnia infection is usually fatal, eventually causing hemodilution, though the time to death varies depending on the initial site of the infection, rate of growth and the ability of the organism to withstand the stress of the infection. The extensive mortalities of salmon and migratory trout in the rivers of western Europe in the 1970s and 1980s in the UDN outbreak were probably almost all ultimately caused by the secondary Saprolegnia infections. Historical evidence suggest the Saprolegnia species affecting Australian freshwater fish may be an introduced strain, imported in the 1800s with exotic salmonid species.
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Local farmers assisted the emergency services by transporting equipment using quad bikes and four-wheel drive vehicles. Sergeant Jo Fawcett of the Cumbria Constabulary also offered thanks, saying that "There are so many people who have given up their own time to contribute in some way to dealing with the aftermath of the derailment that it would be unfair to name them for fear of missing someone out." Branson also paid tribute to the Pendolino train, comparing it to a "tank". He also added "If the train had been old stock then the number of injuries and the mortalities would have been horrendous".
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In fish models, all clinical forms of lactococcosis show an absence of clinical symptoms and mortalities in fish weighing under 80 grams. Smaller fish can be infected experimentally. In a follow-up study of the pathogenicity of L. garvieae, younger fish at 50 grams underwent a higher mortality than older fish at about 100 grams and the acute period of the disease was reported to be longer in young fish. Numerous investigations of L. garvieae pathogenicity have confirmed that capsulated strains, commonly classified as serotype KG−, are more virulent than non- capsulated strains, commonly classified as serotype KG+.
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The risk of parasite and disease spreading for southern bluefin aquaculture is low to negligible; the modern SBT aquaculture industry has total catch to harvest mortalities of around 2-4%. A diverse range of parasite species has been found hosted by the southern bluefin tuna, with most of the parasites examined posing little or no risk to the health of the farms—with some southern bluefin actually showing antibody responses to epizootics—however, blood fluke and gill fluke have the greatest risk factors. Hypoxia is also a significant issue, and can be escalated due to unforeseen environmental factors such as algal blooms.
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Rats were perhaps not much of a threat to the nests, since dodos would have been used to dealing with local land crabs. It has been suggested that the dodo may already have been rare or localised before the arrival of humans on Mauritius, since it would have been unlikely to become extinct so rapidly if it had occupied all the remote areas of the island. A 2005 expedition found subfossil remains of dodos and other animals killed by a flash flood. Such mass mortalities would have further jeopardised a species already in danger of becoming extinct.
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Prior to greater research being conducted into influenza in the 19th Century, some medical historians considered the descriptions of epidemic "angina" from 1557 to be scarlet fever, whooping cough, and diphtheria. But the most striking features of scarlet fever and diphtheria, like rashes or pseudomembranes, remain unmentioned by any of the 1557 pandemic's observers and the first recognized whooping cough epidemic is a localized outbreak in Paris from 1578. These illnesses can resemble the flu in their early stages but pandemic influenza is distinguished by its fast- moving, unrestricted epidemics of severe respiratory disease affecting all ages with widespread infections and mortalities.
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It is exported as a food source to Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and to Southeast Asia. It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine and there were isolated various compounds with pharmacological activities from Bullacta exarata. Mass mortalities of Bullacta exarata in Zhejiang in 1995 caused economic losses. The species is being cultivated in mariculture, especially in Zhejiang Province, where there was a cultivated area of 8,000 ha in 1999. For example, Bullacta exarata was the main farming species at the farming area of about 10 100 mu (6.73266 km2) in the Cixi City, with an estimated annual output of 15 million RMB.
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The WHO has also developed a global strategy and goal to end preventable death related to maternal mortality. A major goal of this strategy is to identify and address the causes of maternal and reproductive morbidities and mortalities, as well as disabilities related to maternal health outcomes. The collaborations that this strategy introduces are to address the inequalities that are shown with access to reproductive, maternal, and newborn services, as well as the quality of that care. They also ensure that universal health coverage is essential for comprehensive health care services related to maternal and newborn health.
