Momenta staff installing sensors to a testing car / Photo: Momenta Momenta staff installing sensors to a testing car / Photo: Momenta Momenta won't make cars or hardware, Cao assured.
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Cao Xudong, co-founder and CEO of Momenta / Photo: Momenta Cao Xudong, co-founder and CEO of Momenta / Photo: Momenta Cao, an unassuming CEO, raised his voice as he explained the company's two-legged strategy.
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ANNOUNCES SETTLEMENT IN LITIGATION WITH MOMENTA AND SANDOZ * AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS - MOMENTA/SANDOZ WILL PAY CO $59.9 MILLION NO LATER THAN JULY 2 * AMPHASTAR PHARMACEUTICALS INC - CO, MOMENTA/SANDOZ WILL SUBMIT STIPULATIONS OF DISMISSAL OF ALL PENDING LITIGATION BETWEEN PARTIES.
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Momenta's new headquarters in Suzhou, China / Photo: Momenta Momenta's new headquarters in Suzhou, China / Photo: Momenta In terms of actually designing the software to be reliable and to trace accountability, Momenta appoints an "architect of system research and development," who essentially is in charge of analyzing the black box of autonomous driving algorithms.
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But unlike these startups, Momenta is merely a year old.
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Momenta developed M923 in collaboration with Baxalta - which is now part of Shire Plc - but in September, Shire decided to end its biosimilars program, and is in the process of transitioning the drug to Momenta.
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What we do know is Momenta counts Daimler AG as a backer.
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Momenta Art, 56 Bogart Street, East Williamsburg, Brooklyn 718-218-8058, momentaart.org.
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Sandoz and Momenta are vying for approval to sell such a version.
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Momenta said glatopa approval was contingent on Pfizer satisfying the FDA on compliance.
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The company is currently recruiting in its Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen offices. Momenta.
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After Momenta won approval in July 2010, causing its stock to rise 82 percent in one day, Valvani made $25 million from selling his Momenta stock, and closing bets that Sanofi stock would fall because of the new competition, prosecutors said.
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We got up with all of our momenta, my husband's hand tightly clasping mine.
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Under both circumstances, Momenta works with clients to specify the final piece of software.
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Take Momenta, the first Chinese autonomous driving startup to pass $1 billion in valuation.
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MOMENTA FESTIVAL Four programs at the Tenri Cultural Institute and Americas Society, each organized by a different member of the discerning Momenta Quartet, include a chamber version of the "Liebestod" from "Tristan und Isolde" (with Ariadne Greif) and a new commission by Alvin Singleton. Oct.
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Momenta believes this asset-light approach would allow it to develop state-of-the-art driving tech.
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It has also invested in ride-hailing company Careem, electric charging company ChargePoint, HD mapping company Momenta.
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Momenta said the companies would still be able to launch during any exclusivity period if they receive approval.
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GS. December 11 (PM): Momenta Pharmaceuticals (US, biotech) – $200m FO. Fixed size (100% prim) versus $18.07 at launch.
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For its 193th edition, MOMENTA expands its approach to present a more interdisciplinary examination of our relationships to objects.
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Investments include Momenta, a Beijing-based self-driving start-up and Shouqi Limousine & Chauffeur, a Chinese car-hailing operator.
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Beijing-based Momenta announced this morning that it raised a $46 million Series B round led by NIO Capital.
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How China's first autonomous driving unicorn Momenta hunts for data Update: The article was corrected to reflect that Pony.
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The Infernal Dream of Mutt and Jeff continues at Momenta Art (56 Bogart Street, East Williamsburg, Brooklyn) through March 20.
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Momenta Pharmaceuticals (US, biotech) – $225m FO. 14.5m shares (100% prim) at $8.83 versus $15.71 last sale and $18.07 at launch.
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Sandoz, part of Swiss drugmaker Novartis AG, and Momenta Pharmaceuticals last June launched a once daily 20 mg version called Glatopa.
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Momenta claimed Amphastar infringed its patent covering a method used to confirm the structural signature of Lovenox, known generically as enoxaparin.
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"For example, if the driver is looking down at their cellphone, the [Momenta] system will alert them to pay attention," he said.
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Momenta Chief Executive Craig Wheeler in a statement said the company was disappointed and was considering its options, including a potential appeal.
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It's the story of a quartet (played here by the Momenta musicians) whose members run into trouble during an arduous winter journey.
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I wasn't allowed to film during the ride, so here's some footage from Momenta to give a sneak peek of its highway solution.
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The new funding round was led by Zetta Venture Partners and Deutsche Invest Equity, with participation from Chalfen Ventures, Momenta Partners and Charlie Songhurst.
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Celebrating its 15th season this year, the Momenta Quartet presents its fifth annual festival, in which each of the players curates a free concert.
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Pfizer said last month that the FDA had upgraded the compliance status of its Kansas facility, clearing the way for the Novartis-Momenta medicine.
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Now in its third year, this festival always comprises four concerts, each one put together by a member of the Momenta Quartet, and each free.
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Sachleben, who also is a fellow in chemical development for Momenta Pharmaceuticals, said he does not frequent swimming pools, but it's not because of the pee.
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Momenta and Novartis unit Sandoz, which already sell a generic version of 20 mg Copaxone, are also working on a copycat for the 40 mg dosage.
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Rich Sachleben, PhDAn expert at the American Chemical Society and a fellow in Chemical Development for Momenta Pharmaceuticals who spent thirteen years at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
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Cao Xudong turned up on the side of the road in jeans and a black T-shirt printed with the word "Momenta," the name of his startup.
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That's what Stephanie Griffin, the violist of the Momenta Quartet, has done in this project, which is as much a theater piece as it is a concert.
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Momenta Pharmaceuticals and the Sandoz unit of Novartis already sell a generic version of 20 mg Copaxone and are developing a version of the 40 mg dosage.
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Among the outstanding performers are the soprano Sarah Joy Miller (of City Opera's "Anna Nicole"), the Momenta Quartet, and the Lost Dog New Music Ensemble, from Queens.
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Bruce Leicher, general counsel and senior vice president for Momenta Pharmaceuticals, which makes biosimilars, said assigning different suffixes for interchangeable drugs would suggest they are not the same.
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The SEC said Valvani reaped another $7 million by later selling Momenta short, based on tips that Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc might also win approval for a Lovenox generic.
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The program will include music performed by the Momenta Quartet and a short film choreographed by Trenary for herself and the Ballet Theater soloist Calvin Royal III. colabdance.
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The program will include music performed by the Momenta Quartet and a short film choreographed by Trenary for herself and the Ballet Theater soloist Calvin Royal III. colabdance.
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One silver lining for Teva has been the launch of only one copycat of Copaxone by Mylan since Momenta has yet to market its 40 mg version, Kreizman said.
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In fact, to my astonishment, MOMENTA 2019 presented a greater number of objects than what one would expect for an image-based biennial, be it photography- or video-focused.
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Our driver picked a route from the high-definition map that Momenta had built, and as soon as we approached the highway, the autonomous mode switched on by itself.
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"We are fully committed to work with Sandoz and Pfizer to resolve the recently announced warning letter," Momenta Pharmaceuticals President and CEO Craig Wheeler said in a statement on Tuesday.
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Prosecutors said he did just that, sending tips about Momenta Pharmaceuticals Inc's effort to win FDA approval for the first generic equivalent to Sanofi SA's Lovenox, for treating deep vein thrombosis.
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We've put a note into the Momenta team to see if they are willing to share what their plans are for the pile of cash they just got their hands on.
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The verdict by the jury in Boston came in a lawsuit by Cambridge, Massachusetts-based biotechnology company Momenta and its partner, Novartis AG's Sandoz unit, that sought nearly $940 million in damages.
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Developed in collaboration with Director Audrey Genois and curatorial assistant Maude Johnson, MOMENTA 2019 seeks to enrich our relationships to objects, presenting these as complex, even though we can be ambivalent towards them.
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Momenta and Sandoz filed the lawsuit in 2011 after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Amphastar's generic version of Sanofi SA's blockbuster Lovenox, an anticoagulant used to treat and prevent blood clots.
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Momenta, whose generic version Lovenox was the first to receive FDA approval in 2010, claimed Amphastar's infringement and subsequent sales of its own generic caused it to suffer a significant loss of profits.
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When they obtained the injunction, Momenta and Sandoz were required to post a $100.1 million bond, which Amphastar has said that it plans to try to collect should it prevail in the case.
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Shares of U.S. biotechnology company Momenta Pharmaceuticals plunged on Tuesday after the firm said Pfizer, a key supplier for its multiple sclerosis drug, has received a warning letter from the Food and Drug Administration.
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"Today's favorable ruling further bolsters our confidence in the potential for us to offer multiple sclerosis patients a more affordable generic version of Copaxone 24.90 mg following regulatory approval," Momenta said after Monday's ruling.
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If you take all possible positions of a planet together with all possible momenta, you get the "phase space" of the planet—a geometric space whose points provide a complete description of the planet's motion.
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The verdict by a federal jury in Boston came in a long-running lawsuit pursued by Cambridge, Massachusetts-based biopharmaceutical company Momenta and its partner, Novartis AG's Sandoz unit, that sought $938 million in damages.
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Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Inc on Wednesday said Momenta Pharmaceuticals Inc and Novartis AG's Sandoz unit will pay it $59.9 million to resolve patent and antitrust lawsuits over their dueling generic versions of the blood-thinner Lovenox.
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On Sunday in Manhattan the Momenta Quartet presents new pieces by American, Columbian and Mexican composers, and on Tuesday, music by five composers is performed by their pianist wives (who include Kathleen Supové and Lisa Moore).
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The damages request came at the end of a trial in federal court in Boston in a long-running lawsuit pitting Cambridge, Massachusetts-based biopharmaceutical company Momenta and its partner, Novartis AG's Sandoz unit, against Amphastar.
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In 2014, I applied to a curatorial open call at Momenta Art with a related proposal, and through conversations there came to realize that it was a perfect opportunity to bring The Infernal Dream to the city.
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Sophie Wang, a lawyer for Cambridge, Massachusetts-based biotech company Momenta, told jurors in Boston federal court that Amphastar knowingly infringed Momenta's patent, obtained after years of research into complex sugar molecules by co-founder Ganesh Kaundinya.
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Instead of picking between the present and future, as Waymo does with Level 4 — a designation given to cars that can operate under basic situations without human intervention — and Tesla with half-autonomous driving, Momenta works on both.
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They include an owning stake in Here, the mapping business; investments in Careem and car-tech services like Momenta; and the acquisition of myTaxi and the many operations that now form a part of that like Hailo and TaxiBeat.
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BOSTON, July 21 (Reuters) - Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Inc on Friday won a trial in a lawsuit claiming that the drugmaker through its production of a generic version of the blood-thinner Lovenox infringed a patent held by Momenta Pharmaceuticals Inc.
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Hannah Doerksen's "MAKING A RELIGION OUT OF ONE'S LONELINESS" presented at Centre Clark, is one of the strongest works at MOMENTA because it precisely goes against the idea that an individual's collection of objects is the proof of their existence.
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A federal judge has allowed Momenta Pharmaceuticals and Sandoz Inc to broaden a lawsuit accusing Amphastar Pharmaceuticals of infringing a patent on quality control methods used in making the blood thinner enoxaparin, the generic form of French drug maker Sanofi's Lovenox.
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A lawyer for Momenta Pharmaceuticals Inc urged a federal jury on Thursday to force Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Inc to pay $938 million for infringing a patent the drugmaker held through its production of a generic version of the blood-thinner Lovenox.
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BOSTON (Reuters) - A federal jury handed Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Inc a big win on Friday after it was accused of infringing on a patent held by Momenta Pharmaceuticals Inc through its production of a generic version of the blood-thinner Lovenox.
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This round of funding includes investment from Momenta Ventures and Horizon Ventures, and adds to the previous $5 million AUD ($3.4 million USD) that Fleet raised previously from Blackbird Ventures and Grok Ventures, with contribution from the South Australian government.
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In a selfie-obsessed society where without an image, where everything that happens requires the proof of an image, is the point of MOMENTA 2019 to make the case for the declining power of the photographic image as the true representation of reality?
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Momenta Pharmaceuticals Inc and Novartis AG's Sandoz unit took Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Inc to trial Tuesday in a long-running suit over patent infringement that seeks hundreds of millions of dollars in damages over Amphastar's generic version of the blockbuster blood-thinner Lovenox.
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Back in New York, the Momenta Quartet and the Lost Dog New Music Ensemble will participate in "Nørgård in New York," a mini-festival at Scandinavia House (June 203-18) honoring Per Nørgård, a great Danish composer who is overdue for a U.S. retrospective.
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The settlement ends an appeal by Momenta and Sandoz of a Boston federal jury's 2017 verdict finding that a patent they claimed Amphastar infringed was invalid, a decision that exposed them to losing $100 million that they had posted as a bond earlier in the litigation.
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Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads MONTREAL—This fall, MOMENTA opened its 16th edition with great ceremony: the artistic venture celebrated its 30th anniversary and cemented their reinvention as the "biennale de l'image" for the second year in a row (it was founded as Le Mois de la Photo).
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Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads Kaegan Sparks is the curator of the exhibition The Infernal Dream of Mutt and Jeff by artist Zoe Beloff at Momenta Art, on view through March 20 with a special event on Friday, March 18, at 563pm with Amy Herzog and the artist.
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U.S. District Judge Nathaniel Gorton in Massachusetts said Tuesday that Momenta and Sandoz could add new infringement allegations to their complaint in light of a ruling last November by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit that California-based Amphastar is not protected by a safe harbor provision in the patent law.
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As of last October, Momenta had raised at least $200 million from big-name investors, including Daimler, Cathay Capital, GGV Capital, Kai-Fu Lee's Sinovation Ventures, Lei Jun's Shunwei Capital, Blue Lake Capital, NIO Capital, and the government of Suzhou, which will house Momenta's new 4,000-square-meter headquarters right next to the city's high-speed train station.
