Damaging drug use is higher in more unequal neighbourhoods of New York City, in more unequal American states and in more unequal countries.
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Since then, America has gotten richer but vastly more unequal.
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The economy has become more unequal, but growth has slowed.
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Far from converging, its states are getting ever more unequal.
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Australia has never been a more unequal society, social researchers say.
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All whites are unequal, but some are more unequal than others.
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The marriage gap makes rich countries more unequal, and retards social mobility.
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Among the world's richest countries, only the United States is more unequal.
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But none of these forces automatically have to make our society more unequal.
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Is that going to make society in whatever dimension it is more unequal?
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The motor of the British economy is becoming less productive and more unequal.
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For its own citizens, it would become a less regulated, more unequal society.
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But as far as artists' incomes are concerned, it is becoming more unequal.
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In more unequal countries, lower-class citizens tend to have lower status in society.
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Despite President Obama's many strengths, America has grown ever more unequal under his presidency.
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Others have objected that they would make a skewed income distribution even more unequal.
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As American society has become more unequal, it has become more polarized, and vice versa.
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Others see a more unequal country that has turned away from its socialist-inspired revolution.
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Our society is more unequal than ever, yet the wealthy are paying less and less.
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The higher the share of lawyers in a national legislature, the more unequal the society.
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Spain is still more unequal, has more poor and more low-paid workers than in 2008.
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I think that structure helps to explain why our society has become more and more unequal.
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And what&aposs more, unequal recovery from financial crises may increase hostility towards billionaires, Smith argued.
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The economy had been growing for years, but the distribution of wealth had become more unequal.
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As America becomes more unequal, it's ever harder to claim that it is a meritocratic country.
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Inequality The US has grown more unequal over the past few decades, including the past eight years.
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The more unequal a society, they wrote, the worse it was likely to perform on such measures.
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"The more unequal a country's income distribution … the higher its Gini index," according to the CIA's website.
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Over the course of the neoliberal era, economies around the world have become more and more unequal.
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Those who can afford to helicopter are probably making things even more unequal for the next generation.
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Moreover, the contest becomes exponentially more unequal as the number of qubits in the quantum machine goes up.
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Some will rejoin that many nations even more unequal than ours are still democracies — South Africa, Brazil, India.
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Germany not only grew more unequal, but the standard of living for the lower strata stagnated or even fell.
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The US has a much more unequal income distribution by one standard metric than most other developed, wealthy countries.
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As America becomes more and more unequal, being the party of wealthy professionals will be less and less tenable.
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Unemployment is persistently higher and incomes are more unequal in California than in the land of the ten-gallon hat.
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By the time Zhang was released from prison in 1990 on medical parole, China was growing richer but more unequal.
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One of which is the rise of the super rich and the fact that India is becoming much more unequal.
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Stripping people of the right to vote is a "vestige" of a more unequal era, Messrs Hamilton-Smith and Vogel argued.
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The result would be an even more unequal economy, because a greater share of income would go to highly paid workers.
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His immigration policies are making us poorer and meaner, while his health care and tax policies make our economy more unequal.
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They're trying to find their way in an economy that is more unequal now than at any time since the 1920s.
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The number ranges from zero to 1, and the higher the Gini index is, the more unequal the distribution of income is.
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But despite important efforts, Mexico's economic growth has been sluggish, and it is one of the more unequal countries in Latin America.
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The more convex or "bowed out" the Lorenz curve, the more unequal the distribution of income, wealth or whatever else one is measuring.
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Chile's distribution of income is more unequal than in any other member of the OECD (a grouping of mostly rich countries), bar Ireland.
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China, India, Nigeria and several other countries still have huge populations of poor people and have become more unequal as they have grown.
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People stop talking to each other, stop caring about the other's concerns; divisions deepen as access to resources becomes more and more unequal.
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In more unequal societies, the disadvantaged will have less access to many of the things that improve productivity, like education, health and the internet.
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But inequality has increased, reaching record levels in the United States, where wealth distribution is now more unequal than in India, Russia and Indonesia.
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The more unequal a distribution, the more measurements such as totals and averages are dominated by relatively few of the individuals in the distribution.
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And if brain implants are performed not for therapeutic purposes but to augment people's abilities, will that make the world an even more unequal place?
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Kolko's analysis shows that America's metropolitan areas are becoming more unequal, with per capita income rising faster in a small number of already affluent metro areas.