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The removal was considered a success however during this treatment some native fish mortalities occurred due to oxygen depletion levels this caused levels of fish species living within the lagoon to diminish. These declining oxygen levels where attributed to the large amounts of breakdown of the dead Cabomba weed matter caused by the use of the herbicide. To combat these declining dissolved oxygen levels Generators and pumps were brought to the lagoon attempt to re-oxygenate the water. However these efforts produced limited results the task of re-oxygenating the lagoon proving to difficult with the little power supply to run the generators and pumps and noise complaints from local residents.
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C. oestroides is a crustacean isopod, obligate ectoparasite of marine fish that dwells in the buccal cavity. It is the causative agent of various pathologies including tissue damage at the parasitisation site (tongue), growth defects, decrease in mean host weight and size and increases mortalities in farmed and wild fish populations. It has been recorded in six different fish families: Sparidae (Boops boops, Diplodus annularis, Pagelus erythrinus, Spicara smaris, Sparus aurata), Carangidae (Trachurus mediterraneus), Clupeidae (Sardina pilchardus), Maenidae, Scorpenidae (Scorpaena notata, Scorpaena porcus), and Mugilidae (Liza aurata). Fig 1: Adult female Ceratothoa oestroides settled in the buccal cavity of the juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).
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The proposed Tipaimukh Dam on the river in northeast India - a political controversy between India and Bangladesh - could hasten its extinction, researchers warn. Making a plea for conservation, researchers from Assam state in a study that the dolphin, India’s national aquatic animal is heading towards “local extinction” in the river system of the state. “Factors like poaching (for oil and meat) and accidental mortalities in fishing gear, gradual habitat degradation by sluice gates, embankments, disturbances like motorboats and aquatic pollution have resulted in the extirpation of the resident dolphin population from the Barak river system of Assam,” M.K. Mazumder, corresponding author of the study, wrote.
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M. cerebralis has been reported in nearly two dozen (green) states in the United States, according to the Whirling Disease Initiative M. cerebralis was first recorded in North America in 1956 in Pennsylvania, having been introduced via infected trout imported from Europe, and has spread steadily south and westwards. Until the 1990s, whirling disease was considered a manageable problem affecting rainbow trout in hatcheries. However, it has recently become established in natural waters of the Rocky Mountain states (Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Montana, Idaho, New Mexico), where it is causing heavy mortalities in several sportfishing rivers. Some streams in the western United States have lost 90% of their trout.
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Malcolmson & Suzuki, p. 142 Stubbes’ speeches have been compared with Rachel Speght’s Mortalities Memorandum, with A Dream Prefixed (1621) and Alice Sutcliffe’s Meditations of Man’s Mortalitie (1634), since all three give rise to discussion about the question of the woman’s voice.Malcolmson & Suzuki, p. 143 When reading A Chrystall Glasse from a feminist perspective, one way the text can be seen is as evidence of Katherine’s “internalisation of the ideology of womanhood.”Aughterson, p. 2 As the ‘mirror of womanhood’ from an early modern European perspective, the text suggests that Katherine seemed to live vicariously through her husband: everything he felt, she felt as well.
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According to Soviet General Pyotr Burgasov (Peter Burgasov), field testing of 400 grams of smallpox at Aralsk-7 caused an outbreak on 30 July 1971.Broad, Op. cit. Burgasov, former Chief Sanitary Physician of the Soviet Army, former Soviet Vice-Minister of Health and a senior researcher within the Soviet BW program, described the incident: > On Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea, the strongest recipes of smallpox > were tested. Suddenly I was informed that there were mysterious cases of > mortalities in Aralsk (Aral). A research ship [the Lev Berg] of the Aral > fleet came to within 15 km of the island (it was forbidden to come any > closer than 40 km).