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Read more:Botham Jean's brother gave Amber Guyger a hug after the former cop was sentenced for his brother's murder in a powerful courtroom momentA former Dallas cop has been found guilty of murder for shooting her unarmed black neighbor to death in his own apartment'I hate myself every single day': Former Dallas cop who killed unarmed black man said she wished he was the one with the gunThe Dallas cop who shot her neighbor was distracted by a phone call with her partner, who she was sleeping with
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Read more:Botham Jean's brother gave Amber Guyger a hug after the former cop was sentenced for his brother's murder in a powerful courtroom momentA retired Florida police officer is reportedly under investigation for arresting 2 children aged 6 and 8Almost two decades since 9/11, 10 times as many New York City police officers have died from 9/11-related illnesses than perished in the actual attackA Texas police chief apologized after 2 officers on horseback were pictured leading a black man through the streets on a rope
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Excitations with momenta in the linear region are called phonons; those with momenta close to the minimum are called rotons. Excitations with momenta near the maximum are called maxons. The term "roton" is also used for the quantized eigenmode of a freely rotating molecule.
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The Euler–Lagrange equations can also be formulated in terms of the generalized momenta rather than generalized coordinates. Performing a Legendre transformation on the generalized coordinate Lagrangian L(q, dq/dt, t) obtains the generalized momenta Lagrangian L′(p, dp/dt, t) in terms of the original Lagrangian, as well the EL equations in terms of the generalized momenta. Both Lagrangians contain the same information, and either can be used to solve for the motion of the system. In practice generalized coordinates are more convenient to use and interpret than generalized momenta.
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So Wick's theorem holds no matter how many of the momenta of the internal variables coincide.
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By these rules, the light-front amplitudes are represented as the integrals over the momenta of particles in intermediate states. These integrals are three-dimensional, and all the four-momenta k_i are on the corresponding mass shells k_i^2=m_i^2, in contrast to the Feynman rules containing four-dimensional integrals over the off-mass-shell momenta. However, the calculated light-front amplitudes, being on the mass shell, are in general the off-energy-shell amplitudes. This means that the on-mass-shell four-momenta, which these amplitudes depend on, are not conserved in the direction x^- (or, in general, in the direction \omega).
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One might try to fix the problem by eliminating two of the components of the -dimensional phase space, say and , down to a reduced phase space of dimensions, that is sometimes expressing the coordinates as momenta and sometimes as coordinates. However, this is neither a general nor rigorous solution. This gets to the heart of the matter: that the definition of the canonical momenta implies a constraint on phase space (between momenta and coordinates) that was never taken into account.
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In quantum mechanics, the procedure of constructing eigenstates of total angular momentum out of eigenstates of separate angular momenta is called angular momentum coupling. For instance, the orbit and spin of a single particle can interact through spin–orbit interaction, in which case the complete physical picture must include spin–orbit coupling. Or two charged particles, each with a well-defined angular momentum, may interact by Coulomb forces, in which case coupling of the two one-particle angular momenta to a total angular momentum is a useful step in the solution of the two-particle Schrödinger equation. In both cases the separate angular momenta are no longer constants of motion, but the sum of the two angular momenta usually still is.
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It makes possible to uniquely determine canonical momenta of the particle and forces acting on it in a given reference frame.
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In March 2018, the company won a patent infringement lawsuit brought against it by Momenta Pharmaceuticals and Sandoz Inc in an ongoing antitrust case.
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Barbour also researches Machian physics, a related field. The Machian approach requires physics to be constructed from directly observable quantities. In standard analytical dynamics a system's future evolution can be determined from a state consisting of particle positions and momenta (or instantaneous velocities). Barbour believes that the Machian approach eschews the momenta/instantaneous velocities, which are not directly observable, and so needs more than one "snapshot" consisting of positions only.
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Momenta is an autonomous driving company from China and aims to build the ‘Brains’ for autonomous vehicles. Momenta was founded in September 2016 by Cao Xudong, a former scientist at Microsoft Research and formerly executive director of research and development at Chinese face recognition start-up SenseTime. Momenta's deep-learning based software in perception, HD semantic mapping, and data-driven path planning enables the realization of full autonomy.
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Note that the Hamiltonian can always be written as a function of s and s only, even if the velocities cannot be inverted into functions of the momenta.
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A sensation of falling occurs when the labyrinth or vestibular apparatus, a system of fluid-filled passages in the inner ear, detects changes in acceleration. This sensation can occur when a person begins to fall, which in terms of mechanics amounts to a sudden acceleration increase from zero to roughly 9.81 m/s2. If the body is in free fall (for example, during skydiving) with no other momenta (rotation, etc.) there is no falling sensation. This almost never occurs in real-life falling situations because when the faller leaves their support there are usually very significant quantities of residual momenta such as rotation and these momenta continue as the person falls, causing a sensation of dysphoria.
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They are the momentum-dependent rotations constructed by multiplying a light-front boost followed by the inverse of the corresponding rotation-less boost. In order to also add the relative orbital angular momenta, the relative orbital angular momenta of each particle must also be converted to a representation where they Wigner rotate with the spins. While the problem of adding spins and internal orbital angular momenta is more complicated, it is only total angular momentum that requires interactions; the total spin does not necessarily require an interaction dependence. Where the interaction dependence explicitly appears is in the relation between the total spin and the total angular momentum where here P^- and M contain interactions.
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In high-energy strong interactions equilibrium is usually not complete. In these reactions, with the increase of laboratory energy one observes that the transverse momenta of produced particles have a tail, which deviates from the single exponential Boltzmann spectrum, characteristic for global equilibrium. The slope or the effective temperature of this transverse momentum tail increases with increasing energy. These large transverse momenta were interpreted as being due to particles, which "leak" out before equilibrium is reached.
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The orbital angular momenta of the Sun and all non-jovian planets, moons, and small Solar System bodies, as well as the axial rotation momenta of all bodies, including the Sun, total only about 2%. If all Solar System bodies were point masses, or were rigid bodies having spherically symmetric mass distributions, then an invariable plane defined on orbits alone would be truly invariable and would constitute an inertial frame of reference. But almost all are not, allowing the transfer of a very small amount of momenta from axial rotations to orbital revolutions due to tidal friction and to bodies being non-spherical. This causes a change in the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum, as well as a change in its direction (precession) because the rotational axes are not parallel to the orbital axes.
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The HJE is a single, first-order partial differential equation for the function of the N generalized coordinates q_1,\, q_2, ... , q_N and the time t . The generalized momenta do not appear, except as derivatives of S . Remarkably, the function S is equal to the classical action. For comparison, in the equivalent Euler–Lagrange equations of motion of Lagrangian mechanics, the conjugate momenta also do not appear; however, those equations are a system of N , generally second-order equations for the time evolution of the generalized coordinates.
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In 2001, he worked with Robert Langer to found Mimeon based on work by Langer on glycoengineering; the company changed its name to Momenta Pharmaceuticals the next year and went public in 2004. Westphal was the founding CEO. Momenta brought to market the first generic, low-molecular- weight heparin. In 2002 he co-founded Alnylam Pharmaceuticals as CEO, which was built to discover and develop drugs and reagents based on RNA interference based on work done by scientists Phillip Sharp, Paul Schimmel, David Bartel, and Thomas Tuschl; John Maraganore was hired as CEO in 2002.
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Cooling is tested with lithium hydride (LiH) crystals or liquid hydrogen (LH2) cells, magnets are used to focus and analyze the muon beam. MICE will measure cooling performance over a range of beam momenta between about 150 and 250 MeV/c.
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The behavior of atoms and smaller particles is well described by the theory of quantum mechanics, in which each particle has an intrinsic angular momentum called spin and specific configurations (of e.g. electrons in an atom) are described by a set of quantum numbers. Collections of particles also have angular momenta and corresponding quantum numbers, and under different circumstances the angular momenta of the parts couple in different ways to form the angular momentum of the whole. Angular momentum coupling is a category including some of the ways that subatomic particles can interact with each other.
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Virtual particles conserve energy and momentum. However, since they can be off the shell, wherever the diagram contains a closed loop, the energies and momenta of the virtual particles participating in the loop will be partly unconstrained, since a change in a quantity for one particle in the loop can be balanced by an equal and opposite change in another. Therefore, every loop in a Feynman diagram requires an integral over a continuum of possible energies and momenta. In general, these integrals of products of propagators can diverge, a situation that must be handled by the process of renormalization.
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Since the angular momentum operator is given by , the highest spin in quantum mechanics of the rotation sub-representation will be and the "usual" rules of addition of angular momenta and the formalism of 3-j symbols, 6-j symbols, etc. applies.
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Two circular diagrams showing the division of the day and of the week, from a Carolingian ms. (Clm 14456 fol. 71r) of St. Emmeram Abbey. The day is divided into 24 hours, and each hour into 4 puncta, 10 minuta, or 40 momenta.
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In quantum mechanics, the Wigner 3-j symbols, also called 3-jm symbols, are an alternative to Clebsch–Gordan coefficients for the purpose of adding angular momenta. While the two approaches address exactly the same physical problem, the 3-j symbols do so more symmetrically.
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If two or more physical systems have conserved angular momenta, it can be useful to combine these momenta to a total angular momentum of the combined system--a conserved property of the total system. The building of eigenstates of the total conserved angular momentum from the angular momentum eigenstates of the individual subsystems is referred to as angular momentum coupling. Application of angular momentum coupling is useful when there is an interaction between subsystems that, without interaction, would have conserved angular momentum. By the very interaction the spherical symmetry of the subsystems is broken, but the angular momentum of the total system remains a constant of motion.
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These hot carriers that have sufficiently high energies and momenta to allow them to be injected from the semiconductor into the surrounding dielectric films such as the gate and sidewall oxides as well as the buried oxide in the case of silicon on insulator (SOI) MOSFETs.
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This Hamiltonian formalism is applied to quantization of fields, e.g., in quantum gauge theory. In Covariant Hamiltonian field theory, canonical momenta pμi corresponds to derivatives of fields with respect to all world coordinates xμ.Giachetta, G., Mangiarotti, L., Sardanashvily, G., "Advanced Classical Field Theory", World Scientific, 2009, .
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The individual electron angular momenta li commute with this Hamiltonian. That is, they are conserved properties of this approximate model of the atom. An example of the second situation is a rigid rotor moving in field-free space. A rigid rotor has a well-defined, time-independent, angular momentum.
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The formalism is well suited to arbitrary choices of coordinates, known in the context as generalized coordinates. The kinetic and potential energies of the system are expressed using these generalized coordinates or momenta, and the equations of motion can be readily set up, thus analytical mechanics allows numerous mechanical problems to be solved with greater efficiency than fully vectorial methods. It does not always work for non-conservative forces or dissipative forces like friction, in which case one may revert to Newtonian mechanics. Two dominant branches of analytical mechanics are Lagrangian mechanics (using generalized coordinates and corresponding generalized velocities in configuration space) and Hamiltonian mechanics (using coordinates and corresponding momenta in phase space).
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The central tracking system had two subdetectors for measuring charged particle track positions and a magnetic field to cause tracks to bend, thereby allowing a measurement of their momenta. The silicon microstrip tracker was located just outside the Tevatron beam pipes. Five barrels concentric with the beams and 16 disks with strips perpendicular to the beams provided precision measurements of charged track coordinates. These helped to determine particle momenta and to distinguish those particles that emerged from the primary collision point from those that traveled a finite distance before decaying, like tau leptons and hadrons containing bottom quarks. It consisted of about 800,000 silicon strips of 50 micron width, capable of measuring track location to about 10 microns.
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Radiation pressure can be viewed as a consequence of the conservation of momentum given the momentum attributed to electromagnetic radiation. That momentum can be equally well calculated on the basis of electromagnetic theory or from the combined momenta of a stream of photons, giving identical results as is shown below.
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Ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic structures are made up of intrinsic magnetic moments. If all the electrons within the structure are paired, these moments cancel out due to their opposite spins and angular momenta. Thus, even with an applied magnetic field, these materials have different properties and no Curie temperature.
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The faller doesn't fall straight down but spins, flips, etc. due to these residual momenta and also due to the asymmetric forces of air resistance on their asymmetric body. While velocity continues to increase, the downward acceleration due to gravity remains constant. Increasing drag force may even cause a feeling of ascent.
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The correct solution was later provided by D. C. Mattis and E. H. Lieb (J. Math. Phys., Vol. 6, 304 (1965)). The error by Luttinger consists of solving the problem without imposing an appropriate cut-off on sums over momenta, whereby he erroneously mapped the interacting problem onto a non-interacting one.
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Often the Routhian approach may offer no advantage, but one notable case where this is useful is when a system has cyclic coordinates (also called "ignorable coordinates"), by definition those coordinates which do not appear in the original Lagrangian. The Lagrangian equations are powerful results, used frequently in theory and practice, since the equations of motion in the coordinates are easy to set up. However, if cyclic coordinates occur there will still be equations to solve for all the coordinates, including the cyclic coordinates despite their absence in the Lagrangian. The Hamiltonian equations are useful theoretical results, but less useful in practice because coordinates and momenta are related together in the solutions - after solving the equations the coordinates and momenta must be eliminated from each other.
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The foundations of relativistic mechanics are the postulates of special relativity and general relativity. The unification of SR with quantum mechanics is relativistic quantum mechanics, while attempts for that of GR is quantum gravity, an unsolved problem in physics. As with classical mechanics, the subject can be divided into "kinematics"; the description of motion by specifying positions, velocities and accelerations, and "dynamics"; a full description by considering energies, momenta, and angular momenta and their conservation laws, and forces acting on particles or exerted by particles. There is however a subtlety; what appears to be "moving" and what is "at rest"—which is termed by "statics" in classical mechanics—depends on the relative motion of observers who measure in frames of reference.
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He has participated in several international art shows, including the Venice Biennale "Momenta" in 2013, as well as the Brucennial 2012 in New York. Though he grew up in Europe, his background made him an important ambassador in a major group exhibition at Saatchi Gallery in 2014, “Pangaea: New Art from Africa and Latin America”.
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Instead, the gluon propagator goes to a constant value when the momentum is taken to zero, and the ghost propagator still goes like 1/k2 at low momenta. This is the case for both 3 and 4 space- time dimensions. A solution to this discrepancy has been proposed, adding condensates to the Gribov-Zwanziger action.
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Using Duane's 1923 hypothesis, the old quantum theory and the de Broglie relation, linking wavelengths and frequencies to energy and momenta, gives an account of diffraction of material particles.Heisenberg, W. (1930). The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory, translated by C. Eckart and F.C. Hoyt, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 77–78.Pauling, L.C., Wilson, E.B. (1935).
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Drawing from submissions to Fallout, the artist constructed a revisionist history portraying the ebb and flow of Latin American Marxist revolution for the installation Fallout at Momenta Art, in Brooklyn in 2005. The installation featured, among other things, propaganda posters commissioned for the installation from four designers: Isabel Chang, Enrique Sacasa, Ed Adams, and David Ulrich.