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Facing a future that is more urban, more unequal and straining at ecological limits, cities in the developing world may look to Cape Town for lessons.
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Unfortunately, all the statistics show that the world is becoming more and more unequal and it is not surprising that some of these ideals are disappearing.
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"Class-based seating is both more prevalent and more unequal in recent years, with first-class cabins claiming an increasingly large share of total space," researchers said.
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People in Japan believe robots are coming for their jobs and will yield a more unequal society where it's harder to find work, according to a Pew survey.
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Globalisation and the liberalising "Hartz" labour-market overhaul of the early 2000s were big factors in Germany's economic success, but they have also made the country more unequal.
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"Class-based seating is both more prevalent and more unequal in recent years, with first class cabins claiming an increasingly large share of total space," the researchers wrote.
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" The effect, he said, has been a more unequal society and "more of a gap between what we say this country is about and what it really is.
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While the United States remains a highly unequal country, there's very little evidence that it's growing more unequal or that recent growth is leaving the middle class behind.
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We are in a system right now which is more unequal than it was, in economic and political and social terms, even just 20 or 30 years ago.
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"I think we are moving towards a more and more unequal world and we need especially education, but other social systems to change [or] to fix that," Altman says.
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The country grew more unequal: the Gini coefficient of English manors rose from 64 before the invasion to 71 after (a Gini coefficient of 100 would mark perfect inequality).
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These findings are not limited to the United States: Europeans in more unequal countries, for example, are less willing to act to improve the lives of their fellow citizens.
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It is, for example, startling to see evidence that France on the eve of World War I was, if anything, more unequal than it was before the French Revolution.
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Given the puny student activists they are up against, not to mention a general sense in Hong Kong of protest fatigue, it is hard to imagine a more unequal contest.
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But the end result of what they've done is increase the gap between the protected and the unprotected, and to create a country that is more unequal and less fair.
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Not surprisingly, the more unequal the society, the less likely its citizens are think that the country is governed democratically, as recent research by Roberto Foa and Yascha Mounk shows.
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And the current proposals are making that even more unequal, because they're having even less taxes on investment income and more taxes for those people that actually work for a living.
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Indeed, the researchers found that incomes of younger workers entering the labor market are more unequal than in the past, suggesting that inequality in lifetime incomes will persist and even worsen.
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Even if Susskind's prediction is wrong — that machines will soon render many humans irrelevant in the labor market — his book provides a useful exercise in planning for a more unequal future.
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They were the latest symptom of the "resource curse", the paradox that nations with plentiful mineral resources, especially in Africa, are often poorer, more unequal, less stable and less democratic than others.
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Although both factors are important, we find that most of the decline in absolute mobility is driven by the more unequal distribution of economic growth rather than the slowdown in aggregate growth rates.
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"As America has become more and more unequal, affluent parents have become increasingly desperate to pass on their advantages to their children and to avoid downward mobility at all costs," Mr. Karabel said.
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It's a different but not entirely unrelated anti-elitist message from politicians like Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders (and Ocasio-Cortez), who stoke frustration that Wall Street is making the country more unequal.
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"I think that as America has become more and more unequal, affluent parents have become desperate to pass on their privileges to their children and avoid downward mobility at all costs," he said.
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Like Bernie Sanders, and indeed Trump, he's the man who will upend the system that brought you the Iraq war, the 2008 financial meltdown, the euro crisis, rampant impunity and ever-more-unequal societies.
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"As America has become more and more unequal, affluent parents have become increasingly desperate to pass on their advantages to their children and to avoid downward mobility at all costs," Karabel told the New York Times recently.
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In more unequal societies, the rich have more power to distort policy making to channel more of the fruits of growth in their direction by, say, cutting taxes and government spending that might improve productivity and growth.
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The cities are richer than the villages, but it's almost because we all think that India's a very unequal place, we haven't noticed how spectacularly more unequal it has become over the last 10 or 15 years.
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Within the EU, Germany is a middling country in terms of income inequality, behind a few more egalitarian countries, such as Sweden, and well ahead of more unequal societies in southern and eastern Europe, as well as Britain.
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This worship infects "blue" as well as "red" regions: Michael Bloomberg benefited from it when he won three terms as mayor of New York City, a place full of poverty that got crueler and more unequal under his watch.
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They argue, for instance, that "social cohesion is reduced in more unequal societies", noting that higher inequality is associated with less willingness to help others, diminished levels of trust, and lower participation in civic groups, from recreational clubs to unions.