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The International Dolphin Conservation Program Act (IDCPA) which was passed August 15, 1997, amended the Dolphin Consumer Information Act of 1990, by changing both the labeling standards and meaning of "dolphin safe." It codified the Declaration of Panama, an international agreement signed by Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, France, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Spain, the United States, Vanuatu, and Venezuela. The Declaration established the International Dolphin Conservation Program for purposes of reducing dolphin mortality, while at the same time creating a viable yellowfin tuna harvesting program. The IDCPA allows tuna caught by purse-seine nets, into the United States if there were no observed dolphin mortalities.
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Threats at sea include disease, impacts to food supply as well as climate change. In 1995 a previously unknown Herpes virus infected millions of pilchards (Sardinops sagax) across Australia, at the same time increases in little penguin moralities were reported across western Victoria and numbers crossing the Summerland Beach declined. Scientists found that these penguins had died from starvation and gastro- intestinal parasitism due to the mass mortality of one of their main food species, which also impacted penguin breeding success the following season. Further research into little penguin diets continues to better understand the impact of prey mortalities on their biology and foraging ecology.
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Some plant and animal species use cardenolides as defense mechanisms, notably the milkweed butterflies. Species such as the monarch, queen, and plain tiger ingest the cardenolides contained in the milkweeds (Asclepias) that they mostly feed on and sequester as larvae for defense as adults. The cardenolide content in butterflies deters most vertebrate predators, except a few which have evolved to become cardenolide-tolerant, such as the black-backed orioles (Icterus abeillei Lesson) and black-headed grosbeaks (Pheucticus melanocephalus Swainson) that account for 60% of monarch butterfly mortalities in the overwintering sites in central Mexico. In addition to milkweeds and other members of the Apocynaceae, plants in at least 12 botanical families have convergently evolved cardenolides.
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Highland beach. There are no documented cases of natural predation on pilot whales, although the species could occasionally be targeted by killer whales or large sharks. Most of the data on pilot whale mortalities comes from mass stranding events. Pilot whales are often involved in mass strandings throughout their range, with several well-documented incidents involving dozens of individuals in Australia, the Canary Islands, and the U.S. Many theories have been proposed to explain these events, which include accidents in navigation that lead animals to unexpectedly shallow waters, anomalies in the earth's geomagnetic fields impacting navigation, injury or disorientation caused by military sonar, or impaired navigation in diseased individuals that lead the rest of the group astray.
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After all three sisters had expired, they merged into a unified ghost being which haunted the Shrine of Mortalities, an underground crypt storing the bones of those Seerkind who were killed by the Scourge. These series of underground crypts were located in the catacombs of a small church, hidden away in London and dedicated to Saint Philomena and Saint Callixtus. The place used to be a favourite hideaway for Immacolata when she was alive and the priests of the church had formed a secret cult, with the purpose of worshipping her. At the time the Three Sisters started haunting the catacombs, the cult grew even more loyal, now dubbing Immacolata with the novel name Lady of the Night.
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Although trawling is a highly unselective fishing method, offshore fishing grounds are not generally very biodiverse (i.e. they are only inhabited by a few species) and the discard rate for this fishery is estimated to be 10% of the total catch. However, this fishing method is likely to have significant impacts on bottom habitats and concerns are expressed around the number of seabird mortalities caused during trawling (estimated at 8000 per year). The hake component of the offshore demersal trawl fishery has been certified by the Marine Stewardship Council since 2004, and the current management system for this fishery employs a number of ecosystem-based management measures which address issues such as bycatch, closed areas and benthic habitat impacts.
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Entanglement is now the greatest source of mortality in the North Atlantic right whale, with 85% of recent mortalities (2010–2015) caused by entanglement in fishing lines. More than 85% of North Atlantic right whales have been entangled at least once. In 2017, at least 118 right whales were in the Gulf of St Lawrence, or roughly a quarter of the local population, which previously fed in summer and fall months in the Bay of Fundy and Roadway basin. The habitat shift moved this population away from existing conservation efforts and into the path of busy shipping lanes and also snow crab fisheries where Fisheries and Oceans Canada doubled the quotas in 2017.