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Another is when three external lines end on an , and the remaining half- line joins up with another , and the remaining half-lines of this run off to external lines. These are all also forest diagrams (as every tree is a forest); an example of a forest that is not a tree is when eight external lines end on two s. It is easy to verify that in all these cases, the momenta on all the internal lines is determined by the external momenta and the condition of momentum conservation in each vertex. A diagram that is not a forest diagram is called a loop diagram, and an example is one where two lines of an are joined to external lines, while the remaining two lines are joined to each other.
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The ends of four of the eight ATLAS toroid magnets, looking down from about 90 metres above, in September 2005 The eight toroid magnets of the ATLAS detector The ATLAS detector uses two large superconducting magnet systems to bend charged particles so that their momenta can be measured. This bending is due to the Lorentz force, which is proportional to velocity. Since all particles produced in the LHC's proton collisions are traveling at very close to the speed of light, the force on particles of different momenta is equal. (In the theory of relativity, momentum is not linear proportional to velocity at such speeds.) Thus high-momentum particles curve very little, while low-momentum particles curve significantly; the amount of curvature can be quantified and the particle momentum can be determined from this value.
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Measuring the momentum of one electronic state gives a distribution of momenta which are all separated by reciprocal lattice vectors. Hence, an ACAR measurement on a solid with completely filled bands (i.e. on an insulator) gives a continuous distribution. An ACAR measurement on a metal has discontinuities where bands cross the Fermi level in all Brillouin zones in reciprocal space.
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Having joined Arthur Ashkin's efforts of manipulating microparticles with laser beams, Gordon wrote the first theory describing radiation forces and momenta in dielectric media. Later, jointly with Ashkin, he modeled the motion of atoms in a radiation trap. This work together with Ashkin's experiments, was the basis for what later developed into the fields of atom trapping and optical tweezers.
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Commune Starter Kits, 2003. Office of Collective Unconscious from The Institute for Wishful Thinking exhibition at Momenta Gallery, 2011. Nsumi, or "Nsumi Collective" is an art collective, initially formed as a New School student association called Nsumiscope in the fall of 2001 the week directly following September 11th. Their projects last for years at a time, and are not always documented or publicized.
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As in all Monte Carlo walks, the new path will then be accepted or rejected in order to have the correct path probability. The procedure is iterated and the ensemble is gradually sampled. A powerful and efficient algorithm is the so-called shooting move. Consider the case of a classical many-body system described by coordinates r and momenta p.
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Ricardo- AEA was formed by acquisition of AEA Technology. AEA Technology included the division previously known as the Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU); many reports published under this name are still in circulation. AEA Technology, for a time, included branding as "Future Energy Solutions (incorporating the Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU))".DEFRA Contacts directory Another former division of AEA Technology was Momenta.
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During Downey's tenure at Barr, the company grew revenue from $60 million to more than $2.5 billion and became the fourth largest global generic drug company. In 2008, Barr Pharmaceuticals was acquired by Teva Pharmaceutical. Downey was named Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in 2009. Downey is a member of the board of directors for Cardinal Health and Momenta Pharmaceuticals.
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Immediately after Heisenberg discovered his uncertainty principle, Bohr noted that the existence of any sort of wave packet implies uncertainty in the wave frequency and wavelength, since a spread of frequencies is needed to create the packet itself. In quantum mechanics, where all particle momenta are associated with waves, it is the formation of such a wave packet which localizes the wave, and thus the particle, in space. In states where a quantum mechanical particle is bound, it must be localized as a wave packet, and the existence of the packet and its minimum size implies a spread and minimal value in particle wavelength, and thus also momentum and energy. In quantum mechanics, as a particle is localized to a smaller region in space, the associated compressed wave packet requires a larger and larger range of momenta, and thus larger kinetic energy.
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In the free electron model, the Fermi surface is a sphere. With ACAR it is possible to measure the momentum distribution of the electrons. A measurement on a free electron gas for example would give a positive intensity for momenta p and zero intensity for p>p_F. The Fermi surface itself can easily be identified from such a measurement by the discontinuity at p_F.
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Intuitively, it relates the velocities of a mechanical system (given by vector fields on the tangent bundle of the coordinates) to the corresponding momenta of the system (given by vector fields in the cotangent bundle; i.e. given by forms). The tautological one-form is a special case of the more general solder form, which provides a (co-)frame field on a general fiber bundle.
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Among the quantities he listed as being invariant before and after the collision of bodies were both the sum of their linear momenta as well as the sum of their kinetic energies. However, the difference between elastic and inelastic collision was not understood at the time. This led to the dispute among later researchers as to which of these conserved quantities was the more fundamental.
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Somewhat surprisingly Eduard Study is known by practitioners of quantum chemistry. Like James Joseph Sylvester, Paul Gordan believed that invariant theory could contribute to the understanding of chemical valence. In 1900 Gordan and his student G. Alexejeff contributed an article on an analogy between the coupling problem for angular momenta and their work on invariant theory to the Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (v. 35, p. 610).
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Even when a system is entirely isolated from external influences, its microstate is constantly changing. For instance, the particles in a gas are constantly moving, and thus occupy a different position at each moment of time; their momenta are also constantly changing as they collide with each other or with the container walls. Suppose we prepare the system in an artificially highly ordered equilibrium state.
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A solar day can be divided into 24 hours of either equal or unequal lengths, the former being called natural or equinoctial, and the latter artificial. The hour was divided into four puncta (quarter-hours), ten minuta, or 40 momenta. The unit was used by medieval computists before the introduction of the mechanical clock and the base 60 system in the late 13th century.
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A loop in a Feynman diagram requires an integral over a continuum of possible energies and momenta. In general, the integrals of products of Feynman propagators diverge at propagator poles, and the divergences must be removed by renormalization. The process of renormalization might be thought of as a theory of cancellations of virtual particle paths, thus revealing the "bare" or renormalized physics, such as the pole mass.
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These include the effects of Hall physics, electron pressure gradients, finite Larmor Radii in the particle gyromotion, and electron inertia. ; Two-fluid : Two-fluid MHD describes plasmas that include a non- negligible Hall electric field. As a result, the electron and ion momenta must be treated separately. This description is more closely tied to Maxwell's equations as an evolution equation for the electric field exists.
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But the law of conservation of momentum states that the magnitudes of their momenta must be equal: : MV+mv=0 \qquad (1) Since force equals the rate of change in momentum and the initial momenta are zero, the force on the bullet must therefore be the same as the force on the gun/shooter. Gunshot victims frequently fall or collapse when shot; this is less a result of the momentum of the bullet pushing them over, but is primarily caused by physical damage or psychological effects, perhaps combined with being off balance. This is not the case if the victim is hit by heavier projectiles such as 20 mm cannon shell, where the momentum effects can be enormous; this is why very few such weapons can be fired without being mounted on a weapons platform or involve a recoilless system (e.g. a recoilless rifle).
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The theoretical activity is being developed in parallel to the experimental one, a fundamental theme being the quantum treatment of phenomena such asthose observed in the study of elementary chemical processes, where the motion of nuclei enters into play: their behaviour is at the borderline of classical mechanics (semi-classical regime). On this theme (quantum mechanics in the short-wave limit) he has studied non- adiabatic processes, the role of singularities (catastrophes), the chaotic regime, and has also contributed to the historical – epistemological debate. His major theoretical effort has concerned the formulation and implementation of the treatment of the dynamics of processes involving few bodies, that encounter as a quantum mechanical principal obstacle the necessity to explicitly treat the coupling of angular momenta and spin, with electronic, rotational and orbital momenta. He has contributed in this area to the introduction of hyperspherical coordinates and harmonics, developing analytical tools and original algorithms.
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On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, p. 457\. . "Cents in interval: 590, Name of Interval: Just Tritone, Number to an Octave: 2.0. Cents in interval: 612, Name of Interval: Pyth. Tritone, Number to an Octave: 2.0." or 25:18,Haluska , Ján (2003), The Mathematical Theory of Tone Systems, Pure and Applied Mathematics Series 262 (New York: Marcel Dekker; London: Momenta), p. xxiv. .
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General derivations of the equipartition theorem can be found in many statistical mechanics textbooks, both for the microcanonical ensemble and for the canonical ensemble. They involve taking averages over the phase space of the system, which is a symplectic manifold. To explain these derivations, the following notation is introduced. First, the phase space is described in terms of generalized position coordinates qj together with their conjugate momenta pj.
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If following the recollision, the electrons are ejected nearly simultaneously, their parallel momenta have equal signs, and both electrons are driven by the laser field in the same direction toward the detector . If after the recollision, the electrons are ejected with a substantial delay (quarter-cycle or more), they end up going in the opposite directions. These two types of dynamics produce distinctly different correlated spectra (compare experimental results with .
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It is the conservation of momentum that leads to the straight motion of a particle. On a curved surface, exactly the same ideas are at play, except that, in order to measure distances correctly, one must use the metric. To measure momenta correctly, one must use the inverse of the metric. The motion of a free particle on a curved surface still has exactly the same form as above, i.e.
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His clear conceptual visualization had been buried under layers of mathematical formalism. Einstein's thought experiment involved two particles that have collided or which have been created in such a way that they have properties which are correlated. The total wave function for the pair links the positions of the particles as well as their linear momenta. The figure depicts the spreading of the wave function from the collision point.
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In 2019, Johnson & Johnson announced the release of photochromic contact lenses. The lenses adjust to sunlight and help eyes recover from bright light exposure faster. The lenses contain a photochromic additive that adapts visible light amounts filtered to the eyes and are the first to use such additives. In August 2020, it was announced that Johnson & Johnson is set to buy the biotech company Momenta Pharmaceuticals for $6.5 billion.
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Particle radiation is subatomic particle accelerated to relativistic speeds by nuclear reactions. Because of their momenta they are quite capable of knocking out electrons and ionizing materials, but since most have an electrical charge, they don't have the penetrating power of ionizing radiation. The exception is neutron particles; see below. There are several different kinds of these particles, but the majority are alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, and protons.
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Architects, engineers, and contractors use these equations to create "flattened" arcs that are used in curved walls, arched ceilings, bridges, and numerous other applications. The sagitta also has uses in physics where it is used, along with chord length, to calculate the radius of curvature of an accelerated particle. This is used especially in bubble chamber experiments where it is used to determine the momenta of decay particles.
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"Hogin's Humor Abundant in Political Paintings," Chicago Sun-Times, January 31, 1997, p. N15. Critics, such as Susan Snodgrass, suggest that Hogin employs a "bait-and-switch" tactic, luring viewers with virtuoso technique and then inserting subversive, often harsh cultural criticism, conveyed through her fantastic, anthropomorphized creatures, pointed allegories, and ironic text and decorative artifice.Canning, Susan. "Laurie Hogin and Jonathan Wahl at Momenta Art," Art in America, June 2000, p. 126.
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The concept of potential energy surface was very important in the development of TST. The foundation of this concept was laid by René Marcelin in 1913. He theorized that the progress of a chemical reaction could be described as a point in a potential energy surface with coordinates in atomic momenta and distances. In 1931, Henry Eyring and Michael Polanyi constructed a potential energy surface for the reaction below.
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The decay events obey the various conservation laws, and as a result, the measurement outcomes of one daughter particle must be highly correlated with the measurement outcomes of the other daughter particle (so that the total momenta, angular momenta, energy, and so forth remains roughly the same before and after this process). For instance, a spin-zero particle could decay into a pair of spin-½ particles. Since the total spin before and after this decay must be zero (conservation of angular momentum), whenever the first particle is measured to be spin up on some axis, the other, when measured on the same axis, is always found to be spin down. (This is called the spin anti-correlated case; and if the prior probabilities for measuring each spin are equal, the pair is said to be in the singlet state.) The special property of entanglement can be better observed if we separate the said two particles.
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She had a photography exhibition at Momenta Art, Brooklyn, in 2000 which featured a selection of photographs depicting various spoof sitcom scenes starring herself and friend Janeane Garofalo. She is also married to Lee. Tozzi is an independent artist and has worked as a member of the production companies KanDoKid and T.H.E.M. directing a number of television commercials. Tozzi parted ways with PFFR in 2009, following the production of Xavier: Renegade Angel.
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The integrals over unconstrained momenta, called "loop integrals", in the Feynman graphs typically diverge. This is normally handled by renormalization, which is a procedure of adding divergent counter-terms to the Lagrangian in such a way that the diagrams constructed from the original Lagrangian and counterterms are finite.See the previous reference, or for more detail, . A renormalization scale must be introduced in the process, and the coupling constant and mass become dependent upon it.
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Elias-Miró, Joan, et al. "Stabilization of the electroweak vacuum by a scalar threshold effect." Journal of High Energy Physics 2012.6 (2012): 1–19. In recent work, Chamseddine, Alain Connes and Viatcheslav Mukhanov, discovered a generalization of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation for geometry where the Dirac operator takes the role of momenta and the coordinates, tensored with Clifford algebra, serve as maps from the manifold to a sphere with the same dimension.
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The large distances above the galactic plane achieved by some binaries are the result of stellar black hole natal kicks. The velocity distribution of black hole natal kicks seems similar to that of neutron-star kick velocities. One might have expected that it would be the momenta that were the same with black holes receiving lower velocity than neutron stars due to their higher mass but that does not seem to be the case.
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The Delaunay orbital elements, commonly referred to as Delaunay variables, are action-angle coordinates consisting of the argument of periapsis, the mean anomaly and the longitude of the ascending node, along with their conjugate momenta. They are used to simplify perturbative calculations in celestial mechanics, for example while investigating the Kozai–Lidov oscillations in hierarchical triple systems. They were introduced by Charles-Eugène Delaunay during his study of the motion of the Moon.
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Along with Terry McGuire and Steve Arnold, Flint left BEDCO in 1996 and founded the venture capital firm Polaris Partners. Polaris has been a lead investor in life sciences companies: Alimera Sciences, Ascend Health, deCODE genetics, Free&Clear;, Ironwood and Momenta; and technology companies: Akamai Technologies, Allaire Corporation, eRewards, Imprivata, LegalZoom, LogMeIn, SolidWorks, and WordPress; and the beauty company, Living Proof."Polaris Partners," Crunchbase. Polaris closed on $500 million for its sixth fund in 2010.
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The molecular term symbol is a shorthand expression of the angular momenta that characterize the electronic quantum states of a diatomic molecule, which are also eigenstates of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian. It is also convenient, and common, to represent a diatomic molecule as two point masses connected by a massless spring. The energies involved in the various motions of the molecule can then be broken down into three categories: the translational, rotational, and vibrational energies.