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The city's Gini coefficient -- an index from 23.1 to 23 that measures inequality, with higher scores indicating a more unequal society -- has risen from 0.525 in 2001, to 0.539 in 2016, the highest since records began almost five decades ago.
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Knowledge Ecology International, a non-profit group working to curb intellectual property barriers, said the move was welcome as access to cancer drugs was far more unequal than for HIV and hepatitis treatments, two areas where MPP is already active.
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But since Pai seems determined to gut the FCC's current regulations no matter how many members of the public make their voices heard in favor of net neutrality, the next step might be to start adjusting to a slower, weaker, more unequal internet.
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Anxiety declines as incomes rise, they show, but is higher at all levels in more unequal countries—to the extent that the richest 10% of people in high-inequality countries are more socially anxious than all but the bottom 10% in low-inequality countries.
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But the US is also far more unequal than its fellow large industrialized democracies, meaning that for progressives, the stratospheric incomes and wealth at the top are juicy targets not just for revenue, but also for helping restructure society in a more egalitarian way.
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In their new book "Love, Money, and Parenting: How Economics Explains the Way We Raise Our Kids," economists Matthias Doepke and Fabrizio Zilibotti look at how parents in more unequal societies, like the United States, tend to push their children harder than those in more equal societies, like Sweden.
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The horizontal axis shows the Gini coefficient using values from World Bank data from 2013-2017 (except for Japan, with a coefficient from 2008 and New Zealand, from the OECD 2014 Gini coefficients.) A higher value on the horizontal axis means a country has a more unequal distribution of income.
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Broader long-term trends, evident in the election, have not gone away: German politics is still fragmenting, society is still becoming more unequal, culture wars continue to gain ground, the once-mighty SPD is still in a crisis and long-term economic and geopolitical disruption still looms over the comfortable German homestead.
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Unless it is reformed, he says, the Finnish system could become more unequal, with poor people and those who live in remote areas increasingly excluded from the very system that was designed to serve them -- perhaps something for Sanders to keep in mind, as he mulls the Nordic model's applications in America.
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"The challenge is that's not good enough at a time when we are seeing how the economy continues to become more and more unequal, and we are seeing the ways in which a lot of corporate behavior that is technically legal is also not acceptable in terms of its impact," he said.
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Kaitlyn Tiffany: This time last year, you and Jamieson (our dear friend, former co-blogger, long-time Canadian, and Kim K stan) talked about how streaming services like Apple Music, Tidal, and Spotify have made the music industry even more unequal — they solidify the 1 percent status of artists like Drake, Taylor Swift, Adele, etc.
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Because rather than show us that the financial industry, which has spent the past eight years consolidating, is teetering on an ever more precarious cliff while Americans become worse off and the country more unequal, Surrogate Warren must ignore the crisis, and toe the line that we can stay the course, because that is the Obama/Clinton narrative.
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It's no coincidence that the bluer that suburban counties turn, the more unequal and economically stratified they become as well — a dynamic evident along Route 128 outside of Boston, in the once solidly Republican suburbs of Connecticut and New Jersey, in boom regions such as Atlanta and Denver, and along the West Coast from Seattle to San Diego.
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Big cities like New York are inherently more unequal than many smaller towns or suburbs, because their expansive economies and more robust social services make them home to both rich executives and poor families (some of the most equal places in the country, on the other hand, are exclusionary suburbs where everyone is rich, or struggling towns where many are poor).
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The shortfalls have left the nation with fewer resources to tackle its most pressing needs — housing, education, health — in a society that has grown even more unequal under the A.N.C. And in a stinging blow to the impoverished South Africans who have voted the party into power and kept it there for decades, the gaps have forced the government to raise the value-added tax on products for the first time since the end of apartheid — a move expected to hurt poor people the most.
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In statistics and econometrics, the mean log deviation (MLD) is a measure of income inequality. The MLD is zero when everyone has the same income, and takes larger positive values as incomes become more unequal, especially at the high end.
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While the U.S. is seen as a country of dreams and opportunity, is far easier to see this when compared to an even more unequal country. The United States has been trending toward gender equality in recent years, but it has a while to go.
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Assets are known as the raw materials of wealth, and they consist primarily of stocks and other financial and non-financial property, particularly homeownership.Haskins, Ron: "Wealth and Economic Mobility". Economic Mobility Project, 2007. While these assets are unequally distributed, financial assets are much more unequal.