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The majority of such cases occur in the developing world, with over half of the recorded cases of childhood diarrhea occurring in Africa and Asia, with 696 million and 1.2 billion cases, respectively, compared to only 480 million in the rest of the world. Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days. In the Americas, diarrheal disease accounts for a total of 10% of deaths among children aged 1–59 months while in South East Asia, it accounts for 31.3% of deaths. It is estimated that around 21% of child mortalities in developing countries are due to diarrheal disease.
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American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN No mortalities are known to have occurred from the latter disease, however, and the cultivar is not known to be vulnerable to infection through natural means. The tree can be heavily to severely damaged by the Elm Leaf Beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, although it fared better than most of the cultivars assessed at U C Davis, suffering little more than 10% foliar damage. Although susceptible to attack by Japanese Beetle, it is far less seriously affected than most hybrid cultivars available in the United States.Brady, C., Condra, J., & Potter, D. (2008) Resistance of Landscape-suitable Elm (Ulmus spp.) Cultivars to Japanese Beetle, Leaf Miners, and Gall Makers.
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BCI thanked members and donors for allowing them to help protect these bats and work toward a time when such killings finally cease. Additionally, Indiana bat mortality due to wind turbines has been confirmed, even resulting in a December 2009 injunction against a West Virginia wind farm. As of 2013, only five Indiana bat mortalities have been documented; two females at Fowler Ridge in Indiana in September 2009 and 2010, one female at the North Allegheny Wind Energy Facility, Pennsylvania, in September 2011,Good, R. E., W. Erickson, A. Merrill, S. Simon, K. Murray, K. Bay, and C. Fritchman. 2011. Bat monitoring studies at the fowler ridge wind energy facility in Benton County, Indiana.
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The fragments are then broken down and the lead is absorbed into the bloodstream due to the grinding action of the gizzard, which thus results in a plethora of health concerns' In terms of fishing tackle, peak fishing season has been found to result in the highest number of mortalities caused by lead tackle. Birds may eat a fish that has consumed a lead jig or sinker if a fishing line breaks. They may also try to attack a fish being pulled in by someone fishing/angling. There is also tackle that becomes disposed of or left behind in the water or on the fishing grounds, which birds may then accidentally consume.
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Barnes Compton Barnes Compton (November 16, 1830 – December 2, 1898),Maryland Mortalities, 1876–1915 was a Representative of the fifth congressional district of Maryland and a Maryland state Treasurer. Born in Port Tobacco, Charles County, Maryland, Compton attended the Charlotte Hall Academy in St. Mary's County, Maryland for his formal education, and graduated from Princeton College in June 1851. Compton then returned home and engaged in agricultural pursuits and as a planter. He served as member of the State House of Delegates in 1860 and 1861 and as member of the State Senate in 1867, 1868, 1870, and 1872, during the 1868 and 1870 sessions he served as the Senate president in 1868.
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According to the Bills of Mortality, there were in total 68,596 deaths in London from the plague in 1665. Lord Clarendon estimated that the true number of mortalities was probably twice that figure. 1666 saw further deaths in other cities but on a lesser scale. Dr Thomas Gumble, chaplain to the Duke of Albemarle, both of whom had stayed in London for the whole of the epidemic, estimated that the total death count for the country from plague during 1665 and 1666 was about 200,000. The Great Plague of 1665/1666 was the last major outbreak of bubonic plague in Great Britain. The last recorded death from plague came in 1679, and it was removed as a specific category in the Bills of Mortality after 1703.
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The crevalle jack inhabits both inshore and offshore waters to depths of around 350 m, predominantly over reefs, bays, lagoons and occasionally estuaries. Young fish dispersed north by currents in the eastern Atlantic are known to migrate back to more tropical waters before the onset of winter; however, if the fish fail to migrate, mass mortalities occur as the temperature falls below the species' tolerance. The crevalle jack is a powerful, predatory fish, with extensive studies showing the species consumes a variety of small fish, with invertebrates such as prawns, shrimps, crabs, molluscs and cephalopods also of minor importance. Dietary shifts with both age, location and season have been demonstrated, which led some researchers to postulate the species is indiscriminant in its feeding habits.