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In rotational-vibrational and electronic spectroscopy of diatomic molecules, Hund's coupling cases are idealized descriptions of rotational states in which specific terms in the molecular Hamiltonian and involving couplings between angular momenta are assumed to dominate over all other terms. There are five cases, proposed by Friedrich Hund in 1926-27 and traditionally denoted by the letters (a) through (e). Most diatomic molecules are somewhere between the idealized cases (a) and (b).
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Thus, understanding the distribution of spatial orientations of the spin vectors of galaxies is critical to understanding the origin of the angular momenta of galaxies. There are mainly three scenarios for the origin of galaxy clusters and superclusters. These models are based on different assumptions of the primordial conditions, so they predict different spin vector alignments of the galaxies. The three hypotheses are the pancake model, the hierarchy model, and the primordial vorticity theory.
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Charmed baryons are formed in high-energy particle collisions, such as those produced by particle accelerators. The general method to find them is to detect their decay products, identify what particles they are, and measure their momenta. If all the decay products are found and measured correctly, then the mass of the parent particle may be calculated. As an example, a favored decay of the is into a proton, a kaon and a pion.
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Other attempts at defining a coherent structure can be done through examining the correlation between their momenta or pressure and their turbulent flows. However, it often leads to false indications of turbulence, since pressure and velocity fluctuations over a fluid could be well correlated in the absence of any turbulence or vorticity. Some coherent structures, such as vortex rings, etc. can be large-scale motions comparable to the extent of the shear flow.
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Mass-shell hyperboloids are 'squashed' into a cylinder. The momentum generators p_i commute among themselves but addition of momenta, reflected in the quantum group structure, is deformed (momentum space becomes a non-abelian group). Meanwhile, the Lorentz group generators enjoy their usual relations among themselves but act non-linearly on the momentum space. The orbits for this action are depicted in the figure as a cross-section of p_0 against one of the p_i.
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Landé's work contained several new important ideas, including the rule of vector addition of two quantum-mechanical angular momenta J1 and J2. His findings and postulates were later confirmed by quantum theory. Landé's Frankfurt investigations (December 1920 until April 1921) ended with the discovery of the well-known Landé g-formula and an explanation for the anomalous Zeeman effect. The Landé g-factor is now defined through mJ, the magnetic quantum number.
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After turning to textile-based works in the 1990s, Herzog attracted growing attention with several site-specific installations, group shows at White Columns, Hofstra University and the Brooklyn Museum, and solo exhibitions at Black + Herron, Momenta Art, and P.P.O.W.Harrison, Helen A. "Grace and Intrigue Highlight Sculpture," The New York Times, July 9, 1995, Sect. 13LI, p. 14. Retrieved May 25, 2020.Zimmer, William. "Sculpture at Two Displays in Wayne," The New York Times, December 5, 1993, Sect.
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The photon structure function, in quantum field theory, describes the quark content of the photon. While the photon is a massless boson, through certain processes its energy can be converted into the mass of massive fermions. The function is defined by the process hadrons. It is uniquely characterized by the linear increase in the logarithm of the electronic momentum transfer log and by the approximately linear rise in , the fraction of the quark momenta within the photon.
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Formation of Pluto's moons. 1: a Kuiper belt object approaches Pluto; 2: it impacts Pluto; 3: a dust ring forms around Pluto; 4: the debris aggregates to form Charon; 5: Pluto and Charon relax into spherical bodies. It is suspected that Pluto's satellite system was created by a massive collision, similar to the "big whack" thought to have created the Moon. In both cases, the high angular momenta of the moons can only be explained by such a scenario.
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Two others are positioned downstream of the magnets symmetrically with respect to the beam line. Additionally, four small volume TPCs placed directly along the beamline region are used in case of hadron and light ion beams. The setup is supplemented by time of flight detector walls, which extend particle identification to low momenta ( < p ). Furthermore, the Projectile Spectator Detector (a calorimeter) is positioned downstream of the time of flight detectors to measure energy of projectile fragments.
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In theoretical physics, the Peierls bracket is an equivalent description of the Poisson bracket. It can be defined directly from the action and does not require the canonical coordinates and their canonical momenta to be defined in advance. The bracket :[A,B] is defined as :D_A(B)-D_B(A), as the difference between some kind of action of one quantity on the other, minus the flipped term. In quantum mechanics, the Peierls bracket becomes a commutator i.e.
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Technical sketch of the upgraded CDHS detector The core of the detector consisted of 19 (later 20) magnetized iron modules. In the spacings between these, drift chambers for track reconstruction were installed. Additionally, plastic scintillators were inserted into the iron. Each iron module therefore served successively as an interaction target, where the neutrinos hit and produced hadron showers, a calorimeter that measured those hadrons' energy and a spectrometer, determining the momenta of produced muons via magnetic deflection.
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Noether's theorem associates conserved energies with time- translation symmetries. When the time-translation symmetry is a finite parameter continuous group, such as the Poincaré group, Noether's theorem defines a scalar conserved energy for the system in question. However, when the symmetry is an infinite parameter continuous group, the existence of a conserved energy is not guaranteed. In a similar manner, Noether's theorem associates conserved momenta with space-translations, when the symmetry group of the translations is finite-dimensional.
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This ensures that the free particle moves at the expected velocity with the given momentum/energy. Apparently these notions were discovered when attempting to define a self adjoint operator in the relativistic setting that resembled the position operator in basic quantum mechanics in the sense that at low momenta it approximately agreed with that operator. It also has several famous strange behaviors, one of which is seen as the motivation for having to introduce quantum field theory.
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In classical statistical mechanics, the number of microstates is actually uncountably infinite, since the properties of classical systems are continuous. For example, a microstate of a classical ideal gas is specified by the positions and momenta of all the atoms, which range continuously over the real numbers. If we want to define Ω, we have to come up with a method of grouping the microstates together to obtain a countable set. This procedure is known as coarse graining.
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Experimental results show that within the margin of error, all produced and observed neutrinos have left-handed helicities (spins antiparallel to momenta), and all antineutrinos have right-handed helicities. In the massless limit, that means that only one of two possible chiralities is observed for either particle. These are the only chiralities included in the Standard Model of particle interactions. It is possible that their counterparts (right-handed neutrinos and left-handed antineutrinos) simply do not exist.
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In the study of solids, the study of the dispersion relation of electrons is of paramount importance. The periodicity of crystals means that many levels of energy are possible for a given momentum and that some energies might not be available at any momentum. The collection of all possible energies and momenta is known as the band structure of a material. Properties of the band structure define whether the material is an insulator, semiconductor or conductor.
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The Hamiltonian for a system of discrete particles is a function of their generalized coordinates and conjugate momenta, and possibly, time. For continua and fields, Hamiltonian mechanics is unsuitable but can be extended by considering a large number of point masses, and taking the continuous limit, that is, infinitely many particles forming a continuum or field. Since each point mass has one or more degrees of freedom, the field formulation has infinitely many degrees of freedom.
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In electric multipole radiation, the electric field has a radial component; in magnetic multipole radiation, the magnetic field has a radial component. An example: in the simplified decay scheme of 60Co above, the angular momenta and the parities of the various states are shown (A plus sign means even parity, a minus sign means odd parity). Consider the 1.33 MeV transition to the ground state. Clearly, this must carry away an angular momentum of 2, without change of parity.
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If such systems were derived from a single particle, then the calculation of the invariant mass of such systems, which is a never-changing quantity, will provide the rest mass of the parent particle (because it is conserved over time). It is often convenient in calculation that the invariant mass of a system is the total energy of the system (divided by c2) in the COM frame (where, by definition, the momentum of the system is zero). However, since the invariant mass of any system is also the same quantity in all inertial frames, it is a quantity often calculated from the total energy in the COM frame, then used to calculate system energies and momenta in other frames where the momenta are not zero, and the system total energy will necessarily be a different quantity than in the COM frame. As with energy and momentum, the invariant mass of a system cannot be destroyed or changed, and it is thus conserved, so long as the system is closed to all influences.
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In the immediate future she intends to concentrate her work in the field of opera. An important aspect of her artistic career is her frequent collaborations with musicians such as Patricia Kopatchinskaja, Sylvia Khittl-Muhr, Marlis Petersen and Edua Zadory, and with the conductor Ulf Schirmer. Her work was performed at the Austrian Embassy, Washington, D.C. by violinist Édua Zádory and the Momenta Quartet. In December 2012 the University of Arts Graz (Austria) devoted an entire day to performances of Johanna Doderer's works.
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Although there may be many choices for generalized coordinates for a physical system, parameters that are convenient are usually selected for the specification of the configuration of the system and which make the solution of its equations of motion easier. If these parameters are independent of one another, the number of independent generalized coordinates is defined by the number of degrees of freedom of the system. Generalized coordinates are paired with generalized momenta to provide canonical coordinates on phase space.
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The g-factor is the unit-less proportionality factor relating the system's angular momentum to the intrinsic magnetic moment; in classical physics it is just 1. In nuclear physics the g-factor of a given system includes the effect of the nucleon spins, their orbital angular momenta, and their couplings. Generally, the g-factors are very difficult to calculate for such many-body systems, but they have been measured to high precision for most nuclei. The Larmor frequency is important in NMR spectroscopy.
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The Einstein–de Haas effect is a physical phenomenon in which a change in the magnetic moment of a free body causes this body to rotate. The effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum. It is strong enough to be observable in ferromagnetic materials. The experimental observation and accurate measurement of the effect demonstrated that the phenomenon of magnetization is caused by the alignment (polarization) of the angular momenta of the electrons in the material along the axis of magnetization.
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Quantum characteristics are phase-space trajectories that arise in the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics through the Wigner transform of Heisenberg operators of canonical coordinates and momenta. These trajectories obey the Hamilton equations in quantum form and play the role of characteristics in terms of which time-dependent Weyl's symbols of quantum operators can be expressed. In the classical limit, quantum characteristics reduce to classical trajectories. The knowledge of quantum characteristics is equivalent to the knowledge of quantum dynamics.
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These annihilations generated several bosonic particles and some of them led to the formation of pairs of K mesons. Also, it allowed the study and eventually the discovery of mesonic resonances with emphasis on kaon production. Subsequently, the chamber was exposed to various particles such as π+, π−, K+, K− and antiprotons, at various momenta up to 10 GeV/c. The experiments with low energy K− beams resulted in the systematic studies of quasi elastic reactions on protons directly correlated to strange baryonic resonances.
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Craig Drennen lived in New York City for much of the 1990s where he worked as an art handler at the Guggenheim Museum, National Academy Museum, and International Center for Photography among places. He shared a studio on west 27th Street and produced artwork that he showed with Sarah Meltzer Gallery, Christinerose Gallery, and Momenta Art. He taught courses at the School of Visual Arts, Long Island University, and Kingsborough Community College. He worked at different times for the artists Keith Sonnier and Sandy Skoglund.
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Both formulations are equivalent by a Legendre transformation on the generalized coordinates, velocities and momenta, therefore both contain the same information for describing the dynamics of a system. There are other formulations such as Hamilton–Jacobi theory, Routhian mechanics, and Appell's equation of motion. All equations of motion for particles and fields, in any formalism, can be derived from the widely applicable result called the principle of least action. One result is Noether's theorem, a statement which connects conservation laws to their associated symmetries.
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In physics, the Landé g-factor is a particular example of a g-factor, namely for an electron with both spin and orbital angular momenta. It is named after Alfred Landé, who first described it in 1921. In atomic physics, the Landé g-factor is a multiplicative term appearing in the expression for the energy levels of an atom in a weak magnetic field. The quantum states of electrons in atomic orbitals are normally degenerate in energy, with these degenerate states all sharing the same angular momentum.
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Her work has been exhibited at the Elizabeth Foundation for the Arts, Cooper Union, The Bronx Museum of the Arts, the Neuberger Museum of Art, the Knockdown Center, and Momenta Art, amongst other venues. She is the recipient of residencies at The Laundromat Project, Bemis Center, Triangle Arts Association, and Lower Manhattan Cultural Counsel (LMCC) Workspace residency, and was nominated for the Rema Hort Mann Foundation Grant. In 2019 the Studio Museum in Harlem commissioned her first institutional solo exhibition, Wayfinding (2019) at St. Nicholas Park.
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This model also predicts or explains with some success other properties of nuclei, in particular spin and parity of nuclei ground states, and to some extent their excited states as well. Take (oxygen-17) as an example: Its nucleus has eight protons filling the three first proton "shells", eight neutrons filling the three first neutron "shells", and one extra neutron. All protons in a complete proton shell have zero total angular momentum, since their angular momenta cancel each other. The same is true for neutrons.
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According to the hierarchy model, the directions of the spin vectors should be distributed randomly. In hierarchy model, galaxies were first formed and then they obtained their angular momenta by tidal force while they were gathering gravitationally to form a cluster. Those galaxies grow by subsequent merging of proto-galactic condensations or even by merging of already fully formed galaxies. In this scheme, one could imagine that large irregularities like galaxies grew under the influence of gravities from small imperfections in the early universe.
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Two functions on phase space, and , are weakly equal if they are equal when the constraints are satisfied, but not throughout the phase space, denoted . If and are equal independently of the constraints being satisfied, they are called strongly equal, written . It is important to note that, in order to get the right answer, no weak equations may be used before evaluating derivatives or Poisson brackets. The new procedure works as follows, start with a Lagrangian and define the canonical momenta in the usual way.
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Lee and collaborators are perhaps most well known for developing lattice effective field theory. Effective field theory (EFT) is an organizing principle for the interactions of a complex system at low energies. When applied to low-energy protons and neutrons in a formulation called chiral EFT, it functions as an expansion in powers of the nucleon momenta and the pion mass. Lattice EFT combines this theoretical framework with lattice methods and Monte Carlo algorithms that are applicable to few-body systems, heavier nuclei, and infinite matter.
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129Xe is produced by beta decay of 129I, which has a half-life of 16 million years. 131mXe, 133Xe, 133mXe, and 135Xe are some of the fission products of 235U and 239Pu, and are used to detect and monitor nuclear explosions. Nuclei of two of the stable isotopes of xenon, 129Xe and 131Xe, have non-zero intrinsic angular momenta (nuclear spins, suitable for nuclear magnetic resonance). The nuclear spins can be aligned beyond ordinary polarization levels by means of circularly polarized light and rubidium vapor.