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The distribution of household incomes in the United States became more unequal during the post-2008 economic recovery. Income inequality in the United States grew from 2005 to 2012 in more than two-thirds of metropolitan areas. Median household wealth fell 35% in the US, from $106,591 to $68,839 between 2005 and 2011.
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The negative aspects of inequality are spread across the population. For example, when comparing the United States (a more unequal nation) to England (a less unequal nation), the US shows higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, cancer, lung disease, and heart disease across all income levels.Figure 13.2. Adapted from Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. (2010).
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For the top 21 industrialized countries, if each person is counted equally, life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries (r = −0.907).Has the relation between income inequality and life expectancy disappeared? Evidence from Italy and top industrialised countries J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;59:158–162. There is a similar relationship among states in the US (r = −0.620).
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The term within the parentheses hence equals true diversity , and equals . When all types in the dataset of interest are equally common, all values equal , and the Shannon index hence takes the value . The more unequal the abundances of the types, the larger the weighted geometric mean of the values, and the smaller the corresponding Shannon entropy.
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With federal, private, and "other income", charter school funding shot up to an average of $11,644 versus the district $10,384 per pupil. The median here showed an even more unequal distribution of the funds with a median of $10,333. Other research, using different funding data for DC schools and including funding for school facilities, finds conflicting results.
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If income distribution were more nearly equal, the index would be lower or nearer to zero; if income distribution were more unequal, the index would be higher or nearer to 100. Zero indicates perfect equality, while 100 indicates perfect inequality. In the Philippines in 2015, the Gini Coefficient was approximately 0.4439. This is a slightly smaller number in comparison to a few years prior (in 2012, 0.4605).
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Poverty also has a complex relationship with mental health. Being in poverty may itself provoke a condition of elevated emotional stress, known as “poverty distress”. Poverty is also a precursor or risk factor for mental illness, particularly mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Schizophrenia is also strongly associated with poverty, occurring most frequently in the poorest classes of people all over the world, especially in more unequal countries.
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This forces Peter to team up with his twin brother David, a police officer, to stop the criminal organization. Since the twin brothers can hardly be more unequal, there are always differences of opinion between the Jade brothers. They quickly become the target of Chamberlain's global syndicate. Since the two twin brothers are quick-witted, they manage one time at a time to get their pursuers out of the way.
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An update of this review carried out in 2007 found the same relationships, but they were weaker. The decrease in strength of correlation was felt to be due to the effects of globalization. Among developed countries, levels of adult obesity, and percentage of teenage children who are overweight, are correlated with income inequality. A similar relationship is seen among US states: more adults, even in higher social classes, are obese in more unequal states.
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Additionally, the corporate use of equipment and software is increasing faster than the rate of employment.Steve Lohr, More Jobs Predicted for Machines, Not People, book review in The New York Times, 2011.10.23Andrew Keen, Keen On How The Internet Is Making Us Both Richer and More Unequal (TCTV), interview with Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson, TechCrunch, 2011.11.15JILL KRASNY, MIT Professors: The 99% Should Shake Their Fists At The Tech Boom, Business Insider, 2011.11.
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A graphic depiction of a nuclear fusion reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a neutron. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all. A superheavy atomic nucleus is created in a nuclear reaction that combines two other nuclei of unequal size into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of mass, the greater the possibility that the two react.
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Inadequate access to health insurance and stable employment play a role, but so do the increasing gaps between the lives of the rich and the poor. These inequities may lead to more unequal future outcomes, as individuals who do not believe in their futures are unlikely to invest in them. The markers are evident in income, education, and employment data; in differences in mortality, marriage, and incarceration rates; and in other signs of societal fragmentation. They are even reflected in the words that different cohorts use.
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The Trust ran a campaign for greater equality in the lead up to the 2010 United Kingdom general election. It argues that there is a strong association between low economic growth and inequality. The Trust was cited by Caroline Lucas as demonstrating "a clear and demonstrable correlation between drug misuse and inequality" and that drug abuse is more common in more unequal countries such as the UK in her campaign for review of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The Trust's Executive Director is Dr. Wanda Wyporska.
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The British then pushed on to Gyantse which they reached after a couple more unequal skirmishes, on 12 April 1904. As most of the defenders had fled, the British took the Dzong, raised the Union Jack, but considering it difficult to defend, they retired to an aristocrat's compound about a mile south near the Nyang River at Changlo. About a week later General Macdonald withdrew down the Chumbi Valley to secure supply lines, leaving Younghusband with about 500 men who began pillaging neighbouring monasteries and villages.