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Manatee mortalities have also been attributed to brevetoxin but unlike dolphins, the main toxin vector was endemic seagrass species (Thalassia testudinum) in which high concentrations of brevetoxins were detected and subsequently found as a main component of the stomach contents of manatees. Additional marine mammal species, like the highly endangered North Atlantic right whale, have been exposed to neurotoxins by preying on highly contaminated zooplankton.Durbin E et al. (2002) North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, exposed to paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins via a zooplankton vector, Calanus finmarchicus. Harmful Algae I, : 243–251 (2002) With the summertime habitat of this species overlapping with seasonal blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense, and subsequent copepod grazing, foraging right whales will ingest large concentrations of these contaminated copepods.
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It is hoped the uptake of wildlife safe netting products will see a marked decline in flying fox entanglements across time and subsequent reduction in public risk and the burden on wildlife rescue and rehabilitation volunteers. An emerging key threatening process to threatened flying-fox populations is the increasing numbers of days when temperatures exceed 41 °C, causing mass mortalities in flying-fox camps throughout their range along Australia's eastern seaboard. Baby flying foxes usually come into care after having been separated from their mothers. Babies are often orphaned during four to six weeks of age, when they inadvertently fall off their mothers during flight, often due to disease or tick paralysis (their own and/or that of the mother).
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Concentrating on keeping the line tight at all times while fighting fish, equipping lures that do not have them with split rings, and using recurved point or "Triple Grip" style hooks on lures, will keep catch rates with barbless hooks as high as those achieved with barbed hooks. One study looking at brook trout found that barbless hooks had no statistically significant effect on mortality rates when fish were hooked in the mouth, but observed that they did reduce mortalities compared to barbed hooks if fish were hooked deeper. The study also suggested bait fishing does not have a significantly higher mortality when utilized in an active style, rather than a passive manner that allows the fish to swallow the bait. The effects of catch and release vary from species to species.
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Some other examples of putative EDCs are polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs) and -furans (PCDFs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenol derivatives and a number of pesticides (most prominent being organochlorine insecticides like endosulfan, kepone (chlordecone) and DDT and its derivatives, the herbicide atrazine, and the fungicide vinclozolin), the contraceptive 17-alpha ethinylestradiol, as well as naturally occurring phytoestrogens such as genistein and mycoestrogens such as zearalenone. The molting in crustaceans is an endocrine-controlled process. In the marine penaeid shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, exposure to endosulfan resulted increased susceptibility to acute toxicity and increased mortalities in the postmolt stage of the shrimp. Many sunscreens contain oxybenzone, a chemical blocker that provides broad-spectrum UV coverage, yet is subject to a lot of controversy due its potential estrogenic effect in humans.
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In the early 1990s, it was argued immunizations could attribute to an increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome; however, studies since then have proven otherwise and in fact support the idea that vaccinations provide protective properties by reducing the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. In the United States, approximately 3500 infants deaths are attributed to sleep related deaths included in this category is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. For this reason, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends providing infants with safe-sleeping environments; additionally for the reductions of these sleep related mortalities, they recommend the prevention of the following, respectively, while pregnant or around infants: exposure to smoke, alcohol, and illicit drugs - this includes second hand smoking. They do however recommend the following do's: do breastfeed, do schedule immunizations according to proper immunization scheduling, and do use a pacifier.