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Simplified decay scheme of 60Co, with angular momenta and parities shownA state of a nuclide is described by its energy above the ground state, by its angular momentum J (in units of \hbar), and by its parity, i.e., its behaviour under reflection (positive + or negative −). Since the spin of nucleons is ½ (in units of \hbar), and since orbital angular momentum has integer values, J may be an integer or a half integer number. Electric and magnetic multipole radiations of the same order \ell (i.e.
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Term symbols are used to represent the states and spectral transitions of atoms, they are found from coupling of angular momenta mentioned above. When the state of an atom has been specified with a term symbol, the allowed transitions can be found through selection rules by considering which transitions would conserve angular momentum. A photon has spin 1, and when there is a transition with emission or absorption of a photon the atom will need to change state to conserve angular momentum. The term symbol selection rules are.
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Lagrangian mechanics can be formulated in special relativity and general relativity. Some features of Lagrangian mechanics are retained in the relativistic theories but difficulties quickly appear in other respects. In particular, the EL equations take the same form, and the connection between cyclic coordinates and conserved momenta still applies, however the Lagrangian must be modified and is not simply the kinetic minus the potential energy of a particle. Also, it is not straightforward to handle multiparticle systems in a manifestly covariant way, it may be possible if a particular frame of reference is singled out.
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The annual RED NOTE New Music Festival at Illinois State University is a week-long event which features outstanding performances of contemporary concert music. Highlights of past seasons include appearances by Ensemble Mise-en, City of Tomorrow, Momenta Quartet, Orchid Ensemble, Fulcrum Point New Music Ensemble, Color Field Ensemble, Spektral Quartet, Del Sol Quartet, loadbang, and Ensemble Dal Niente. Featured guest composers have included Stephen Hartke, Steven Stucky, Joan Tower, Lee Hyla, Sydney Hodkinson, and Augusta Read Thomas. RED NOTE also holds an annual Composition Competition which brings in entries from around the world.
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As the collapse continues, the rotation rate can increase to the point where the accreting protostar can break up due to centrifugal force at the equator. Thus the rotation rate must be braked during the first 100,000 years of the star's life to avoid this scenario. One possible explanation for the braking is the interaction of the protostar's magnetic field with the stellar wind. In the case of our own Sun, when the planets' angular momenta are compared to the Sun's own, the Sun has less than 1% of its supposed angular momentum.
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The large distances above the galactic plane achieved by some binaries are the result of black hole natal kicks. The velocity distribution of black hole natal kicks seems similar to that of neutron star kick velocities. One might have expected that it would be the momenta that were the same with black holes receiving lower velocity than neutron stars due to their higher mass but that doesn't seem to be the case, which may be due to the fall-back of asymmetrically expelled matter increasing the momentum of the resulting black hole.
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Besides his technical books, Pierce wrote science fiction under the pseudonym J.J. Coupling, which refers to the total angular momenta of individual particles. John Pierce also had an early interest in gliding and assisted in the development of the Long Beach Glider Club in Los Angeles, one of the earliest glider clubs in the United States. According to Richard Hamming "you couldn't talk to John Pierce without being stimulated very quickly." Pierce had been a resident of Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Pasadena, California, and later of Palo Alto, California.
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The reason is that Ehrenfest's theorem is closely related to Liouville's theorem of Hamiltonian mechanics, which involves the Poisson bracket instead of a commutator. Dirac's rule of thumb suggests that statements in quantum mechanics which contain a commutator correspond to statements in classical mechanics where the commutator is supplanted by a Poisson bracket multiplied by . This makes the operator expectation values obey corresponding classical equations of motion, provided the Hamiltonian is at most quadratic in the coordinates and momenta. Otherwise, the evolution equations still may hold approximately, provided fluctuations are small.
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A physical object or particle moving faster than the speed of light would have space-like four-momenta (such as the hypothesized tachyon), and these do not appear to exist. Any time-like four- momentum possesses a reference frame where the momentum (3-dimensional) is zero, which is a center of momentum frame. In this case, invariant mass is positive and is referred to as the rest mass. If objects within a system are in relative motion, then the invariant mass of the whole system will differ from the sum of the objects' rest masses.
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Confined point vortices are a system with bounded phase space as their canonical momenta are not independent degrees of freedom from their canonical position coordinates. Bounded phase space is the essential property that allows for negative temperatures, and such temperatures can occur in both classical and quantum systems. As shown by Onsager, a system with bounded phase space necessarily has a peak in the entropy as energy is increased. For energies exceeding the value where the peak occurs, the entropy decreases as energy increases, and high-energy states necessarily have negative Boltzmann temperature.
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The possibility of a decrease in entropy as energy increases requires the system to "saturate" in entropy. This is only possible if the number of high energy states is limited. For a system of ordinary (quantum or classical) particles such as atoms or dust, the number of high energy states is unlimited (particle momenta can in principle be increased indefinitely). Some systems, however (see the examples below), have a maximum amount of energy that they can hold, and as they approach that maximum energy their entropy actually begins to decrease.
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In Boltzmann's definition, entropy is a measure of the number of possible microscopic states (or microstates) of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, consistent with its macroscopic thermodynamic properties (or macrostate). To understand what microstates and macrostates are, consider the example of a gas in a container. At a microscopic level, the gas consists of a vast number of freely moving atoms, which occasionally collide with one another and with the walls of the container. The microstate of the system is a description of the positions and momenta of all the atoms.
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In the case of the ideal gas, we count two states of an atom as the "same" state if their positions and momenta are within δx and δp of each other. Since the values of δx and δp can be chosen arbitrarily, the entropy is not uniquely defined. It is defined only up to an additive constant. (As we will see, the thermodynamic definition of entropy is also defined only up to a constant.) To avoid coarse graining one can take the entropy as defined by the H-theorem.
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The best modern (1986) values for neutron mass by this technique are provided by Greene, et al. These give a neutron mass of: :mneutron= The value for the neutron mass in MeV is less accurately known, due to less accuracy in the known conversion of u to MeV:Byrne, J. Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter, Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 2011, , pp. 18–19 :mneutron= . Another method to determine the mass of a neutron starts from the beta decay of the neutron, when the momenta of the resulting proton and electron are measured.
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Similarly, the week is divided into seven days, and each day into 96 puncta, 240 minuta, or 960 momenta. A moment (momentum) was a medieval unit of time. The movement of a shadow on a sundial covered 40 moments in a solar hour, a twelfth of the period between sunrise and sunset. The length of a solar hour depended on the length of the day, which, in turn, varied with the season. Although the length of a moment in modern seconds was therefore not fixed, on average, a moment corresponded to 90 seconds.
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Oak Park has an active arts community, resulting in part from its favorable location adjacent to Chicago (seven miles west of the "Loop"). It is home to numerous theater, music, dance, and fine arts professionals. The arts district on Harrison, bounded by Austin Avenue to the east and Ridgeland Avenue to the west, features boutique galleries, shops and restaurants. Oak Park is home to several professional dance and theatre companies, including Circle Theatre, Oak Park Festival Theatre, and Momenta resident dance company of The Academy of Movement and Music.
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In theoretical physics and mathematical physics, analytical mechanics, or theoretical mechanics is a collection of closely related alternative formulations of classical mechanics. It was developed by many scientists and mathematicians during the 18th century and onward, after Newtonian mechanics. Since Newtonian mechanics considers vector quantities of motion, particularly accelerations, momenta, forces, of the constituents of the system, an alternative name for the mechanics governed by Newton's laws and Euler's laws is vectorial mechanics. By contrast, analytical mechanics uses scalar properties of motion representing the system as a whole—usually its total kinetic energy and potential energy—not Newton's vectorial forces of individual particles.
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Molecular dynamics generates a path as a set of (rt, pt) at discrete times t in [0,T] where T is the length of the path. For a transition from A to B, (r0, p0) is in A, and (rT, pT) is in B. One of the path times is chosen at random, the momenta p are modified slightly into p + δp, where δp is a random perturbation consistent with system constraints, e.g. conservation of energy and linear and angular momentum. A new trajectory is then simulated from this point, both backward and forward in time until one of the states is reached.
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The 1985-1987 upgrade of the detector was aimed at two aspects: full calorimeter coverage and better electron identification at lower transverse momenta. The first aspect was addressed by replacing the end-caps with new calorimeters that covered the regions 6°-40° with respect to the beam direction, thereby hermetically sealing the detector. The end-cap calorimeters consisted of lead/scintillator samplings for the electromagnetic part, and iron/scintillator for the hadronic part. The performance and granularity of the new calorimeters were set to match the central calorimeter, which was of importance for the triggering system.
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In canonical transformation theory, there is the Hamilton-Jacobi method, in which solutions to Hamilton's equations are sought by first finding a complete solution of the associated Hamilton-Jacobi equation. In classical terminology, this is described as determining a transformation to a canonical set of coordinates consisting of completely ignorable variables; i.e., those in which there is no dependence of the Hamiltonian on a complete set of canonical "position" coordinates, and hence the corresponding canonically conjugate momenta are all conserved quantities. In the case of compact energy level sets, this is the first step towards determining the action-angle variables.
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Similarly, Hamilton's equations of motion are another system of 2N first-order equations for the time evolution of the generalized coordinates and their conjugate momenta p_1,\, p_2, ... , p_N . Since the HJE is an equivalent expression of an integral minimization problem such as Hamilton's principle, the HJE can be useful in other problems of the calculus of variations and, more generally, in other branches of mathematics and physics, such as dynamical systems, symplectic geometry and quantum chaos. For example, the Hamilton–Jacobi equations can be used to determine the geodesics on a Riemannian manifold, an important variational problem in Riemannian geometry.
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The MRPCs are parallel-plate detectors built of thin sheets of standard window glass to create narrow gas gaps with high electric fields. These plates are separated using fishing lines to provide the desired spacing; 10 gas gaps per MRPC are needed to arrive at a detection efficiency close to 100%. The simplicity of the construction allows a large system to be built with an overall TOF resolution of 80 ps at a relatively low cost (CERN Courier November 2011 p8). This performance allows the separation of kaons, pions and protons up to momenta of a few GeV/c.
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The Dimuon spectrometer is optimized for the detection of these heavy quark resonances. The main components of the ALICE muon spectrometer: an absorber to filter the background, a set of tracking chambers before, inside and after the magnet and a set of trigger chambers. Muons may be identified using the just described technique by using the fact that they are the only charged particles able to pass almost undisturbed through any material. This behaviour is connected to the fact that muons with momenta below a few hundred GeV/c do not suffer from radiative energy losses and so do not produce electromagnetic showers.
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A hypernucleus is a nucleus which contains at least one hyperon (a baryon carrying the strangeness quantum number) in addition to the normal protons and neutrons. The first was discovered by Marian Danysz and Jerzy Pniewski in 1952 using the nuclear emulsion technique, based on their energetic but delayed decay. They have also been studied by measuring the momenta of the K and pi mesons in the direct strangeness exchange reactions. The strangeness quantum number is conserved by the strong and electromagnetic interactions, a variety of reactions give access to depositing one or more units of strangeness in a nucleus.
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This incompatibility is analogous to the lack of transmission that occurs during total internal reflection. Nevertheless, coupling of photons into SPPs can be achieved using a coupling medium such as a prism or grating to match the photon and SPP wave vectors (and thus match their momenta). A prism can be positioned against a thin metal film in the Kretschmann configuration or very close to a metal surface in the Otto configuration (Figure 1). A grating coupler matches the wave vectors by increasing the parallel wave vector component by an amount related to the grating period (Figure 2).
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The angular momentum of test particles in a gently curved background is more complicated in GR but can be generalized in a straightforward manner. If the Lagrangian is expressed with respect to angular variables as the generalized coordinates, then the angular momenta are the functional derivatives of the Lagrangian with respect to the angular velocities. Referred to Cartesian coordinates, these are typically given by the off-diagonal shear terms of the spacelike part of the stress–energy tensor. If the spacetime supports a Killing vector field tangent to a circle, then the angular momentum about the axis is conserved.
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The total angular momentum of an object is the sum of the spin and orbital angular momenta. The orbital angular momentum vector of a point particle is always parallel and directly proportional to the orbital angular velocity vector ω of the particle, where the constant of proportionality depends on both the mass of the particle and its distance from origin. The spin angular momentum vector of a rigid body is proportional but not always parallel to the spin angular velocity vector Ω, making the constant of proportionality a second-rank tensor rather than a scalar. Angular momentum is an extensive quantity; i.e.
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The momenta of these (rather stable) particles are measured by the detector and using the usual rules of four- momentum using the correct relativistic equations, this gives a measure of the mass of the parent particle. In particle collisions, the protons, kaons and pions are all rather commonly produced, and only a fraction of these combinations will have come from a charmed baryon. Thus, it is important to measure many such combinations. A plot of the calculated parent mass will then have a peak at the mass of the , but this is in addition to a smooth "phase space" background.
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Robert Oppenheimer showed in 1930 that higher-order perturbative calculations in QED always resulted in infinite quantities, such as the electron self-energy and the vacuum zero-point energy of the electron and photon fields, suggesting that the computational methods at the time could not properly deal with interactions involving photons with extremely high momenta. It was not until 20 years later that a systematic approach to remove such infinities was developed. A series of papers was published between 1934 and 1938 by Ernst Stueckelberg that established a relativistically invariant formulation of QFT. In 1947, Stueckelberg also independently developed a complete renormalization procedure.
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Collins is the scientific co- founder and currently chairs the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of Sample6 Technologies, Synlogic and EnBiotix. He serves on the Board of Directors of Fulcrum Therapeutics and the SAB of Agilis Biotherapeutics, Evelo Biosciences, enEvolv, Indigo Agriculture, Joule Unlimited, PureTech Health and Excel Medical Ventures. Additionally, he has served on the SAB of Mannkind Corporation, Seres Health, Codon Devices, Selventa, Gene Network Sciences, Epitome Biosystems, Afferent Corp, Cellicon Biotechnologies, Synereca Pharmaceuticals, LifeWave Ltd, and Bios Group Inc. Collins has also served as a science advisor to Unilever, Lifebuoy, Agilent, Momenta Pharmaceuticals, the New England Patriots, and Brooks Sports.
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31 and p. 80 For photons, spin is the quantum- mechanical counterpart of the polarization of light; for electrons, the spin has no classical counterpart. The existence of electron spin angular momentum is inferred from experiments, such as the Stern–Gerlach experiment, in which silver atoms were observed to possess two possible discrete angular momenta despite having no orbital angular momentum. The existence of the electron spin can also be inferred theoretically from spin-statistics theorem and from the Pauli exclusion principle—and vice versa, given the particular spin of the electron, one may derive the Pauli exclusion principle.