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The US is more unequal or on par with countries such as Mozambique, Peru, Cameroon, Guyana and Thailand. Across Europe the ratio of post-tax income of the top 10% to that of the bottom 50% changed only slightly between the mid-1990s and 2019. Developing country comparative data is available from databases such as the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) or the OECD Income Distribution database (OECD IDD), or, when including developing countries, from the World Bank's Povcalnet database, UN- WIDER's World Income Inequality Database, or the Standardized World Income Inequality Database.
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Want the Good Life? Your Neighbors Need It, Too by Brooke Jarvis, 4 March 2010 It claims that for each of eleven different health and social problems: physical health, mental health, drug abuse, education, imprisonment, obesity, social mobility, trust and community life, violence, teenage pregnancies, and child well-being, outcomes are significantly worse in more unequal countries, whether rich or poor. The book contains graphs that are available online."The Spirit Level, The Equality Trust", accessed 8 May 2012 In 2010, the authors published responses to questions about their analysis on the Equality Trust website.
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Another common class of metrics is to take the ratio of the income of two different groups, generally "higher over lower". This compares two parts of the income distribution, rather than the distribution as a whole; equality between these parts corresponds to 1:1, while the more unequal the parts, the greater the ratio. These statistics are easy to interpret and communicate, because they are relative (this population earns twice as much as this population), but, since they do not fall on an absolute scale, do not provide an absolute measure of inequality.
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Buildings in Rio de Janeiro, demonstrating economic inequality Effects of income inequality, researchers have found, include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower population-wide satisfaction and happiness"Happiness: Has Social Science A Clue?" Richard Layard 2003Blanchard and Oswald 2000, 2003 and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption. For the top 21 industrialised countries, counting each person equally, life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries (r = -.907). A similar relationship exists among US states (r = -.620).
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Gini coefficient, income distribution by country. The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. It is defined as a ratio with values between 0 and 1: the numerator is the area between the Lorenz curve of the distribution and the uniform distribution line; the denominator is the area under the uniform distribution line. Thus, a low Gini coefficient indicates more equal income or wealth distribution, while a high Gini coefficient indicates more unequal distribution.
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According to the ACS, the U.S. median household income in 2018 was $61,937. Estimates for previous years are given in terms of real income, which have been adjusted for changes to the price of goods and services. The distribution of U.S. household income has become more unequal since around 1980, with the income share received by the top 1% trending upward from around 10% or less over the 1953–1981 period to over 20% by 2007. After falling somewhat due to the Great Recession in 2008 and 2009, inequality rose again during the economic recovery, a typical pattern historically.
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A Theil index of 0 indicates perfect equality. A Theil index of 1 indicates that the distributional entropy of the system under investigation is almost similar to a system with an 82:18 distribution. This is slightly more unequal than the inequality in a system to which the "80:20 Pareto principle" applies.A Theil index of 0.5 characterizes systems which are close to a 74:26 distribution. A 92:8 distribution would yield a Theil index of 2 and 98:2 would yield 4. Some special observations: For an 80:20 distribution (Pareto principle) the Theil index is 0.83.
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The argument that links poverty alleviation to environmental conservation outlines the idea that "gross inequalities that exist between rich and poor in the world have created a situation where many people have to sacrifice environmental thinking just to stay alive." In more unequal societies, there are stronger drivers for consumerism and stronger belief in free enterprise, and the rich also use a disproportionate amount of resources. Thus, in developed countries, inequality tends to accelerate resource consumption by all classes. Research also shows that biodiversity loss is higher in countries or in US states with higher income inequality.
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Norberg- Hodge raised critical questions about the effects of spending on infrastructure (such as roads) intended to stimulate the economy and reduce costs, in order to achieve greater social wellbeing. The point is, that the globalized economy enables people to control other places from a far distance, without knowing the situation in the region. Large investments subsidizing the transportation system make products from thousands of miles away cheaper than locally made products. Rather than improving the local community, the local market collapses and local people lose their jobs, while investors far away make a lot of profit from business ventures that create more unequal development than there was before.
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Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all. The heaviest atomic nuclei are created in nuclear reactions that combine two other nuclei of unequal size into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of mass, the greater the possibility that the two react. The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the beam of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only fuse into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to electrostatic repulsion.