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Infections have been linked to mass mortalities of amphibians in North America, South America, Central America, Europe and Australia. B. dendrobatidis has been implicated in the extinction of the sharp-snouted day frog (Taudactylus acutirostris) in Australia. A wide variety of amphibian hosts have been identified as being susceptible to infection by B. dendrobatidis, including wood frogs (Lithobates sylvatica), the mountain yellow-legged frog (Lithobates muscosa), the southern two-lined salamander (Eurycea cirrigera), San Marcos Salamander (Eurycea nana), Texas Salamander (Eurycea neotenes), Blanco River Springs Salamander (Eurycea pterophila), Barton Springs Salamander (Eurycea sosorum), Jollyville Plateau Salamander (Eurycea tonkawae), Ambystoma jeffersonianum, the western chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata), the southern cricket frog (Acris gryllus), the eastern spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus holbrooki), the southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephala), the Rio Grande Leopard frog (Lithobates berlandieri), and the Sardinian newt (Euproctus platycephalus).
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M. cerebralis has been reported in Germany (1893), Italy (1954), USSR (1955), including Sakhalin Island (1960), USA (1958), Bulgaria (1960), Yugoslavia (1960), Sweden (1966), South Africa (1966), Scotland (1968), New Zealand (1971), Ecuador (1971), Norway (1971), Colombia (1972), Lebanon (1973), Ireland (1974), Spain (1981) and England (1981) Although originally a mild pathogen of Salmo trutta in central Europe and other salmonids in northeast Asia, the introduction of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has greatly increased the impact of this parasite. Having no innate immunity to M. cerebralis, rainbow trout are particularly susceptible, and can release so many spores that even more resistant species in the same area, such as S. trutta, can become overloaded with parasites and incur 80%–90% mortalities. Where M. cerebralis has become well-established, it has caused decline or even elimination of whole cohorts of fish.Nehring, R.B. (1996).
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" The estimate is more crucially affected by the estimate of infant mortalities vs. stillborn infants, due to the very high infant mortality throughout the pre-modern period. An estimate on the "total number of people who have ever lived" as of 1995 was calculated by Haub (1995) at "about 105 billion births since the dawn of the human race" with a cut-off date at 50,000 BC (beginning of the Upper Paleolithic), and an inclusion of a high infant mortality rate throughout pre-modern history.Haub (1995): "Life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about 10 years for most of human history. Estimates of average life expectancy in Iron Age France have been put at only 10 or 12 years. Under these conditions, the birth rate would have to be about 80 per 1,000 people just for the species to survive.
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Atoll flag, approved by The Nature Conservancy, based on a 1940s version by American GIs In 2011, Fish and Wildlife Service, TNC and Island Conservation began an extensive program to eradicate the horde of non-native rats that had arrived on Palmyra during World War II. As many as 30,000 rats once roamed the atoll, eating the eggs of native seabirds and destroying the seedlings of one of the largest remaining Pacific stands of pisonia grandis trees. The rats were eliminated in 2012; however, fifty-one animal samples representing 15 species of birds, fish, reptiles and invertebrates were collected for residue analysis during systematic searches or as nontarget mortalities. Brodifacoum residues (the toxicant employed during the project) were detected in most (84.3%) of the samples analyzed with unknown long-term and sublethal effects. One side effect was the demise of the island's population of Asian tiger mosquitoes.
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34, p.142.Lopez-Abente, Gonzalo et al., (2009)Leukemia, Lymphomas, and Myeloma Mortality in the Vicinity of Nuclear Power Plants and Nuclear Fuel Facilities in Spain Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, Vol. 8, 925–934, October 1999 The British Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment issued a study in 2011 of children under five living near 13 nuclear power plants in the UK during the period 1969–2004. The committee found that children living near power plants in Britain are no more likely to develop leukemia than those living elsewhereElliott, A, Editor (2011) COMARE 14th Report: Further consideration of the incidence of childhood leukaemia around nuclear power plants in Great Britain 6 May 2011, Retrieved 6 May 2011 Similarly, a 1991 study for the National Cancer Institute found no excess cancer mortalities in 107 US counties close to nuclear power plants.