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In a CDW, the combined effects of pinning (due to impurities) and electrostatic interactions (due to the net electric charges of any CDW kinks) likely play critical roles in the CDW current's jerky behavior, as discussed in sections 4 & 5 below. Most CDW's in metallic crystals form due to the wave- like nature of electrons – a manifestation of quantum mechanical wave-particle duality – causing the electronic charge density to become spatially modulated, i.e., to form periodic "bumps" in charge. This standing wave affects each electronic wave function, and is created by combining electron states, or wavefunctions, of opposite momenta.
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In his form, the constraints are simply conditions that the spinorial Weyl curvature is trace free and symmetric. He also discovered the presence of new constraints which he suggested to be interpreted as the equivalent of Gauss constraint of Yang–Mills field theories. But Sen's work fell short of giving a full clear systematic theory and particularly failed to clearly discuss the conjugate momenta to the spinorial variables, its physical interpretation, and its relation to the metric (in his work he indicated this as some lambda variable). In 1986–87, physicist Abhay Ashtekar completed the project which Amitabha Sen began.
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In mathematical physics, covariant classical field theory represents classical fields by sections of fiber bundles, and their dynamics is phrased in the context of a finite-dimensional space of fields. Nowadays, it is well known that jet bundles and the variational bicomplex are the correct domain for such a description. The Hamiltonian variant of covariant classical field theory is the covariant Hamiltonian field theory where momenta correspond to derivatives of field variables with respect to all world coordinates. Non-autonomous mechanics is formulated as covariant classical field theory on fiber bundles over the time axis ℝ.
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Therefore, chambers to detect muons are placed at the very edge of the experiment where they are the only particles likely to register a signal. To identify muons and measure their momenta, CMS uses three types of detector: drift tubes (DT), cathode strip chambers (CSC) and resistive plate chambers (RPC). The DTs are used for precise trajectory measurements in the central barrel region, while the CSCs are used in the end caps. The RPCs provide a fast signal when a muon passes through the muon detector, and are installed in both the barrel and the end caps.
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In neutron time-of-flight scattering, a form of inelastic neutron scattering, the initial position and velocity of a pulse of neutrons is fixed, and their final position and the time after the pulse that the neutrons are detected are measured. By the principle of conservation of momentum, these pairs of coordinates may be transformed into momenta and energies for the neutrons, and the experimentalist may use this information to calculate the momentum and energy transferred to the sample. Inverse geometry spectrometers are also possible. In this case, the final position and velocity are fixed, and the incident coordinates varied.
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Let the linear, angular and internal momenta of a molecule be given by the set of r variables { pi }. The state of a molecule may then be described by the range δwi = δp1δp2δp3 ... δpr. There are many such ranges corresponding to different states; a specific state may be denoted by the index i. Two molecules undergoing a collision can thus be denoted by (i, j) (Such an ordered pair is sometimes known as a constellation.) It is convenient to suppose that two molecules exert a negligible effect on each other unless their center of gravity approach within a critical distance b.
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Since angular momentum corresponds to rotational motion, the magnetic moment can be related to the orbital angular momentum of the charge carriers in the constituting current. However, in magnetic materials, the atomic and molecular dipoles have magnetic moments not just because of their quantized orbital angular momentum, but also due to the spin of elementary particles constituting them. "Spin" is a non-classical property of elementary particles, since classically the "spin angular momentum" of a material object is really just the total orbital angular momenta of the object's constituents about the rotation axis. Elementary particles are conceived as point objects which have no axis to "spin" around (see wave–particle duality).
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The container may even be subjected to a force which gives it an overall velocity, or else (equivalently) it may be viewed from an inertial frame in which it has an overall velocity (that is, technically, a frame in which its center of mass has a velocity). In this case, its total relativistic mass and energy increase. However, in such a situation, although the container's total relativistic energy and total momenta increase, these energy and momentum increases subtract out in the invariant mass definition, so that the moving container's invariant mass will be calculated as the same value as if it were measured at rest, on a scale.
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Nsumi operates under different monikers, such as Lightning Chasers, Black Magic Guild and Nsumi Group, and has been known to appear in the same group exhibition under multiple individual and group names. Nsumi also appears in more conventional art exhibitions at galleries, universities and museums including the Queens Museum, Momenta Gallery, Deitch Projects and the Center for Architecture in New York City. Their work has appeared in Satya magazine, ARTE Television and TRACKS TV in Europe, Total Theatre Magazine, The New York Times, Archinect, The Economist, the New York Sun, and Art News. Between 2013 and 2014 Nsumi launched two projects that blur the lines between creative production and grassroots politics.
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Vibronic transitions are allowed at the classical turning points because both the momentum and the nuclear coordinates correspond in the two represented energy levels. In this illustration, the 0–2 vibrational transitions are favored. The Franck–Condon principle has a well- established semiclassical interpretation based on the original contributions of James Franck . Electronic transitions are essentially instantaneous compared with the time scale of nuclear motions, therefore if the molecule is to move to a new vibrational level during the electronic transition, this new vibrational level must be instantaneously compatible with the nuclear positions and momenta of the vibrational level of the molecule in the originating electronic state.
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The ALEPH detector had at its core a time projection chamber for detecting the direction and momenta of charged particles with extreme accuracy. In the foreground from the left, Jacques Lefrancois, Jack Steinberger, Lorenzo Foa and Pierre Lazeyras. ALEPH was an experiment on the LEP accelerator, which studied high- energy collisions between electrons and positrons (1989-2000) The ALEPH detector was built to measure events created by electron positron collisions in LEP. It operated from 1989 to 1995 in the energy range of the Z particle (around 91 GeV) and later (1995 to 2000) above the threshold of W pair production (up to 200 GeV).
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Its large solid angle coverage (near hermetic), vertex location with precision on the order of 10 μm (provided by a silicon vertex detector), good pion–kaon separation at multi-GeV momenta (provided by a novel Cherenkov detector), and few-percent precision electromagnetic calorimetry (CsI(Tl) scintillating crystals) allow a list of other scientific searches apart from CP violation in the B meson system. Studies of rare decays and searches for exotic particles and precision measurements of phenomena associated with mesons containing bottom and charm quarks, as well as phenomena associated with tau leptons are possible. The BaBar detector ceased operation on 7 April 2008, but data analysis is ongoing.
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In Maxwell's theory, the field is its own physical entity, carrying momenta and energy across space, and action-at-a-distance is only the apparent effect of local interactions of charges with their surrounding field. Electrodynamics was later described without fields (in Minkowski space) as the direct interaction of particles with lightlike separation vectors. This resulted in the Fokker-Tetrode-Schwarzschild action integral. This kind of electrodynamic theory is often called "direct interaction" to distinguish it from field theories where action at a distance is mediated by a localized field (localized in the sense that its dynamics are determined by the nearby field parameters).
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The total thickness of a calorimeter was about 175 cm so as to fully absorb the showers of the most energetic particles from a collision. The stainless steel vessels needed to contain the modules at liquid argon temperature (-190 C) were relatively thick, so scintillation detectors were inserted between central and end calorimeters to correct for energy lost in the cryostat walls. A primary task for the calorimetry is identification of jets, the sprays of particles created as quarks and gluons escape from their collision point. Jet identification and measurement of their directions and energies allow analyses to recreate the momenta of the underlying quarks and gluons in the primary collision.
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352 This occurs especially in light atoms (or in molecules formed only of light atoms) when spin-orbit coupling is weak compared to the coupling between spins or the coupling between orbital angular momenta, a situation known as LS coupling because L and S are constants of motion. Here L is the total orbital angular momentum quantum number. For atoms with a well-defined S, the multiplicity of a state is defined as (2S+1). This is equal to the number of different possible values of the total (orbital plus spin) angular momentum J for a given (L, S) combination, provided that S ≤ L (the typical case).
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CLICdet consists of four main layers of increasing radius: vertex and tracking system, calorimeters, solenoid magnet, and muon detector. A silicon pixel detector prototype for CLIC: "CLICTD" – a monolithic CMOS chip containing both sensor and readout, shown here on an electronics board during testing. The vertex and tracking system is located at the innermost region of CLICdet and aims to detect the position and momenta of particles with minimum adverse impact on their energy and trajectory. The vertex detector is cylindrical with three double layers of detector materials at increasing radii and has three segmented disks at each end in a spiral configuration to aid air flow cooling.
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The dark matter can be modeled as a scalar field using two fitted parameters, mass and self- interaction. In this picture the dark matter consists of an ultralight particle with a mass of ~10−22 eV when there is no self-interaction. If there is a self-interaction a wider mass range is allowed. The uncertainty in position of a particle is larger than its Compton wavelength (a particle with mass 10−22 eV has a Compton wavelength of 1.3 light years), and for some reasonable estimates of particle mass and density of dark matter there is no point talking about the individual particles’ positions and momenta.
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In the framework of many-body quantum mechanics, models solvable by the Bethe ansatz can be contrasted with free fermion models. One can say that the dynamics of a free model is one-body reducible: the many-body wave function for fermions (bosons) is the anti- symmetrized (symmetrized) product of one-body wave functions. Models solvable by the Bethe ansatz are not free: the two-body sector has a non-trivial scattering matrix, which in general depends on the momenta. On the other hand, the dynamics of the models solvable by the Bethe ansatz is two-body reducible: the many-body scattering matrix is a product of two-body scattering matrices.
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The zero-phonon line is an optical analogy to the Mössbauer lines, which originate in the recoil-free emission or absorption of gamma rays from the nuclei of atoms bound in a solid matrix. In the case of the optical zero-phonon line, the position of the chromophore is the physical parameter that may be perturbed, whereas in the gamma transition, the momenta of the atoms may be changed. More technically, the key to the analogy is the symmetry between position and momentum in the Hamiltonian of the quantum harmonic oscillator. Both position and momentum contribute in the same way (quadratically) to the total energy.
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However, in this case the CMGs are not saturated at all; their angular momenta are equal and opposite, so the total stored angular momentum adds up to zero. Just as for saturation, however, and for exactly the same reasons, roll control will become increasingly difficult if the CMGs even approach anti-parallel alignment. In the anti-parallel configuration, although roll control is lost, control about other axes still works well (in contrast to the situation with saturation). An unwanted left yaw can be dealt with by storing some "up" angular momentum, which is easily done by tilting both rotor spin axes slightly up by equal amounts.
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Polaritons are also characterized by non-parabolic energy-momentum dispersion relations, which limit the validity of the parabolic effective-mass approximation to a small range of momenta . They also have a spin degree-of-freedom, making them spinorial fluids able to sustain different polarization textures. Exciton-polaritons are composite bosons which can be observed to form Bose-Einstein condensates, and sustain polariton superfluidity and quantum vortices and are prospected for emerging technological applications. Many experimental works currently focus on polariton lasers, optically addressed transistors, nonlinear states such as solitons and shock waves, long-range coherence properties and phase transitions, quantum vortices and spinorial patterns.
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More specifically, the fluid's overall linear and angular momenta remain null over time. The kinetic energies of the molecular Brownian motions, together with those of molecular rotations and vibrations, sum up to the caloric component of a fluid's internal energy (the Equipartition theorem). This motion is named after the botanist Robert Brown, who first described the phenomenon in 1827, while looking through a microscope at pollen of the plant Clarkia pulchella immersed in water. In 1905, almost eighty years later, theoretical physicist Albert Einstein published a paper where he modeled the motion of the pollen particles as being moved by individual water molecules, making one of his first major scientific contributions.
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Rather than all nucleons experiencing some modification, the short-range correlations hypothesis predicts that most nucleons at any one time are unmodified, but some are substantially modified. The most heavily modified nucleons are those in temporary short-range correlated (SRC) pairs. It has been observed that approximately 20% of nucleons (in medium and heavy nuclei) at any given moment are part of short-lived pairs with significant spatial overlap with a partner nucleon. The nucleons in these pairs then recoil apart with large back-to-back momenta of several hundred MeV/c, larger than the nuclear Fermi momentum, making them the highest-momentum nucleons in the nucleus.
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In physics, the center-of-momentum frame (also zero-momentum frame or COM frame) of a system is the unique (up to velocity but not origin) inertial frame in which the total momentum of the system vanishes. The center of momentum of a system is not a location (but a collection of relative momenta/velocities: a reference frame). Thus "center of momentum" means "center-of-momentum frame" and is a short form of this phrase.Dynamics and Relativity, J.R. Forshaw, A.G. Smith, Wiley, 2009, A special case of the center-of-momentum frame is the center-of-mass frame: an inertial frame in which the center of mass (which is a physical point) remains at the origin.
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Steiner described the heart not as a pump, but as a regulator of flow, such that the heartbeat itself can be distinguished from the circulation of blood. William T. Jarvis Anthroposophical Medicine Anthroposophic medicine claims the flow in the blood of the circulatory system is, as Marinelli put it, "propelled with its own biological momentum, as can be seen in the embryo, and boosts itself with induced momenta from the heart".Marinelli, R., Fuerst, B., et al. "The Heart is not a Pump: A refutation of the pressure propulsion premise of heart function", Frontier Perspectives 5(1), Fall-Winter 1995 This view of the heart is not based on any scientific theory and has been characterized as "crank science".
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With his mathematical insight, Sir Isaac Newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved for nearly three hundred years. By the early 20th century, Einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light, and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia. With modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms. The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed.
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The SU(3) generators were expressed as differential operators in four independent variables. In terms of these, the eigenvalue equation of the quadratic Casimir operator became a partial differential equation in four independent variables, the polynomial solutions of which, form the bases of an irreducible representation of SU(3). The forms of the new operators made apparent the fact that the basis states of an irreducible representation of SU(3)are linear combinations of the CG series of SU(2) with the same value of j, m and j1 – j2. Obtaining the SU(2) basis for SU(3) was thereby shown to be closely related to the theory of coupling of two angular momenta.
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Radiation pressure can equally well be accounted for by considering the momentum of a classical electromagnetic field or in terms of the momenta of photons, particles of light. The interaction of electromagnetic waves or photons with matter may involve an exchange of momentum. Due to the law of conservation of momentum, any change in the total momentum of the waves or photons must involve an equal and opposite change in the momentum of the matter it interacted with (Newton's third law of motion), as is illustrated in the accompanying figure for the case of light being perfectly reflected by a surface. This transfer of momentum is the general explanation for what we term radiation pressure.