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In 2007, British psychologist Oliver James asserted that there was a correlation between the increasing occurrence of affluenza and the resulting increase in material inequality: the more unequal a society, the greater the unhappiness of its citizens. Referring to Vance Packard's thesis The Hidden Persuaders on the manipulative methods used by the advertising industry, James related the stimulation of artificial needs to the rise in affluenza. To highlight the spread of affluenza in societies with varied levels of inequality, James interviewed people in several cities including Sydney, Singapore, Auckland, Moscow, Shanghai, Copenhagen and New York. In 2008 James wrote that higher rates of mental disorders were the consequence of excessive wealth-seeking in consumerist nations.
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David Cameron referred to the thesis of "The Spirit Level" in his 2010 Hugo Young Lecture, arguing "research by Richard Wilkson and Katie [sic] Pickett has shown that among the richest countries, it's the more unequal ones that do worse according to almost every quality of life indicator". The book prompted a documentary, directed by British film- maker Katharine Round and produced by Round and Christopher Hird,The Spirit Level Documentary called The Divide. The film ran one of the most successful UK documentary crowdfunding campaigns to date. Think tank Class in association with The Equality Trust and My Fair London published a booklet drawing on The Spirit Level as well as presenting other essential information about income inequality.
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The conclusion that, while both the North and the South were characterized by a high degree of inequality during the plantation era, the wealth distribution was much more unequal in the South than in the North arises from studies concerned with the equality of land, slave, and wealth distribution. For example, in certain states and counties, due to the concentration of landholding and slave holding, which were highly correlated, six percent of landowners ended up commanding one-third of the gross income and an even higher portion of the net income. The majority of landowners, who had smaller scale plantations, saw a disproportionately small portion in revenues generated by the slavery-driven plantation system.
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Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all. A superheavy atomic nucleus is created in a nuclear reaction that combines two other nuclei of unequal size into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of mass, the greater the possibility that the two react. The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the beam of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only fuse into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to electrostatic repulsion.
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However, China's new regime, known as the Beiyang government, was forced to sign more unequal treaties with Western countries and with Russia. In recent years, Russia and China signed a border agreement. In late 1917, Moscow and Petrograd were taken over by a communist group, the Bolsheviks, during the October Revolution, which caused the Russian Civil War between the Bolshevik Red Army and the anticommunist White forces. China's Beiyang government sided with the Whites and, along with most of the West, sent troops to fight against the Reds. In 1922, the Reds won the civil war and established a new country: the Soviet Union. In 1923, the Soviets provided aid and support to the Kuomintang, a Chinese faction that had been opposed to the Beiyang government.
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However, median household net worth (i.e., half of the families above and below this level) was $97,300 in 2016. The bottom 25% of families had a median net worth of zero, while the 25th to 50th percentile had a median net worth of $40,000.Federal Reserve – Survey of Consumer Finances 2016 Wealth inequality is more unequal than income inequality, with the top 1% households owning approximately 42% of the net worth in 2012, versus 24% in 1979.Economist Gabriel Zucman "Wealth Inequality in the United States Since 1913" According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve, wealth inequality is at record highs; the top 1% controlled 38.6% of the country's wealth in 2016. The Boston Consulting Group posited in June 2017 report that 1% of the Americans will control 70% of country's wealth by 2021. The top 10% wealthiest possess 80% of all financial assets. Wealth inequality in the U.S. is greater than in most developed countries other than Switzerland and Denmark.
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Vail (1981), pp. 248, 250 At first, Mbelwa saw Christianity and missionary education as more suitable for Tumbuka serfs than polygamous Ngoni warriors, and their first missions were in Tumbuka or Tonga areas, although he later saw the missionaries’ value for the northern Ngoni state.Vail (1981), pp. 251-3 Although Mbelwa's Ngoni retained their autonomy until 1904, Vail considers that their social and economic position and those of the Tumbuka were weakened as previous relatively egalitarian class systems became more unequal when they were drawn into the capitalist economy.Vail (1981), pp. 247-8 The Ngoni in North-Eastern Rhodesia lost most of their cattle, representing their wealth, in the rinderpest epidemic of the early 1890s and many of their remaining cattle were seized by British South African Company forces which conquered the Ngoni in that area later in the decade.Vail (1977), pp. 133-4 Restrictions on Africans possessing guns for hunting elephants and other wild animals deprived them, in Vail's view, of sources of income and meat, and the imposition of a hut tax and land expropriation in Northern Rhodesia in the first decade of the 20th century further impoverished this area.Vail (1977), pp.
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