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Clearing of large areas for agriculture in the southeast of this species range have caused the direct loss of some populations and fragmentation of remnant areas of habitat, reducing the size of these populations rendering them more vulnerable to genetic effects and change events such as fire and drought. Striated grasswrens are vulnerable to large wildfires which cause direct mortalities of these weak flying species, and remove critical habitat and protection from predators, birds show a preference for areas with large hummocks of spinifex, 25–40 years post-fire, though birds have been found to occupy some areas 6 to 8 years after fire. Grazing by introduced herbivores affects habitat structure and is likely to contribute to population declines.Val, J., Oliver, D., Pennay, M., McLaughlin, J., Ewin, P. and Foster, E. (2012) The reptile, bird and small mammal fauna of Dune Mallee Woodlands in southwestern New South Wales.
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Animals that survived a bushfire could still find suitable habitats in the immediate vicinity, which was not the case when an entire distribution is decimated in an intense event. Besides immediate mortality from the fires, there were on-going mortalities after the fires from starvation, lack of shelter, and attacks from predators such as foxes and feral cats that are attracted to fire-affected areas to hunt. At least one species, the Kate's leaf-tailed gecko, had the entirety of its habitat burnt by the fires, while the long-footed potoroo had over 82% habitat burnt. While many endangered species managed to persist through the fires, albeit with severely impacted populations that will not survive in the long-term without major human influence, other species such as the Kangaroo Island micro-trapdoor spider and the Kangaroo Island assassin spider have not been sighted since.
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Investigations were conducted in the 1970s and 1980s to search for infectious agents that cause or contribute to a severe ulcerative disease, known as epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), which causes high mortalities among a variety of fish species in Asia and the Pacific region. SNRV was isolated by virologist W. Wattanavijarn from a snakehead murrel, Channa striata (formerly Ophicepahalus striatus), a species of snakehead fish, which exhibited signs of epizootic ulcerative syndrome following an outbreak of this syndrome in Thailand. The new viral isolate was identified as a rhabdovirus based on images and measurements taken via transmission electron microscopy and biochemical test results. Plaque neutralization tests and immunofluorescence tests demonstrated that the new isolate was serologically unrelated to several other fish rhabdoviruses, including anquilla rhabdovirus (EVX), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), pike fry rhabdovirus (PFRV), spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV).
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Within the Pacific, Tonga is recognised to have some of the highest overall health standards, implementing a combination of preventative and immediate strategies to curb rates of communicable disease, child mortality and overall life expectancy. The Tongan government aims to continue such levels of health through achieving their Millennium Development Goals (MDG) detailing their focus on improving their healthcare system within the areas of maternal and infant health as well as improve access to immunisation, safe water and sanitation. Through data formulated by the World Health Organisation and Tonga's Ministry of Health, its population of over 105,000, 75% of the country's mortalities are attributed to non-communicable diseases (NCD) such as strains of Cardiovascular and Ischemic heart diseases and Diabetes. Additionally, 99.9% of the adult population is vulnerable to developing NCDs and despite the launch of Tonga's National Strategy to Prevent and Control NCDs the prevalence of such conditions has continued to rise.
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Examples of common harmful effects of HABs include: #the production of neurotoxins which cause mass mortalities in fish, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals #human illness or death via consumption of seafood contaminated by toxic algae #mechanical damage to other organisms, such as disruption of epithelial gill tissues in fish, resulting in asphyxiation #oxygen depletion of the water column (hypoxia or anoxia) from cellular respiration and bacterial degradation Due to their negative economic and health impacts, HABs are often carefully monitored. HABs occur in many regions of the world, and in the United States are recurring phenomena in multiple geographical regions. The Gulf of Maine frequently experiences blooms of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense, an organism that produces saxitoxin, the neurotoxin responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning. The well-known "Florida red tide" that occurs in the Gulf of Mexico is a HAB caused by Karenia brevis, another dinoflagellate which produces brevetoxin, the neurotoxin responsible for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning.
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