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Collisions of atoms are elastic, for example Rutherford backscattering. A useful special case of elastic collision is when the two bodies have equal mass, in which case they will simply exchange their momenta. The molecules—as distinct from atoms—of a gas or liquid rarely experience perfectly elastic collisions because kinetic energy is exchanged between the molecules’ translational motion and their internal degrees of freedom with each collision. At any instant, half the collisions are, to a varying extent, inelastic collisions (the pair possesses less kinetic energy in their translational motions after the collision than before), and half could be described as “super-elastic” (possessing more kinetic energy after the collision than before).
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The main obstacle was the large dispersion of momenta and angles of the antiprotons emerging from the target. The method of reducing the beam dimensions is called stochastic cooling, a method discovered by Simon van der Meer. Simply put it is a feedback system based on the fact that all beams are particulate and that therefore, on a microscopic level, the density within a given volume will be subject to statistical fluctuations. The aim of discovering W and Z bosons put certain demands on the luminosity of the collider, and the experiment therefore required an antiproton source capable of delivering 3·1010 antiprotons each day into a few bunches within the angular and momentum acceptance of the SPS.
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When the temperature is lower than the Bloch–Grüneisen temperature, the most energetic thermal phonons have a typical momentum of kBT/vs which is smaller than ħkF, the momentum of the conducting electrons at the Fermi surface. This means that the electrons will only scatter in small angles when they absorb or emit a phonon. In contrast when the temperature is higher than the Bloch–Grüneisen temperature, there are thermal phonons of all momenta and in this case electrons will also experience large angle scattering events when they absorb or emit a phonon. In many cases, the Bloch–Grüneisen temperature is approximately equal to the Deybe temperature (usually written \Theta_D), which is used in modeling specific heat capacity.
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The same forces that cause the ejecta of a firearm (the projectile(s), propellant gas, wad, sabot, etc.) to move down the barrel also cause all or a portion of the firearm to move in the opposite direction. The result is required by the conservation of momentum such that the ejecta momentum and recoiling momentum are equal. These momenta are calculated by: : Ejecta mass × ejecta velocity = recoiling mass × recoil velocity In non-recoil-operated firearms, it is generally the entire firearm that recoils. However, in recoil-operated firearms, only a portion of the firearm recoils while inertia holds another portion motionless relative to a mass such as the ground, a ship's gun mount, or a human holding the firearm.
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The Belle detector was a hermetic multilayer particle detector with large solid angle coverage, vertex location with precision on the order of tens of micrometres (provided by a silicon vertex detector), good distinction between pions and kaons in the momenta range from 100 MeV/c to few GeV/c (provided by a Cherenkov detector), and a few-percent precision electromagnetic calorimeter (made of CsI(Tl) scintillating crystals). The Belle II experiment is an upgrade of Belle that was approved in June 2010.KEK press release It is currently being commissioned, and is anticipated to start operation in 2018. Belle II is located at SuperKEKB (an upgraded KEKB accelerator) which is intended to provide a factor 40 larger integrated luminosity.
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NA32, "Investigation of Charm Production in Hadronic Interactions Using High - Resolution Silicon Detectors" was a research project at CERN. The project was approved on 18 November 1982, data taking completed on 20 August 1986 and the analysis of the results was formally considered finished on 20 August 1996. The experiment was also known as ACCMOR, an acronym of the names of the collaborating research institutes which carried it out -- the Amsterdam- Bristol-CERN-Cracow-Munich-Rutherford Collaboration, which was also responsible for the WA3 experiment. The experiment was designed to measure precisely the momentum of charged particles emerging from high energy hadron interactions and identify these particles over a large range of momenta.
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The input and output ports of a plasmonic circuit will receive and send optical signals, respectively. To do this, coupling and decoupling of the optical signal to the surface plasmon is necessary. The dispersion relation for the surface plasmon lies entirely below the dispersion relation for light, which means that for coupling to occur additional momentum should be provided by the input coupler to achieve the momentum conservation between incoming light and surface plasmon polariton waves launched in the plasmonic circuit. There are several solutions to this, including using dielectric prisms, gratings, or localized scattering elements on the surface of the metal to help induce coupling by matching the momenta of the incident light and the surface plasmons.
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She has performed with such quartets as Daedalus, Formosa, and the Momenta in both Singapore and China, across Europe, and throughout the United States, and was a member of the TinAlley String Quartet of Australia. She also was a frequent music festival participant and appeared in such events as the Bridgehampton, the Caramoor, the Olympic, and many others. She also played violin at the National Gallery of Art and Lincoln Center and performed at places as diverse as Bethlehem, Boston, Columbia, Denton, Philadelphia, the US Capitol, and Tokyo's university, where she talked on TEDx in 2012. In 2010, she became first violinist of the Ying Quartet and Associate Professor at the Eastman School of Music.
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The relativistic energy–momentum equation holds for all particles, even for massless particles for which m0 = 0. In this case: :E = pc When substituted into Ev = c2p, this gives v = c: massless particles (such as photons) always travel at the speed of light. Notice that the rest mass of a composite system will generally be slightly different from the sum of the rest masses of its parts since, in its rest frame, their kinetic energy will increase its mass and their (negative) binding energy will decrease its mass. In particular, a hypothetical "box of light" would have rest mass even though made of particles which do not since their momenta would cancel.
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A Kurie plot (also known as a Fermi–Kurie plot) is a graph used in studying beta decay developed by Franz N. D. Kurie, in which the square root of the number of beta particles whose momenta (or energy) lie within a certain narrow range, divided by the Fermi function, is plotted against beta-particle energy. It is a straight line for allowed transitions and some forbidden transitions, in accord with the Fermi beta-decay theory. The energy-axis (x-axis) intercept of a Kurie plot corresponds to the maximum energy imparted to the electron/positron (the decay's value). With a Kurie plot one can find the limit on the effective mass of a neutrino.
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The work also features video artist Joan Jonas in the role of town elder. In 2008, Cloud Cuckoo Land was the recipient of three grants: a Fellowship in Video from the New York Foundation of the Arts (NYFA), a Finishing Funds Award from the Experimental Television Center and a Cuts and Burns Artist Residency from The Outpost. The work has been screened worldwide and was shown as an installation at Momenta Art (Brooklyn) in 2008, 303 gallery (NYC) in 2009, and Haus der Kulturen der Welt (Berlin) in 2010. Their next video, The Story of Elfranko Wessel (2011), also featured the artists in lead roles, this time in their personae as "artist-couple" and emphasized "the home as opposed to a site of production".
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In 1978, Wiik and his collaborators began using DESY's newly commissioned PETRA electron–positron storage ring to look for hard-gluon bremsstrahlung events that would provide experimental support for the existence and role of gluons in mediating strong interactions among quarks. Wiik and his team soon observed and reported a type of event never described before: three particle-jets whose momenta lay in a plane. These results, widely believed to represent the after-effects of two quarks plus a gluon, were soon confirmed by many other groups. In 1995, the European Physical Society awarded its Prize for High Energy and Particle Physics to four physicists representing the TASSO collaboration (Paul Söding, Bjørn Wiik, Günter Wolf, and Sau Lan Wu) for demonstrating the existence of the gluon.
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With the discovery of special relativity by Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein, energy was proposed to be one component of an energy-momentum 4-vector. Each of the four components (one of energy and three of momentum) of this vector is separately conserved across time, in any closed system, as seen from any given inertial reference frame. Also conserved is the vector length (Minkowski norm), which is the rest mass for single particles, and the invariant mass for systems of particles (where momenta and energy are separately summed before the length is calculated—see the article on invariant mass). The relativistic energy of a single massive particle contains a term related to its rest mass in addition to its kinetic energy of motion.
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Ordway is the composer of three symphonies, two concert settings of the mass, numerous works for solo and ensemble voices, and more than 20 works for string quartet and other instrumental ensembles. In recent years, his work has focused on a series of large-scale, multidisciplinary compositions inspired by architecture, landscape, and the lives of cities. His work has been called “exquisite” by The New York Times, “a marvel” by The Philadelphia Inquirer, and “an American response to Sibelius” by The Boston Globe. He has collaborated with ensembles throughout the United States and abroad, including the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra, Tanglewood New Fromm Players, Lorelei Ensemble, So Percussion, SOLI Chamber Ensemble, Fireworks Ensemble, Boston Musica Viva, Momenta Quartet, and Arneis Quartet.
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The inner solenoid produces a two tesla magnetic field surrounding the Inner Detector. This high magnetic field allows even very energetic particles to curve enough for their momentum to be determined, and its nearly uniform direction and strength allow measurements to be made very precisely. Particles with momenta below roughly 400 MeV will be curved so strongly that they will loop repeatedly in the field and most likely not be measured; however, this energy is very small compared to the several TeV of energy released in each proton collision. The outer toroidal magnetic field is produced by eight very large air-core superconducting barrel loops and two end-caps air toroidal magnets, all situated outside the calorimeters and within the muon system.
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Einstein's issue with the new quantum mechanics was not just that, with the probability interpretation, it rendered invalid the notion of rigorous causality. After all, as noted above, Einstein himself had introduced random processes in his 1916 theory of radiation. Rather, by defining and delimiting the maximum amount of information obtainable in a given experimental arrangement, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle denied the existence of any knowable reality in terms of a complete specification of the momenta and description of individual particles, an objective reality that would exist whether or not we could ever observe it. Over dinner, during after-dinner discussions, and at breakfast, Einstein debated with Bohr and his followers on the question whether quantum mechanics in its present form could be called complete.
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Alexey Andreevich Anselm (, 1 July 1934, Leningrad —24 August 1998, Boston) was a Russian theoretical physicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, professor, director (1992–1994) of the B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI), member of: the Russian and American Physical Society, the executive committee of the Nuclear Physics Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the editorial board of the Russian journal “Yadernaya Fizika”.Physics of Atomic Nuclei Anselm known for his discovery of non- universality of the Landau pole in Quantum field theory, contributions to the theory of complex angular momenta, works on the Quark model, Spontaneous symmetry breaking, mechanisms of CP violation, modifications of the Standard Model, Cosmology, and the development of a simple model for the proton spin crisis.
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By "last" we mean the properties coming from the highest energy level. In the case of a nucleus with an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons, one must consider the total angular momentum and parity of both the last neutron and the last proton. The nucleus parity will be a product of theirs, while the nucleus spin will be one of the possible results of the sum of their angular momenta (with other possible results being excited states of the nucleus). The ordering of angular momentum levels within each shell is according to the principles described above - due to spin-orbit interaction, with high angular momentum states having their energies shifted downwards due to the deformation of the potential (i.e.
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While not supportive of Facebook's history of massive online-privacy violations, its carrying the 2016 Republican National Convention, and, along with other mainstream media outlets, its other roles in the empowerment of Trump's presidential candidacy, she nevertheless viewed the social media site as an effective, user-friendly way to include as many participants as possible, in as short a time as possible. She has lately turned to Instagram, bought by Facebook in 2012. Ichikawa's art before 2005 was primarily in installation art, built around the placement and assembly of basic construction materials in galleries and other spaces. She presented one such piece as her solo exhibition at Momenta Art and another at Andrew Kreps gallery in a group exhibition curated by Dean Daderko, Re-title.
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All conservation laws in special relativity (for energy, mass, and momentum) require isolated systems, meaning systems that are totally isolated, with no mass–energy allowed in or out, over time. If a system is isolated, then both total energy and total momentum in the system are conserved over time for any observer in any single inertial frame, though their absolute values will vary, according to different observers in different inertial frames. The invariant mass of the system is also conserved, but does not change with different observers. This is also the familiar situation with single particles: all observers calculate the same particle rest mass (a special case of the invariant mass) no matter how they move (what inertial frame they choose), but different observers see different total energies and momenta for the same particle.
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For the special type of mass called invariant mass, changing the inertial frame of observation for a whole closed system has no effect on the measure of invariant mass of the system, which remains both conserved and invariant (unchanging), even for different observers who view the entire system. Invariant mass is a system combination of energy and momentum, which is invariant for any observer, because in any inertial frame, the energies and momenta of the various particles always add to the same quantity (the momentum may be negative, so the addition amounts to a subtraction). The invariant mass is the relativistic mass of the system when viewed in the center of momentum frame. It is the minimum mass which a system may exhibit, as viewed from all possible inertial frames.
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Einstein during his visit to the United States Although the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner Second Class in 1906, he had not given up on academia. In 1908, he became a Privatdozent at the University of Bern. In "Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung" ("The Development of our Views on the Composition and Essence of Radiation"), on the quantization of light, and in an earlier 1909 paper, Einstein showed that Max Planck's energy quanta must have well-defined momenta and act in some respects as independent, point-like particles. This paper introduced the photon concept (although the name photon was introduced later by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1926) and inspired the notion of wave–particle duality in quantum mechanics.
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The order of the first few terms are listed as follows: 1s, 1p, 1p, 1d, 2s, 1d... For further clarification on the notation refer to the article on the Russell-Saunders term symbol. For nuclei farther from the magic numbers one must add the assumption that due to the relation between the strong nuclear force and angular momentum, protons or neutrons with the same n tend to form pairs of opposite angular momenta. Therefore, a nucleus with an even number of protons and an even number of neutrons has 0 spin and positive parity. A nucleus with an even number of protons and an odd number of neutrons (or vice versa) has the parity of the last neutron (or proton), and the spin equal to the total angular momentum of this neutron (or proton).
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According to Liouville's theorem for Hamiltonian dynamics, the hyper-volume of a cloud of points in phase space remains constant as the system evolves. Therefore, the information entropy must also remain constant, if we condition on the original information, and then follow each of those microstates forward in time: :\Delta S_I = 0 \, However, as time evolves, that initial information we had becomes less directly accessible. Instead of being easily summarisable in the macroscopic description of the system, it increasingly relates to very subtle correlations between the positions and momenta of individual molecules. (Compare to Boltzmann's H-theorem.) Equivalently, it means that the probability distribution for the whole system, in 6N-dimensional phase space, becomes increasingly irregular, spreading out into long thin fingers rather than the initial tightly defined volume of possibilities.
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Fossil radio plasma from a previous episode of AGN activity is thought to be compressed by a merger shock wave which boosts, both, the magnetic field inside the plasma as well as the momenta of the relativistic particles. As a result, the radio plasma brightens in synchrotron emission. In contrast to the radio gischt, the phoenices have a steep curved spectrum indicating an old population of electrons. The sizes of relics and the distance to the cluster centre vary significantly. Examples for radio relics with sizes of 1 Mpc or even larger have been observed in Coma (the prototype relic source 1253 + 275), Abell 2255 and Abell 2256, which contain both a relic and a halo (as do Abell 225, Abell 521, Abell 754, Abell 1300, Abell 2255 and Abell 2744).
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Alba Potes' compositions have been performed by the Montreal Chamber Orchestra, National Symphony of Colombia, National Philharmonic Orchestra of Venezuela, Darmstadt 2000 Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik, the Symphony Orchestra of Cali, Festival Internacional Cervantino, International Alliance for Women in Music, the ISCM in New York, Parnassus, the Composer's Conference at Wellesley College, the Network for New Music, Momenta Quartet, The Stefan Wolpe Society, the New York New Music Ensemble, the Institute for New Music in Freiburg, Germany, the ISCM in Seoul, South Korea and at International Musical Festivals in Germany, México, El Salvador, England, Colombia, Brazil and Venezuela. Her music has been performed by soprano Susan Narucki, pianists David Holtzman, Charles Abramovic, Martha Marchena, Ana Cervantes, and Blair McMiller, saxophonist Marshall Taylor, percussionist Mircea Ardeleanu and violist Stephanie Griffin.
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In fact, the modern explanation of the uncertainty principle, extending the Copenhagen interpretation first put forward by Bohr and Heisenberg, depends even more centrally on the wave nature of a particle. Just as it is nonsensical to discuss the precise location of a wave on a string, particles do not have perfectly precise positions; likewise, just as it is nonsensical to discuss the wavelength of a "pulse" wave traveling down a string, particles do not have perfectly precise momenta that corresponds to the inverse of wavelength. Moreover, when position is relatively well defined, the wave is pulse-like and has a very ill-defined wavelength, and thus momentum. And conversely, when momentum, and thus wavelength, is relatively well defined, the wave looks long and sinusoidal, and therefore it has a very ill-defined position.
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21 He theorized that the progress of a chemical reaction could be described as a point in a potential energy surface with coordinates in atomic momenta and distances. In his PhD thesis,René Marcelin, Contribution a l'étude de la cinétique physico- chimique (1914) Gauthier-Villars, Paris which he defended in 1914, he developed a general theory on absolute reaction rates, in which he used concepts of both thermodynamicRené Marcelin, Expression des vitesses de transformation des systèmes physico-chimiques en fonction de l'affinité. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires de l'Académie des Sciences (1914) 158, 116 and kineticRené Marcelin, Influence de la température sur les vitesses de transformation des systèmes physico-chimiques, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires de l'Académie des Sciences (1914) 158, 407 origin, describing the activation dependent phenomena as the movement of representative points in space.
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A tachyon with an electric charge would lose energy as Cherenkov radiation —just as ordinary charged particles do when they exceed the local speed of light in a medium (other than a hard vacuum). A charged tachyon traveling in a vacuum, therefore, undergoes a constant proper time acceleration and, by necessity, its world line forms a hyperbola in space-time. However reducing a tachyon's energy increases its speed, so that the single hyperbola formed is of two oppositely charged tachyons with opposite momenta (same magnitude, opposite sign) which annihilate each other when they simultaneously reach infinite speed at the same place in space. (At infinite speed, the two tachyons have no energy each and finite momentum of opposite direction, so no conservation laws are violated in their mutual annihilation.
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Experiments that need a conceptually and mathematically precise theoretical description of hadrons at the amplitude level include investigations of: the structure of nucleons and mesons, heavy quark systems and exotics, hard processes involving quark and gluon distributions in hadrons, heavy ion collisions, and many more. For example, LFQCD will offer the opportunity for an ab initio understanding of the microscopic origins of the spin content of the proton and how the intrinsic and spatial angular momenta are distributed among the partonic components in terms of the wave functions. This is an outstanding unsolved problem as experiments to date have not yet found the largest components of the proton spin. The components previously thought to be the leading carriers, the quarks, have been found to carry a small amount of the total spin.
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It is only the lack of total momentum in the system (the system momenta sum to zero) which allows the kinetic energy of the electron to be "weighed". If the electron is stopped and weighed, or the scale were somehow sent after it, it would not be moving with respect to the scale, and again the relativistic and rest masses would be the same for the single electron (and would be smaller). In general, relativistic and rest masses are equal only in systems which have no net momentum and the system center of mass is at rest; otherwise they may be different. The invariant mass is proportional to the value of the total energy in one reference frame, the frame where the object as a whole is at rest (as defined below in terms of center of mass).
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Laura Parnes is contemporary American artist who creates non-linear narratives that engage strategies of film and video art and blur the lines between storytelling conventions and experimentation. Her work is often episodic, references pop culture, female stereotypes, history and the anxiety of influence. She was the co-director of Momenta Art with Eric Heist and helped relaunch the not-for-profit exhibition space in New York City; at first as a nomadic space and then as a permanent space in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. She continued to her involvement as a Board Chair until 2011.Ann Fensterstock, “Art on the Block”, PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 2013, NYC, NY p 146/147 Parnes received her BFA from the Tyler School of Art, Temple University, and lives and works in Brooklyn, NY. She currently teaches in MFA departments at MICA, Parsons, and SVA.
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This is why the invariant mass is the same as the rest mass for single particles. However, the invariant mass also represents the measured mass when the center of mass is at rest for systems of many particles. This special frame where this occurs is also called the center of momentum frame, and is defined as the inertial frame in which the center of mass of the object is at rest (another way of stating this is that it is the frame in which the momenta of the system's parts add to zero). For compound objects (made of many smaller objects, some of which may be moving) and sets of unbound objects (some of which may also be moving), only the center of mass of the system is required to be at rest, for the object's relativistic mass to be equal to its rest mass.
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An SPDC scheme with the Type I output The video of an experiment showing vacuum fluctuations (in the red ring) amplified by SPDC (corresponding to the image above) A nonlinear crystal is used to split photon beams into pairs of photons that, in accordance with the law of conservation of energy and law of conservation of momentum, have combined energies and momenta equal to the energy and momentum of the original photon and crystal lattice. Because the index of refraction changes with frequency, only certain triplets of frequencies will be phase-matched so that simultaneous energy and momentum conservation can be achieved. Phase-matching is most commonly achieved using birefringent nonlinear materials, whose index of refraction changes with polarization. As a result of this, different types of SPDC are categorized by the polarizations of the input photon (the pump) and the two output photons (signal and idler).
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Tribe's drawings, performances, installations and photographs often deal with social and political issues. His work has been featured in solo exhibitions at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; Momenta Art in Brooklyn, New York; Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions (LACE) in Los Angeles, California; and DiverseWorks in Houston, Texas. His work has been included in group exhibitions at the Queens Museum in New York City; the Palais de Tokyo in Paris; the Menil Collection in Houston; Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris; SITE Santa Fe in Santa Fe, New Mexico; the San Diego Museum of Art in San Diego, California; Museo de Antioquia in Medellin, Colombia; Montclair Art Museum in Montclair, New Jersey; and the DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park in Lincoln, Massachusetts. In 1996, Tribe founded Rhizome, a not-for-profit arts organization that supports and provides a platform for new media art.
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A string, in addition to traveling around the circle, may also wrap around it. The number of times the string winds around the circle is called the winding number, and that is also quantized (as it must be an integer). Winding around the circle requires energy, because the string must be stretched against its tension, so it contributes an amount of energy of the form wR/L_{st}^2, where L_{st} is a constant called the string length and w is the winding number (an integer). Now (for a given maximum energy) there will be many different states (with different momenta) at large R, but there will also be many different states (with different windings) at small R. In fact, a theory with large R and a theory with small R are equivalent, where the role of momentum in the first is played by the winding in the second, and vice versa.
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In this approach the physical vacuum is viewed as a quantum superfluid which is essentially non-relativistic whereas Lorentz symmetry is not an exact symmetry of nature but rather the approximate description valid only for the small fluctuations of the superfluid background. Within the framework of the approach a theory was proposed in which the physical vacuum is conjectured to be a quantum Bose liquid whose ground-state wavefunction is described by the logarithmic Schrödinger equation. It was shown that the relativistic gravitational interaction arises as the small-amplitude collective excitation mode whereas relativistic elementary particles can be described by the particle-like modes in the limit of low momenta. The important fact is that at very high velocities the behavior of the particle-like modes becomes distinct from the relativistic one - they can reach the speed of light limit at finite energy; also, faster-than-light propagation is possible without requiring moving objects to have imaginary mass.
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Starting 3rd for the sprint race, Sette Câmara made the best start of the season as he got away beautifully and managed to have a massive gap and clean line all to himself after turn 1. He had tough competition behind him, but Sette Câmara managed to slowly continue to increase the gap back to 2nd place, showed no signs of being pressured, made no mistakes at all and held onto the lead until the end. A safety car with 3 laps to go to recover Nobuharu Matsushita who crashed heavily at Raidillon cemented his 1st-place finish and took his first race win in not only Formula 2, but in car racing, in general, as he had not won a race since his karting days. 1 week later at Monza, Sette Câmara came in with all of the momenta in the world after his first win and while qualifying 11th was not the best start his 2 races were top class once again.
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The lab frame in some experiments is an inertial frame, but it is not required to be (for example the laboratory on the surface of the Earth in many physics experiments is not inertial). In particle physics experiments, it is often useful to transform energies and momenta of particles from the lab frame where they are measured, to the center of momentum frame "COM frame" in which calculations are sometimes simplified, since potentially all kinetic energy still present in the COM frame may be used for making new particles. In this connection it may be noted that the clocks and rods often used to describe observers' measurement equipment in thought, in practice are replaced by a much more complicated and indirect metrology that is connected to the nature of the vacuum, and uses atomic clocks that operate according to the standard model and that must be corrected for gravitational time dilation. (See second, meter and kilogram).
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His music has been championed by such conductors as Leonard Slatkin, Mario Venzago, Robert Spano, Gerhardt Zimmermann, Gilbert Varga, Juanjo Mena, and Giancarlo Guerrero, and by soloists including Marc-André Hamelin, Eugene Rousseau, Claire Huangci, Tzimon Barto, Jon Garrison, and Ana Higueras. Among the many orchestras in addition to St. Louis that have commissioned and/or performed his music are those of San Francisco, Atlanta, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Indianapolis, and Nashville, as well as the New York Philharmonic, National Symphony Orchestra, Orquesta Nacional de España, Musikkollegium Winterthur, Staatskapelle Halle, Orchestre National de Lyon, and Das Berner Symphonieorchester. Performances of his chamber works have been presented by the Cleveland Chamber Symphony, Voices of Change, American Modern Ensemble, Left Coast Chamber Ensemble, Empyrean Ensemble, Locrian Chamber Players, Ensemble Connect, Momenta String Quartet, and the Pacifica String Quartet (with pianist Ursula ). His music is published by Keiser Southern and Carl Fischer, and is recorded on the Naxos, Innova, ACA, Jeanné, IUMusic, TNC, Gasparo, and Louisville First Edition labels.
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Comparing the energy of a neutron, electron or photon with a wavelength of the order of the relevant length scale in a solid— as given by the de Broglie equation considering the interatomic lattice spacing is in the order of Ångströms—it derives from the relativistic energy–momentum relation that an X-ray photon has more energy than a neutron or electron. The scattering phase space (the range of energies and momenta that can be transferred in a scattering event) of X-rays is therefore without equal. In particular, high- energy X-rays carry a momentum that is comparable to the inverse lattice spacing of typical condensed matter systems so that, unlike Raman scattering experiments with visible or infrared light, RIXS can probe the full dispersion of low energy excitations in solids. RIXS can utilize the polarization of the photon: the nature of the excitations created in the material can be disentangled by a polarization analysis of the incident and scattered photons, which allow one, through the use of various selection rules, to characterize the symmetry and nature of the excitations.
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The Laplace or Laplacean plane, as discussed here, relates to the orbit of a planetary satellite. It is to be distinguished from another and quite different plane, also discovered by Laplace, and which is also sometimes called the "Laplacian" or "Laplace plane", but more often the invariable plane (or the "invariable plane of Laplace"). The invariable plane is simply derived from the sum of angular momenta, and is "invariable" over the entire system, while the Laplace plane may be different for different orbiting objects within a system. Confusingly, a satellite's Laplace plane (as defined here) is also sometimes called its "invariable plane". The Laplace plane is a result of perturbational effects, which were discovered by Laplace while he was investigating the orbits of Jupiter’s principal moons (the Galilean satellites of Jupiter). Laplace found that the effects of the solar perturbing force, and of the planet’s oblateness (its equatorial bulge), together gave rise to an "inclinaison propre", an "own inclination", in the plane of the satellite orbits, relative to the plane of Jupiter’s equator.
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The conservation of relativistic mass implies the viewpoint of a single observer (or the view from a single inertial frame) since changing inertial frames may result in a change of the total energy (relativistic energy) for systems, and this quantity determines the relativistic mass. The principle that the mass of a system of particles must be equal to the sum of their rest masses, even though true in classical physics, may be false in special relativity. The reason that rest masses cannot be simply added is that this does not take into account other forms of energy, such as kinetic and potential energy, and massless particles such as photons, all of which may (or may not) affect the total mass of systems. For moving massive particles in a system, examining the rest masses of the various particles also amounts to introducing many different inertial observation frames (which is prohibited if total system energy and momentum are to be conserved), and also when in the rest frame of one particle, this procedure ignores the momenta of other particles, which affect the system mass if the other particles are in motion in this frame.
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The significance of the Bohr model was that it related the lines in emission and absorption spectra to the energy differences between the orbits that electrons could take around an atom. This was, however, not achieved by Bohr through giving the electrons some kind of wave-like properties, since the idea that electrons could behave as matter waves was not suggested until eleven years later. Still, the Bohr model's use of quantized angular momenta and therefore quantized energy levels was a significant step towards the understanding of electrons in atoms, and also a significant step towards the development of quantum mechanics in suggesting that quantized restraints must account for all discontinuous energy levels and spectra in atoms. With de Broglie's suggestion of the existence of electron matter waves in 1924, and for a short time before the full 1926 Schrödinger equation treatment of hydrogen-like atom, a Bohr electron "wavelength" could be seen to be a function of its momentum, and thus a Bohr orbiting electron was seen to orbit in a circle at a multiple of its half-wavelength (this physically incorrect Bohr model is still often taught to beginning students).
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